Solution

1ST TERM
Class 12 - Biology
Section A
1.
(c) integuments
Explanation:
The angiosperms, the ovule consists of two layers. The outer layer of two protective coverings called
the integuments.

2.
(d) A - Connective, B - Endothecium, C - Pollen grain.
Explanation:
A - Connective, B - Endothecium, C - Pollen grain.

3.
(b) Menstrual phase, Follicular phase, Ovulatory phase, Luteal phase
Explanation:
Menstrual phase, Follicular phase, Ovulatory phase, Luteal phase

4. (a) Seminal vesicle

Explanation:
The testes are where sperm are manufactured in the scrotum. The epididymis is a tortuously coiled
structure topping the testis, and it receives immature sperm from the testis and stores it several days.
When ejaculation occurs, sperm is forcefully expelled from the tail of the epididymis into the deferent
duct. Sperm then travels through the deferent duct through up the spermatic cord into the pelvic
cavity, over the ureter to the prostate behind the bladder. Here, the vas deferens joins with the
seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct, which passes through the prostate and empties into the
urethra.

5. (a) (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii)

Explanation:
(a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii)
6. (a) Haemophilia Sickle cell anaemia
7. (a) Sex-linked Dominant
Explanation:
Sex-linked Dominant
8.
(b) Hybrid : Heavy, 1 : 31
Explanation:
Hybrid : Heavy, 1 : 31

9. (a) In these sequences, a small stretch of DNA is repeated many times.

Explanation:

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 In specific regions of DNA sequence, a small stretch of DNA is repeated many times. The repetitive
DNA are separated from bulk genomic DNA during density gradient centrifugation.
10.
(d) Prevalence of pesticide resistant insects.
Explanation:
Prevalence of pesticide resistant insects.

11.
(b) Egg with second stage juvenile
Explanation:
Egg with second stage juvenile

12.
(d) (I) and (III)
Explanation:
(I) and (IIi)

13.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
A is false but R is true.
No, in birds, the sex of the offspring is determined by the female, not the male

14.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
A is false but R is true.

15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
16.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Man selects the individuals with desired characters and separates them from those which do not have
such characters. The selected individuals are interbred. This process is termed as artificial selection.
Thus this process of selection is done through the agency of man or it is man made. By artificial
selection animal breeders are able to produce improved varieties of different kinds of domestic
animals from their wild ancestors. Similarly, the plant breeders have obtained improved varieties of
useful plants such as wheat, rice,
sugarcane, cotton, pulses, vegetables, fruits etc.

Section B
17. i. 'a' - Vector DNA and 'b' - Foreign DNA.
ii. DNA ligase.
18. To check indiscriminate and illegal female foeticide
First trimester/ 12 weeks/ first three months
19. (a) At the time of shedding wheat pollen consist of one vegetative and two male gametes (3 celled), while
pea pollen consists of one vegetative and one generative cell (2 celled) Germ pores are present on the
exine (where sporopollenin is absent)

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 (b) Exine is made up of sporopollenin and intine is made up of cellulose and pectin. Exine is the most
resistant organic material and can withstand high temperature, acidic and alkali environment.
OR
i. Pea flowers are cleistogamous/ shows autogamy/ carry out self pollination.
ii. P- haploid/n, Q- diploid/2n
20. a. Klinefelter's syndrome
b. Development of breasts or Gynaecomastia/underdeveloped masculine/2 character/sterility/ tall
stature with feminised character.
c. Aneuploidy/Non disjunction or Failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division results in gain
of extra X chromosome in male/trisomy of sex chromosome.

21.

Section C
22. i. Nucleosome
ii.

iii. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held with some positively charged proteins to form a nucleoid. The DNA is
then organized as large loops held by the proteins.
23. (i)Yes. The endosperm acts as a primary source of nutrients for the developing embryo. It stores
essential food reserves that the embryo needs for growth and development
(ii)200 male + 200female=400
(iii Endosperm is not fully used by the developing embryo and is left in the seed
(iv) 16
24. The menstrual cycle is regulated by the hypothalamus through the pituitary gland. At the end of the
menstrual phase, the pituitary FSH gradually increases resulting in follicular development within the
ovaries. As the follicles mature, estrogen secretion increases resulting in a surge in (FSH and LH). The
surge of LH is responsible for ovulation. LH also a gonadotrophin induces luteinisation. This leading to
the formation of corpus luteum. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and source estrogen which helps
in maintaining the uterine endometrium for implantation.
25. a. Oral Pills
Merits- Effective with less side effects/reversible/ cost effective/ user friendly.
Demerits- Have side effects when taken for a long time/ Pills if not taken and not repeated in a
particular pattern may fail to prevent conception/wrong usage may promote conception
Surgical Method:
Merits- Highly effective / Block gamete transport
Demerits- Not reversible / Can affect health if not performed in hygienic conditions.
b. IUD's prevent conception by
Increase phagocytosis of sperms.
Some suppress sperm motility and fertilizing capacity of sperms by releasing Cu ions.
++

Hormone releasing IUD's make uterus unsuitable for implantation and cervix hostile to
sperms.
OR
a. Amniocentesis, In amniocentesis some of the amniotic fluid of the developing embryo is taken to
analyse the foetal cells and dissolved substances to test the presence of genetic disorders.
b. - Medical Termination of Pregnancy/MTP
- Yes
- as MTP is comparatively safe upto 12 weeks or the first trimester of pregnancy.
c. When it is performed by quacks / if foetus is a normal female followed by MTP leading to female
foeticide

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26. a. Three alleles
b. Co-dominance.
c. Yes, they can have a child with 'O' blood group

27. i. Galapagos Island.

ii. Adaptive radiation - This process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting
from a point and laterally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation.
iii. Through sea voyage in a sail ship called H.M.S. Beagle.
28. a) (i) Passive (ii) Active
(b) Ig A and Ig E
(c) Bone marrow and thymus
OR
i. Cannabinoids
ii. Inhalation and oral ingestion
iii. Cardiovascular system
Section D
29. i. Yes, these plants flower remain closed all the time. For example - Viola (common pansy), Oxalis, and
Commelina.
ii. Yes, such flower undergo self-pollination,The pollen from the anthers of same flower are transfered
to the stigma of the same flower. Such plant are autogamy i e., the pollination in same plant.
iii. Cleistogamous flowers do not open at all. The pollen grains from the anther of the same flower
pollinate the stigma. There is no chance of cross pollination. Thus cleistogamous flowers are
invariably autogamous.
OR
Geitonogamy. It is a transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the
same plant.
Geitonogamy is functionally cross-pollination because it involves a pollinating agent, however
genetically it is similar to autogamy since the pollen grains come from the same plant.
30. a. Macrophages, virus replication (RNA genome)
b. Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA)/Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Treatment available - Antiviral drugs that are only partially effective as they only prolong the life of
the patient.
c. Making blood HIV safe in blood banks, use of only disposable needles and syringes in hospitals, free
distribution of condoms, controlling drug abuse, advocating safe sex, regular check-ups for HIV
susceptible population.
OR
A patient suffering from AIDS does not die of this disease but from some other infection because of
drastic reduction of helper T-lymphocytes that are responsible to fight infections, person become
immune-deficient, unable to protect oneself from other bacterial or viral or fungal or parasitic
infection
Section E
31. i. P is able to penetrate or fertilise the ovum, whereas Q and R are unable to penetrate or fertilize.

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 ii. When a sperm comes in contact with the zona pellucida layer of the ovum it induces changes in the
membrane that blocks the entry of additional sperms.
iii. Entry of sperm induces completion of meiotic division of the secondary oocyte and formation of
second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid)
iv. Acrosome: It is filled with the enzyme which helps the sperm to enter into the cytoplasm of the
ovum
Middle piece: It has numerous mitochondria which produce energy for the movement of tail
that facilitate sperm motility for fertilisation.
OR
i. A. Spermatozoa
B. Spermatid /Spermatozoa
C. Sertoli cells
D. Spermatogonium
ii. Secondary spermatocyte- 23 chromosomes
Spermatid- 23 chromosomes
iii. Spermiogenesis- Process by which spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa.
Spermiation- Process by which sperm had their head embedded in Sertoli cells are released from
seminiferous tubules.

32.

33.

OR
i. In the mammalian cells (or eukaryotes) there is a set of positively charged basic proteins called
histones,

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 Histones are rich in basic amino acid residues lysine and arginine which carry positive charge in
their side chains,
Histones are organised to form a unit of eight molecule called histone octamer,
The negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamer to form
nucleosome,
A typical nucleosome contains 200 bp of DNA helix,
Nucleosome constitute the repealing unit of structure in nucleus called chromatin (beads on
string),
Chromatin is packed to form chromatin fibres that further coiled and condensed at metaphase
of cell division to form chromosomes,
The packaging of chromatin at higher level requires additional set of proteins called as non-
histones chromosomal proteins (NHC)

ii. Euchromatin Heterochromatin

It is loosely packed euchromatin It is more tightly packed
It stains light It stains dark
It is transcriptionally active region It is transcriptionally inactive

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