THE REFORMS

Bourbonic
 What are Bourbon Reforms?

• It was all those measures that the crown put into practice.
Spanish to improve its government administration, in all the
aspects, both in the metropolis and in the colonies, but with a
clear purpose: to impose more of its power and take the spotlight away from
the elements that were gaining greater prominence, such as
the cases: the religious order of the Jesuits and the participation of the
creoles in public administration.
• In addition, these reforms were implemented to restructure Spain in
function to the advances of the capitalist system.
Philip V
• Such reforms were inspired by the ideological changes that were taking place.
In Europe, as a result of the spread of the Enlightenment (Montesquieu, Voltaire,
Rousseau, Quesnay, Gournay and Adam Smith). In the eighteenth century, called
the Age of Enlightenment, some absolute monarchs in Europe (Spain,
Austria, Russia, and Prussia developed the policy of Despotism
Illustrated with his phrase: "everything for the people but without the people."

• The most important reforms occurred during the reigns of:

a) Philip V (1700 – 1746)
Charles III
b) Charles III 'the Enlightened' (1759 - 1788)
THE BOURBON REFORMS IN PERU
They were applied under the influence of Enlightened Despotism.
- In the viceroyalty of Peru, the most important reforms occurred during the governments of the
viceroys
Manuel de Amat y Juniet 1761 – 1776
Manuel de Guirior 1776 - 1780
Agustín de Jáuregui 1780 - 1784
Theodore de Croix 1784 - 1790

WHAT WERE THE REASONS FOR APPLYING THESE BOURBON REFORMS?

The reasons that forced their application were:
. Upon the death of Charles II without leaving direct descendants, there was a great crisis between the Church and the
States that broke ties of union,
. At the time when the colonial population was increasing, it created new needs that
the monarchs of the Habsburg dynasty could not resolve.
. Too much corruption and abuse of power by: public officials, the aristocracy
and also of some religious orders.
. Regulate maritime trade and eliminate the commercial monopoly, as there was a lot
smuggling by England and Portugal harming Spain.
. Too much prominence of the Jesuits in the educational field and their economic power.
. Also the prominence of the creoles when accessing public office.
. In summary, improve the administration of Spain and its colonies.
BACKGROUND
At the end of the 17th century, the king of Spain Carlos II of
Habsburg died without leaving descendants.
After that, the War of Spanish Succession broke out.
(1700 - 1713) which ends with the Treaty of Utrecht (signed
in the Netherlands) and the victory was for the French
about the Austrians. King of France was Louis XIV, he is the
the same king who said 'I am the state'.
The Bourbon dynasty imposes itself in Spain after the
ascension to the Spanish throne of the French Philip of Anjou
(grandson of Louis XIV) the same who was Philip V of Spain.
This monarch, became Philip V (1st Bourbon king in
Spain), began a new stage in the history of the
metropolis and its colonial domains applying the
first Bourbon reforms.
The presence of Bourbons in Spain generated suspicions in
England, Portugal, and Austria. The fear was unification.
Franco – Spanish.
Simultaneously, ideas were spreading in Europe.
illustrated.
TERRITORIAL REFORMS.
The Viceroyalty of New Granada was created in 1717, but
it was dissolved. Its capital was the city of Santa Fe
from Bogotá. Its territorial jurisdiction also integrated to
the audiences of Quito and Panama. It was restored in
1739. Its first viceroy was Antonio Ignacio de la
Pedrosa and Guerrero.
In 1776, the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was established, with
its capital the port city of Buenos Aires. Being its
first viceroy Pedro de Cevallos. His jurisdiction
included the provinces of Buenos Aires, Paraguay,
Tucumán, Potosí, Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Charcas
(La Paz). With the creation of this vice-royalty, ours
he was very adversely affected especially in the
economic.
In 1777, the Captaincy General of Caracas was created.
Venezuela.
In 1778, the Captaincy General of Chile was created.
less autonomy. This captaincy existed
until 1817 when the Battle of Chacabuco occurred, there
Marco del Pont was defeated, who was his last.
Capitán General, ante el General José de San Martín.
2. ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS
In 1718, they were suppressed.
they were entrusted in the times of the viceroy
Carmíneo Nicolás Caracciolo or prince of
Holy Good.
In 1784, they were suppressed the
corregimientos (claim that was made from
before and until the rebellion of Tupac Amaru II).

In 1786, the establishment of the

Intendancies (institution of French origin)
that replaced the districts. The
The intendancies were 8: Huancavelica,
Huamanga, Trujillo, Tarma, Lima, Arequipa,
Cusco and Puno. Initially, there were 7 but
then the Intendancy of Puno would join that
until 1802 it was part of the Viceroyalty of
River Plate and was reincorporated to
Viceroyalty of Peru.
In 1787, the audience of Cusco was created.
It was also a demand of Tupac Amaru II. To
end the Viceroyalty of Peru, this only
tenía 2 audiencias: Lima y Cusco.
3. ECCLESIASTICAL REFORMS - CULTURAL
- These reforms arose due to the interest in reforming.
the role of the church in the Spanish State, with the purpose
to impose real power over ecclesiastical power.
- In 1767, the Pragmatic Sanction was issued in the metropolis.
that ordered the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and their
colonies, due to their excessive economic power and
likewise for encouraging the parents to
to confront the kings. They also had a lot of influence.
in the educational field. The Jesuits were accused of
to be conspirators.
- The order given by King Charles III and his minister José
Bernardo de Gálvez took place between the years 1767 - 68.
in America and Peru. The expulsion of the Company of
Jesus or Jesuits (among those expelled was the creole)
Arequipeño Juan Pablo Vizcardo y Guzmán) of all the
domains of Spain left a huge educational void.
- The reason for this in 1770 in Lima - Peru was the creation of the Royal
Convictory of San Carlos, whose third rector was Toribio
Rodríguez de Mendoza.
- All this occurred during the government of Viceroy Amat and
Juniet.
4. ECONOMIC - TRADE REFORMS
- En 1713 durante el reinado de FelipeV,se dio la reforma delNavío de Permiso,
what was contained in the Treaty of Utrecht (the one that ended the war
of the Spanish succession). With this reform, Spain grants England the
right to trade with its colonies in America but only once a year.
This took place at the Portobelo fair in present-day Panama.
- In that same treaty, the trade of slaves was also regulated.
through the Right of Asiento. This right consisted of England
provided slaves from Africa to Spain.
- 1739, the Register Ship was established, it was the control that was carried out in Seville of all the
merchandise that would arrive on the continent and thus prevent smuggling. With these
Reforms began to diminish the prominence of the Casa de Contratación in Seville.
- In 1778, King Charles III declared free trade for the colonies, this reform.
economically harmed the Viceroyalty of Peru. The ports of Valparaíso and
Buenos Aires became free ports displacing Callao which was left behind.
to perceive the payment for the royal custom duties or colonial customs tax. With this
the commercial monopoly has definitively ended. Another free port was that of
Caracas.
- The land customs were established with the purpose of ensuring a
higher taxation. The implementation of this reform is considered a cause
in favor of the great rebellion of Tupac Amaru II. At the same time it generated the
Creole discontent.
OTHER BOURBON REFORMS WERE:
- The signing of the Treaty of San Ildefonso in
1777. With this treaty, the
territorial possessions between Portugal and
Spain in South America. Portugal at
Spain granted the colony of
Sacramento, in the current territory of
Uruguay.
- Visitation System: It consisted of appointing a
employees traveling to the provinces
to supervise the viceroyal authorities
and to prevent acts of corruption, but in
in some cases, the visitors also
they had political-military powers before
situations of indigenous rebellion. How
it was the case of the Tupac Amaru rebellion
II when the visitor made his presence known
José Antonio de Areche coming from
Buenos Aires finally defeated him and
ordered his execution.
 CONSEQUENCES OF THE BOURBON REFORMS
- Decline of Lima and Callao, a result of the definitive loss
of Potosí (it was part of the Charcas audience and was very
rich in the exploitation of silver or argentum). That silver is no longer
will be marketed through Callao, from now on it will be through Buenos
Aires.
- Decline of the Creole nobility, due to the suppression of the
commissions and the inability to access public positions that
will be exclusive to the peninsula residents. The Creoles then
they began to express a love for their country towards America in this way
like his thirst for power. A clear example of this was Juan
Pablo Vizcardo y Guzmán.
- Strengthening of the Atlantic coast of South America, the port of
Buenos Aires gained prestige by displacing Callao.
- The expulsion of the Jesuits led to the closure of some centers.
of education (higher colleges), to fill that gap it was created
the Convictorio of San Carlos (operated in the Casona de San
Marcos. Juan Pablo Vizcardo and
- Some leaders, like Tupac Amaru II, were harmed. Guzmán
in their activity of being carriers (transport of goods to
through mules), due to the creation of the Viceroyalty of the River of the
Plata.