BUILDING SCIENCE AND

MECHANICS

Module 2
Sustainable Built Environment

Anirudh N, M.Tech (PhD)

Assistant Professor
Dept of Civil Engineering
JNNCE
Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 1
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Emerging Materials
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) blocks
Types of AAC blocks
1.Based on density / strength
1. Light weight AAC (lower density, lower strength)
2. Medium density AAC
3. High density AAC (higher strength; may be used for structural
or semi-structural walls)
2. Based on use
1. Load-bearing AAC Blocks — used for walls that carry
structural loads.
2. Non-load-bearing / Partition AAC Blocks — for internal
partitions etc
3. Insulating panels or cladding
Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 2
4. Floor/Roof panels Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
3. Based on size
1. Standard blocks in various thicknesses (e.g. 75 mm, 100 mm,
125 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm etc) as per manufacturer.
2. Height 200mm and Length 600mm
3. Panels or slabs (for floors/roofs)
4. Special shapes (lintels, coping, etc)
5. Blocks with varying surface texture (smooth, rough / wire-
brushed)

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Anirudhhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=El0lv8N
N, Assistant Professor, 4
Dept of Civil
ot2IEngineering, JNNCE,
 Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 5
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
Load-bearing AAC Blocks

Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 6

Non-load-bearing
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
Insulating panels or cladding

Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 7

DeptFloor/Roof panels JNNCE,
of Civil Engineering,
JNNCE

Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 8

Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Properties of AAC Blocks
1. Lightweight
Significantly lighter than traditional concrete or clay bricks. This
reduces structural load, foundation costs, handling, transportation
effort.
2. Thermal Insulation
Due to the many air voids, AAC has low thermal conductivity.
Buildings stay cooler in summer / warmer in winter; lowers
heating/cooling energy.
3. Fire Resistance
Non-combustible; can withstand high temperatures. Fire
endurance depends on thickness and grade.
4. Acoustic Performance
Porous structure helps with sound absorption and reduces noise
transmission. Good for partitions in hotels, hospitals, schools etc.
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
5. Workability & Precision
Can be cut, drilled, grooved, nailed easily (often with wood working
tools). Uniform size and shape help minimize mortar joints, reduce
plastering/finishing work.

6. Dimensional Stability and Uniformity

Blocks are produced under controlled conditions; tolerances are better
than many bricks. Less shrinkage, more consistent.

7. Eco-friendliness
Use of fly ash or industrial by-products; less energy during production;
less waste; lighter transport energy; better insulation i.e. lower
operational energy.

8. Speed of construction
Larger blocks, lighter weight, less mortar jointing, faster assembly.
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Uses of AAC Blocks
Sl Uses Reason
No
1 External Walls Thermal insulation helps reduce heat gain/loss,
reduces HVAC load.
2 Internal Lightweight, easy to construct; good acoustic
Partitions insulation.
3 Fire-walls Non-combustible, high fire endurance.
4 Institutional Sound insulation, fire safety, hygiene are
important.
5 Multi-storey Lower dead load helps reduce structural
residential / demands and foundation size.
commercial
6 Roof/floor In some cases panels or slabs made of AAC are
panels used to reduce weight and improve insulation.
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 BAMBOO
Bamboo is used in construction for its strength, flexibility, and
sustainability, serving as beams, columns, and roofing for structures
like houses, bridges, and scaffolding. It is also processed into
engineered products such as laminated bamboo and plywood for
flooring, walls, and furniture, providing an eco-friendly alternative to
timber. Its high strength-to-weight ratio, elasticity, and natural
resistance to elements make it ideal for permanent and temporary
constructions, especially in earthquake-prone regions

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 13
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Properties of Bamboo
1.Tensile Strength:
Bamboo has a higher tensile strength than steel. This is due to its
internal structure of long, fibrous strands.
2. Compressive Strength:
Its compressive strength exceeds that of most woods and is very high,
making it an effective structural material.
3. Lightweight:
It has a high strength-to-weight ratio, making it an advantageous choice
for easily displaced or installed making it very easier for transportation
and construction.
4. Elasticity/ Flexibility:
Bamboo is widely preferred in earthquake prone regions due to its
elastic features.
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
5. Durability:
Bamboo can withstand in all the climatic conditions.
6. Stability:
It is more stable than many woods and is less susceptible to changes
caused by moisture and temperature.
7.Cost effective
8. Unlike other building materials like cement and asbestos, bamboo
poses no danger to health.

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Uses of Bamboo

1. Structural Components
2. Non-Structural and Interior Applications
3. Specialized Uses

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Structural Components
1. Beams and Columns:
Bamboo poles are used to form the structural framework of buildings,
providing stability and support due to their high tensile and
compressive strength.
2. Roofing and Trusses:
Its flexibility and natural resistance to weather make it suitable for
roofing materials and structural trusses in houses.
3. Scaffolding:
Bamboo's strength and lightweight nature make it an effective and cost-
effective material for scaffolding in various construction projects,
including for skyscrapers.

Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 17

Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Non-Structural and Interior Applications
1. Flooring and Paneling:
Bamboo is processed into flooring and wall panels, offering an attractive,
durable, and sustainable option for interior design.
2. Laminated Products:
Industrially processed bamboo can be made into laminated strips,
composite boards, and particleboards, used for high-end applications and
structural components.
3. Doors and Windows:
Traditional and modern construction techniques utilize bamboo for door
and window frames, contributing to sustainable building practices

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Specialized Uses
1. Earthquake-Resistant Buildings
The natural elasticity and flexibility of bamboo allow it to bend and
sway during earthquakes without breaking, making it an excellent
choice for these regions.
2. Reinforcement in Concrete:
New technologies are developing ways to use bamboo as a
reinforcement material in concrete, enhancing the properties of
structural members.
3.Sustainable and Biophilic design
Its rapid growth, low cost, and attractive natural aesthetic make it a
popular choice for eco-friendly and biophilic architectural designs

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 RECYCLED PLASTICS
Plastic is a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers
such as polyethylene, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), nylon, etc., that can be
moulded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic
form.

Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 20

Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Properties of Recycled Plastics
1. Strength and ductility:
Often decrease after recycling due to the breaking of plastics, though ductility
might increase in some cases. Properties like tensile strength can be restored
by blending with virgin polymers.
2. Stiffness:
Tends to increase in some plastics like LDPE after the first recycling process,
but may decrease in subsequent cycles due to chain degradation.
3. Viscosity:
Can be affected by the recycling process, potentially changing the material's
flow behavior.
4. Water absorption:
Varies by plastic type, with some plastics showing a higher rate of water
absorption compared to others.
5. Specific gravity:
Varies between plastic types, with Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) typically
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having a higher specific gravity than HDPE and Polypropylene(PP).
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Uses of Recycled Plastics
1.Shuttering:
Recycled plastic sheets and boards are used as molds for concrete,
offering a durable, reusable, and water-resistant alternative to
traditional plywood.
2. Structural and non-structural components:
It can be used to make components like beams, posts, and poles, which
can be used for construction, road signage, and farming.
3. Bricks and tiles:
Recycled plastic can be used to manufacture bricks, roof tiles, and
walkway slabs.
4. Composite materials:
It can be added to cement or asphalt mixes to create composite
materials for a variety of applications.
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
5.Roofing and insulation:
Products like ridge tiles and insulation boards can be made from
recycled plastic.
6. Reinforcement:
Plastic microfibers can be added to concrete to improve its durability,
though they are often used in combination with other materials for
structural strength.

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Material selection criteria
Material selection in construction relies on criteria including cost,
durability, sustainability, aesthetics, availability, and performance. Key
factors such as strength, service life, and resistance to environmental
factors like climate and corrosion also influence the
decision. Balancing these factors helps ensure a project's structural
integrity, long-term value, visual appeal, and minimal environmental
impact.
1. Cost & Budget
2. Performance & Physical Properties
3. Environmental & Sustainability Considerations
4. Availability & Handling
5. Aesthetics
6. Compatibility & Maintenance

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
1. Cost & Budget
• Initial Costs: The upfront expense of the material itself, including
transportation.
• Life Cycle Costs: Considering the long-term expenses related to
maintenance, repair, and replacement over the material's lifespan.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Ensuring the chosen material provides good
value for the investment.
2. Performance & Physical Properties
• Strength: A material's ability to withstand various stresses, such as
compression, tension, and shear.
• Durability: Its resistance to wear and tear, weathering, and other
environmental factors over its service life.
• Service Life: The expected length of time a material will perform
effectively.
• Other Properties: Factors like flexibility, weight, density, and
resistance to corrosion and heat
Anirudh are also
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
3. Environmental & Sustainability Considerations
• Environmental Impact: Assessing the material's impact on the
environment throughout its life cycle.
• Sustainability: Prioritizing materials from renewable sources, those
with recycled components, or those that are in plentiful supply.
• Eco-Friendly Options: The growing emphasis on using materials that
reduce carbon emissions and contribute to a greener built
environment.

4. Availability & Handling

• Local Availability: Selecting materials that are readily available
locally to reduce transportation costs and potential delays.
• Handling & Storage: Considering the ease with which a material can
be transported, stored, and worked with on site.
• Skill Required: The need for specialized skills and equipment for
installation and maintenance.
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
5. Aesthetics
• Appearance: The visual appeal of the material, including its color,
texture, and finish.
• User Delight: How the material responds to the site and contributes to
the overall beauty and atmosphere of the space.

6. Compatibility & Maintenance

• Compatibility: Ensuring materials are compatible with other
materials in the construction to avoid negative reactions.
• Maintenance Requirements: Choosing materials that are easy and
inexpensive to maintain to preserve their appearance and functionality
over time.

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 SMART CITY CONCEPT
A Smart City is one that integrates information and communication
technologies (ICT) with infrastructure, governance, and community
services to efficiently manage resources, reduce environmental impact,
and enhance citizen engagement.
Key Objectives
1.Efficient Resource Management – Optimize water, power, and
waste systems.
2.Sustainability – Promote renewable energy, green buildings, and
eco-friendly transportation.
3.Improved Quality of Life – Enhance safety, mobility, and public
health services.
4.Citizen Participation – Encourage transparency and involvement
through e-governance.
5.Economic Growth – Support innovation, startups, and technology-
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based industries. Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Core Components
•Smart Governance – Implementation of e-governance systems for
transparency, citizen participation, and efficient administration.
•Smart Mobility – Development of intelligent transportation systems,
electric vehicles and real-time traffic monitoring.
•Smart Environment – Use of renewable energy, pollution control,
and waste recycling for environmental sustainability.
•Smart Energy – Development of Smart grids, energy-efficient
lighting, renewable integration.
•Smart Infrastructure – IoT-enabled monitoring of utilities, energy-
efficient buildings, and integrated infrastructure.
•Smart Living – Enhanced public health, safety, and education through
digital and automated systems.
•Smart Economy – Promotion of innovation, entrepreneurship, and
digital payment systems.
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Technologies Used
•Internet of Things (IoT)
•Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning
•Big Data & Analytics
•Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
•Cloud Computing
•Smart Sensors & Automation
Benefits
•Improved urban mobility and safety.
•Efficient public service delivery.
•Reduced energy and water consumption.
•Better disaster management and urban planning.
•Enhanced citizen engagement and quality of life.
Challenges
•High implementation cost.
•Data privacy and cybersecurity concerns.
•Integration of legacy infrastructure.
•Need for skilled manpower Anirudh N, Assistant Professor,
Dept ofand public awareness.
Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
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Green building materials and
rating systems

Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 31

Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Green Building rating Systems
What is Green Building rating Systems?
A rating system can be defined as a set of pre requisites and
requirements that a project team must fulfil in order to receive
certification.

Types of rating systems (National and International)

BREEAM- United EEWH- Taiwan

Kingdom
LEED- United States GBCS- South Korea

Green globes- Canada CASBEE- Japan

Green star- Australia GRIHA- India

BEAM- Hong Kong IGBC - India

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)
• IGBC stands for Indian Green Building Council.
• It is part of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and was formed
in 2001.
• The objective of IGBC Green Homes is to facilitate the effective use of
site resources, water conservation, energy efficiency, handling of house-
hold waste, optimum material utilization and design for healthy,
comfortable & environmentally friendly home.
• The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) is one of the most preferred
green building certification bodies in India.
• It is the first-ever green building rating system developed in India, taking
into consideration the adverse climatic conditions, our environment and
rapidly evolving lifestyles.

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 PURPOSE of IGBC
1. Development of Green Building Rating & Certification Systems
IGBC develops rating programmes that help assess how “green” a
building or project is (energy, water, materials, indoor environment
etc.). These rating systems are tools that designers, builders, developers,
etc. can use to reduce environmental impact.
2. Encouraging / Promoting Sustainable Practices in Construction
& Operation
The purpose is not just rating, but pushing for adoption of practices like
energy efficiency, water conservation, sustainable materials, better
indoor environmental quality, etc., in new and existing buildings.
3. Stakeholder Involvement and Consensus
IGBC is committee-based and member-driven. It involves stakeholders
from all parts of the built environment ecosystem — architects, builders,
developers, manufacturers, government, academia. This helps in
developing standards that Anirudh
are realistic, relevant, and accepted
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
4. Training, Education, Awareness-Building
To ensure the green building movement’s growth, IGBC conducts
education/training for professionals, awareness programmes for public
and industry, workshops, etc.

5. Supporting National Goals / Policy Alignment

IGBC’s purpose is also tied to helping India meet larger sustainability
goals, including conserving natural resources, reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, handling water / energy / waste more efficiently, aligning
with global climate goals.

6. Providing Tools / Standards Adapted to Local Context

IGBC ensures the rating systems consider India-specific needs:
different climate zones, materials/local practices, national standards.
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Certification Levels
A project can earn the following levels of green building certification
spread across the many rating systems in the certification spectrum:
Certified Best Practices
Silver Outstanding Performance
Gold National Excellence
Platinum Global Leadership
Threshold criteria for certification levels

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Key Highlights of IGBC
1. National Green Building Framework
The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), part of the
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), promotes sustainable
building design and development tailored to India’s climate, resources,
and economic conditions.
2. IGBC Rating Systems
IGBC offers specialized rating systems for different types of projects,
such as:
• IGBC Green New Buildings
• IGBC Green Homes
• IGBC Green Factory Buildings
• IGBC Green Schools / Campuses
• IGBC Green Existing Buildings
• IGBC Green Cities / Townships
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• IGBC Health & WellnessDept ofRating, etc. JNNCE,
Civil Engineering,
3. Certification Levels
Projects are rated based on the total number of points achieved:
• Certified
• Silver
• Gold
• Platinum
4. Key Rating Categories
IGBC assesses projects under several core environmental and
design categories, such as:
• Sustainable Architecture and Design
• Site Selection and Planning
• Water Conservation
• Energy Efficiency
• Building Materials and Resources
• Indoor EnvironmentalAnirudh
QualityN, Assistant Professor, 38
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
• Innovation and Development
5. Focus on Indian Conditions
Unlike international systems, IGBC standards are customized for
India’s climate zones, construction practices, and material availability
ensuring practicality and affordability.

6. Promotes Resource Efficiency

• IGBC encourages projects to construct
• Reduce energy and water consumption
• Minimize waste generation
• Utilize recycled and locally available materials
• Improve occupant comfort and productivity

7. Performance-Based and Voluntary

IGBC rating systems are voluntary, consensus-driven, and
performance-oriented, ensuring flexibility for diverse project types
Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 39
while maintaining measurable results.
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
8. Recognition and Benefits
• IGBC-certified buildings achieve
• Lower operating costs
• Enhanced building market value
• Healthier indoor environments
• Reduced carbon footprint
• Faster project approvals in some cases (as supported by government
policies)
9. Alignment with Global Goals
IGBC aligns with India’s commitments to net-zero energy, water,
and waste targets and supports the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) and national missions like Smart Cities and Energy Conservation
Building Code (ECBC).
10. Rapid Growth and Global Recognition
India ranks among the top countries worldwide in terms of green
building footprint under Anirudh
IGBC, reflecting
N, Assistant Professor, its wide acceptance40 and
effectiveness. Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
IGBC rating system

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
Different IGBC Certifications

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design)

Through sustainable design, construction and operations, LEED can

help new and existing buildings to reduce carbon emissions, energy
and waste, conserve water, prioritize safer materials, and lower our
exposure to toxins.

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 44
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Purpose of LEED
1. Encourage Sustainable Development:
LEED aims to reduce the environmental impact of buildings through
energy efficiency, water conservation, waste reduction, and use of
eco-friendly materials.

2. Improve Energy and Water Efficiency:

It promotes the design and operation of buildings that consume
less energy and water compared to conventional structures.

3. Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality:

LEED encourages the use of natural lighting, ventilation, and
low-emission materials to improve occupant health and comfort.

4. Promote Innovation in Design and Construction:

It motivates architects,
Anirudhengineers, and builders to adopt
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innovative technologies and
Deptsustainable practices.
of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
5.Reduce Carbon Footprint:
LEED-certified buildings help mitigate climate change by lowering
greenhouse gas emissions.

6.Provide a Benchmark for Green Buildings:

LEED offers a standardized rating system to evaluate and certify
buildings based on sustainability performance.

7.Encourage Economic Efficiency:

By reducing resource consumption, LEED buildings often result in
lower operating and maintenance costs over time.
In short, the purpose of LEED is to create a framework for
designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining buildings that
are environmentally sustainable, cost-effective, and beneficial to
human health.
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 47
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 48
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
LEED assessment categories

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated
Habitat Assessment)

• GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) is an

independent, non-profit society established jointly by The Energy and
Resources Institute (TERI) and the Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE) in 2007.
• The goal is to minimize waste generation, resource consumption, and
the overall ecological impact of habitats and built environments.

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
GRIHA rating criteria

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Purpose of GRIHA
1. Promote Sustainable Development:
To encourage the design and construction of buildings that minimize
environmental impact and promote sustainability throughout their life
cycle.
2. Efficient Resource Utilization:
To ensure efficient use of energy, water, and materials, thereby reducing
dependence on non-renewable resources.
3. Reduce Environmental Footprint:
To minimize waste generation, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions
associated with building construction and operation.
4. Enhance Occupant Comfort and Health:
To improve indoor air quality, thermal comfort, and daylight access for
better human well-being.
5. Encourage Renewable Energy Use:
To integrate renewable energy systems like solar power into building
design and operations. Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 52
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
6. Support National Sustainability Goals:
To align with India’s goals for energy efficiency, climate action, and
sustainable urban development.
7. Provide Performance-Based Rating:
To offer an objective framework for assessing a building’s environmental
performance through measurable criteria and star ratings.

Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 53

Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
 Key Highlights of GRIHA
1.National Green Building Rating System:
Developed by TERI and MNRE, GRIHA serves as India’s indigenous
rating tool tailored to the country’s climatic conditions and construction
practices.
2.Comprehensive Assessment:
Evaluates buildings based on energy efficiency, water conservation,
waste management, material use, indoor environment quality, and
site sustainability.
3.Life Cycle Approach:
Assesses the entire life cycle of a building — from design, construction,
and operation to maintenance and demolition — ensuring long-term
sustainability.
4.Point and Star Rating System:
Buildings are awarded points based on performance across various
criteria, which translate into 1 to 5 stars depending on the total score
achieved. Anirudh N, Assistant Professor, 54
Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
5. Applicable to All Building Types:
GRIHA is suitable for residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial
buildings — both new and existing.
6. Climate-Responsive Design:
Encourages designs that are regionally appropriate, optimizing natural
ventilation, daylighting, and thermal comfort.
7. Focus on Resource Efficiency:
Promotes reduction in energy consumption (up to 30–40%), water savings
(30–50%), and waste minimization through innovative practices.
8. Integration of Renewable Energy:
Incentivizes the use of solar energy, wind, and other renewables to meet
building energy demands.
9. Government Recognition:
Recognized as a national benchmark for green buildings and often linked
with incentives, rebates, or fast-track approvals by local authorities.
10. Post-Occupancy Evaluation:
Includes performance monitoring even after project completion to ensure the
building continues to meet sustainability goals.
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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,
GRIHA rating System

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Dept of Civil Engineering, JNNCE,