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Basic Algebra
Digital Second Editions
By Anthony W. Knapp
Basic Algebra
Advanced Algebra
Basic Real Analysis,
with an appendix “Elementary Complex Analysis”
Advanced Real Analysis
Anthony W. Knapp

Basic Algebra
Along with a Companion Volume Advanced Algebra

Digital Second Edition, 2016

Published by the Author

East Setauket, New York
 Visit [Link] today to explore our
extensive collection of test banks and solution manuals with
great deals.
Anthony W. Knapp
81 Upper Sheep Pasture Road
East Setauket, N.Y. 11733–1729, U.S.A.
Email to: aknapp@[Link]
Homepage: [Link]/∼aknapp

Title: Basic Algebra

Cover: Construction of a regular heptadecagon, the steps shown in color sequence; see page 505.
Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 15–01, 20–01, 13–01, 12–01, 16–01, 08–01, 18A05,
68P30.
First Edition, ISBN-13 978-0-8176-3248-9
c
"2006 Anthony W. Knapp
Published by Birkhäuser Boston
Digital Second Edition, not to be sold, no ISBN
c
"2016 Anthony W. Knapp
Published by the Author
All rights reserved. This file is a digital second edition of the above named book. The text, images,
and other data contained in this file, which is in portable document format (PDF), are proprietary to
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names, trademarks, service marks, and similar items, even if they are not identified as such, is not
to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
All rights to print media for the first edition of this book have been licensed to Birkhäuser Boston,
c/o Springer Science+Business Media Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA, and
this organization and its successor licensees may have certain rights concerning print media for the
digital second edition. The author has retained all rights worldwide concerning digital media for
both the first edition and the digital second edition.
The file is made available for limited noncommercial use for purposes of education, scholarship, and
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Inquiries concerning print copies of either edition should be directed to Springer Science+Business
Media Inc.

iv
 To Susan

and

To My Children, Sarah and William,

and

To My Algebra Teachers:

Ralph Fox, John Fraleigh, Robert Gunning,

John Kemeny, Bertram Kostant, Robert Langlands,
Goro Shimura, Hale Trotter, Richard Williamson
 CONTENTS

Contents of Advanced Algebra x

Preface to the Second Edition xi
Preface to the First Edition xiii
List of Figures xvii
Dependence Among Chapters xix
Standard Notation xx
Guide for the Reader xxi
I. PRELIMINARIES ABOUT THE INTEGERS,
POLYNOMIALS, AND MATRICES 1
1. Division and Euclidean Algorithms 1
2. Unique Factorization of Integers 4
3. Unique Factorization of Polynomials 9
4. Permutations and Their Signs 15
5. Row Reduction 19
6. Matrix Operations 24
7. Problems 30
II. VECTOR SPACES OVER Q, R, AND C 33
1. Spanning, Linear Independence, and Bases 33
2. Vector Spaces Defined by Matrices 38
3. Linear Maps 42
4. Dual Spaces 50
5. Quotients of Vector Spaces 54
6. Direct Sums and Direct Products of Vector Spaces 58
7. Determinants 65
8. Eigenvectors and Characteristic Polynomials 73
9. Bases in the Infinite-Dimensional Case 78
10. Problems 82
III. INNER-PRODUCT SPACES 89
1. Inner Products and Orthonormal Sets 89
2. Adjoints 99
3. Spectral Theorem 105
4. Problems 112
vii
viii Contents

IV. GROUPS AND GROUP ACTIONS 117

1. Groups and Subgroups 118
2. Quotient Spaces and Homomorphisms 129
3. Direct Products and Direct Sums 135
4. Rings and Fields 141
5. Polynomials and Vector Spaces 148
6. Group Actions and Examples 159
7. Semidirect Products 167
8. Simple Groups and Composition Series 171
9. Structure of Finitely Generated Abelian Groups 176
10. Sylow Theorems 185
11. Categories and Functors 189
12. Problems 200

V. THEORY OF A SINGLE LINEAR TRANSFORMATION 211

1. Introduction 211
2. Determinants over Commutative Rings with Identity 215
3. Characteristic and Minimal Polynomials 218
4. Projection Operators 226
5. Primary Decomposition 228
6. Jordan Canonical Form 231
7. Computations with Jordan Form 238
8. Problems 241

VI. MULTILINEAR ALGEBRA 248

1. Bilinear Forms and Matrices 249
2. Symmetric Bilinear Forms 253
3. Alternating Bilinear Forms 256
4. Hermitian Forms 258
5. Groups Leaving a Bilinear Form Invariant 260
6. Tensor Product of Two Vector Spaces 263
7. Tensor Algebra 277
8. Symmetric Algebra 283
9. Exterior Algebra 291
10. Problems 295

VII. ADVANCED GROUP THEORY 306

1. Free Groups 306
2. Subgroups of Free Groups 317
3. Free Products 322
4. Group Representations 329
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current promotions.
 Contents ix

VII. ADVANCED GROUP THEORY (Continued)

5. Burnside’s Theorem 345
6. Extensions of Groups 347
7. Problems 360

VIII. COMMUTATIVE RINGS AND THEIR MODULES 370

1. Examples of Rings and Modules 370
2. Integral Domains and Fields of Fractions 381
3. Prime and Maximal Ideals 384
4. Unique Factorization 387
5. Gauss’s Lemma 393
6. Finitely Generated Modules 399
7. Orientation for Algebraic Number Theory and
Algebraic Geometry 411
8. Noetherian Rings and the Hilbert Basis Theorem 417
9. Integral Closure 420
10. Localization and Local Rings 428
11. Dedekind Domains 437
12. Problems 443

IX. FIELDS AND GALOIS THEORY 452

1. Algebraic Elements 453
2. Construction of Field Extensions 457
3. Finite Fields 461
4. Algebraic Closure 464
5. Geometric Constructions by Straightedge and Compass 468
6. Separable Extensions 474
7. Normal Extensions 481
8. Fundamental Theorem of Galois Theory 484
9. Application to Constructibility of Regular Polygons 489
10. Application to Proving the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 492
11. Application to Unsolvability of Polynomial Equations with
Nonsolvable Galois Group 493
12. Construction of Regular Polygons 499
13. Solution of Certain Polynomial Equations with Solvable
Galois Group 506
14. Proof That π Is Transcendental 515
15. Norm and Trace 519
16. Splitting of Prime Ideals in Extensions 526
17. Two Tools for Computing Galois Groups 532
18. Problems 539
x Contents

X. MODULES OVER NONCOMMUTATIVE RINGS 553

1. Simple and Semisimple Modules 553
2. Composition Series 560
3. Chain Conditions 565
4. Hom and End for Modules 567
5. Tensor Product for Modules 574
6. Exact Sequences 583
7. Problems 587

APPENDIX 593
A1. Sets and Functions 593
A2. Equivalence Relations 599
A3. Real Numbers 601
A4. Complex Numbers 604
A5. Partial Orderings and Zorn’s Lemma 605
A6. Cardinality 610

Hints for Solutions of Problems 615

Selected References 715
Index of Notation 717
Index 721

CONTENTS OF ADVANCED ALGEBRA

I. Transition to Modern Number Theory

II. Wedderburn–Artin Ring Theory
III. Brauer Group
IV. Homological Algebra
V. Three Theorems in Algebraic Number Theory
VI. Reinterpretation with Adeles and Ideles
VII. Infinite Field Extensions
VIII. Background for Algebraic Geometry
IX. The Number Theory of Algebraic Curves
X. Methods of Algebraic Geometry
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

In the years since publication of the first edition of Basic Algebra, many readers
have reacted to the book by sending comments, suggestions, and corrections.
People especially approved of the inclusion of some linear algebra before any
group theory, and they liked the ideas of proceeding from the particular to the
general and of giving examples of computational techniques right from the start.
They appreciated the overall comprehensive nature of the book, associating this
feature with the large number of problems that develop so many sidelights and
applications of the theory.
Along with the general comments and specific suggestions were corrections,
and there were enough corrections, perhaps a hundred in all, so that a second
edition now seems to be in order. Many of the corrections were of minor matters,
yet readers should not have to cope with errors along with new material. Fortu-
nately no results in the first edition needed to be deleted or seriously modified,
and additional results and problems could be included without renumbering.
For the first edition, the author granted a publishing license to Birkhäuser
Boston that was limited to print media, leaving the question of electronic publi-
cation unresolved. The main change with the second edition is that the question
of electronic publication has now been resolved, and a PDF file, called the “digital
second edition,” is being made freely available to everyone worldwide for personal
use. This file may be downloaded from the author’s own Web page and from
elsewhere.
The main changes to the text of the first edition of Basic Algebra are as follows:
• The corrections sent by readers and by reviewers have been made. The most
significant such correction was a revision to the proof of Zorn’s Lemma, the
earlier proof having had a gap.
• A number of problems have been added at the ends of the chapters, most of
them with partial or full solutions added to the section of Hints at the back of
the book. Of particular note are problems on the following topics:
(a) (Chapter II) the relationship in two and three dimensions between deter-
minants and areas or volumes,
(b) (Chapters V and IX) further aspects of canonical forms for matrices and
linear mappings,
(c) (Chapter VIII) amplification of uses of the Fundamental Theorem of
Finitely Generated Modules over principal ideal domains,
xi
xii Preface to the Second Edition

(d) (Chapter IX) the interplay of extension of scalars and Galois theory,
(e) (Chapter IX) properties and examples of ordered fields and real closed
fields.
• Some revisions have been made to the chapter on field theory (Chapter IX).
It was originally expected, and it continues to be expected, that a reader who
wants a fuller treatment of fields will look also at the chapter on infinite
field extensions in Advanced Algebra. However, the original placement of the
break between volumes left some possible confusion about the role of “normal
extensions” in field theory, and that matter has now been resolved.
• Characteristic polynomials initially have a variable ∏ as a reminder of how
they arise from eigenvalues. But it soon becomes important to think of them
as abstract polynomials, not as polynomial functions. The indeterminate
had been left as ∏ throughout most of the book in the original edition, and
some confusion resulted. The indeterminate is now called X rather than ∏
from Chapter V on, and characteristic polynomials have been treated
unambiguously thereafter as abstract polynomials.
• Occasional paragraphs have been added that point ahead to material in
Advanced Algebra.
The preface to the first edition mentioned three themes that recur throughout
and blend together at times: the analogy between integers and polynomials in
one variable over a field, the interplay between linear algebra and group theory,
and the relationship between number theory and geometry. A fourth is the gentle
mention of notions in category theory to tie together phenomena that occur in
different areas of algebra; an example of such a notion is “universal mapping
property.” Readers will benefit from looking for these and other such themes,
since recognizing them helps one get a view of the whole subject at once.
It was Benjamin Levitt, Birkhäuser mathematics editor in New York, who
encouraged the writing of a second edition, who made a number of suggestions
about pursuing it, and who passed along comments from several anonymous
referees about the strengths and weaknesses of the book. I am especially grateful
to those readers who have sent me comments over the years. Many corrections and
suggestions were kindly pointed out to the author by Skip Garibaldi of Emory
University and Ario Contact of Shiraz, Iran. The long correction concerning
Zorn’s Lemma resulted from a discussion with Qiu Ruyue. The typesetting was
done by the program Textures using AMS-TEX, and the figures were drawn with
Mathematica.
Just as with the first edition, I invite corrections and other comments from
readers. For as long as I am able, I plan to point to a list of known corrections
from my own Web page, [Link]/∼aknapp.
A. W. KNAPP
January 2016
 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

Basic Algebra and its companion volume Advanced Algebra systematically de-
velop concepts and tools in algebra that are vital to every mathematician, whether
pure or applied, aspiring or established. These two books together aim to give the
reader a global view of algebra, its use, and its role in mathematics as a whole.
The idea is to explain what the young mathematician needs to know about algebra
in order to communicate well with colleagues in all branches of mathematics.
The books are written as textbooks, and their primary audience is students who
are learning the material for the first time and who are planning a career in which
they will use advanced mathematics professionally. Much of the material in the
books, particularly in Basic Algebra but also in some of the chapters of Advanced
Algebra, corresponds to normal course work. The books include further topics
that may be skipped in required courses but that the professional mathematician
will ultimately want to learn by self-study. The test of each topic for inclusion is
whether it is something that a plenary lecturer at a broad international or national
meeting is likely to take as known by the audience.
The key topics and features of Basic Algebra are as follows:
• Linear algebra and group theory build on each other throughout the book.
A small amount of linear algebra is introduced first, as the topic likely to be
better known by the reader ahead of time, and then a little group theory is
introduced, with linear algebra providing important examples.
• Chapters on linear algebra develop notions related to vector spaces, the
theory of linear transformations, bilinear forms, classical linear groups, and
multilinear algebra.
• Chapters on modern algebra treat groups, rings, fields, modules, and Galois
groups, including many uses of Galois groups and methods of computation.
• Three prominent themes recur throughout and blend together at times: the
analogy between integers and polynomials in one variable over a field, the in-
terplay between linear algebra and group theory, and the relationship between
number theory and geometry.
• The development proceeds from the particular to the general, often introducing
examples well before a theory that incorporates them.
• More than 400 problems at the ends of chapters illuminate aspects of the
text, develop related topics, and point to additional applications. A separate
xiii
 Visit [Link] today to explore our
extensive collection of test banks and solution manuals with
great deals.
xiv Preface to the First Edition

90-page section “Hints for Solutions of Problems” at the end of the book gives
detailed hints for most of the problems, complete solutions for many.
• Applications such as the fast Fourier transform, the theory of linear error-
correcting codes, the use of Jordan canonical form in solving linear systems
of ordinary differential equations, and constructions of interest in mathematical
physics arise naturally in sequences of problems at the ends of chapters and
illustrate the power of the theory for use in science and engineering.
Basic Algebra endeavors to show some of the interconnections between
different areas of mathematics, beyond those listed above. Here are examples:
Systems of orthogonal functions make an appearance with inner-product spaces.
Covering spaces naturally play a role in the examination of subgroups of free
groups. Cohomology of groups arises from considering group extensions. Use
of the power-series expansion of the exponential function combines with algebraic
numbers to prove that π is transcendental. Harmonic analysis on a cyclic group
explains the mysterious method of Lagrange resolvents in the theory of Galois
groups.
Algebra plays a singular role in mathematics by having been developed so
extensively at such an early date. Indeed, the major discoveries of algebra even
from the days of Hilbert are well beyond the knowledge of most nonalgebraists
today. Correspondingly most of the subject matter of the present book is at
least 100 years old. What has changed over the intervening years concerning
algebra books at this level is not so much the mathematics as the point of
view toward the subject matter and the relative emphasis on and generality of
various topics. For example, in the 1920s Emmy Noether introduced vector
spaces and linear mappings to reinterpret coordinate spaces and matrices, and
she defined the ingredients of what was then called “modern algebra”—the
axiomatically defined rings, fields, and modules, and their homomorphisms. The
introduction of categories and functors in the 1940s shifted the emphasis even
more toward the homomorphisms and away from the objects themselves. The
creation of homological algebra in the 1950s gave a unity to algebraic topics
cutting across many fields of mathematics. Category theory underwent a period
of great expansion in the 1950s and 1960s, followed by a contraction and a return
more to a supporting role. The emphasis in topics shifted. Linear algebra had
earlier been viewed as a separate subject, with many applications, while group
theory and the other topics had been viewed as having few applications. Coding
theory, cryptography, and advances in physics and chemistry have changed all
that, and now linear algebra and group theory together permeate mathematics and
its applications. The other subjects build on them, and they too have extensive
applications in science and engineering, as well as in the rest of mathematics.
Basic Algebra presents its subject matter in a forward-looking way that takes
this evolution into account. It is suitable as a text in a two-semester advanced
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MEASUREMENTS Months Prem 0 3 6 12 24 Fits underarm cm 30 35
40 45 50 55 ins 12 14 16 18 20 22 Garment measures (approx) cm
34 40 46 52 58 64 Length (approx) cm 18 22 26 30 34 39 Sleeve fits
cm 9 11 13 16 19 23 PATONS YARN REQUIRED BIG BABY 4 PLY
lOOg balls Quantity 1 1 2 2 2 2 IMPORTANT! Use only the yarn
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alt) rows until 68 (44-62-84-98-112) sts rem, then in alt (every-
every-every-every-every) row/s until 40 (42-44-46-48-50) sts rem.
Book 5000 - Page 13
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stitch-holder. FRONT Work as for Back to **. DIVIDE FOR VEE NECK
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right side of neck, knit across sts from right sleeve stitch-holder -
dec 2 sts evenly across, then knit across sts from back stitch holder
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last 3 (1 -6-2-1 -7) st/s, K3 (1 -6-2-1 -7) ... 118 (126-126138-146-
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MEASUREMENTS Months Fits underarm cm ins Garment measures
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REQUIRED BIG BABY4PLY100g balls Quantity Prem 0 3 6 12 24 30
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(2529-33-37-41) sts. Dec at armhole edge in 4th (2nd-2nd-2nd-
2nd2nd) and foil 6th (4th-4th-4th-4th-4th) rows until 13 (16-19-24-
28-33) sts rem, sizes 6, 12 and 24 only - then in foil alt rows until
(20-22-24) sts rem. All Sizes - SHAPE NECK - Next row - Cast off 4
(45-5-5-6) sts, patt to end ... 9 (12-14-15-17-18) sts. Rep from ***
to ***. SLEEVES Using 2.75mm Needles, cast on 38 (38-42-42-
4650) sts. Work 10 (12-12-16-16-20) rows rib as for Back. Change
to 3.25mm Needles and beg patt. Work in patt as for Back (noting
that sts will be inc) and working extra sts into patt, inc at each end
of 5th and foil 4th (4th-6th-6th-8th-8th) rows until there are 48 (52-
54-58-60-66) sts. Cont in patt without shaping until work measures
approx 9 (11-13-16-19-23) cm (or length desired) from beg, ending
with a 2nd or 4th patt row. SHAPE RAGLAN - Keeping patt correct,
cast off 2 sts at beg of next 2 rows ... 44 (48-50-54-56-62) sts. r
FLAT SEAM Dec at each end of next and foil 4th rows until 34 (36-
36-40-38-46) sts rem, then in alt rows until 4 sts rem. Work 1 row.
Cast off rem sts in patt. COLLAR Using back-stitch, join raglan
seams, noting that tops of sleeves form part of neckline. Using
2.75mm Needles, cast on 82 (86-90-90-98-110) sts. Work in rib as
for Back until collar measures 4 (45-5-5-6) cm from beg, ending with
a 2nd row. Next row - K2, * P2, K2tog, rep from * to end ... 62 (65-
68-68-74-83) sts. Keeping rib correct, castoff 9 (9-10-10-11-12) sts
at beg of next 4 rows. Cast off rem 26 (29-28-28-30-35) sts loosely
in rib. RIGHT FRONT BAND With right side facing and using 2.75mm
Needles, knit up 1 8 (22-22-26-26-34) sts evenly along right front
opening. Work 3 rows rib as for Back, beg with a 2nd row. 4th row -
Rib 6, [yrn (to make a stitch), work 2tog, rib 6 (10-10-6-6-10)] 1 (1-
1 -2-2-2) time/s, yrn (to make a stitch), work 2tog, rib 2 ... 2 (2-2-3-
3-3) buttonholes. Work 3 rows rib. Cast off loosely in rib. LEFT
FRONT BAND Work to correspond with Right Front Band, omitting
buttonholes. MAKE UP DO NOT PRESS. Using back-stitch, join side
and sleeve seams. Using a flat seam, sew collar in position, beg and
ending at centre of front bands. Sew lower edge of front bands in
position, to sts cast off at centre front placing right front band over
left front band and sewing through both thicknesses. Sew on
buttons. This method is sometimes used for knitted garments but
more often for crochet garments. A flat seam may be worked from
either the right or the wrong side of the work. Place the 2 pieces of
fabric evenly together and sew stitch by stitch, always bringing the
needle up from underneath to top though the centre of the stitch,
then in same manner through corresponding stitch on second piece.
Note - Diagram shows knitted fabric, but method is the same for '
knitting or crochet. Always keep work elastic -there should be as
much stretch in your seam as there is in the rest of your garment. y
Book 5000 - Page 16
 3. MOSS BORDER CARDIGAN WITH VEE BUTTONING A * P
^ MEASUREMENTS Months Fits underarm cm ins Garment measures
(approx) cm Length (approx) cm Sleeve fits cm PATONS YARN
REQUIRED BIG BABY 4 PLY 100g balls Quantity Prem 0 3 6 12 24 30
35 40 45 50 55 12 14 16 18 20 22 34 40 46 52 58 64 18 22 26 30
34 39 9 11 13 16 19 23 1 1 1 1 2 2 IMPORTANT! Use only the yarn
specified for this garment. Other yarns may give unsatisfactory
results. Quantities are approximate as they can vary between
knitters. 1 pair each 3.25mm (No 10) and 2.75mm (No 12) Knitting
Needles or sizes needed to give correct tension. 2 (3-4-4-5-6)
Buttons. TENSION - 28 sts and 36 rows to 10 cm over stocking st,
using 3.25mm Needles. To work tension square, use 3.25mm
Needles, cast on 42 sts. Work 54 rows stocking st. Cast off loosely.
Please check your tension carefully. If less sts use smaller needles, if
more sts use bigger needles. V ABBREVIATIONS - See page 88. y
BACK Using 2.75mm Needles, cast on 51 (59-67-75-8391) sts. 1st
row - PI , * K1 , PI , rep from * to end. Rep 1st row 4 times ... 5
rows moss st in all. Change to 3.25mm Needles and beg patt. Note -
This instruction has been written specifically for the stitch pattern
given. Using any other stitch may result in a garment that is the
wrong shape or size. 1st row (wrong side) - Moss 0 (4-8-0-4-8), *
P3, moss 9, rep from * to last 3 (7-11-3-7-11) sts, P3, moss 0 (4-8-
0-4-8). 2nd row - Moss 0 (3-7-0-3-7), K4 (5-5-4-5-5), * moss 7, K5,
rep from * to last 11 (3-7-11-3-7) sts, moss 7 (3-7-7-3-7), K4 (0-0-
4-0-0). 3rd row - Moss 0 (2-6-0-2-6), P5 (7-7-5-7-7), * moss 5, P7,
rep from * to last 10 (2-6-10-2-6) sts, moss 5 (2-6-5-2-6), P5 (0-0-
5-0-0). 4th row - Moss 0 (1-0-0-1-0), K6 (9-2-6-9-2), * moss 3, K9,
rep from * to last 9 (1-5-9-1-5) st/s, moss 3 (1 -3-3-1 -3), K6 (0-2-
6-0-2). 5th row - P7 (11-3-7-11-3), * K1, P11, rep from * to last 8
(0-4-8-0-4) sts, K1 (0-1-1-0-1), P7 (0-3-7-0-3). 6th row-KI (5-9-1-5-
9), PI, * K11, PI, rep from * to last 1 (5-9-1 -5-9) st/s, K1 (5-9-1 -5-
9). 7th row - PO (4-8-0-4-8), K1, PI, K1, * P9, K1, PI, K1 , rep from
* to last 0 (4-8-0-4-8) sts, PO (4-8-0-4-8). 8th row - KO (3-7-0-3-7),
moss 4 (5-5-4-5-5), * K7, moss 5, rep from * to last 11 (3-7-11-3-7)
sts, K7 (3-7-7-3-7), moss 4 (0-0-4-0-0). 9th row - PO (2-0-0-2-0),
moss 5 (7-1 -5-7-1), * P5, moss 7, rep from * to last 10 (2-6-10-2-6)
sts, P5 (2-5-5-2-5), moss 5 (0-1 -5-0-1). 10th row - KO (1 -0-0-1
-0), moss 6 (9-2-6-9-2), * K3, moss 9, rep from * to last 9 (1 -5-9-1
-5) st/s, K3 (1-3-3-1-3), moss 6 (0-2-6-0-2). 11th row - K1 , * PI ,
K1 , rep from * to end. 12th row - Moss 0 (4-8-0-4-8), * K3, moss 9,
rep from * to last 3 (7-11-3-7-11) sts, K3, moss 0 (4-8-0^-8). 13th
row - Moss 0 (3-7-0-3-7), P4 (5-5-4-5-5), * moss 7, P5, rep from *
to last 11 (3-7-11-3-7) sts, moss 7 (3-7-7-3-7), P4 (0-0-4-0-0). 14th
row - Moss 0 (2-6-0-2-6), K5 (7-7-5-7-7), * moss 5, K7, rep from *
to last 10 (2-6-10-2-6) sts, moss 5 (2-6-5-2-6), K5 (0-0-5-0-0). 15th
row - Moss 0 (1 -0-0-1 -0), P6 (9-2-6-9-2), * moss 3, P9, rep from *
to last 9 (1 -5-9-1 -5) st/s, moss 3 (1-3-3-1-3), P6 (0-2-6-0-2). Book
5000 - Page 1 7
 16th row - K7 (11-3-7-11-3), * P1 , K11, rep from * to lasts
(0-4-8-0-4) sts, PI (0-1-1-0-1), K7 (0-3-7-0-3). Work in stocking st
for rem, beg with a purl row, until work measures 7 (10-13-16-19-
23) cm from beg, ending with a knit row. HAVE YOU CHECKED
YOUR TENSION? NOW IS THE POINT TO CHECK THE WIDTH OF
THE BACK BEFORE YOU CONTINUE! Purl to centre of next row, your
panel should measure approx 1 7 (20-23-26-29-32) cm in width for a
perfect fit, purl to end of row. SHAPE RAGLAN ARMHOLES - Cast off
2 sts at beg of next 2 rows ... 47 (55-63-71-79-87) sts. ** Dec at
each end of next and foil 4th row/s until 29 (39-51-63-73-83) sts
rem, then in alt rows until 25 (27-29-29-31-33) sts rem. Work 1 row.
Cast off rem sts loosely. LEFT FRONT Using 2.75mm Needles, cast
on 23 (27-31-35-3943) sts. Work 5 rows moss st as for Back.
Change to 3.25mm Needles and beg patt. ** 1 st row (wrong side) -
Moss 8, * P3, moss 9, rep from * to last 3 (7-11-3-7-11) sts, P3,
moss 0 (4-8-0-4-8). 2nd row - Moss 0 (3-7-0-3-7), K4 (5-5-4-5-5), *
moss 7, K5, rep from * to last 7 sts, moss 7. 3rd row - Moss 6, * P7,
moss 5, rep from * to last 5 (9-1 -5-9-1) st/s, P5 (7-1 -5-7-1), moss
0 (2-0-0-2-0). 4th row - Moss 0 (1 -0-0-1 -0), K6 (9-2-6-9-2), * moss
3, K9, rep from * to last 5 sts, moss 3, K2. 5th row - P3, * K1 , P11 ,
rep from * to last 8 (0-48-0-4) sts, K1 (0-1-1-0-1), P7 (0-3-7-0-3).
6th row - K1 (5-9-1-5-9), P1, * K11, PI, rep from * to last 9 sts, K9.
7th row - P8, K1, P1, K1, * P9, K1, P1, K1, rep from * to last 0 (4-8-
0-4-8) sts, PO (4-8-0-4-8). 8th row - KO (3-7-0-3-7), moss 4 (5-5-4-
5-5), * K7, moss 5, rep from * to last 7 sts, K7. 9th row - K1 , * P5,
moss 7, rep from * to last 1 0 (26-10-2-6) sts, P5 (2-5-5-2-5), moss
5 (0-1 -5-0-1). 10th row - KO (1-0-0-1-0), moss 6 (9-2-6-9-2), * K3,
moss 9, rep from * to last 5 sts, K3, P1 , K1 . 11th row - K1 , * P1 ,
K1 , rep from * to end. 12th row - Moss 0 (4-8-0-4-8), * K3, moss 9,
rep from * to last 11 sts, K3, moss 8. 13th row - * Moss 7, P5, rep
from * to last 11 (37-11-3-7) sts, moss 7 (3-7-7-3-7), P4 (0-0-4-0-
0). 14th row - Moss 0 (2-6-0-2-6), K5 (7-7-5-7-7), * moss 5, K7, rep
from * to last 6 sts, moss 6. 1 5th row - P2, * moss 3, P9, rep from
* to last 9(15-9-1 -5) st/s, moss 3 (1 -3-3-1 -3), P6 (0-2-6-0-2). 16th
row - K7 (11-3-7-11-3), * P1 , K11, rep from * to last 4 sts, P1, K3.
Work in stocking st for rem, beg with a purl row, until work
measures same as Back to beg of raglan armholes, ending with a
purl row. SHAPE RAGLAN ARMHOLE AND FRONT SLOPE - Cast off 2
sts at beg of next row ... 21 (25-29-33-37-41) sts. Dec at armhole
edge in 2nd and foil 4th rows 9 (8-6-4-3-2) times in all, then in alt
rows 2 (6-111 7-21-25) times, AT SAME TIME dec at front edge in
2nd and foil 4th rows 8 (9-10-10-11-12) times in all ... 2 sts. Next
row - P2, turn, K2tog. Fasten off. RIGHT FRONT Work as for Left
Front to **. 1st row (wrong side) - Moss 0 (4-8-0-4-8), * P3, moss
9, rep from * to last 11 sts, P3, moss 8. 2nd row - * Moss 7, K5, rep
from * to last 11 (3-711-3-7) sts, moss 7 (3-7-7-3-7), K4 (0-0-4-0-
0). 3rd row - Moss 0 (2-6-0-2-6), P5 (7-7-5-7-7), * moss 5, P7, rep
from * to last 6 sts, moss 6. 4th row - K2, moss 3, * K9, moss 3, rep
from * to last 6 (10-2-6-10-2) sts, K6 (9-2-6-9-2), moss 0 (1-0-0-1-
0). 5th row - P7 (0-3-7-0-3), K1 (0-1 -1-0-1), * P11, K1 , rep from *
to last 3 sts, P3. 6th row - K9, P1 , * K11 , P1 , rep from * to last 1
(5-9-1 -5-9) st/s, K1 (5-9-1 -5-9). 7th row - PO (4-8-0-4-8), K1, P1,
K1, * P9, K1, P1 , K1 , rep from * to last 8 sts, P8. 8th row - K7, *
moss 5, K7, rep from * to last 4 (80-4-8-0) sts, moss 4 (5-0-4-5-0),
KO (3-0-0-3-0). 9th row - Moss 5 (0-1 -5-0-1), P5 (2-5-5-2-5), *
moss 7, P5, rep from * to last st, K1 . 10th row - K1, P1, K3, * moss
9, K3, rep from * to last 6 (10-2-6-10-2) sts, moss 6 (9-0-6-9-0), KO
(1-2-0-1-2). 11th row-KI, * P1, K1, rep from* to end. 12th row -
Moss 8, K3, * moss 9, K3, rep from * to last 0 (4-8-0-4-8) sts, moss
0 (4-8-0-4-8). 13th row - P4 (0-0-4-0-0), moss 7 (3-7-7-3-7), * P5,
moss 7, rep from * to end. Book 5000 - Page 18
 14th row - Moss 6, * K7, moss 5, rep from * to last 5 (9-13-
5-9-13) sts, K5 (7-7-5-7-7), moss 0 (2-6-0-2-6). 15th row - P6 (0-2-
6-0-2), moss 3 (1 -3-3-1 -3), * P9, moss 3, rep from * to last 2 sts,
P2. 1 6th row - K3, * PI , K11 , rep from * to last 8 (0-48-0-4) sts,
PI (0-1-1-0-1), K7 (0-3-7-0-3). Work in stocking st for rem, beg with
a purl row, until work measures same as Back to beg of raglan
armholes, ending with a knit row. SHAPE RAGLAN ARMHOLE AND
FRONT SLOPE - Cast off 2 sts at beg of next row ... 21 (25-29-33-
37-41) sts. Dec at armhole edge in next and foil 4th rows 9 (S-6-4-3-
2) times in all, then in alt rows 2 (6-1117-21-25) times, AT SAME
TIME dec at front edge in next and foil 4th rows 8 (9-10-10-11-12)
times in all ... 2 sts. Next row - P2, turn, K2tog. Fasten off. SLEEVES
Using 2.75mm Needles, cast on 35 (37-41-43-4549) sts. 1 St row -
KO (1-1 -0-1-1), PI, *K1, PI, rep from* to last 0 (1-1-0-1-1) st/s, KO
(1-1-0-1-1). Rep 1st row 4 times for moss st, inc at each end of 3rd
row ... 37 (39-43-45-47-51) sts. Change to 3.25mm Needles and beg
patt. 1st row (wrong side) - Moss 5 (6-8-9-10-0), P3, * moss 9, P3,
rep from * to last 5 (6-8-9-1 0-0) sts, moss 5 (6-8-9-10-0). 2nd row
- (Inc in first st) 1 (1-0-0-0-0) time/s, KO (0-0-1 -2-4), moss 3 (4-7-
7-7-7), * K5, moss 7, rep from * to last 9 (10-0-1-2-4) st/s, K5 (5-0-
1 -24), moss 3 (4-0-0-0-0), (inc in last st) 1 (1 -0-0-00) time/s ... 39
(41-43-45-47-51) sts. 3rd row - PO (0-1 -2-3-5), moss 4 (5-5-5-5-5),
P7, * moss 5, P7, rep from * to last 4 (5-6-7-8-10) sts, moss 4 (5-5-
5-5-5), PO (0-1 -2-3-5). 4th row - (Inc in first st) 0 (0-1 -0-0-0)
time/s, KO (1-1 -3-4-6), moss 3, * K9, moss 3, rep from * to last 0
(1-2-3-4-6) st/s, KO (1-1 -3-4-6), (inc in last st) 0 (0-1 -0-0-0) time/s
... 39 (41-45-45-47-51) sts. 5th row - PI (2-4-4-5-7), K1 , * P11 , K1
, rep from * to last 1 (2-4-4-5-7) st/s, PI (2-4-4-5-7). 6th row - (Inc
in first st) 1 (1-0-1 -1-0) time/s, K6 (7-10-9-10-1), PI, * K11, PI, rep
from * to last 7 (8-10-10-11-1) st/s, K6 (7-10-9-10-1), (inc in last st)
1 (1-0-1-1-0) time/s ... 41 (43-45-47-49-51 ) sts. 7th row - Moss 0
(0-0-1-2-3), P7 (8-9-9-9-9), * moss 3, P9, rep from * to last 10 (11-
0-1-2-3) st/s, moss 3 (3-0-1 -2-3), P7 (8-0-0-0-0). 8th row - (Inc in
first st) 0 (0-0-0-0-1 ) time/s, moss 0 (0-1 -2-3-3), K6 (7-7-7-7-7),
moss 5, * K7, moss 5, rep from * to last 6 (7-8-9-10-11) sts, K6 (7-
7-77-7), moss 0 (0-1 -2-3-3), (inc in last st) 0 (0-0-00-1) time/s ...
41 (43-45-47-49-53) sts. 9th row - Moss 0 (1-2-3-4-6), P5, * moss 7,
P5, rep from * to last 0 (1-2-3-4-6) st/s, moss 0 (1-2-3-4-6). 10th
row -(Inc in first st) 1 (1-1 -0-0-0) time/s, moss 0 (1-2-4-5-7), K3, *
moss 9, K3, rep from * to last 1 (2-3-4-5-7) st/s, moss 0 (1-2-4-5-
7), (inc in last st) 1 (1-1 -0-0-0) time/s ... 43 (45-47-47-49-53) sts.
11th row - K1 (0-1-1-0-0), PI, * K1, PI, rep from * to last 1 (0-1 -1-
0-0) st/s, K1 (0-1 -1-0-0). 12th row - Moss 8 (9-10-10-0-1), K3 (3-3-
3-2-3), moss 9, * K3, moss 9, rep from * to last 11 (12-1 313-2-4)
sts, K3 (3-3-3-2-3), moss 8 (9-10-10-0-1). 13th row - PO (1-2-2-3-
5), moss 7, * P5, moss 7, rep from * to last 0 (1-2-2-3-5) st/s, PO
(1-2-2-3-5). 14th row - (Inc in first st) 1 (0-0-1-1-0) time/s, KO (2-3-
2-3-6), moss 5, * K7, moss 5, rep from * to last 1 (2-3-3-4-6) st/s,
KO (2-3-2-3-6), (inc in last st) 1 (0-0-1-1-0) time/s ... 45 (45-47-49-
51-53) sts. 15th row - P3 (3-4-5-6-7), moss 3, * P9, moss 3, rep
from * to last 3 (3-4-5-6-7) sts, P3 (3-4-5-6-7). 16th row - (Inc in
first st) 0 (1-1 -0-0-0) time/s, K4 (3-4-6-7-8), P1,*K11,P1, rep from
* to last 4 (45-6-7-8) sts, K4 (3-4-6-7-8), (inc in last st) 0 (1-10-0-0)
time/s ... 45 (47-49-49-51-53) sts. Cont in stocking st, beg with a
purl row, inc at each end of 2nd (6th-6th-6th-6th-2nd) row, sizes 3,
6, 12 and 24 only - then in foil (6th-8th-8th10th) row/s until there
are (53-55-59-63) sts. All sizes ... 47 (49-53-55-59-63) sts. Cont
without shaping until work measures 9 (1113-16-19-23) cm (or
length desired) from beg, ending with a purl row. SHAPE RAGLAN -
Cast off 2 sts at beg of next 2 rows ... 43 (45-49-51-55-59) sts. Dec
at each end of next and alt rows until 5 (3-53-5-5) sts rem, sizes
prem and 3 only - then in next row once. Sizes 0, 6, 12 and 24 only
- Work 1 row. All sizes ... 3 (3-3-3-5-5) sts. Cast off rem sts. FRONT
BAND Using back-stitch, join raglan seams, noting that tops of
sleeves form part of neckline. Using 2.75mm Needles, cast on 7 sts.
Work 4 rows moss st as for Back. 5th row - Moss 3, cast off 2 sts,
moss 2. 6th row - Moss 2, turn, cast on 2 sts, turn, moss 3 ...
buttonhole. Work 20 (16-16-20-18-18) rows moss st. Book 5000 -
Page 19
 Rep last 22 (18-18-22-20-20) rows 0 (1-2-2-3-4) time/s,
then 5th and 6th rows once ... 2 (3-4-4-S6) buttonholes in all. Cont
in moss st without further buttonholes until band is length required
to fit (slightly stretched) evenly along fronts, across top of sleeves
and back of neck. Cast off in moss st. MAKE UP DO NOT PRESS.
Using back-stitch, join side and sleeve seams. Using a flat seam, sew
front band in position, placing buttonholes to Right Front for Girl or
Left Front for Boy. Sew on buttons. SEWING FRONT BANDS TO VEE
BUTTONING CARDIGAN To obtain correct length of band required,
sew raglan or shoulder seams as stated in instructions. Place a pin at
centre back neck of garment. Lay cardigan flat on table and pin
fronts to back at raglan or shoulder seams. Pin fronts to back of
cardigan along front edges, taking care that lower bands and front
shapings match exactly. All rows of knitting should be horizontal
across garment, thus any stripes or patterns will match exactly. Knit
about three-quarters of length of band required. Place band to
cardigan (garment laid flat) matching row for row on lower bands
and noting that first row of knitting is right side of band unless
otherwise stated. Pin buttonhole section to right front (left for man)
noting that top buttonhole should come level with or a little below
first shaping. Pin band up to raglan or shoulder seam. Take pins
from raglan or shoulder seam and pin band around to centre back.
Band across back neck should be firm enough to prevent back of
garment stretching when worn. Mark centre back of band and point
of band opposite first shaping. Unpin band from garment and knit
band length required, measuring second half by folding at centre
back pin. Mark point to match to first shaping on other front. Pin
front band to lower bands, matching row for row. Pin band to fronts
up to first shaping. Pin at back neck, then remainder to front slopes.
Lift garment from table and remove pins attaching fronts to back.
Re-pin band so that right side of band is facing right side of
garment, taking out and replacing each pin separately. Back-stitch
band to cardigan. Care should be taken that lower edge of garment
forms a straight edge and that there is not an indentation at band
seam. One stitch should be taken from band and cardigan to form
seam. Book 5000 - Page 20
 4. LACE SWEATER WITH CREW NECK AAA \
MEASUREMENTS Months Prem 0 3 6 12 24 Fits underarm cm 30 35
40 45 50 55 ins 12 14 16 18 20 22 Garment measures (approx) cm
32 40 46 50 58 62 Length (approx) cm 18 22 26 30 34 39 Sleeve
seam (approx) cm 9 11 13 16 19 23 PATONS YARN REQUIRED BIG
BABY 4 PLY lOOg balls Quantity 1 1 1 1 2 2 IMPORTANT! Use only
the yarn specified for this garment. Other yarns may give
unsatisfactory results. Quantities are approximate as they can vary
between knitters. 1 pair each 3.25mm (No 10) and 2.75mm (No 12)
Knitting Needles or sizes needed to give correct tension. 5 Stitch
Holders. 3 Buttons. TENSION - 32 sts and 40 rows to 10 cm over
patt, using 3.25mm Needles. To work tension square, use 3.25mm
Needles, cast on 47 sts. Work 60 rows patt as for Back. Cast off
loosely. Please check your tension carefully. If less sts use smaller
needles, if more sts use bigger needles. ABBREVIATIONS - See page
88. V BACK Using 2.75mm Needles, cast on 53 (65-77-83-95101)
sts. 1st row - K2, * PI , K1 , rep from * to last st, K1 . 2nd row - K1 ,
* PI , K1 , rep from * to end. Rep 1st and 2nd rows 4 (5-5-7-7-0)
times ... 10 (12-12-16-16-20) rows rib in all. Change to 3.25mm
Needles and beg patt. Note - This instruction has been written
specifically for the stitch pattern given. Using any other stitch may
result in a garment that is the wrong shape or size. 1 St row - K1 , *
yfwd, si 1 , K2tog, psso, yfwd, K3, rep from * to last 4 sts, yfwd, si
1, K2tog, psso, yfwd, K1. 2nd row - K4, * P3, K3, rep from * to last
st, K1 . 3rd row - K1, * P3, K3, rep from * to last 4 sts, P3, K1. 4th
row - As 2nd row. 5th row - K4, * yfwd, si 1 , K2tog, psso, yfwd, K3,
rep from * to last st, K1. 6th row - As 3rd row. 7th row - As 2nd row.
8th row - As 3rd row. Rows 1 to 8 inci form patt. / Cont in patt until
work measures approx 7 (1013-16-19-23) cm from beg, ending with
a 3rd or 7th patt row. HAVE YOU CHECKED YOUR TENSION? NOW
IS THE POINT TO CHECK THE WIDTH OF THE BACK BEFORE YOU
CONTINUE! Patt to centre of next row, your panel should measure
approx 16 (20-23-25-29-31) cm in width for a perfect fit, patt to end
of row. Note - Care must be taken when shaping in this pattern
stitch. Do not work the yfwd’s unless you have sufficient sts to work
the si 1 , K2tog, psso to compensate for them, and vice versa.
SHAPE RAGLAN ARMHOLES - Keeping patt correct, cast off 2 sts at
beg of next 2 rows ... 49 (61-73-79-91-97) sts. ** Book 5000 - Page
21
 Dec at each end of next and foil 6th (4th-4th-4th4th-4th)
row/s until 43 (47-61-69-87-93) sts rem, sizes prem, 3, 6, 12 and 24
only - then in foil 4th (alt-alt-alt-alt) rows until 39 (53-53-55-57) sts
rem. All sizes - Work 1 row. DIVIDE FOR BACK OPENING - 1 st row -
(K2tog) 0 (0-1 -1-1-1) time/s, part 22 (26-27-27-28-29), turn. Cont
on these 22 (26-28-28-29-30) sts. 2nd row - K5, part to end. 3rd
row - K2tog, patt to last 5 sts, K5. 4th row - As 2nd row. 5th row -
(K2tog)0(0-1-1-1-1) time/s, patt to last 5 sts, K5. 6th row - As 2nd
row. 7th row - K2tog, patt to last 5 sts, K2, yfwd, K2tog
(buttonhole), K1. Keeping garter st border correct, dec at armhole
edge in foil 4th (alt-alt-alt-alt-alt) rows 3 (6-6-6-66) times, AT SAME
TIME working a buttonhole (as before) in foil 10th row... 17(18-19-
19-20-21) sts, 2 buttonholes. Work 1 row. Leave sts on a stitch-
holder. Join yarn to rem sts, cast on 5 sts for underlap, patt to last 0
(0-2-2-2-2) sts, KO (0-2-2-2-2) tog. Cont on last 22 (26-28-28-29-
30) sts. 2nd row - Patt to last 5 sts, K5. 3rd row - K5, patt to last 2
sts, K2tog. 4th row - As 2nd row. 5th row - K5, patt to last 0 (0-2-2-
2-2) sts, KO (02-2-2-2) tog. 6th row - As 2nd row. 7th row - As 3rd
row. Keeping garter st border correct, dec at armhole edge in foil 4th
(alt-alt-alt-alt-alt) rows 3 (6-6-6-66) times ... 17 (18-19-19-20-21)
sts. Work 1 row. Leave sts on a stitch-holder. FRONT Work as for
Back to **. Dec at each end of next and foil 6th (4th-4th-4th4th-
4th) row/s until 43 (45-61-69-87-93) sts rem, sizes prem, 3, 6, 12
and 24 only - then in foil 4th (alt-alt-alt-alt) rows until 37 (49-49-53-
57) sts rem. All sizes - Work 3 (1-1 -1-1-1) row/s. SHAPE NECK -
Next row - K2 (0-2-2-2-2) tog, patt 9 (15-14-14-16-17), turn. ***
Cont on these 10 (15-15-15-17-18) sts. Dec at armhole edge in foil
4th (alt-alt-alt-alt-alt) rows 3 (7-7-7-8-9) times, AT SAME TIME dec
at neck edge in alt rows 5 (6-6-6-7-7) times ... 2 sts. Next row - P2,
turn, K2tog. Fasten off. *** Slip next 15 (15-17-17-17-19) sts onto a
stitchholder and leave. Join yarn to rem sts and patt to last 2 (0-2-2-
2-2) sts, K2 (0-2-2-2-2) tog. Rep from *** to ***. SLEEVES Using
2.75mm Needles, cast on 41 (41-47-47-4753) sts. Work 10 (12-12-
16-16-20) rows rib as for Back. Change to 3.25mm Needles and beg
patt. Work in patt as for Back (noting that sts will be inc) and
working extra sts into patt, inc at each end of 9th and foil alt (alt-
4th-4th-4th-6th) rows until there are 53 (55-59-63-67-73) sts. Cont
in patt without shaping until work measures approx 9 (11-13-16-19-
23) cm (or length desired) from beg, ending with a 4th or 8th patt
row. SHAPE RAGLAN - Keeping patt correct, cast off 2 sts at beg of
next 2 rows ... 49 (51-55-59-63-69) sts. Dec at each end of next and
alt rows until 9 (5-55-5-9) sts rem, then in every row until 3 sts rem.
Leave rem sts on a stitch-holder. NECKBAND Using back-stitch, join
raglan seams, noting that tops of sleeves form part of neckline. With
right side facing and using 2.75mm Needles, knit across sts from left
back stitch-holder - dec 2 sts evenly across patt section, knit across
sts from left sleeve stitch-holder, knit up 12 (14-14-14-16-18) sts
evenly along left side of neck, knit across sts from front stitch-holder
- dec 2 sts evenly across, knit up 12 (14-14-14-16-18) sts evenly
along right side of neck, knit across sts from right sleeve stitch-
holder, then knit across sts from right back stitch-holder dec 2 sts
evenly across patt section ... 73 (79-8383-89-97) sts. 1 st row
(wrong side) - K5, * PI , K1 , rep from * to last 4 sts, K4. 2nd row -
K6, * PI, K1, rep from * to last 5 sts, K5. Rep 1 st and 2nd rows 3
times, then 1 st row once, working a buttonhole (as before) in 6th
row ... 3 buttonholes in all. Cast off loosely in rib. MAKE UP DO NOT
PRESS. Using back-stitch, join side and sleeve seams. Sew underlap
in position. Sew on buttons. Book 5000 - Page 22
 5. EYELET SHIPS CARDIGAN AAA MEASUREMENTS Months
3 6 12 24 Fits underarm cm 40 45 50 55 ins 16 18 20 22 Garment
measures cm 46 52 58 64 Length (approx) cm 26 30 34 39 Sleeve
fits cm 13 16 19 23 PATONS YARN REQUIRED BIG BABY 4 PLY lOOg
balls Quantity 1 1 2 2 IMPORTANT! Use only the yarn specified for
this garment. Other yarns may give unsatisfactory results. Quantities
are approximate as they can vary between knitters. 1 pair each
3.25mm (No 10) and 2.75mm (No 12) Knitting Needles or sizes
needed to give correct tension. 3 Stitch Holders; 6 (7-8-9) Buttons.
TENSION - 28 sts and 36 rows to 10 cm over stocking st, using
3.25mm Needles. To work tension square, use 3.25mm Needles, cast
on 42 sts. Work 54 rows stocking st. Cast off loosely. Please check
your tension carefully. If less sts use smaller needles, if more sts use
bigger needles. ABBREVIATIONS - See page 88. TW2=knit into back
of the second st on left hand needle and then into front of first st,
slipping both sts off needle tog. V J BACK Using 2.75mm Needles,
cast on 67 (75-83-91 ) sts. 1st row - K2, * PI , K1 , rep from * to
last st, K1 . 2nd row - K1 , * PI , K1 , rep from * to end. Rep 1st and
2nd rows 5 (7-7-9) times ... 12 (1616-20) rows rib in all. Change to
3.25mm Needles. Work 35 (43-53-63) rows stocking st. HAVE YOU
CHECKED YOUR TENSION? NOW IS THE POINT TO CHECK THE
WIDTH OF THE BACK BEFORE YOU CONTINUE! Purl to centre of
next row, your panel should measure 23 (26-29-32) cm in width for
a perfect fit, purl to end of row. SHAPE RAGLAN ARMHOLES - Cast
off 2 sts at beg of next 2 rows ... 63 (71-79-87) sts. Dec at each end
of next and foil 4th row/s until 51 (63-73-83) sts rem, then in alt
rows until 29 (2931-33) sts rem. Work 1 row. Leave rem sts on a
stitch-holder. LEFT FRONT Using 2.75mm Needles, cast on 33 (37-
41-45) sts. Work 12 (16-16-20) rows rib as for Back, dec one st in
centre of last row ... 32 (36-40-44) sts. ' Change to 3.25mm
Needles. Work 0 (4-8-14) rows stocking st. ** Beg motif - 1st row -
K10 (14-18-22), P6, inc in next st purlways, P6, K9 ... 33 (37-41-45)
sts. 2nd row - P9, K14, P10 (14-18-22). 3rd row - K9 (13-17-21),
K2tog, yfwd, K2, K2tog, yfwd, K1 , TW2, K1 , yfwd, si 1 , K1 , psso,
K2, yfwd, si 1, K1, psso, K8. 4th, 6th and 8th rows - Purl. 5th row -
K8 (12-16-20), (K2tog, yfwd, K2) twice, TW2, (K2, yfwd, si 1, K1,
psso) twice, K7. 7th row - K7 (11-15-19), (K2tog, yfwd, K2) twice,
K1, TW2, K1, (K2, yfwd, si 1, K1, psso) twice, K6. Book 5000 - Page
23
 9th row - K6 (10-14-18), (K2tog, yfwd, K2) twice, K2, TW2,
K2, (K2, yfwd, si 1 , K1 , psso) twice, K5. 10th row - P5, K10, P2,
K10, P6 (10-14-18). 11th row - K6 (10-14-18), P10, TW2, P10, K5.
Rep 10th and 11th rows once, then 10th row once. 15th row - K6
(10-14-18), (yfwd, si 1, K1, psso, K1) 3 times, PI , TW2, PI , (K1 ,
K2tog, yfwd) 3 times, K5. 16th and foil alt rows - P14, K1, P2, K1,
P15 (19-23-27). 17th row - K7 (11-15-19), yfwd, si 1, K1, psso, K6,
PI, TW2, PI, K6, K2tog, yfwd, K6. 19th row - K8 (12-16-20), yfwd, si
1, K1, psso, K5, PI, TW2, PI, K5, K2tog, yfwd, K7. 21st row - K9 (13-
17-21), yfwd, si 1, K1, psso, K4, PI, TW2, PI, K4, K2tog, yfwd, K8.
23rd row - K10 (14-18-22), y^d, si 1, K1, psso, K3, PI, TW2, PI, K3,
K2tog, yfwd, K9. 25th row - K11 (15-19-23), yfwd, si 1, K1, psso,
K2. PI, TW2, PI, K2, K2tog, yfwd, K10. 27th row - K12 (16-20-24),
y^d, si 1, K1, psso, K1, PI, TW2, PI, K1, K2tog, yfwd, K11. 29th row
- K13 (17-21-25), yfwd, si 1, K1, psso, PI, TW2, PI, K2tog, yfwd,
K12. 31st row - K14 (18-22-26), yfwd, si 1, K1, psso, TW2, K2tog,
yfwd, K13. 32nd row - Purl. 33rd row - K16 (20-24-28), TW2, K15.
34th row - P15, P2tog, P16 (20-24-28) ... 32 (36-40-44) sts. 35th
row - K16 (20-24-28), in next st cast on 5 sts, knit across these 5
sts, turn, K5, turn, cast off 5 sts, knit to end. 36th row - Purl.
Working in stocking st for rem, work 0 (4-1014) rows. SHAPE
RAGLAN ARMHOLE - Cast off 2 sts at beg of next row ... 30 (34-38-
42) sts. Dec at armhole edge in 2nd and foil 4th row/s until 24 (30-
35-40) sts rem, then in alt rows until 19 (19-21-23) sts rem. SHAPE
NECK - Next row - Cast off 6 (6-6-7) sts, purl to end ... 13 (13-15-
16) sts. *** Dec at armhole edge in next and alt rows 6 (67-8) times
in all, AT SAME TIME dec at neck edge in next and alt rows 5 (5-6-6)
times in all ... 2 sts. Next row - P2, turn, K2tog. Fasten off. ***
RIGHT FRONT Work as for Left Front to **. Beg motif - 1st row - K9,
P6, inc in next st purlways, P6, K10 (14-18-22) ... 33 (37-41-45) sts.
2nd row - P10 (14-18-22), K14, P9. 3rd row - K8, K2tog, yfwd, K2,
K2tog, yfwd, K1, TW2, K1 , yfwd, si 1 , K1 , psso, K2, yfwd, si 1 , K1
, psso, K9 (13-17-21). 4th, 6th and 8th rows - Purl. 5th row - K7,
(K2tog, yfwd, K2) twice, TW2, (K2, yfwd, si 1, K1, psso) twice, K8
(12-16-20). 7th row - K6, (K2tog, yfwd, K2) twice, K1, TW2, K1, (K2,
yfwd, si 1, K1, psso) twice, K7 (11-15-19). 9th row - K5, (K2tog,
yfwd, K2) twice, K2, TW2, K2, (K2, yfwd, si 1, K1, psso) twice, K6
(10-14-18). 10th row - P6 (10-14-18), K10, P2, K10, P5. 11th row -
K5, P10, TW2, P10, K6 (10-14-18). Rep 1 0th and 11th rows once,
then 1 0th row once. 15th row - K5, (yfwd, si 1, K1, psso, K1) 3
times, PI , TW2, PI , (K1 , K2tog, yfwd) 3 times, K6 (10-14-18). 16th
and foil alt rows - PI 5 (19-23-27), K1, P2, K1, P14. 1 7th row - K6,
yfwd, si 1 , K1 , psso, K6, PI , TW2, PI, K6, K2tog, yfwd, K7 (11-15-
19). 19th row - K7, yfwd, si 1 , K1 , psso, K5, PI , TW2, PI, K5,
K2tog, yfwd, K8 (12-16-20). 21 st row - K8, yfwd, si 1 , K1 , psso,
K4, PI , TW2, PI, K4, K2tog, yfwd, K9 (13-17-21). 23rd row - K9,
yfwd, si 1 , K1 , psso, K3, PI , TW2, PI, K3, K2tog, yfwd, K10 (14-
18-22). 25th row - K1 0, yfwd, si 1 , K1 , psso, K2, PI , TW2, PI, K2,
K2tog, yfwd, K11 (15-19-23). 27th row - K1 1 , yfwd, si 1 , K1 ,
psso, K1 , PI , TW2, PI, K1, K2tog, yfwd, K12 (16-20-24). 29th row -
K12, yfwd, si 1, K1, psso, PI, TW2, PI, K2tog, yfwd, K13 (17-21-25).
31 st row - K1 3, yfwd, si 1 , K1 , psso, TW2, K2tog, yfwd, K14 (18-
22-26). 32nd row - Purl. 33rd row - K15, TW2, K16 (20-24-28). 34th
row - PI 6 (20-24-28), P2tog, PI 5 ... 32 (3640-44) sts. 35th row -
K1 5, in next st cast on 5 sts, knit across these 5 sts, turn, K5, turn,
cast off 5 sts, knit to end. 36th row - Purl. Working in stocking st for
rem, work 1 (5-11-15) row/s. SHAPE RAGLAN ARMHOLE - Cast off 2
sts at beg of next row ... 30 (34-38-42) sts. Dec at armhole edge in
next and foil 4th row/s until 24 (30-35-40) sts rem, then in alt rows
until 20 (20-22-24) sts rem. Work 1 row. SHAPE NECK - Next row -
Cast off 6 (6-6-7) sts, knit to last 2 sts, K2tog ... 13 (13-15-16) sts.
Work 1 row. Work as for Left Front from *** to ***. Book 5000 -
Page 24
 SLEEVES Using 2.75mm Needles, cast on 41 (43-45-49) sts.
Work 12 (16-16-20) rows rib as for Back. Change to 3.25mm
Needles. Work 2 rows stocking st. 3rd row - K2, Ml, knit to last 2 sts,
M1, K2. Cont inc (as before) at each end of foil 4th (4th6th-6th)
row/s until there are 49 (47-55-53) sts, then in foil 6th (6th-8th-8th)
rows until there are 53 (55-59-63) sts. Cont without shaping until
work measures 13 (1619-23) cm (or length desired) from beg,
ending with a purl row. SHAPE RAGLAN - Cast off 2 sts at beg of
next 2 rows ... 49 (51-55-59) sts. Dec at each end of next and foil
alt (alt-4th-4th) row/s until 5 (3-51-55) sts rem, sizes 3, 12 and 24
only - then in every (alt-alt) row/s until 3 (5-5) sts rem. Sizes 6, 12
and 24 only - Work 1 row. All sizes - Leave rem sts on a stitch-
holder. NECKBAND Using back-stitch, join raglan seams noting that
tops of sleeves form part of neckline. With right side facing and
using 2.75mm Needles, knit up 20 (20-22-25) sts evenly along right
side of neck, knit across sts from right sleeve stitch-holder, knit
across sts from back stitch-holder, knit across sts from left sleeve
stitch-holder, then knit up 20 (2022-25) sts evenly along left side of
neck ... 75 (75-85-93) sts. Work 7 rows rib as for Back, beg with a
2nd row. Cast off loosely in rib. RIGHT FRONT BAND FOR GIRL OR
LEFT FRONT BAND FOR BOY Using 2.75mm Needles, cast on 7 sts.
Work 4 rows rib as for Back. 5th row - Rib 3, cast off 2 sts, rib 2. 6th
row - Rib 2, turn, cast on 2 sts, turn, rib 3 ... buttonhole. Work 14
rows rib. Rep last 16 rows 4 (5-6-7) times, then 5th and 6th rows
once ... 6 (7-8-9) buttonholes in all. Work 4 rows rib. Cast off in rib.
LEFT FRONT BAND FOR GIRL OR RIGHT FRONT BAND FOR BOY
Work to correspond with other front band, omitting buttonholes.
MAKE UP DO NOT PRESS. Using back-stitch, join side and sleeve
seams. Using a flat seam, sew front bands in position. Sew on
buttons. SEWING FRONT BANDS TO CREW BUTTONING CARDIGAN
Knit bands as instructions. Sew raglan or shoulder seams as stated
in instructions. Pin front bands to lower bands of cardigan, matching
row for row. Lay cardigan flat on table and pin fronts to back at
raglan or shoulder seams. Pin fronts to back of cardigan along front
edges, taking care that lower bands and neck edges match exactly.
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