REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON
Peace–Work–Fatherland
Peace–Work–Fatherland
MINISTRY OF HIGHER
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
EDUCATION
SUPERIOR

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGIES OF NGAOUNDERE

BP:455 NGAOUNDERE
677112217/677512108
E-mailDstages2021@[Link]
Division of internships, continuing education, and relations with
professional environments

FINAL STUDY REPORT

In view of obtaining the University Diploma of Technology (D.U.T.) at
The University Institute of Technology of Ngaoundéré

THEME :
DESIGN OF A TUNNEL DRYER FOR
COTTON SEEDS

Industrial Engineering and Maintenance (I.E.M)

PATHWAY: industrial maintenance and production

Internship conducted from June 3 to August 27, 2021 at the SODECOTON oil mill in GAROUA
By
MANPIA MAYOUK polycape
19M062IU

(19M062IU)

Industrial coach School instructor

In DJORWE
Head of service M. KEGNE Benjamin
maintenance Teacher at the IUT of Ngaoundéré

Academic year 2020/2021

 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

DEDICATION
I dedicate this work:

À
the family
MAYOUK

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THANKS
At the end of this work, we wish to express our deep gratitude to all those
who contributed to its realization. We cannot begin without giving thanks to GOD
All-powerful, merciful, without whom none of this would have come to fruition. Our
thank you
Particularly to:
[Link] BAYERO, General Director of SODECOTON, for us
to have granted the internship.

Industrial engineer coach DJORWE head of maintenance service for his

expertise
M. DJIMONE MARITIME factory manager who approved this theme;
•Pr MOHAMMEDOU BOUBA ADJI Director of I.U. Tde Ngaoundéré for
the attention given to our training.
Academic supervisor Mr. KENGNE Benjamin for his support and guidance.
throughout this work.
All the teaching staff at I.U. T of Ngaoundéré for the quality of teaching.
dispensed and the emphasis placed on our training.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION
THANK YOUS .............................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURESS..........................................................................................................v
LIST OF IMAGES
COMPANY PRESENTATION
[Link] OF SODECOTON
I.1.1. LOCATION PLANN ......................................................................................x
I.1.2. SECTORS OFACTIVITIES OF SODECOTON................................................x
I.1.3. HIERARCHICAL ORGANIGRAM OF SODECOTON .........................xii
I.1.4. HIERARCHICAL ORGANIGRAM OF GAROU OIL MILLA ...... xiii
I.1.5. PRESENTATION OF THE OIL MILL WORKSHOPS.......................................xiv
SUMMARYÉ ................................................................................................................................1
ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW. 4
I.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ON INDUSTRIAL DRYERS ...........................................4
I.1.1 Definition ........................................................................................................................4
I.1.2 The different types of dryers ......................................................................................4
I.1.3. Description of continuous dryers ..................................................................................4
I.1.3.1 Atomization Dryer ...................................................................................................4
I.1.3.2 Heated drum dryer.........................................................................................5
I.1.3.3 Rotary drum dryer..............................................................................................6
I.1.3.4 Tunnel dryer
I.1.3.5 Belt Dryer ............................................................................................................8
I.2 GENERAL CONCEPTS .....................................................................9
I.2.1 Definition of design .............................................................................................9
I.2.2 Types of design........................................................................................................9
I.2.3 Design Methods................................................................................................10
I.2.3.1. Value-added analyses ....................................................................................10
I.3 GENERALITY ON THE FEASIBILITY STUDY..................................................10
I.3.1 Introductionn ...................................................................................................................10
I.3.2 the stages of a project.....................................................................................................11
CHAPTER II: MATERIAL AND METHODS. 13
II.1. MATERIAL .................................................................................................................13
II.1.1. The coto seedsn .....................................................................................................13
II.1.2. Software resourcess .................................................................................................13
II.2. METHODS.15
II.2.1. Methodological approach .........................................................................................15
II.2.2. LOCATION OF THE DRYER..........................................................................17
II2.3. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPTION............................................................17
II.2.3.1. Functional analysis of the system ...........................................................................17
II.2.3.2. Functional analysis of needs..............................................................................18
II.2.3.3. Technical functional analysis..............................................................................19
II.2.3.4. Functional Specification Document (FSD) ..................................................................20
II.2.3.4. FAST Diagram (Function Analysis System Technique). ......................................20
II.3. DIMENSIONING OF THE DRYER.........................................................21
II.3.1. Calculations of the elementss .21
1). Volume of the dryer ...........................................................................................................21
2). Calculation of the characteristics of the chain..........................................................................22

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3) calculations on gears.........................................................................................24
4) calculations on the speed reducer .....................................................................................25
5). Calculations on the training tree...................................................................................26
6). Calculations on the keys....................................................................................................27
7). Choice of bearings.27
II.3.2. Overall design......................................................................................................27
II.3.3. Definition drawing ....................................................................................................27
III.3.4. Principle diagram.................................................................27
II.4. FEASIBILITY STUDY .................................................................................28
II.4.1. Assessment of technical feasibility .........................................................................28
II.4.1.1. Inventory of available parts on the site.
II.4.1.2. Notion of resource diagram.............................................................28
CHAPTER III : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 30
III.1. LOCATION OF THE DRYER ...........................................................................30
III.2. RESULTS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DESIGN.........................30
III.2.1. Functional analysise ................................................................................................30
III.2.1.1. Result of the cone test ..................................................................................30
III.2.1.2. Result on the octopus diagram ..............................................................31
III.2.1.3. Functional specification document (FSD)....................................................................32
III. 2.1.4. Results on the application of the FAST method33
III.3. Principle diagram.......................................................................................................34
III.3.1. Operating Description.................................................................34
III.4. RESULTS ON THE DRYER DIMENSIONING ................................35
1). Calculation of the dryer volumer .......................................................................................35
Calculations on the training chain...............................................................................35
Calculations on the gear wheelss............................................................................................36
Calculations on the reducerr .37
5.) Sizingof the treee 38
6). Choice of the keye .38
Choice a landings .39
III.5. Overall Designe39
III.5.1. Definition drawingn ...................................................................................................40
III.6. Auxiliary elements......................................................................................................41
III.7. Choice of materialsx .41
III.7.1. Type of welding to be applied...............................................................42
III.8. FINANCIAL STUDY .............................................................................................43
III.9. Maintenance of our dryerr .......................................................................................44
III.10. Operation to maintain current equipment44
III.11. Operating Safety ........................................................................................45
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES. 46
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCESS .......................................................................... 47
ANNEX A. 48
Annex 1a: standards for keys and grooves.........................................................................48
Appendix 2a: weight per meter of chainss ...............................................................................48

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 13D plan of the location of the SODECOTON oil mill Garoua....................................x
Figure 2: hierarchical organization chart of SODECOTON...................................................xii
Figure 3Hierarchical organizational chart of the oil mill.............................................................. xiii
Figure 5: The spray dryern5
Figure 6: heated cylinder dryer
Figure 7: rotary drum dryer............................................................................................7
Figure 8: Tunnel dryer
Figure 9: Band dryer .........................................................................................................8
Figure 10: methodological approach ....................................................................................16
Figure 11: The phases of the functional analysise.....................................................................18
Figure 12: horned tool ...................................................................................................19
Figure 13: Octopus diagram ...............................................................................................20
Figure 14 Steps of the FAST diagram.............................................................21
Figure 15: Efforts on the chain...............................................................................................23
Figure 16 :Training wheel....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 17drive wheel...............................................................................................24
Figure 18: Resource diagram ....................................................................................28
Figure 19: cone-shaped dumbbell result ................................................................................................30
Figure 20: Result on the octopus diagram ........................................................................31
Figure 21: FAST diagram of the dryer..............................................................33
Figure 22: Schematic principle ...............................................................................................34

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LIST OF IMAGES
Image 1:view of the seed handling workshop.........................................................................xiv
image 2 : overview of the peeling workshop............................................................................xv
image 3: overview of the boiler workshop The refinery.............................................................xvii
image 4 overview of the refinery workshope ................................................................................ xviii
Image 5: constituents of the coto seedn ............................................................................13

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: coordinates of SODECOTON ..........................................................................ix

Table 2: description of service functionss ....................................................................31
Table 3: FCC Table (function, characteristic, constraint).............................................32
Table 4: nomenclature of the principal schemee ....................................................................34
Tableau 5characteristics of stainless steel41
Table 6: characteristics of the welding to be performed ..............................................................42
Table 7: estimated costs.............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 8: classification of lubrication methodse .44

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PRESENTATION OF THE COMPANY

I. HISTORY

In this section, we present the company where we did our internship.

talking about its history, its location plan, its business sectors, its different
workshops and its organizational chart.

The northern part of Cameroon, which is largely Sahelian, constitutes an asset.

undeniable for cotton cultivation. This crop was introduced around the sixteenth century from
from Lake Chad to meet the clothing needs of the local populations. This material
the first textile called 'Hottollo' in Fulfulde, which is the local language, was
essentially used by local weavers and other tailors. The history of the
SODECOTON began in 1913 with the first experiments in cotton cultivation.
in Pitoa by Dr. Wolf, this crop is developed intensively in the most
mountainous country. Around 1927, we witness the creation of the SCNCT (Cotton Company of
Northern Cameroon and Chad), then in 1949 with the creation of CFDT (French Company for
the development of textile fibers) which is a mixed-economy company and in 1951 the
French Company for the Development of Textile Fibers (CFDT) establishes itself in the North
Cameroon develops cotton cultivation in family agriculture with its main headquarters
village Kaélé. In 1974, this company will be nationalized in order to create the Company of
development of cotton (SODECOTON) which will be a company to manage the cotton sector. Its
Its mission is therefore to organize the production and marketing of cotton throughout the area.
territory. It has multiple production sites across Cameroon.
Total privatization has been demanded by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) since 1997 but
rejected by the peasants, which resulted in a partial privatization. The World Bank
wanted the privatization to be accompanied by an opening of the market to competition. But
other specialists advised to maintain the integrity of the sector, with

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As the main shareholder, the CFDT has been the technical partner of SODECOTON since
decades. Having become a para-private company, holding a quasi-monopoly on the cotton market
in Cameroon, SODECOTON no longer owns cotton plantations, but works in
partnership with Cameroonian producers. In 2003, SODECOTON was the 3rd
company from Cameroon after SONARA and the Breweries of Cameroon. It was also
ranked 8th among the most successful African companies. On the side of its outlets,
she suffered from the impact of GMOs on her exports and diversified her clients little, who
essentially local producers remained. It thus suffered a decline in production
Cameroonian textile. Between 2005 and 2008, local consumption of raw cotton increased from
189,000 tons/year to 40,000 tons/year, representing a drop of nearly 78%. The ancestor of SODECOTON.

Until 1974, the French Company for the Development of Textiles (CFDT) had
as her mission to best organize cotton cultivation. With the independences of
In the early 1960s, most countries became autonomous from leadership.
regional and transformed its subsidiaries into cotton companies.
[Link] OF SODECOTON
The coordinates of SODECOTON are given in the following table 1.

Table 1: coordinates of SODECOTON

SODECOTON Cotton Development Company

Legal Status Mixed Public Limited Company

Company name SODECOTON

Headquarters Garoua

Address B.P: 302 Garoua

Telephone 222 27 20 80

Fax 222 27 20 68 Garoua

E-mail Sodecoton@[Link]

Capital 23,643,468,000 FCFA

Business sector Agri-food industries

Activity Production and marketing of cotton fiber, oil

plant-based and the cake

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I.1.1. LOCATION PLAN

SODECOTON in the city of Garoua is divided into three main parts.

distinct places. This refers to the general management, the head office located in the neighborhood
MAROUARE in the heart of the city, the oil mill is located in the Industrial zone to the west
from the city more precisely in the DJAMBOUTOU neighborhood and the maintenance service
mechanics located at the CHAMP CHINOIS crossroads. The oil mill of Garoua where we carried out
our internship covers an area of about two square kilometers
the immensity of the installations. It is limited to the east by the AES SONEL Power Plant
to the west by SOCAPROD, to the south by the executives' residential camp, and to the north by the
cotton ball storage warehouses. Note that in the same area is the factory
de-graining of GAROUA III, the central garage and the premises of the Garoua region.
Location of the Garoua oil mill

Figure 1: 3D plan of the SODECOTON oil mill location in Garoua

:
I.1.2. SECTORS OF ACTIVITIES OF SODECOTON
The sectors of activity of SODECOTON are divided into two parts: one activity
industrial and a commercial activity.

1). Industrial activity

The industrial activity of SODECOTON primarily focuses on processing.

cotton that is harvested in the northern and extreme northern regions. This activity is distributed
in two parts:
Ginning: SODECOTON has 09 ginning factories that are spread across the
localities of the regions of the great northern Cameroon (Garoua, Mayo Galke, Touboro, Ngong, Maroua)

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Tchatibali, Kaele, Guider and Home). These factories allow for the separation of cotton fibers from
seeds. After separation, its fibers will be processed to obtain a final product ready for
the marketing.
The oil mill: SODECOTON has 02 oil mills located in the cities of
Maroua and Garoua. These factories produce DIAMAOR oil and animal feed thanks to
from the cotton seeds originating from the ginning mills.

2). The commercial activity

The commercial activity of SODECOTON is based on the sale of finished products obtained
in the ginning and oil mills. This activity is mainly carried out by
through its sales department which sells the company’s products to
through distribution channels on a national as well as international scale. The products
for sale on the market are cotton fibers, DIAMAOR oil, and cake (food)
livestock).

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I.1.3. HIERARCHICAL ORGANIGRAM OF SODECOTON

SODECOTON is organized around a board of directors and a management.

general and several other directions. The figure below represents the organizational chart
hierarchical structure of SODECOTON.

Board of Directors

Figure 2: Hierarchical organizational chart of SODECOTON

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I.1.4. HIERARCHICAL ORGANIGRAM OF THE OIL MILL OF GAROUA

The hierarchical organizational chart of the Garoua oil mill is represented by the figure below:

Figure 3: Hierarchical organigram of the oil mill

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I.1.5. PRESENTATION OF OIL MILL WORKSHOPS

The workshops from there are SODECOTON:

Seed handling

Cotton seeds from the ginning arrive at the oil mill loaded in
trucks whose weights are evaluated beforehand. The seeds are then
stored either in the four silos of the factory (see image 1), or sent to the hopper
daily using bucket elevators and chain or screw conveyors.
Each silo and the daily hopper have a capacity of 1500 to 100 tons.
The seeds will thus pass from the daily hopper to the cleaners.

Silos

Screw conveyor

Storage container

Image 1: view of the seed handling workshop

Peeling workshop

The seeds from the daily hopper contain impurities that can cause damage.
to the different machines. The three (3) cleaners intended to do this work are equipped with a
screening plan with perforated metal rejecting foreign bodies larger than cotton seeds,
like the example of pebbles, unwanted materials, and a portion of un-ginned cotton. The boxes
The ventilation of the cleaners allows, through the airflow, to separate heavy materials.
The cotton seeds then hit a perforated sheet with long holes that allows
passing part of the lint and remaining dust in the seeds that are evacuated to
the outside of the peeling workshop.

The fat content of cotton seeds is contained in the kernels, which is how these
The last ones are broken by the shellers of the factory, which number three (3), to release

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the almonds trapped in the shells. To facilitate the watering and percolation of the solvent
In the extraction workshop, an average of 12% of shells is left in the almonds. Thus the
shells will be sucked towards the beaters to collect the fine almonds, while the
Almonds are sent to the flattening machine. The image below gives an overview of the workshop.

image 2: overview of the husking workshop

Pressure workshop

The conditioning cooker consists of eight levels through which the almonds pass.
the injected steam and water (flow rate of about 200l/h). In this stage, the almonds are cooked
through an alternating humid heating and dry cooking, the oilseeds expand and the membranes
Cells become fragile. This is a crucial operation, as it improves oil extraction.
almonds by solvation. Subsequently, with the help of the worm screws, the cooked almonds are
sent into the Expander (screw) in the presence of steam (T=105°C) which forms the collars
by pressing them to give them a stick shape.
Thus, the formed collars will be cooled to about 40°C before being sent using a
chain conveyor at the solvent extraction workshop.

Workshop extraction

In this workshop, the oil contained in the collars is extracted by the action of a solvent: hexane.
The extraction principle is as follows: the collars that arrive in the extractor are sprayed with
counter-current with hexane to extract the oil they contain through an extraction
solid-liquid. On one hand, we obtain a mixture of oil and hexane (miscella) and on the other hand
the defatted flour. The remaining hexane in the defatted flour is recovered by heating at
about 70°C in the Desolvantiser The meal comes out in the form of desolventized flour,
degreased and powdery, which will subsequently be used for the production of food for the
cattle. The obtained mixture will be neutralized using caustic soda and phosphoric acid.

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to give crude oil. The miscella (oil + hexane mixture) contains free fatty acids
whose presence gives a sour taste and consequently harms its preservation. For this reason, we
let's use an alkaline neutralization to eliminate them in the presence of phosphoric acid.
Indeed, alkaline neutralization with caustic soda not only allows for the precipitation of acids.
fats freed by saponification but also gossypol, mucilages, coloring substances
and the traces of metals. Soda reacts with free fatty acids (reaction below) to
former an alkaline soap commonly called soap stock. The neutralization pastes are
then removed by centrifugation in a disc centrifuge. The soap stock is
introduced into the Desolvantizer to improve the nutritional value of the flour and make it
more appetizing. The neutral miscella obtained after neutralization undergoes a series of three (3)
distillations to remove the remaining solvent in it. The hexane whose temperature
Evaporation is carried out between 68° and 70°C, which is then recovered by condensation and recycled back to

the extraction circuit.

Pelletization workshop
In this workshop, we transform the flour extracted from the extraction into pellets. The pellet is a food.
very nutritious for livestock. In this workshop, we produce two types: Soyabet, which comes from
of Soy and the Alibet which comes from cotton. It all starts at the mixer which receives
various ingredients: flour, shells, and a mineral concentrate made from limestone,
sodium chloride and vitamins. The image below provides an overview of
the workshop.

Boiler workshop
This is the most complex workshop of the factory. Here we produce dry steam from the
boilers. It is a boiler that falls into the new technology of the RHENABLOC C type.
2801, it was installed in 2010. The purpose of the process is to pass cotton shells through
a housing. These shells are sent from the screws and a propeller fan is used.
shells that work at 23%, it depends on the shells. We also have two air fans that
operates at 90%. This heat energy produced by the combustion of the shells is intended for
to boil water at more than 345°C with a pressure of about 25bar. The water is treated in
the osmosis system then send to the degasser then to the boiler (the furnace). This water is then
superheated steam.

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image 3: overview of the boiler workshop The refinery

Crude oil contains impurities that harm its stability and give it a
bad odors such as free fatty acids, slimy and gummy substances,
tasty substances (aldehydes and ketones) and gossypol (toxic compound). To eliminate these
impurities, the refining of crude oil is carried out to make it edible. This refining
consists of the decolorization and deodorization of the oil.
Discoloration
The bleaching aims to eliminate the dark color of cotton or soybean oil, this
The operation is carried out by the action of the bleaching clay. The oil is left in contact with this clay.
at about 90°C and a pressure of about 700 mm Hg in a decolorizer under vacuum
partially, the bleaching earth then fixes the pigments responsible for color by absorption and
certain free fatty acids present in the oil. The earth is then separated from the oil by
filtration which is an operation that allows the separation of oil and earth in a vacuum by the
passage of earthy oil through a semi-permeable membrane (plate filters of type
Niagara.

Deodorization

Cotton oil has a characteristic odor that needs to be eliminated. The process involves
distillation sous vide at a temperature between 230 and 250°C. Under these conditions, the
fragrant products (aldehydes, ketones...) volatilize. They are eliminated by injection of
dry steam.
But this interesting process does not degrade vitamin E (Tocopherol), stabilizing product which
delays the effect of oxygen in vegetable oils. At the output of the deodorizer and due to
the separation of free fatty acids, the deodorized oil is cooled, then filtered and injected into it
nitrogen for its preservation.

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image 4: overview of the refinery workshop

Bottle and cap manufacturing

It is in this workshop that the bottles and caps in which the oil is made.
conditioned. The company uses preforms that it purchases from a company. These preforms
are tubes with a cylindrical shape. These preforms are heated by lamps to a
temperature ranging from 140 to 160°C causing their deformation, then they are blown
causing their sudden cooling and obtaining the bottles. It should be noted that the bottles
damaged ones are crushed and sent back to the company that provides the preforms (recycling).
As for the corks, they are made from lotrene mixed with dye.
undergo heating and cooling. The bottles and caps are sent by
the conveyor belts to the bottling workshop

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RESUME

The internship at the SODECOTON company in GAROUA aimed to design a

dryer with a capacity of 10t/h equipped with a scraper conveyor system The resolution of the
the mechanical part of this work was assigned to us. To achieve this, we started by
study the location of the dryer and gather useful information that allowed us to
determine the elements to be sized for our dryer. We used the diagram
horned beast to state the need, the octopus diagram to identify the functions, the
specifications document to detail the functional requirements of our equipment, and the diagram
FAST to highlight technological solutions. After completing the sizing.
we used SOLIDWORKS 3D software to create the plans for
the equipment, static studies as well as the representation of the overall drawing. The second
part of our work that focused on a study of the technical feasibility based on the
determination of the different methods involved in the manufacturing process of our
equipment and on the maintenance of our equipment. The last phase of our project
dedicated to financial analysis allowed us to estimate the purchasing cost of the different parts.
the dryer has a value of approximately 604,000f.

Mots clés : conception, séchoir, graines de coton, coûts

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of the internship at SODECOTON was to design a tunnel dryer whose energy is
superheated steam from the boiler to dry cotton seeds at around 10t / h. To achieve this we
started with the design of the equipment; Regarding this part, we carried out an inventory which
allowed us to have the elements that will help us size our dryer. We used the beast to horn
diagram to state the need, the octopus diagram to identify the functions of our equipment, and
the FAST diagram to highlight technological solutions. Following this, the SOLIDWORKS
3D software after dimensioning allowed us to represent the different parts of our equipment as
well as its 3D representation. The second part of our work, which focused on a technical
feasibility study which was based on determining the different methods involved in the
manufacturing process of our equipment, on the choice of material for the parts of our
equipment. The last phase of our project devoted to financial analysis allowed us to estimate
the cost of investments at a value around 1,202,000f. An analysis of the project led to a positive
net present value thus reflecting the viability of our project.

Keywords : design, dryer, cottonsee ,cost

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INTRODUCTION

The SODECOTON oil mill in Garoua is facing problems related to humidity.

seeds, this is due to poor storage conditions. The seed storage silos are
failures; this leads to humidity above the norm and causes huge losses
during the shelling (separation of the kernel and the shell) and impact on the process
of oil extraction. To address this problem, SODECOTON decided to set up
equipment capable of using the heat energy present on their site and able to dry
the seeds continuously. During my internship, the company assigned me the theme
≪DESIGN OF A TUNNEL DRYER FOR COTTON SEEDS≫. In
we have set ourselves a general objective, thanks to some basic calculations, to
to size the mechanical part of the dryer and to conduct a financial study to evaluate the
purchase costs of the various parts. In order to carry out this work, we will first
Let's focus on the theoretical framework of the study. To do this, we will first present
In the first chapter, we will present the theoretical foundations of the study through the
literature review, in a second chapter we will present the materials and the
methods used and in the third we will present the results before concluding.

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CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW

I.1 GENERALITIES ON INDUSTRIAL DRYERS

I.1.1 Definition

It is equipment that allows for the removal of a portion of the solvent (usually water) in a...
body, through vaporization of this solvent.

I.1.2 The different types of dryers

Dryers are classified into two main families:

Continuous dryers
Atomisation
Heating cylinder
Rotary drum
Tunnel dryer
Belt dryer
Silo dryer
2) Static dryers
Drying oven
Lyophilization
Fluidized Bed Dryer
Pallet / screw dryer
For the next part of our assignment, we will focus on continuous dryers.

I.1.3. Description of continuous dryers

I.1.3.1 Spray Dryer

The spray dryer consists of 3 stages:

1) Spraying of the product

Atomization consists of spraying the drying suspension into fine droplets, often partially
above the enclosure. The liquid can be sprayed by centrifugal atomization, by atomization
under pressure (single fluid nozzle) or by pneumatic atomization (two-fluid nozzle). This
operation determines the size of the droplets produced (and their particle size), their trajectory,
their speed and consequently the final size of the dry particles.

2) Air-spray mixture and water evaporation

The formed droplets fall by gravity into a warm air current and dry until.
obtaining a dry powder grain.

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The contact of the air with the product can occur in a co-current or counter-current flow.
or mixed.
Separation of the dry product from the discharged air

The recovery of the powders is carried out by cyclones, followed or not by bag filters.
and gas scrubbers. Variants of the generic process also exist (atomization
multiple effects, atomization in 2 or 3 stages).Liquid product (must be pumpable)The figure here
Below represents the spray dryer.

Legend

1. Entry of the wet product

2. Spraying of particles
3. Drying room
4. Departure of the dry product

[Link] extraction cyclone

6. Fines

Figure 6: spray dryer

Figure 5: spray dryer

I.1.3.2 Heated drum dryer

The process involves spreading the wet product to be dried in a thin film on the external wall of a
metallic cylinder, heated internally (essentially by steam and by infrared).
It is the outer surface of the cylinder that transmits heat by conduction into the product layer.
moist in contact with the cylinder.
The feeding scheme mainly depends on the texture, the concentration, the
viscosity, the wetting character of the product, and sensitivity to temperature. We distinguish between the
Feeding modes according to the type of product: For fluids: feeding
by soaking, by spraying or by inking roller; For viscous and paste-like products:
feeding by several glue rollers in cascade (the product is glued on the drum
in successive layers, each satellite roll is powered by scraping the previous one) or in

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

parallel (the supply in successive layers is done from each satellite roll which is
directly fed with fresh products.
The cylinder rotates while the film dries. The axis of rotation is horizontal and the length of
the cylinder is smaller than for a rotary drum. The dry product is scraped by a knife and
taken to conditioning.
Variants of the generic process also exist (two-cylinder dryers, dryers
multicylinders). The figure below illustrates the spray dryer

Legend

Product Entry
humid
2. Dry products
3. Dry product outlet

Figure 6: Heated Cylinder Dryer

I.1.3.3 Rotary drum dryer

These dryers consist of a drum (cylinder), generally of great length,

slowly rotating around an axis slightly inclined with respect to the horizontal. The product
Humidity is introduced at the top by a mat or an Archimedes screw. The product
gravity advances, the grains rolling over each other. They are classified according to 02 main
families, namely:
1) Convective drum dryer (with suction and mixing)
In some cases, the inner wall of the cylinder is equipped with blades allowing to lift the
produce it and let it fall like rain during the rotation. This system increases
considerably the exchange surface between the product and the air and thus helps to reduce the
drying time.
Conductive drum dryer

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

The wall of the cylinder is heated externally by combustion gases. The inner face of the
The cylinder ensures heat transfer to the wet product by conduction. A flow
Air is necessary for the extraction of water vapor.
Variants of the generic process also exist (double or triple drum dryer)
The figure below illustrates the rotary dryer.

Legend

1. Entry of the wet product

[Link] air blowing
3. Release of the dry product
Figure 7: rotary drum dryer

I.1.3.4 Tunnel dryer

A tunnel dryer consists of a fixed chamber in which the product to be processed moves.
longitudinally from one end to the other of the enclosure.
- Transport of the product

The initial product is deposited at the entrance of the tunnel using an appropriate device, which can
to be an oscillating conveyor, a spreading screw, a vibrating distributor, or a winding machine.
The material is transported on a single conveyor (made of solid or perforated sheets, mesh, fabric)
woven).
- Drying of the product

Heat is generally supplied to the product through a drying fluid.

(circulation of hot air). Other modes of heat transfer are also possible.
Variants of the generic process also exist (series carpet dryers with aprons;
overlapping apron carpet dryer; cart dryer; shuttle dryer). The figure below
illustrates a tunnel dryer

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

Legend
Wet product entry
[Link] product
[Link] of the dry product

Figure 8: Tunnel dryer

Belt dryer

The product scrolls on a rail while being held by pins, which allow for action on the
length and width of the final product, that is to say on the dimensional stabilization of the
product.
The heat transfer to the product is generally done through a drying fluid.
(circulation of hot air). The use of radiant energies is also possible.

Air filtration

[Link] Heating Filtration

air

Figure 9: Belt dryer

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

I.2 GENERALITY ON DESIGN

I.2.1 Definition of design

The treasure (Dictionary) of the French language defines conception as the act of 'forming the
concept, the general or not idea of an object, by extension, it represents an object by thought
».

According to AFNOR, design is "the creative activity that, starting from expressed needs and
existing knowledge leads to the definition of a product that meets these needs and
"industrially feasible" (AFNOR, 1998).
According to SEVILLA, design is 'the set of professional acts'
(generation of concepts, global or detailed, practical or theoretical), which allow the
development of a new product from the drafting of its specifications to the
definition of the conditions for its use and maintenance by the user, through
those of its production and marketing methods by the equipment company
who makes it.
Function: a function is according to the NF X 50-150 standard: 'the action of a product or of
one of its components expressed solely in terms of purpose.
Need: need is the emergence of a necessity, a desire felt by an individual
group of individuals. This need can be satisfied by a product.
Product: the product is defined by the Larousse dictionary as the result of a
activity. It can include services, materials, products resulting from processes of a character
continuing, the software, or a combination of two.
User: the Petit Larousse defines the user as a person who makes use of an asset.
or a service. The user is the one who, using a product, meets their need.
fundamental; the one that must be considered more practically at the time of design.

I.2.2 Types of design

Design can be classified into three types.

1) The innovative design that does not rely on the existing.
2) The routine design where one starts from a prototype that one improves;
3) The design by similarity where we draw inspiration from an existing object or phenomenon.
The conception by similarity is the one that will be used in the continuation of this work.

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

I.2.3 Design methods

I.2.3.1. Analysis of added value
Definition
According to AFNOR (NF X 50-150), value analysis is "a competitiveness method,
organized and creative, aiming for user satisfaction, through a specific approach of
design, both functional, economic and multidisciplinary." The value of a product is
a quantity that increases when the satisfaction of the need increases and/or when the cost of the product
decreases. The value can be considered as the ratio between the ability to perform functions divided
by the cost of solutions. This approach focuses on the product, relies on these concepts, is based on
on costs, is based on functions, uses standardized tools and imposes conditions
for implementation. Here, the work plan in 7 phases:
1. Direct the action;
2. Search for the information;
3. Functionally analyze;
4. Search for ideas and solutions;
5. Study and evaluate the solutions;
6. Forecast balance and proposed choices;
7. Follow the implementation.

Thus, value analysis can be used either to improve a product or a service.

already existing, or to be implemented directly at the time of its design. The aim being to
design a 'product' perfectly suited to the needs of its user with a cost of
lower performance. The product can be existing or new, simple or complex, repetitive
or unique, but being an administrative or industrial process, an internal service within a company
or sold by a company.

I.3 GENERALITIES ON THE FEASIBILITY STUDY

I.3.1 Introduction
The feasibility study in project management is a study that proves that the project
is technically feasible and economically viable. The purpose of the feasibility study is to
check that "theoretically" the technological project aligns with the strategy and resources
of the company. It is therefore necessary to approach the project from all angles in order to validate
the idea is to evaluate its :

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

Technological feasibility
Business feasibility
Legal feasibility
Economic feasibility
Organizational feasibility

This phase must be conclusive to decide on the continuation of the project and ensure by
consequently, the maximum chance of success. Thus the project continues through several
steps.

I.3.2 the steps of a project

Here we can mention 06 steps
Validation of the chosen idea
Validate the idea, it is to confront it with what exists, to conduct a state of the art (gather as much as possible

available information on the subject), in order to decide on the next steps for the project. These
The information is mainly of a technical nature. It specifically allows for verification of the
the innovative character of the idea and also concerns competitors, their strategy in ownership
intellectual (patents...)
2. Study of Technical Feasibility
Once the idea has been validated, it is necessary to ensure that the envisaged technology can be integrated.
in your company and under what conditions (recourse to research, to development, to
an adaptation, to a transfer, ...
3. Study of commercial feasibility
It is about ensuring that a market exists for this new concept. There is no point in investing
time, energy, and financial resources into the realization of an idea, no matter how good
innovative as it may be, if no one is ready to acquire it.
4. Study of economic feasibility
It is necessary to ensure that the costs and timelines are acceptable. Every technology has a cost. You
You must therefore have an idea of the financial resources that will need to be allocated to make it happen.

the project. Alongside technology and cost, the estimation of the time that the project will take
is a key factor in the decision to launch or abandon.
5. Study of legal feasibility
It is necessary to check the regulations in force in the targeted market. If one is targeting a market
possessing specific legislation (agri-food, medical, chemistry, ...) or that must satisfy
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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

to environmental standards for example, the feasibility study must ensure that it is
It is possible to align the project's feasibility with these legislations, but not at any cost.
6. Study of organizational feasibility
The company must also ensure that it will have the capacity to dedicate part of its
staff and its equipment to the management and implementation of the project. Ultimately,
The feasibility study must justify the project in terms of quantifiable, realistic, and measurable objectives.
achievable, in a given context while presenting the means to achieve them (Belzile)
et al., 1995).

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

CHAPTER II: MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this chapter, we will present the material used for our work as well as
the methodology deployed to solve our problem.

II.1. MATERIAL

II.1.1. The cotton seeds

The cotton seed is composed of:

Fiber of a proportion of 30 to 45%
Seeds 53 to 65%
So be 0-7% of the interest,

13-15% of shells and 35-45% of almonds.

Mass: 0.005g
Thickness: 3 to 5 mm
Cotton seed Linter

Almond

Image 5: constituents of cotton seed

II.1.2. Software resources

For our work, we will use 03 software, namely:

SolidWorks 3D

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

The SolidWorks application is a cross-platform software suite for Computer-Aided Design.

by Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM), computer-assisted engineering
Computer (IAO) and 3D, developed by the French company Dassault Systèmes. It is a software
3D mechanical design and simulation
Parametric that takes advantage of the Microsoft Windows graphical interface. Thanks to this easy tool
to use, mechanical engineers and researchers can quickly sketch an idea,
experiment with functions and slopes and produce accurate models and plans.
Also, with this tool, we can design each of the parts, assemble them, simulate some
efforts taking into account the type of material that makes up the model and highlighting
A layout document that converts a 3D model into a 2D model.
SolidWorks is the CAD software that will allow us to design the prototype of the machine.
entire. The version of the SolidWorks software that we will use in the context of our work is
SolidWorks 2017.
Microsoft Word: Microsoft Word is a word processing software. It has allowed
to write the text of our report
3) Microsoft Excel: Microsoft is an electronic spreadsheet. It has helped us to insert
some of our paintings

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

II.2. METHODS

II.2.1. Methodological approach

In this paragraph, we will present the method that we used to design our
dryer. For this work, we will follow the approach based on value analysis. Indeed
this method is an interesting approach because it incorporates all the virtues of design
of a product: the functional approach, taking into account all constraints with a
economic and realistic concern of the project, systematic group work. The parts
Legal and administrative matters will not be studied during our work. To this end, here is
Presented in figure 10 is the synoptic diagram of the methodology of our work.

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

Figure 10: methodological approach

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

II.2.2. LOCATION OF THE DRYER

II.2.2.1 Location of the dryer.
This is a very important parameter as it will allow us to determine the shape of the dryer.
design according to the arrangement of the equipment related to its entry and exit.
II.2.2.2 Documents and exchanges
It is about obtaining documents that can be useful for us to design our
equipment and to inquire about the desired requirements by the≪Peeling service≫
II.2.2.3. Determination of the elements of the dryer
After gathering the different information, we can list and define the
different components needed to design our equipment.

II.2.3. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONTRACT

II.2.3.1. Functional analysis of the system

According to standard NF X 50-150, functional analysis involves listing and characterizing

to organize, prioritize, and value the functions of a product. It is used in
initial phases of a project to create (design) or improve (redesign) a product
or a process. It is an essential element for its successful completion and is presented under
form of graph or analysis diagram.
For our case, we will use it to determine the main functions, the functions
secondary and the constrained functions of our dryer. It is important to conduct this inventory.
in order to carry out a correct sizing of the product characteristics. During the analysis
functional, each function must be listed, characterized, ordered, and hierarchized.
valued. Figure 11 shows the different phases of functional analysis

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

NEED FUNCTION FUNCTIONS

PRODUCT
DE (NEED
TECHNIQUES Constructive
SERVICE
)

Expression Description
Functional of Functional of
need Need

Approach Approach
Functional Material

Figure 11: The phases of functional analysis

II.2.3.2. Functional analysis of the need

According to the French Association for Standardization (AFNOR), a function is defined as

the set of actions of a product or its components expressed solely in terms
of purposes" (AFNOR X50-150); while a need is the necessity or desire felt by
a user.

The functional analysis of the need highlights in our case the expectations of the department head.
of maintenance this in terms of services rendered. We use for this representation the tool
horned beast. For this, we must ask ourselves the three essential questions:

1) To whom, to what does the system provide service?

2) On whom, on what does it act?

3) For what purpose does the system exist?

It is represented by the following figure 12.

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

User Matter
Masterpiece

What does it act on?

Who is he helping?
Product

What is the purpose of the system?

Function of use of the need

Figure 12: horned tool

II.2.3.3. Technical functional analysis

The technical functional analysis allows for analyzing the design from a technical standpoint.
to say about the constitution, organization, and internal functioning of the system or the product,
this is to fulfill service functions.
A technical function (FT) or constraint function (FC) according to AFNOR is an action
internal to the product (between its components) defined by the designer–producer, within the framework
of a solution, to ensure service functions. It is only justified by the obligation of
build the product. A service function can correspond to a chain of functions
techniques.
A service function (FS) is an expected action of the product (or performed by it) for
respond to the needs of a given user (AFNOR). It can correspond to a function
of use or an estimate function and is hierarchized in main function (FP) (It is a
function that justifies the creation of the product, as it establishes a relationship between several
components of the surrounding environment through the product), and depending on
supplementary (FC) (functions other than the main functions, as it allows for adaptation
the product with the considered component of the surrounding environment.

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

The decomposition of the system by technical functions helps the designer to better
to define the problem at hand, to facilitate the search for principles and solutions, by transforming
a global problem into smaller, more manageable subsidiary problems, for which
solutions exist or can easily be invented and realized. To do this, we use the
octopus diagram shown in figure 13.

Figure 13: Octopus diagram

II.2.3.4. Functional Specifications Document (FSD)

The functional specifications document is an administrative and legal document prepared by which
The applicant expresses their need in terms of service functions and constraint functions.
It allows specifying the functions that the system must accomplish in accordance with the requirements.
specifics such as capacity, weight and the criteria for the system's realization. However, it
therefore aims to enable the designer-builder to propose solutions that allow
to reach the level specified by the applicant when the latter has articulated their need in terms of
function, cost, and quality.

II.2.3.4. FAST Diagram (Function Analysis System Technique).

When the functions are identified, the FAST diagram (Function Analysis System Technic)
allows for a systematic presentation of a hierarchical sequence of technical functions

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

and to rigorously translate each of the service functions into technical function(s), then
materialized in constructive solution(s).
The FAST diagram is built from left to right starting with a main function,
She presents the functions in a logical sequence by answering the three questions:
Why must a function be guaranteed? (Following a horizontal axis oriented to the left).
This question concerns the previous functions.
How should this function be ensured? (Following a horizontal axis oriented to the right).
This question is addressed to the following function.
When should this function be ensured? (According to the vertical oriented in both directions, up and down)
the base). This question applies to one or more functions situated at the same level.
Figure 14 shows the steps of a FAST diagram.

When?

Why? FUNCTION

How?

When?

Figure 14: Steps of the FAST diagram

II.3. DRYER DIMENSIONING

In this section, we will perform calculations to justify the choice of elements.
necessary for the design of the dryer.

II.3.1. Calculation of elements

1). Volume of the dryer
Rectangular in shape, the volume of our dryer is:
V=L*l*h
V: in m³
L. l: the length and width of the dryer in meters (m)

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

H : width (m)
2). Calculation of the characteristics of the chain
Length of the chain

The length of the chain will be determined primarily based on the links and
then in millimeters based on the step. In our transmission system, the wheel at
the same number of teeth with the pinionz = z1= z2 , so then.

Depending on the links

a
Lm= 2+ z (1)
p
A millimeter according to the pitch
L = Lm* p [mm]
Lm length of the chain link
aentrance [mm]
ppass [mm]
znumber of teeth on the wheel
Chain speed
It is the distance traveled per unit of time by the chain. It is fundamental for
determine the reach of the conveyor and is strictly related to the pitch of the chain in
functions of wheel diameters. This speed is calculated using the relation:

p∗z∗n (3)
v=
60000
Or by the REXNORD formula.
dp * n
v=
19100
vchain speed [m/s]
dpprimitive diameter of the wheel
ppass [mm]
z number of teeth on the wheel
Constantes :60000 ; 19100
Weight of the chain
The weight of the chains is calculated based on their linear mass.
given by:
Pch aie = 9.81ρL
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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

ρ density [kg/m3]3]
chain length [mm]
Efforts on the chain
The efforts on a chain are given by the following figure
The efforts on the chain are given by the following figure 15:

Figure 15: Efforts on the chain

traction efforts or useful tension of the chain

NotéFt is the force needed to overcome the resistant torque Mt of the driven wheel.
it is given by the following formula.

= Or =
(5)

traction force [N]

Torque resistant of the driven wheel [N/m]
P: power to transmit
V: linear speed [m/s]
R : primitive radius [mm]

force centrifuge
It is an additional force F2 on the chain, such that:
F2= ρV²

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

With
ρ: mass of the chain per unit
of length [kg/m]
linear velocity [m/s]

3) calculations on gear wheels

Our system operates at a low chain speed of <1m/s and is adjustable, making it suitable.
so choose a number of teeth between 8-10 as recommended by the standard on
the toothed wheels of the rake conveyors.
Report of transmissions
It is the ratio between the number of teeth of the driven wheel to the driving wheel.
1 2
ⅈ= =
2 1

i= Report of transmissions
n : rotational speed [rpm]
Central angle
It is calculated by the following formula;

=
2
angeleto thethisntre
Primitive diameter (A)
It is the diameter along which the chain wraps around the wheel. This diameter is determined
depending on the number of teeth and the pitch of the chain. It is given by the following formula;

A=
ⅈ

Figure 16: drive wheel

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

Outer diameter (B)

It is the diameter formed by the top of the teeth of the pinion.

= + 1,5
Tooth base diameter (E)
It is the diameter of the base of the tooth on which the roller of the chain rests
when it is rolled around the pinion.
E=A-d
Width of the tooth (F)
It is determined by the inner width of the chain. This width is
normalized.
4) calculations on the speed reducer
Calculation of the angular speed of the wheel
This speed is a function of the wheel diameter
v
V = RΩr= ⟨ Ω⟩ r= R

Ωpangular velocity of the wheel [rad/s]

linear velocity [m/s]
R: primitive radius of the pinion [mm]

Calculation of angular velocity of the engine

It is given by the following formula
2PNm
Ω m=
60
Ωm : Angular speed of the motor [rad/s]
Nm engine rotational speed [rpm]
Deduction of the transmission ratio K of the reducer
It is the ratio of the angular velocity of the driving wheel to the speed
angular speed of the motor. This report will allow us to deduce the output speed.
the reducer.

Calculation of the number of teeth Zr of the reducer wheel based on the

transmission report.

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

It is the report of the number of teeth of the screw.Z the reducer on that one
of the wheelZ

Useful power necessary for the training of the chain and the
raclettes.
Pu= Fv
Ftractive force to overcome [N]
Vlinear speed [m/s]
The Cr couple required on the wheel axle.
It is the necessary couple to overcome the inertia of the chain and the sprocket.
Γr = F * r
Γr couple
Calculation of the power Pm supplied by the motor to the reducer
Pu pu
ηr= <=> pm=
Pm ηr

ηrreducer efficiency
Calculation of torque on the engine tree.
Pm
pm= Γm∗ Ωm<=> Γm=
Ωm

5). Calculations on the training tree

This calculation is indispensable, it allows for choosing the appropriate diameter for a moment.

of given torsion.
Calculation of the torsion angle
α
θ= x
θ tension angle [rad/mm]
α angular velocity of the shaft [rad/s]
xdistance along the tree [mm]
Calculation of the shaft diameter
32
Mt= GIθ=> = = ⅆ4
= 4
so we have
2

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

4 32M
=√
G×⁄*10 -3

torque moment [N.m]

torsion angle [rad/mm]
Gmaterial elasticity module [N/m2]
I : quadratic moment [mm4]
Each chain has a weight per meter. In the following table, we choose the
weight depending on our step

6). Calculations on the keys

It is chosen based on the diameter of the tree. The width (a) and the height (b) are
data in Table 1A of Appendix A. Its length is determined by the following formula
2
>
a * 0.58
length [mm]
width of the key [mm]
C : couple [N/mm]
diameter [mm]

7). Choice of bearings

The choice of the bearings will be made according to the load to be supported by the bearings, its capacity.
to resist vibrations and misalignments.

II.3.2. Overall drawing

The overall drawing is the representation of a complete mechanism allowing to locate
each of the pieces that complete it. In this drawing, we can see all the constructive solutions
retentions to carry out technical functions.
II.3.3. Definition drawing
The definition drawing allows for the representation of a part extracted from the assembly drawing.
allows to project a part onto a plane with all its dimensions (dimensions, machining).
III.3.4. Schematic diagram
It allows for representing the different connections between the parts of a system.

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II.4. FEASIBILITY STUDY

II.4.1. Evaluation of Technical Feasibility
II.4.1.1. Inventory of the items available on the site.
In this section, it is about visiting the mechanical workshop of SODECOTON.
research essential components and to obtain the opinion of mechanical engineering regarding the state
of these pieces.
II.4.1.2. Concept of resource diagram

The set of activities that allow for the transformation of a work material to obtain
An element can be implemented by the resource diagram. This involves noting everything that
which allows the manufacturing of a part. We will use the finishing drawings here.
as a representation of the element to be manufactured. We will therefore exploit this diagram to
deduce the list of our equipment. Figure 18 illustrates the resource diagram for a
element X.

Resources Resources Environment

Humans Materials

Drawing ElementX

Process Materials Consumables

Figure 17: Resource diagram

In this diagram, we have the following elements:
Drawing: it is a manufacturing drawing that represents the drawing of the material work.
at the initial step upon entering the factory; we will therefore have for our case the sheets of
stainless steel sheet, tubes, steel bars...
Human resources: it is the workforce; it takes into account the workforce and the
skills; we will have here the number of technicians needed for each
operation as well as their qualification (machinist, welder...)
Material resources: it is all the equipment in the workshop at a workstation.
data; it will therefore be about the grinder, the welding machine, drill....

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Environment: it is the set of installations present in the workshop (electrical energy

and calorific...)
Process: set of steps during which the material is transformed to form
element A. We will therefore go from sheets of metal to folding, welding, and assembly.
of all the elements to heat.
Material: it is the substance that undergoes transformation
Consumables: additive used in the manufacturing of the element (electrodes)
coated for welding)
Element: component that we wish to create (our dryer)

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CHAPTER III: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

III.1. LOCATION OF THE DRYER

The hopper will be positioned between the daily seed feed tray and the external screw.
on the side of the peeling workshop. This location allows us to deduce that our
The dryer will be in the shape of a tunnel (longitudinal shape), hence the name 'tunnel dryer'.
The advantages of such a dryer are:

Large capacity
Reliable conveyor system
High operating temperature
Ease of implementation

III.2. RESULTS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DESIGN

III.2.1. Functional Analysis

III.2.1.1. Result of the cone beast

The fishbone diagram helps to define the need in the context in which it was expressed.
The horned beast diagram of the dryer to be designed is presented in Figure 19 below:

Figure 18: cone-shaped dumb result

The reading of this figure allows us to understand that our dryer will enable the service to
hulling of the SODECOTON oil mill in Garoua to dry the wet cotton seeds
continuously. He is now back to listing the functions of the system.

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III.2.1.2. Result on the octopus diagram

The identification of functions is very important in a design approach. Indeed, the

functions reflect on one hand the description of the need to be fulfilled by the system. Figure 20
next illustrates the octopus diagram of our dryer: From this diagram,

Figure 19: Result on the octopus diagram

The main function is the one that unites two external environments through the product.
to design;
The constrained functions are those that directly connect an external environment to the
product to design.
We therefore identify the service functions that can be grouped in the
table 2 following:

Table 2: description of service functions

Service functions Description

FP1 Allow to dry the wet cotton seeds

FP2 Allow for continuous drying

FC1 Must use heat energy
FC2 Must be maintainable
FC3 Must be made of stainless steel
FC4 Must withstand the weather
FC5 Must be less expensive

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

III.2.1.3. Functional specification document (FSD)

The functional specification document is the tool that allowed for the specification of the characteristics.
of the different functions defined above. The CDCF is presented in table form where
All service functions are represented as well as their characteristics and the
constraints related to them. The following table 3 describes our CDCF:
Table 3: FCC Table (function, characteristic, constraint)

Functions Characteristics Constraints

Seed stay Short time

FP1: Allow drying the
wet cotton seeds Drying temperature 110
Respect the margin of
at 125°C
temperature

FP1: Allow continuous drying

Conveyor Low speed, robust

FC1: Must use energy

Warm air From 110 to 180°C
calorific
The levels of Allow access to
Maintenance 1 and 2 must Modules
FC2: Must be maintainable
to be executable by Adjustable and cleanable
the user regularly
Availability of
FC3:Must be made of materials
Resistant to corrosion stainless steel material on the
stainless
market

FC4: Must resist the Resist the storms, Perfect watertightness,

bad weather pressure, dust, fibers... robustness

FC5: Must be less expensive Simple equipment

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

III. 2.1.4. Results on the application of the FAST method

The application of this method involves defining the usage functions of our
system. They designate the functions expected from the product to be designed (or realized
by him) to meet the needs of a given user, and are broken down into functions
main and constraints. Based on the usage functions, we arrive at the different
technological solutions. The functions and technological solutions for the realization of our
The dryers are represented by the following figure 20:

Figure 20: FAST diagram of the dryer

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

III.3. Principle diagram

The principle diagram of our dryer is represented in figure 22 below.

Figure 21: Schematic principle

Table 4: nomenclature of the kinematic diagram

No. DESTINATIONS

3 Seed conveyor system

7 Humidity extractor
8 Feeding hopper

9 Arrival of warm air

11 Discharge hopper

III.3.1. Operating description

The wet seeds enter the dryer through the inlet hopper (8), the hot and dry air is
sent to the dryer by the heating unit (9). The conveyor system (10) drives
the seeds gradually thanks to the scrapers. The dry air after exchanging its
temperature with the seeds comes out through the extractor (7) and the dry seeds come out through there
lower hopper (11).

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

III.4. RESULTS ON THE DIMENSIONING OF THE DRYER

1). Calculation of the dryer volume

The dryer being rectangular in shape, the calculation of its volume is carried out knowing
these three parameters: length, width, and height. For these data Length=4m,
1.5m

V=L*l*h AN : V=4*1.5*0.6

V=3.6m³

Calculations on the training chain

The following elements allow us to determine;
a=3500mm ; =10 dents P=50.8 mm
The length of the chain according to the:
- formula (1)
3500
Lm= 2 + 10
50.8
=150 links
- formula (2)
L = Lm* p
L = 7620mm

Speed of the chain

It is given by the formula (3) Where n=8 rev/min. it is the rotational speed at the output of the
Reducer, this speed is determined based on the drying time.
50.8 *10 * 8
v=
60000
. v = 0.067m/s
The weight of the chain
Each chain has a weight per meter. In the table of annex 2a we
let's choose the mass based on our step. We then have:
Pch aine = 9.81∗ 9.2
Pch aine =90.25N
traction or useful tension of the chain
Ft = 5000N
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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

force centrifuge

For a chain 32B-1ρ is 9.2kg/m

F2= ρV² A N: F2=9.2*(0.067)2
F20.045N

the sum of the forces on the chain is:

ΣFC= pC+ Ft+ F2ΣF= 90,25 + 0.045

C
+1900
With an additional safety force of 100N due to the load to be trained and
of the weight of the raclette

ΣFC=5191N
3). Calculations on the gears

Transmission report of the drive wheels of the chain

The driving wheels and the driven wheels have the same pitch diameter, consequently they have
also the same number of teeth = 1= 2

fromⅈ =1
1 2
ⅈ= η2
= z1
Where

Angle at the center

Knowing the pitch P=50.8mm and the number of teeth. on a :

50,8
=2 AN : =
2*10
=18
Primitive diameters
50,8
A= A=
This is 18

169.33mm
Outer diameter
After the determination of (A) we have;
= +1 AN : B=169.33 +1.5*50.8
245.53mm
Tooth font diameter
E=A-d

Width of the tooth (F)

It is determined by the internal width of the chain. This width is standardized.

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

Calculations on the reducer

The angular speed of the wheel
Knowing the linear speed and the radius, we have:
v 0,067
Ω r= AN :Ωr=
R 0,084

Ωr= 0.8rad/s
Angular speed from the engine
The chosen rotation speed is N=1500 rpm, for this speed the speed
angular is:
2PN m 2Π*1500
Ωm= AN :Ωm=
60 60

Ωm= 157 rad/s

Deduction of the K ratio of the reducer

After calculating the two angular velocities above, we can deduce the ratio.
To the reducer
Ωr 0,8
k= AN : k =
Ωm 157

k = 0.005
For this low transmission ratio, we choose to install a worm gear reducer.
endless. The advantages of such a reducer are:
Very large speed reduction
Irreversible
Somewhat noisy
Few vibrations

Number of teeth of the reducer wheel

For a 2-tooth screw, we have:
2
= => = AN : =
0,005

zr = 400dents
Useful power necessary for the training of the chain and the scrapers.
For F=23090N on a;
Pu= FvPu= 51910.067
Pu= 134W
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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

The Cr couple required on the wheel shaft.

The radius of the wheel is converted to meters.
Γr = F * r Γ = 51910.084
r

Γr = 168Nm
Calculation of the power Pm supplied by the motor to the reducer
We will adopt a 60% efficiency for the engine.
Pu pu 134
ηr= <=> pm = p m=
Pm ηr 0,6

pm = 223,33W
The couples on the engine tree
Pm 223.33
Γm= Γm=
Ωm 157

Γm = 1.5Nm

5.) Sizing of the shaft

The tree is made of stainless steel, with a length of x=1400mm and a circular section.
α 0.8 rad/sThe tree is connected to the reducer by a rigid coupling. Its torque is
= Γ r = 168Nm
Calculation of the torsion angle
α 0,8
θ= x
AN :θ =
1400
θ0.0006mm
Calculation of the shaft diameter
32
Mt= GIθ=> = = ⅆ4
= 4
so we have
2

4 32M 4 32*168 45376

= √ Gm∗10 -3 AN : =√ 8 -3 =√ where
2*10∗0.0006*10 120

ⅆ = 44,8mmThe standardized diameter is d=50mm

6). Choice of the key

After determining the diameter of the shaft, we will choose a standardized key.
function of this diameter. According to the table of standardized grooves and keys given at

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

Annex 1a, Our choice is a parallel key of dimensions 14x9xL.

The determination of the length is done by numerically applying the following formula:
Données : s=6 Re=350 C=168

2 2*1000*168
≥ AN : ≥
⋅ ⋅0,58 9⋅50⋅0,58∗58,3

L=57mm where the key 14x9x60

7). Choice of bearings

Since our load exceeds 10000N, we choose self-aligning bearings equipped with a
spherical roller bearing so the advantages are:
Designed for extremely demanding applications
Offers excellent performance at temperatures
Supports high loads
Absorbs alignment defects
Absorbs shocks and vibrations
Works in a polluted environment

III.5. Drawing together

The overall drawing of our dryer is represented by figure No. 6 below.

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

III.5.1. Definition drawing

Figures 7, 8, and 9 below represent the definition drawings of some of the

components of the dryer. The others will be represented in annex B.

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

III.6. Auxiliary Elements

Some elements of the system are not listed among the components mentioned above. Among these
elements we have:
The joint sheets: it ensures the statistical sealing between the
dryer elements during assembly.
HT silicone sealing mastic: it helps to enhance the sealing of
drying device in places where the seal cannot easily adhere, it can be used
in mechanisms operating at high temperatures (150 to 300°C).
Valve: it is mounted on the main steam pipe which is connected to the
radiator, it allows to isolate the dryer in case of failure or maintenance.

III.7. Choice of materials

The choice of material is important in the design of a mechanism subjected to a
temperature of more than 100°C and humidity of more than 80%. To avoid a risk of
corrosion and progressive degradation, The material we have chosen for our
The dryer is stainless steel. Stainless steel is present in several fields.
due to these many advantages. The table 5 below provides us with its
characteristics, its areas of application and the different shaping techniques.

Table 5: characteristics of stainless steel

Characteristics Applications Formatting

Resistance to the automobile Folding

corrosion and building profiling
high oxidation industry Stamping
temperature cuisine
aesthetic appeal transport
-sustainability public works
recycling
Neutrality
biological
Conductivity
more thermal
weak
-coefficient of
higher dilation
Many assembly techniques can be applied to stainless steel

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

III.7.1. Type of welding to be applied

Our equipment is made of stainless steel, therefore there are some welds applied for this.
type of material

Tungsten gas arc welding

Gas tungsten arc welding
Manual arc welding
For our case, we will perform manual arc welding (shielded metal arc welding).
Manual arc welding: it is one of the most economical types of welding.
uses an electric current to heat the frayed metal edges and seal them
together. The length of the arch is manually adjusted according to the size of the space.
between the electrode and the part. At the same time, the electrode can also be a
filler material for welding. This type of welding can be used on projects of
all sizes. The following table 7 gives the recommended characteristics:

Table 6: characteristics of the welding to be performed

Current: continuous in inverse polarity (electrodes = positive pole)

Intensity of
Thickness at Diameter of Type of
current of
souder (mm) the electrode (mm) the electrode
welding (A)

Basic or
1.5 and more 80 to 100 2
cellulosic

Assembly diagram of the dryer: the table below shows us the order of
assembly of the parts of our equipment.

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

III.8. FINANCIAL STUDY

The table below groups the necessary materials and the cost estimation for the project.
from our dryer.

Table 7: estimated costs

Price Total
Designation Characteristics Quantity
unitary CFA Franc
Sheet metal 1000 ×
10 6500 65000
1000 x 5mm
stainless steel
70mm
Full tube 02 35000 70000
1.7m
Key
14x9x60 04 4500 18000
type A parallel
Chain 32B-1 7.7620m
02 120000 120000
+ raclettes P=50.8mm
Automatic gear
50mm 02 40000 80000
NTR aligners
Mating
01 18000 18000
rigid = 50mm
Sheet metal
1500x2000x5mm 02 10,300 20,600
stainless steel
Sheet of plates
1500x1500x3 02 6,500 13,000
stainless steel
10dents
P=50.8mm
Gear wheels 02 22000 44000
Dp-169.66mm
φ = 50mm
1500 rpm
Gear motor
168Nm 01 125000 125000
TRANSTECNO
P=0.4KW
tensioner pulley D : 50mm 02 10,800 32,400

Joint 10m2 1 25 25,000

Vis H M25-40 40 300 12000
454000f
Partial total

Miscellaneous expenses 15000f

Total count 604000f

From this table, we deduce that for the production of our dryer, we need approximately
604000fcfa

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

III.9. Maintenance of our dryer

According to the standard NF X 60-010, maintenance is defined as the set of actions

allowing to maintain or restore an asset to a specified state or to ensure
a determined service. Maintaining thus involves performing operations (troubleshooting, greasing,
visits, repairs, improvements, etc.) that help maintain the equipment's potential
to ensure the continuity and quality of production. Proper maintenance ensures this
operations at the optimal total cost.
III.10. Operation to maintain the equipment

This section deals with operations related to levels 1 and 2 of maintenance.

Indeed, they can be performed by the user without needing a
maintenance professional.
Among other things:
Chain lubrication
Lubrication promotes resistance to wear, corrosion, and oxidation of all.
the elements of the chain. Lubrication of chains is justified by four reasons:
1) reduction of the coefficient of friction
Reduction of chain wear
3) Prevention of corrosion
Correct operation of the chain
The lubrication mode is chosen according to the chain speed and power.
transmissible. It can be classified according to the following table 8:

Table 8: classification of lubrication methods

Type Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Conditions V < 1 [m/s] 1 < V < 9 [m/s] V > 9 [m/s]
indicatives P < 3 [kW]
Lubrication method Periodical at Oil bath (oil circulation)
brush or to Oil mist or pressurized spray
burette self-lubricating chain
Pour notre plage des vitesses V<1 m/s, nous choisirons une lubrification
of the manual type. The oil will be applied using a brush or a dropper.

Lubrication of the bearings

It will take place every quarter. The stages have a grease screw where
introduce the lubricant.
Alignment of the bearings

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

Aligning the bearings must be done every 12 months, it is strongly

It is recommended to tightly secure the fixing screws of the pedestal soles.
Adjustment of chain tension
The adjustment must allow the installation of the chain and the compensation for the elongation due to
wear. In a circuit where there are several redirects, the tension wheel will always be the one
immediately placed after a motor tree. Indeed, it is necessary that the useful effort for adjustment
be at this minimum point on the chain. However, as soon as it starts, there will be
to intervene shortly after, to correct the effects of running in. The length of the race
the adjustment depends on the length, the series, and the pitch of the chain and can be determined from
in the following way:

entraxe
Rmm =
Pass
The length of the adjustment sets the maximum elongation before proceeding with the replacement. If the
The obtained number exceeds twice the step of the chain, the guard will be from +1.5 to -0.5 steps, on both sides and

other than the nominal point of the center distance. Thus, it will be possible to remove two steps after wear

and to sufficiently loosen the chain for operation.

III.11. Operating Security
To avoid accidents during the operation of the machine; it is necessary to secure some
safety rules regarding interventions on this last one. Thus, it will be necessary to
avoid
To intervene on the equipment when it is in operation as it is exposed to heat it
can cause burns;
To operate the equipment without wearing heat-resistant gloves;
However, before the commissioning of the dryer, it is important to ensure the tightening of
all the connections of the heating unit

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS

Having reached the end of our work, which aimed to design a tunnel dryer.
intended to continuously dry cotton seeds, we have defined the location
the dryer, carry out the implementation of the design, followed by the sizing of the
different elements and the design of the dryer on the SOLIDWORKS software. These
Different steps allowed us to achieve our goal by offering equipment
satisfactory whose production cost is significantly lower than that sold on the market.
The financial study allowed us to estimate this cost at 604,000 Fcfa.
As no work is perfect, we suggest for optimal operation (good
production yield) to the company SODECOTON of:
Conduct a thorough study on the choice of a new heat source.
Conduct a study to insulate the system.
Repair the out-of-service silos and establish a maintenance monitoring system for them.
daily control.

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

1) AFNOR 1994 (standard NFX 60-010) normative definition of maintenance.

2) SACADURA. Introduction to thermal transfers - Technique and Documentation - Paris

H.W. MAC ADDAMS Heat Transfer - Dunod - Paris
3)No translatable text provided.

4)The provided text is a URL and cannot be translated.

5) KENGNE BENJAMIN, (2019/2020). Mechanical components. I.U.T-University of
Ngaoundéré
6) BIKAI (2020/2021). Heat transfer and refrigerant components. Support for
M.I.P II course - University of Ngaoundéré 35 pages.
7)FTATSI(2019/2020). TP of D. A.O. foundations of the SolidWorks software. I. U.T-University
from Ngaoundéré.
8) RENOLD. Conveyor chain. Handling chain BS. 83 pages.

9)[Link] Transmission [Link]: REN2 / FRE / 03.05

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 Design of a tunnel dryer for cotton seeds

ANNEX A
Appendix 1a: standards of keys and grooves

Annex 2a: weight per meter of chains

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