Cubism

HISTORY OF THE CUBIST MOVEMENT.

Beginning of the 20th Century. We will study the creation of this movement for two
important artists: Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. A movement that breaks
with the Renaissance perspective widely used until that moment. They propose
paintings and sculptures that decompose the planes of what is represented with a
mirada muy particular. Se observan algunos ejemplos de antecedentes
Post-Impressionists like Van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, and Henri Matisse.

The starting point was made when Picasso finished the Young Ladies of Avignon.
but previously, Cézanne would have already paved the way.

The term cubism derives from the French word cubisme, which was proposed by
the critic Louis Vauxcelles. This specialist referred to the cubes that
they appeared in the paintings.

Cézanne was influenced by Impressionism and reacted against it. He rejected the
impression in favor of a deeper understanding of reality. Its formula
it was the form-color. He believes that nature is not drawn, but manifests itself in
through color. The more color is needed, the more the shape of the objects appears.
but it appears in form. That is why Cézanne's painting is not a painting
drawn, but a painting of volumes, of shapes. And once created, there must be
relate them to each other, arising here the problem of the planes, which drives him to
look at objects from various points of view.

These lessons were taken on by Cubism, which will reframe

the artwork, of the shapes, of the perspective, the movement, the volume, the
space, color, etc. It creates a new pictorial and aesthetic language that implies a
new relationship between the viewer and the work of art. The viewer can no longer
contemplate it without more, but rather it has to reconstruct it in its mind in order to

understand it.

Cubism is a mental art, completely detached from interpretation or

similarity to nature, the work of art has value in itself, as a means
of the expression of ideas. The disconnection from nature is achieved through
from the decomposition of the figure into its minimal parts, into planes, which will be
studied in themselves and not in the global view of volume. Thus an object can
to be seen from different points of view, breaking with perspective
conventional and with the outline. The gradations of light will disappear and
shadow and the colors of reality will not be used, appearing in the
representations of black and white. Geometric shapes invade the
composiciones. Las formas que se observan en la naturaleza se traducirán al
canvas in a simplified form, in cubes, cylinders, spheres. They never crossed the
threshold of the abstract, the form was always respected.

The main themes will be portraits and urban still lifes.

WHAT IS CUBISM?

Cubism is considered the first avant-garde as it breaks with the last

Renaissance statute in force at the beginning of the 20th century, the perspective.
the representation of the world ceased to have any commitment to appearance
real of things.

Cubism is an art that is created, it is a new language and a new aesthetics, a

comprehensive rethinking of painting and plastic arts. So far, neither
the most radical fovistas had dared to break with language
conventional and sensitive that represented, to a greater or lesser degree, the

nature, since Greek times. But cubism breaks with all of that; it is a
mental art not only in the forms but in the conception of the work. For
To understand a painting, one must think about it. It will make a reevaluation of the work of

art, of what forms are, of light, perspective, movement, volume,

the space, the color, etc. All of this requires a mental effort from the viewer to
reconstruct the figure, which is not visible at first glance. In cubism, it is not the
color, but the line that creates the shape and composes the picture. His works are not
product of coincidence but rather of a thoughtful and conscious creation process.

Cubism also questions the problems of volume and space. Its

the break with Renaissance and Impressionist tradition is total, and seeks a new
pictorial space for its forms. One of the characteristics of Cubism is its
black and white representation, consequence of its disconnection with the
nature and influenced by photography, to facilitate the reading of the painting. The
Cubism worries about the representation of movement and therefore of
time: of the fourth dimension. Time takes on a new meaning after the theory
of Einstein's relativity. The cubist painting aims to represent, at the same
time, all possible ways of seeing a figure, this implies that the viewer
he is obliged to move his eyes to reconstruct the figure. The ash color, the
white and black help to reconstruct the painting. The fourth dimension is
in the human mind, we see the world with movement, with the passage of time, and
that is what the cubist painting intends to capture.

In Cubism, three stages or styles are traditionally distinguished: Cézannian,

analytical and synthetic.

Cezanne's cubism is characterized by its identifiable shapes.

reduced to pure geometric shapes. It is more of a proto-cubism than a
nueva estética.

Analytical cubism is characterized by the decomposition of form and

figures in multiple parts, all of them geometric. Its purpose is to know them,
examine them and sort them separately. It is the purest and the most difficult cubism
understanding. It is the authentic cubist aesthetic, the creator of the new language.
Synthetic cubism is characterized by enhancing the most significant parts of the
figure, reducing it to its purest geometric forms. It is not cubism.
simplifier, but yes of easier reading. It is highly structured and
they enhance the most significant parts, or those that are to be highlighted.

After the classical period of Cubism, three schools appeared: the Golden Section (or
Golden Section), which aims to bring mathematics into painting in a way
conscious, both in the rhythms and in the proportions of the decomposition
Cubist; Orphism is the colorful cubism, somewhat evoking strange dreams.
it is very close to pure abstraction; and finally, there is the purism of the Bauhaus
that reacted against the excesses of cubism and returned to simple forms
analytics. From cubism emerges a new pictorial technique: collage, by gluing in
the picture pieces of reality that facilitate its reading, also invented by Picasso.
With collage, the printed word becomes part of the work of art. But the
Cubism is, above all, the aesthetics that takes the definitive step towards abstraction.
pure.

Cubists in painting.

Pablo Ruiz Picasso (1881-1973) is the great central figure of cubism, and one of
the great geniuses of universal art. Their artistic work is very extensive but their
name will always be linked to cubism as its creator and its greatest
representative. In 1907 he paints The Young Ladies of Avignon, a painting that marks the
beginning of cubism. Other cubist paintings are Woman Sitting in an Armchair,
["Woman with a fan","The factory of Horta del Ebro","Head of a woman","The girl"]
["from the mandolin","The enthusiast","Portrait of Wilhelm Uhde","Portrait of D. H."]

Kahnweiler, Man with a hat, Head of a girl, Still life with

a wicker chair, Guitar, Still life, these last three with collage, The
girls and The Guernica.

Georges Braque (1882-1963) is the other great creator of cubism, more intellectual.
What Picasso. He always remains true to the Cubist aesthetic. They are characteristics
Dead nature: Still life on a wooden table, Houses in the
["pond","La Roche-Guyón","The Portuguese","Ceret: the roofs","The man with the violin"]
Violin and jug, The musician's table.
Juan Gris (1887-1927) is the third great cubist. His compositions have a
firm structure and a harmonious rhythm. Its cubism is fundamentally synthetic.
and colored. He begins to give his works insignificant titles. Composition,
El fumador, Las tazas de té, La celosía, Vaso y paquete de tabaco, El lavabo.

Marcel Duchamp

Fernand Léger
 Kazimir Malevich

TYPES OF CUBISM

SYNTHETIC CUBISM The synthetic phase brought with it the reconsideration of

some of the expressive modes of the previous one. Color regained greater
protagonism. The surfaces, although still appearing fragmented, were
wider and more decorative. The most unique novelty was, without a doubt, the use of
non-pictorial materials. This technique, known as collage, incorporated into the canvas
everyday elements like cigarette packs, newspaper pages, pieces of
glass, fabrics and, not infrequently, sand. With the incorporation of these
unusual materials on the canvas, cubism, while taking advantage of the
differences in texture and nature of its components, proposed, from an angle
the question, always unsettling, of what was reality and what was illusion. In this
cubist style, Braque created his famous papiers collés and Picasso works like "The
"card player" or "Green still life."
 Green Still Life Picasso

ANALYTIC CUBISM The analytic period took place between 1910 and 1912. The
canvases of this era were characterized by the analysis of reality and the
decomposition into planes of the different volumes of an object so that the
mind captured its entirety. From the beginning, it aimed for a more
conceptual rather than realistic. Angles and straight lines predominated and the
unreal lighting, as the light came from different points. The color ranges
notably simplified, in a radical trend towards monochromatism:
chestnuts, grays, creams, greens and blues. With all of this, it was achieved the
three-dimensionality of the real world with the two-dimensionality of the artistic work.

In the initial stage of the analytical phase, all these forms appeared.
generally compact and dense, to become increasingly wide and
fluid until they blur at the edges of the canvas. The preferred elements were
musical instruments -especially the guitar-, bottles, pipes, glasses and
newspapers, although the human figure was never excluded. Among the works most
notable among these moments is 'Man with Guitar' by Braque.

Vases on a table (Braque)

 Cubism in other arts.

CUBISM IN ARCHITECTURE.

Cubism in architecture played a very important role, as it is in it

based largely on modern architecture, as the use of geometric shapes
in a plane is very used in modern architecture, to the use of shapes
geometric shapes defined in architecture are called 'use of solids'
"platonic"; the platonic solids are shapes that we can identify.
easily represented in a plane, such as spheres, cubes, pyramids,
cylinders and other shapes.

Just like in cubist painting, there is no symmetry in architecture either, that is to say
it is not uniform, and also, in cubist painting we cannot observe elements
repetitive, there are none in architecture either, since although they may be repeated the
geometric shapes, these can vary in size, color, and even materials
the ones they can be made of may vary.

Cubist architecture originated in Europe and its emergence is due to the fact that it began

as a movement that was against overly utilitarian architecture and

materialistic, symmetrical, with very defined shapes, since the architects who
They begin the movement affirming that conventional architecture lacked
spiritual beauty, of decoration and additional ornaments.

Cubist architecture demands a more poetic, expressive architecture.

dramatic.

Czech cubism significantly contributed to the development of art, the

design and above all to architecture in central Europe in what was the first
mid-twentieth century.
The architects cubists more representatives they were:
Pavel Janák, Josef Gocar and Vlastislav Hofman.

Pavel Janák stated that "the constructive character of the modern geometric style
reflects the independence of matter and its weight. The new cubist style reflects the
the active character of the human spirit and its ability to prevail over matter.

The cubist character in architecture even influenced the way of perceiving

geometric shapes, an example of this is that it was claimed that the pyramid
reflected the already mentioned ability of man to prevail over matter, since
that the pyramid shows a dematerialization at the top.

Vlastislav Hofman claimed that the geometric orthogonal system arrived

to be replaced by a system whose logic of form consists of composition
in diagonal and triangular planes.
 CUBISM IN PHOTOGRAPHY.

Cubism appears in photography when photographers begin to seek the

break with the natural two-dimensionality of photography as it was made
search in the case of the painting.

The photographers' objective was fulfilled when the principles of painting were followed.
cubist, that is to say, a cubist photograph was achieved when new ways were sought to give
points of view on the same image, that is to say, the aim was no longer to use the
traditional perspective and begin to introduce creativity into the image
using various spaces, angles, and positions in the same image.

The techniques that have been used to obtain Cubist images are many,
and very different, but in each one all the elements are fulfilled in order to
to call oneself 'cubist image'.

A very peculiar example of a technique used to create a cubist image.

It is the photograph "paper surgery" by the American photographer Stephen J.
Shanabrook, where he simply folds the paper to achieve this
a cubist image.
And it is very clear and interesting that with paper folds you can obtain the
decomposition of the original figure into several sections with geometric shapes and
where different angles and positions seem to exist, all in one
image.

Another technique used to obtain cubist images is the one that employs the
Brazilian photographer Diego Kuffer, who specializes in what is called "collage photography"

which consists of the assembly of several images in an aesthetic way, however,

the assembly of Kuffer's photographs consists of recreating an image of
movement, based on the representation primarily of the photograph of a
static location, where the assembly of the photographs begins to take place
people or objects that represent movement in painting, each
The assembled photograph was taken separately and precisely in positions.
different angles and perspectives.

Below is a photograph of Digo Kuffer where he uses this.

technique.
One type of image consists of the decomposition of an image and
present it in a sequence where a certain order can still be observed, but
where each section has a different depth, that is to say, this image is not
bidimensional, as three dimensions can be appreciated and there are parts that
highlight, in the image, the same change in depths in the image generates the
sensation of movement and the existence of things that we cannot see.

CUBISM IN LITERATURE

Literary cubism is born from pictorial cubism, and it is called so for simple reason.

fraternity of artists from both sides; and also because there is

many points of similarity in their doctrines of abstraction or evasion
artistic. Apollinaire, Cendrars, Max Jacobs, choristers of Cubist painting,
they were brothers in artistic concerns of Picasso, Juan Gris, and Delaunay.
This partly explains that Cubist poetry, abandoning the elements
musicals that are so expensive to symbolism, become purely visual poetry.

In the cubist poem, it is not the external reality that is captured, but its
polyhedral and accelerated projection in our spirit, with all the
predilections and distortions imposed on it by the originality of our
way of capturing it. The cubist image is not as simple as that of a flower in a
mirror, but intricate and polyphase like a mosaic.

The cubist poem is an instant juxtaposition of autonomous images,

disconnected. It recreates in the visual and despises the auditory. There is no anecdote, nor

argument, nor story.

Each verse or couplet is an independent cell, but confederated with

the others to provide a poem that has the poet himself as a unifying center.

El poema cubista atrae a un solo plano, simultáneamente, los elementos de

the reality that imagination, like a central magnet, gathers at one point
of convergence, which is the mind of the poet. But its approach, the fractions
of reality that inspire it, are not in the past, but in the present, in the
life and not in sleep; in modern life with its feverish speed and
dynamism.

The main figure of this movement is undoubtedly the poet Guillaume.

Apollinaire, who in 1913, along with his book "Alcoes", published an important
manifesto where the following exhortations are found: 'Words in
libertad"; "invención de palabras"; "destrucción"; "supresión del color
poetic, of the copy in art, of syntax, of punctuation, of harmony
typographic, of the tenses and persons of the verbs, of the theatrical form, of the
sublime artist, of the verse and of the stanza, of the intrigue in the stories, of the

sadness

An example of a cubist poem is 'Nocturnal Wind' by Guillaume

Apollinaire, which is presented below.

THE NIGHT WIND

Ah, the tops of the pines creak and clash.

and one can hear the lament of the whirlwind

and in the nearby river with victorious voices

the elves play trumpets of gusts or laugh

Atís Atís Atís beautiful and shabby

In your name, the elves have mocked in the night.
because the Gothic wind strikes one of your pines at night
the forest flees into the distance like an ancient armada

whose spears oh pine stir in the struggle

the dark villages are now meditating
like the virgins, the old men, and the poets
and they will not awaken at the passing of any passerby

nor when the hawk falls upon white doves.

Guillaume Apollinaire.
Another important author that we can mention within literary cubism
and who would later be important in musical cubism is Jean Cocteau, who
he was a great artist who ventured into literature, painting, cinema, and the
design. An example of Cocteau's poetry is the poem 'The Sweet Eyes'
what I present next.

THE SWEET EYES

Sadness, the fertilizer of my happiness. It limits us,

this fence, out of all the inkwells,

Napoleon, beekeeper, ermine gloves
on the day of the coronation, covered in laurels
and mother-of-pearl sandals.

Dying swan, whose cry is sweet,

black blood spills to write these lines.

CUBISM IN MUSIC.

As a filmmaker, Jean Cocteau developed a certain relationship with music, this

relationship led him to be the main ideologist and favorite scriptwriter of the group

known as "Les Six", among whom were the composers

Darius Milhaud, A. Honegger, Georges Auric, and Francis Poulenc, which would be this

group that made all the soundtracks for Cocteau's films

All the composers mentioned would be the greatest exponents of the

Cubist music, as each one would contribute different issues to the
compositions of 'Les six' or would make some contribution to the genre by working

as a soloist.

In the case of Milhaud, he would contribute the main characteristic of the cubist genre,

What is the juxtaposition of different chords at the same time, it does

contributions of Latin music, as he lived for a time in Brazil.

Cubist music sought to evoke the reality of everyday life mixed.

with art, it is a genre that is too singular but can be seen in many
aspects related to experimental jazz, as there is no melody
repetitive and it creates a mix of various sounds and juxtapositions of notes
that keep little harmonious relationship, where the main instrument
it is generally the piano.

Cubist music arises from the quest to distance itself from music.
impressionist and for that a base of classical music is used but now
elements of popular music and jazz are added, which creates a
very interesting musical piece with certain contrasts in intervals of
time that can vary

CUBISM IN CINEMA

One of the greatest examples of cubism in film is the work 'Ballet

mechanics
Impressionist at the beginning, until 1907, when he visits the retrospective exhibition.
dedicated to Cézanne in Paris, which was an experience that left the artist very
marked, for it is as a result of this event that he comes into contact with other artists
like Delaunay and Chagall.
In 1924, Fernand Leger founded a free workshop along with Ozenfant and directed his
activity towards new horizons, which were the set for theater and for cinema
with illustrations of cubist art. He also began to experiment with the
muralism and sculpture.

With regard to cinema and the cited film, we can say that it is in cinema
where the influences of cubism in painting, photography, and the
music, as in 'Ballet Mecanique' we can observe at the beginning of the movie
an animation of images by Fernand Leger, the images show a
figure in a suit, bowler hat, and cane presenting the film.

In addition, the music of the film is made up of pieces with the

cubist characteristics mentioned in the music section, as the band
the soundtrack of the movie interpreted a theme that could well be described as strange, as it is

a melody that seems to lack uniformity, that makes a blend of chords in the
that there does not seem to be a harmonic relationship and where there are parts that stand out more

what else, could be described as something similar to experimental jazz with touches
of classical music that expresses something tragic.

The film is abstract in itself, as it is made up of several different scenes, which

It starts with an animation of Leger's paintings, then a ...
woman on a moving swing, projected from different points, afterwards
various objects reflected in mirrors and in constant motion, all the objects
are distorted by optical effects of reflection and refraction, giving rise to
figures broken down into geometric parts and expressing movement, just like
cubism in painting.

The combination of images and music creates a strange feeling of

tragedy and a curious and different perception of movement and perception of
the objects.

The influence of cinema on Cubist art

The cinema of the early 20th century had a clear influence on the formation of
Cubism between 1907 and 1914, especially in Picasso and Braque, both were
fascinated by silent film. The influence of cinema on Picasso and
Braque is that they both loved the fact that in silent cinema
there were different angles in the same gaze, fragmented composition, palette
sternness and the lighting, which were aspects that had a certain influence on
Cubist art.

The influence of cinema on cubist art could be clearly appreciated in an unpublished

exhibition of a gallery in New York, presented by the gallery
PaceWildenstein as a museum installation, the exhibition was called
Picasso, Braque and Ancient Cinema in Cubism
important, as it was the first display that explored the role of cinematography
in one of the most radical artistic movements of the modern era.

The exhibition was an event from the year 2007, but at that exhibition there were 19
paintings by Picasso and Braque borrowed from important collections, such as the
Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), in New York,
the Tate Modern in London and the Centre Pompidou in Paris.
The mentioned exhibition was organized by Arne Glimcher, who is a product
who was the first to speak about the influence of cinema on cubism. Glimcher
I had the intuition that the multiple perspectives and fragmented images of
Cubism owed much to the films that both artists watched in Paris, the
city of the Lumière brothers and where the modern experience of "going to the movies" was born.

cinema

Although Cubism does not represent the first time that painting deals with
mechanical reproduction, if it is the first time that an artistic movement addresses the
moving image, as explained by Rose in an essay from the catalog that
accompanies the exhibition.

The theory is novel and challenging from a historical perspective, as it

Cubism is often associated with Cézanne, absinthe, machines, and speed.
modernity, its connection with the
cinema.

The evidence that Glimcher started his research with was scarce, as
there is no documentation -be it correspondence, essays, or critiques- that reveals
that Picasso and Braque talked about cinema or that in fact cinema had influenced
his work.

Cinema should not be seen as a reference point expressed in symbols in

the cubist paintings, but rather as an additional source of inspiration such and
as were Cézanne and African tribal art, because thanks to this Cubism
He adopted the projected image both as a form and as a concept and process.

Thus, the short films about airplanes under construction, the manufacturing of a
violin, which was a recurring musical instrument in Braque's paintings, or the
musicians who played in movie theaters would have been filtered as subjects in the
paintings by both artists.
Regarding the process, it could be stated that the angles of the camera, the
lighting, the shadows projected on the stages, the dissolutions of
scenes and editing techniques of cinema become evident in the images
segmented from Cubism.

Even the austere palette of grays and ochres and the fragmented brushstroke would be
influenced by the techniques of old cinema.

As a predecessor of Futurism, Cubism recorded speed and image in

movement through opposing planes at different angles and a
"prismatic" or "dismembered" composition that the viewer, like a camera
of whom, should be reassembled in the eye.

If for Picasso and Braque cinema was an illusion of space that only exists in the
time, Cubism was an illusion of time that only exists in physical space
of the pictorial plane.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

VIDEO: Cubism in the arts.

Project for the '20th Century' contest.
Prepared by: Torres Gómez Laura.

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CUBISM.
Document that synthesizes the main characteristics of Cubism and issues
historical.
Prepared by: Jesica Asencio

URL: http://www.educatina.com/video/historia-del-arte/cubismo

CUBISM IN SPAIN
General information about the history and cubist painters.

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INFLUENCE OF CINEMA ON CUBIST ART IS DISCOVERED

Article discussing an aesthetic investigation and a gallery showcasing it.

relationship.

New York, USA

Saturday, May 19, 2007

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CUBIST PHOTOGRAPHY AND CINEMA.

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CUBISM AND ARCHITECTURE.
Prepared by: Francisco Medrano Romero.

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CUBISM.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

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