E

etymologically, the word analogy is formed

by the prefix ANA: according to and LOGOS, which means
to say reason. That is to say, an analogy would be understood as
those relationships according to reason.

STRUCTURE OF AN ANALOGY

WARNING ULTIMATUM ::(basic par)

to weigh penalty
b) murmuration scream
wish earn
d) request requirement (for analogy)
I request supplication

WAYS TO PRESENT AN ANALOGY

Horizontal form
It is the fundamental way to establish the RELATIONSHIP, it is based on the RELATIONSHIP.
of meanings from right to left or vice versa, taking into account that the PAR
ANALOGUE should be in the same order of presentation. Examples:

CHAMPAGNE LICOR 2. ASPID COBRA

a) oxígeno : atmósfera reptile : amphibian
milk food spider:scorpion
c) golosina : dulce c) cebra:equino
poison lethal d) sapo : batracio
e) acceptance Denso fruit : flower

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In these two analogies, we can see that relationships can be posed in

left to right (horizontally) without any problem; therefore, we can
saying that champagne is a liquor like milk is a food; just like the asp and the
Cobras are from the same group (snakes) as the spider and the scorpion are arachnids.

Simple alternating form

It is a complementary form to the horizontal, characterized by the RELATION being
alternating or in series and only one term is requested as a response, which
it is the one that completes a RELATION equivalent to the BASE PAIR.

3. DEATH: REQUIEM:: LOVE:: ...

affection conversation c) couple d) poem passion

4.GLADIATOR: ARENA:: BOXER:: ...

a) quadrilateral boxing fight d) circus e) challenge

For these two analogies, we can see that the relationship is presented in the form of
alternating, which leads us to affirm that if DEATH is the reason that can generate
the production of a REQUIEM;LOVE can also be the reason for creation
a POEM.
In the second case, the idea used refers to whether I place the gladiator in the
arena; the fighter (boxer) is also in the ring.

Vertical form
It is the auxiliary form, which is only used in cases where a ...
HORIZONTAL RELATIONSHIP.

5. CORNEJA HORN 6. DEPRESSION : ABYSS ::

bird band a) felicidad :valle
b) rabbit instrument b) sadness :sea
c) hail trumpet solitude : cliff
d) cuervo : clarín euphoria : peak
e) nido : orquesta e) alegría : manantial

For the case of analogies 5 and 6, it can be noted that the base word pair,
or they do not have a horizontal relationship or do not have their horizontal equivalent among the
alternatives.

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 In question 5, the CROW (bird similar to the raven) can be linked with RAVEN and
HORNwithTRUMPET; in the case ofDEPRESSIONandABYSS, one could affirm that,
the abyss is a type of depression, but there is no alternative like it, what we
depression opposes euphoria
like ABYSS ABOVE.

GENERAL CRITERIA FOR RESOLUTION

a. Order criterion.
This criterion indicates that the order of the proposed RELATION in the BASIC PAR must be
be identical to the order of the EQUIVALENT RELATION. That is, it must maintain the
same meaning. Examples:

ECLIPSE PENUMBRA 8. KEY INSTRUMENT

a) evaporation : heat a) scalpel : instrument
luck achievement b) thing tool
light clarity gun weapon
d) reflector to illuminate d) revista : libro
humidity water e) vase glass

In the case of analogy 7, we can affirm that the ECLIPSE produces the PENUMBRA as
the LIGHT the CLARITY, the same does not happen with the alternatives a and e, which are found
with a reverse sense.
In the case of KEY and INSTRUMENT, it can be stated that the KEY is a
An INSTRUMENT like the RIFLE is a WEAPON.

b. Criterion of logical necessity.

By virtue of this criterion, one must suppose and accept the need for the relationship or its
feasibility in reality, considering that it is valid and permissible in the
measure that maintains coherence and is presented according to what should be right and what should not be
what can be habitual or simply common, but not correct. Examples:

9- POLICE HONESTY 10. PIRANHA RIVER

father responsibility a) bird Punishment
b) subject speed b) camélido : desierto
c) fidelidad : novia c) ballena : océano
d) citizen : nationalism fish lake
e) player experience e) animal fauna

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For some, analogy 9 may have raised some 'doubt', but if we stick to
According to what logic presents to us, a POLICE OFFICER must have HONESTY like a FATHER.
RESPONSIBILITY.
The PIRANHA, a RIVER fish, is located in this place like a WHALE in the OCEAN.

c. Criterion of conditioned meaning

It applies in the event that one of the terms of the BASIC PAR has more than one
meaning (polysemy); case in which a meaning must be assigned to that term
more convenient based on the other term of the BASE RELATION. Examples:

11. RADIO BONE 12.COMET SPACE

a) geometry : bony a) juguete : área
television magazine ball game
c) consonant : letter c) child field
money ticket anslid sea
discipline science e) mountain : mountain range

The word RADIO can lead us to think of an artifact, a line, a medium of

communication; however, none of these concepts are useful for us to propose the
relationship with the term BONE, which requires conditioning that the meaning of RADIUS
this refers to BONE and its equivalent is CONSONANT and LETTER.
The analogy COMET and SPACE allows us to affirm that just as the COMET is located in the
SPACE the same happens with ISLAND and SEA.

METHODS OF SOLUTION

The existing relationship between the terms that make up must be determined precisely.
the analogy. The relationship must be established based on the meanings of the words of the
for basic, prioritizing logical criteria and horizontal approach.
We can establish the BASE RELATION using two techniques:

The method of prayer

This procedure consists of constructing a sentence using the terms of the basic pair.
the same that must be brief and affirmative, to then be applied to each of the
alternatives with the aim of finding the analogous pair.

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The method of analogical types
This procedure consists of recognizing the logical connection that links the terms of
For basic purposes, it obviously requires knowledge of the main analog types.

MAIN ANALOG TYPES

PART A ALL
It is the relationship in which one of the words indicates a component (part) and the other
it refers to a larger structure (the whole). Examples:

* FUSELAJE : AVIÓN NUCLEUS : ATOM

* TAMBOR :REVÓLVER SODIUM SALT

2. ELEMENT A SET
The relationship presents an individual noun (element) and a collective noun.
(set), the characteristic of this type is uniformity. Examples:

* HUESO : OSAMENTA * JUGADOR:EQUIPO

HAIR HAIR HOUND: PACK

3. SPECIES TO GENUS
It involves including a specific term (hyponym) within a general term.
(hypernym). Analogy can be assisted by the expressions a (an). Examples:

STORY: NARRATION PORTUGUESE: LANGUAGE

SHARK :FISH Bondad VIRTUE

4. CONGENERS
In this case, the inclusion is double, two co-hyponyms, words that represent two.
beings of the same genus. For this relationship, the question what are they? facilitates the
resolución. Ejemplos:

ANTARA: CHARANGO * COCAÍNA : HEROÍNA

WOLF ZORRO CARACAS:QUITO

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5. CAUSE AND EFFECT

It is a relationship of causality, it presents the reason or the motive that generates or
produce the consequence. The cause always precedes the effect. Examples:

OFFER DEMAND EARTHQUAKE: DEVASTATION

* INFECCIÓN : FIEBRE WATER HUMIDITY

6. INTENSITY
The relationship presents a gradation or hierarchy among the terms that make up the
analogy. It can be presented from less to more or vice versa. Examples:

FEVER Lieutenant Colonel

TREMOR EARTHQUAKE DIFFICULT HARD

7. ASSOCIATES BY USE
Two things are presented, which are used in the same action. To this relationship
it is also known as complementation. Examples:

BRUSH : CANVAS HOOK : BAIT

BATE BASEBALL HONDA STONE

8. ASSOCIATED BY THE PLACE

It is a relationship of circumstance, there are two beings, one of them is in a...
located in the other. For example, A canary is located in a cage; the referee in the
The field or the action of acting takes place on stage. Additional examples:

NAUTA: BOAT TIE : NECK

* CAUDAL : CAUCE FLOWER VASE

9. CHARACTERISTIC
In the case of this relationship, the idea that must be taken into account is that there is a being and
a quality of such a being. For example, A hero has bravery as a quality; when
A valley is characterized by its fertility or a lion is ferocious. Additional examples:

SPEAKER: ELOQUENCE MAGNET MAGNETIC

PASTURE GREENERY Sponge: Porous

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10. FUNCTION
For this analog type, the relationships presented are linked with objects. y
the employment that is given to them, or subjects are presented and the actions they perform.
Example:

FOCUS ILLUMINATE TEACHER : TEACHES

ALARM: NOTIFY LAWYER : DEFEND

11. RAW MATERIAL TO PROCESSED PRODUCT

Two beings are presented, one is the conversion of the other through a process of elaboration.
Thus we can say that polos are made from cotton; leather allows for the making of shoes.
or the wood can be converted into a chair. Additional examples:

CERA SAIL CAUCHO : TIRE

* VIDRIO : VASO IVORY : JEWELS

12. SUBJECT TO OBJECT

This analog type presents us with a person and the tool or utensil that
usually uses in their work activity. Examples:

SURGEON: ERINAS Butcher KNIFE

PAINTER PALETTE ASTRONOMER : TELESCOPE

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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

TEST 1

1- MERIT: AWARDING EXHIBITION : GALLERY ::

a) búsqueda :hallazgo transit track
b) meta race b) class teaching
habit vice c) auditorium: phrase
goodness generosity d) modeling: runway
e) punishment lack e) sample laboratory

2-ADVENT CHRISTMAS 7- MARINERA Huayno

greeting farewell a) economía : ahorro
b) essay acting saw coast
c) fanaticism : belief celebration huaylas
d) inauguración : clausura dance dance
e) prologue epilogue melody music

3- PERSONA ALMA 8- OSCAR CINEMA

a) producto : marca a) diploma title
word meaning Nobel science
c) automóvil : placa Notebook note
d) cuaderno : forro d) Poem poetry
coin exchange e) Cervantes: novel

4- TO ANOINT ANOINTING 9- SUNSET ORTO

a) mancipar : emancipación a) before after
b) exonerar : excepción b) cover loin
to baptize baptism c) prologue preface
to learn apprehension d) start end
e) subyugar : sojuzgar e) old age childhood

5-FLUTE INSTRUMENT 10- ANIVERSARIO : CONMEMORACIÓN ::

pistol revolver mass rite
b) spoon utensil b) nacimiento : cumpleaños
c) whistle pito c) event event
pen : ink d) party festivity
covered utensil e) performance : act

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11- AMNESTY POLITICAL 16- LYNX CAT
pardon confinement donkey equine
b) forgiveness: debt wolf dog
c) acquittal priest c) mosquito : mosca
forgiveness guilt d) district feline
penalty malefactor to roar to meow

12- RED CARMINE 17- ABRA GULF

difficult arduous river current
b) harmful lethal lake lagoon
c) gray black table wardrobe
belligerent warrior d) close sedentary
hard solid e) verb accident

to intimidate to make someone shiver or feel chills 18- ACTOR SHOWBIZ

to plead to ask a) cantante : coro
to sleep to rest soldier soldiers
to warn to threaten c) athlete gym
to smile gesticular d) diner : restaurant
fear terror e) asaltante : delito

14- SHELL TORTOISE 19- AUTISM PSYCHOLOGY

antlers : moose childhood pediatrics
b) melena lion b) nosología : patología
soldier armor cancer medicine
hull military d) right law
tile floor e) hepatitis gastroenterologist

15- SOCIETY COEXISTENCE 20- PASTOR Herd

company constitution a) priest : grey
b) team ideal b) official officiality
family link mother family
d) person reasoning d) productor : película
guild camaraderie e) seguidor : partido

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TEST 2

1. APPLE APPLE 6. WORD TO SPEAK

but money gesture to express
garden pink b) weapon to assemble

cow milk pencil to draw

walnut nut d)idea to memorize
e) eucalipto : menta e) voice articular

2. SADNESS CONSOLATION 7. TRUCE FIGHT

success envy dream insomnia
triumph pride peace war
pain compassion c) prize competition
joy congratulation rest : work
love jealousy e) bell : boxer

3. DEEP DEEP trick trap

a) repentino : súbito crime trick
b) superfluo : liviano cheat trap
subtle banal high large
d)lgiht weak dream idea
e) intensidad : fuerte e) objective press

4. TO ILLUMINATE LIGHT 9. SCULPT : ESTATUA ::

to burn fire to act drama
to flood water to domesticate: horse
c) alimentar : cocina c) to write will
to shine gold to paint peeled
e) eco sound e) compose: aria

5. RESCUE DANGER 10. ALTRUISTIC generosity

to suffocate fire critical mordacity
to find: loss artist originality
c) to heal cholera c) negligent: neglect
to collect floor rich to be able to
e) amparar : abandono soldier bravery

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ANARCHY CHAOS Clog FOOTWEAR
a) jerarquía : paz bucket container
b) opresión : confusión table decoration
c) disturbio : problema I said Adorno
government: order motr accessory
e) dictadura : revuelta e) aerosol sunscreen

12. FABLE MORAL: 17. ENVENENAMIENTO : ANTÍDOTO ::

enigma prediction infection antibiotic
slowly sentence hit massage
c) razonamiento :conclusión c) contagion vaccine
religion salvation attack prophylaxis
e) prohibition taboo e) enfermedad : terapia

13. COUPON DRAW 18. UNFORESEEN anticipated

entry cinema a) real virtual
finalist contest b) unexpected expected
c) vote election c) momentáneo :perecedero
ticket raffle casual premeditated
e) card university agreed deliberate

14. GACELA FAST 19. REFEREE neutrality

bull strong student intelligence
parrot multicolor president governability
dog bravo c) executive legitimacy
dove peace d) parliamentary: legality
horse fast judge impartiality

15. FLUTE SAXOPHONE 20. SOUND MUSIC

viola string melody note
trombone charango noise bubble
c) violin piano c) instrument: symphony
guitar mandolin letter song
drawer celebration word speech

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Answer table

TEST 2
TEST 1 1 D
1 A 2 C
2 B 3 A
3 B 4 A
4 C 5 E
5 B 6 A
6 D 7 D
7 C 8 B
8 B 9 E
9 E 10 E
10 B 11 D
11 C 12 C
12 C 13 D
13 C 14 A
14 A 15 D
15 E 16 C
16 B 17 A
17 B 18 B
18 A 19 E
19 C 20 E
20 A

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