Theory of

Spread Spectrum Communication

Lecture 4
4. Link Structure of CDMA

Forward link: Pilot, Sync, Paging, Traffic channel

Reverse link: Access, Traffic channel

Youngil Park
K k i U
Kookmin University
i it
1
 Forward Link

KMU BcN Lab 2

 Forward Link Structure
Forward Link
Pilot (1 CH) + Sync (1 CH) + Paging (1-7 CH) + Traffic (55 CH)
= 64 channel maximum
Walsh Code for channels identification
1.2288 Mcps short PN code for BS identification
M d l ti b
Modulation by QPSK
QPSK; carrier
i ffreq = 800 or 1
1,800
800 MH
MHz
Synchronous link: MS synchronized to BS at all time

KMU BcN Lab 3

 Forward Link

KMU BcN Lab 4

 PN Codes
Short PN
PI ( x) = x15 + x13 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 5 + 1
PQ ( x) = x15 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + 1

Period of short PN = 215 = 32,768 chips

by adding one chip to maximal code Æ Modified maximal code
to make 2 sec, time reference of each BS by GPS, a exact integer multiple
of short PN period
⎛ 1 ⎞
2 sec÷ ⎜ 215 × 6 ⎟
= 75
⎝ 1.2288 × 10 ⎠

Long PN
P ( x) = x 42 + x 35
3
+ x 31 + x 27
2
+ x 26 + x 25
2
+ x 22 + x 21 + x19 + x18 + x16
+ x10 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1

Long code offset is decided by ESN

KMU BcN Lab 5

 Pilot Channel
Format of the Pilot Channel
all data bits = ‘0’ Æ Walsh Coding Æ Short PN code
Walsh Code 0 is only ‘0000 …. 0’ Æ Final data is sheer PN code
Short PN code
offset of each BS = 64 x N, different integer N for each BS
short PN period ÷ 64 = 2^15 ÷ 64 = 512 Æ can assign 512 BS

PN begins at each even sec 75 Short PN code

/ Even Sec Short PN Code
Period 26.67msec

PN offset 0

PN offset 268

PN begins after 13.96msec from each

even sec (268X68chipsX0.814usec)
KMU BcN Lab 6
 Pilot Channel
Application of Pilot Ch
transmitted at relatively higher power level than other types of signal
g extremely
allowing y accurate tracking
g
SNR measurement at the MS, giving indication of the best-serving BS
Æ MS can obtain synchronization with the nearest BS without prior
knowledge of the identity of the BS by searching out the entire length
of the short PN code
P id th
Provides the MS with
ith titiming
i & phase
h reference,
f BS PN offset
ff t
After synchronization, Pilot signal is used as a coherent carrier phase
reference for demodulation of the other signals from this BS

KMU BcN Lab 7

 Sync Channel
Function
information about the network, including the PN offset used by the BS
Once a MS has found a strong pilot channel Æ listens to the Sync Ch
Æ decodes a Sync Channel Message to develop a highly-accurate sy
nchronization to system time
F
Format
t off th
the S
Sync Ch
Channell
Information is carried on 96 bits of 1.2 Kbps signal
period 80 msec Æ called “Superframe”
Superframe
carrying information common to all MS
Sync Ch frame = 80÷3 ms = period of ‘short PN code’
Sync Ch frame boundary is aligned to the Pilot boundary Æ each sync

KMU BcN Lab 8

 Sync Channel
Application
pp
MS is synchronized with the short PN of the BS
MS knows the exact offset of the short PN
MS is synchronized with the long PN sequence
MS knows the data rate of Paging Channel
MS knows whether it is roaming, and that it is "in service"

KMU BcN Lab 9

 Paging Channel
Format of the Paging
g g Ch
4.8 Kbps or 9.6 Kbps data rate, previously informed to MS by Sync Ch
Long code mask has unique paging channel number (1~7)
4 x Paging frames = slot (80 ms) ; Maximum 2,048 slots for paging
Up to 7 Paging Ch per BS, each MS monitors only one Paging Ch
Contain a page to one particular MS, or to a group of MS

KMU BcN Lab 10

 Paging Channel
Messages
System parameter message: Pilot PN offset, system ID, network ID, location, slot mode,
handoff, power control
Access parameter message: open loop power control, access probe
CDMA channel list message: frequency ch
Channel assignment message: Walsh code number of traffic ch, analog freq number during
analog handoff
Neighbor list message: PN offset of neighboring BS
General page message: phone number, ESN
Order message:
g call off,, location registration
g
Data burst message: SMS
Authentication challenge message
SSD update message
Feature notification message
Extended system parameter message
Status request message
Service redirection message
Global service redirection message
TMSI assignment
i t message

KMU BcN Lab 11

 Traffic Channel
Transmitting
g voice,, data and signaling
g g message
g
System parameter like handoff, neighboring BS during call (since
paging ch is not accessible during call)
SMS, DTMF tone during call, ringing

KMU BcN Lab 12

 Coding Schemes
in Forward Link

KMU BcN Lab 13

 Convolutional Coding
Coding
g for error p
performance improvement
p
every encoded bit is a linear combination of some previous
information bits
forward link
rate ½, K=9 convolutional code
two bits (y1, y2) are generated for each clock cycle
initial values of all registers are zero

g1 ( x ) = x 8 + x 7 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
g 2 (x ) = x8 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + 1
KMU BcN Lab 14
 Convolutional Coding
reverse link
rate 1/3, K=9 convolutional code
more powerful than the forward case since mobile has a limited
transmit power
g1 ( x ) = x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + 1
g 2 (x ) = x8 + x 7 + x 4 + x 3 + x + 1
g 3 (x ) = x8 + x 5 + x 2 + x + 1

Decoding of convolutional code

tree search algorithm through a “trellis”
trellis

KMU BcN Lab 15

 Symbol Repetition
convolutional coding
g ((2 bit)) Æ symbol
y repetition
p ((4 bit,, 8 bit,, 16 bit))
19.2 Ksps
no repetition 1

1W per original symbol

9.6 Ksps 2
before repetition

1W per original symbol

9.6 Ksps
after repetition 1

Repetition procedure
make all data rate 19.2 kbps regardless of the voice coding rate
decrease the power per repeated symbol when the vocoder is running
at a lower rate

KMU BcN Lab 16

 Symbol Repetition

KMU BcN Lab 17

 Block Interleaving
Dispersion
p of codeword
Æ cause different fading effects for originally neighboring bits
No error correction capacity in itself, but, making
Burst error Æ Random error
random error can be restored by error-correction codes
Block Interleaving
based on M1 x M1 matrix

1 2 3 4 1 5 9 13
5 6 7 8 interleaving 2 6 10 14
9 10 11 12 3 7 11 15
13 14 15 16 4 8 12 16

KMU BcN Lab 18

 Block Interleaving

Transmission 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
without interleaving
Burst Error

Transmission
with interleaving
1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 3 7 11 15 4 8 12 16
Burst Error

deinterleaved 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Random Error

Error corrected 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

KMU BcN Lab 19

 Data Scrambling Using PN
Data scrambling
g in forward link
Offset of long PN code
paging channel
offset of paging Æ identification of Paging Ch
traffic channel
offset of MS Æ identification of MS
Decimated code
every 64th bit among PN period of 242-1 bits
code rate = 1.2288 Mcps ÷ 64 = 19.2 Kbps
Æ no data rate increase after scrambling

KMU BcN Lab 20

 Power Control Subchannel (PCS)
Closed loop
pppower control of mobile station
Receiver at BS monitors power of each MS during 1.25 ms (6 symbol)
generate power control bits (PCB): +1 (1 dB down) -1 (1 dB up)
replace traffic channel data at every 1.25 ms
Rate Set 1 Æ 2 control bits Rate Set 2 Æ 1 control bit
PCB is restored by convolutional decoding at Rx of MS

KMU BcN Lab 21

 Modulator
Demux: bit separation
p for I-ch and Q
Q-ch
Short PN code with different sequence for I-channel and Q-channel
LPF: limit bandwidth to 1.25 MHz

KMU BcN Lab 22

 Modulator
Digital
g g
gain: 0~127 level
pilot, sync, paging: static gain control by operator
traffic: dynamic gain control by forward link power control
Frequency upconversion
1st: modulation with 4.95 MHz carrier after DAC
2nd: modulation with 800 MHz (or 1,800 MHz) after (I+Q)
2nd upconversion consists of two steps, practically, for IMD reduction

Q Channel
(1,0) (0,0)
a0,a2,a4... I path

a0,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5 ...
to Upconverter
Cos(2nfct)
Demux

I Channel
a1,a3,a5...
Q path
Cos(2nfct)
(1,1) (0,1)

KMU BcN Lab 23

 Multiplex Option
Multiplex
p of ‘signaling
g g bits’ with traffic channel
multiplex of ‘signaling bits’ and ‘secondary traffic’
secondary traffic means data traffic in addition to voice traffic
low bit rate voice + ‘signaling or secondary’ Æ high bit rate voice
multiplex option 1 for <rate set 1> & multiplex option 2 for <rate set 2>
dim and burst: voice mixed with signaling & secondary in one traffic ch
blank and burst: separate traffic ch assigned for signaling & secondary
Multiplex Option 1

통화채널 MM (Mixed Mode):

MM TT TM (bits/frame)
whether to use multiplex
p option
p
Rate 1 bit 1 bit 1 bit Primary Signalling Secondary
"0" - - 171 0 TT (Traffic Type):
"1" "0" "00" 80 88 0 Primary + Signaling
"1" "0" "01" 40 128 0 or Primary + Secondary
"1" "0" "10" 16 152 0 TM ((Traffic Mode):)
9600 "1" "0" "11" 0 168 0
structure of frame bits
"1" "1" "00" 80 0 88
"1" "1" "01" 40 0 128
"1" "1" "10" 16 0 152
"1" "1" "11" 0 0 168
4800 - - - 80 0 0
2400 - - - 40 0 0
1200 - - - 16 0 0
24
 Reverse Link

KMU BcN Lab 25

 Link Structures
Reverse Link
Access channel, Traffic channel
only one channel (Access or Traffic) is working at a time
Long PN with different offset is used for each MS
Asynchronous
BS is synchronized to MS at usual time
BS starts synchronization to MS on each call connection

KMU BcN Lab 26

 Access Channel
Access Channel
Used by the mobile to communicate with the BS when the mobile
doesn’t have a traffic channel assigned
functions
call origination message (making call from MS)
page response message
status response message
order message (request to BS)
registration message (register location)
data burst message (short message service)
data rate is fixed at 4 8 Kbps
4.8

KMU BcN Lab 27

 Access Channel
Convolutional coding
g
R=1/3 , more powerful than forward’s (to compensate for the worse
channel condition)

KMU BcN Lab 28

 Access Channel
W l hC
Walsh Coding
di
not for channel identification as in forward link
reduction of ISI among neighboring symbols
(6x64) Walsh code that converts: 6-bit input Æ 64-bit output
symbol rate of Walsh output = 28.8 kbps ÷ 6 = 4.8 ksps
chip rate of Walsh output = 28.8 kbps ÷ 6 x 64 = 307.2 kcps
example) 010110 Æ 101100101011011…………01

Long PN Code
1.2288 Mbps without decimation
Usually one access channel is used in one cell

KMU BcN Lab 29

 Modulation of Reverse Link
OQPSK
insert T/2 delay on the Q-path

Q Channel
((1,0)
, ) (0,0)
a0,a2,a4... I path

a0,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5 ...
to Upconverter
Cos(2nfct)
Demux

I Ch
Channell

a1,a3,a5...
Q path
Cos(2nfct)
(1,1) (0,1)

KMU BcN Lab 30

 Modulation of Reverse Link
OQPSK
C-class HPA
power efficient Æ good for MS that uses battery as power source
shows linear output only for narrow input range
Output of OQPSK
less fluctuating than QPSK signal
requires narrower linear region compared to QPSK

Q Channel
(1,0) (0,0)

I Channel

(1,1) (0,1)

KMU BcN Lab 31

 Reverse Traffic Channel
M lti l option
Multiplex ti
make voice, data & signaling transmit over traffic channel
Signaling bits
Forward power control bits
PSMM: handoff time
Report of handoff
3-party
p y communication
SMS
DTMF tone
Frame
1.25 ms x 16 PCG (Power Control Group) = 20 ms
each PCG on/off by Data Burst Randomization

KMU BcN Lab 32

 Reverse Traffic Channel

KMU BcN Lab 33

 Data Burst Randomization
Schemes of bit energy
gy equalization
q
Forward link: symbol repetition Æ reduced power for increased bits Æ
make every bits have same energy (20 ms period)
Reverse link: symbol repetition Æ transmit only selected data (called
‘data burst randomization’) Æ make low bit rate data send less bits
Why different approach?
power control of forward link has 20 ms period, while reverse link has 1.25
ms period Æ bit energy change over 20 ms can’t be applied to reverse link

Data Burst Randomization

PCGs (Power Control Group) among 16 PCGs (20 ms) to be sent are
l d
selected
selection is made by long PN codes in 15 PCGs in the previous frame
Æ receiver side at the BS knows the exact PCGs transmitted since it
both Tx & Rx use the same long PN codes

KMU BcN Lab 34

 Data Burst Randomization
Power
1Frame 16 PCG,
1Frame, PCG 20msec
p
full rate
Eb=tp
- less bits sent for less data rate
time
- full rate Æ all bits sent
t
QPSK modulation

- ¼ rate Æ ¼ PCGs sent 1Frame, 16 PCG, 20msec

p
- 1/8 rate Æ 1/8 PCGs sent 1/4 rate
Eb=4tp

gy is p
- same bit energy preserved regardless
g time

of data rate Symbol

repeated Eb=4tp

one of four PCGs is transmitted

Data Burst
Randomization
Eb=tp

QPSK modulation Long Code bits in the 15th PCG are used in selecting
the PCG to be sent during the next frame

1/2 rate full rate 1/8 rate

Random Rate
Data

Repeated
& Burst
Randomized
Data
8 among 16 PCGs are
16/16
/ transmitted 2/2
/ transmitted
t
transmitted
itt d

* Eb : bit Energy
* PCG : Power Control Group (1.25msec)

35
 Data Burst Randomization
Measurement result of reverse link transmitter

- MS transmitter is on/off in 1.25 ms PCG unit

- number of chips in one 1.25 ms PCG unit
= (1.25 ms) ÷ (1.2288 Mcps)-1
= 1,536
1 536 chips

36