CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction and Motivation

Now Recently Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) play a vital role in the research,
technological community hence resulting in the development of various high-performance
smart sensing system. Many new research is focused at improving quality of human life in
terms of health by designing and fabricating sensors which are either in direct contact with
the human body (invasive) or indirectly (noninvasive) in contact. Health monitoring is an
informal, non-statutory method of surveying our workforce for symptoms of ill health,
including lower back pain. This type of occupational health management system can enable
us, as an employer, to be aware of health problems and intervene to prevent problems being
caused or made worse by work activities. Another important role of health monitoring is to
give feedback into a system that reviews the current control methods in place. In addition,
there are specific regulations dealing with manual handling and whole body vibration in the
workplace. To ensure we are complying with our duties under these regulations we should
refer to HSE (health system engineering) guidance, if manual handling or whole body
vibration are risks in our workplace. Whole body vibration is particularly prevalent in those
that drive industrial and parameters and the sampled parameters are wireless.

1.1 .1 Importance of biomedical engineering

The development of biomedical engineering is responsible for improving healthcare
diagnosis, monitoring and therapy. The novel idea behind Health line is to provide quality
health service to one and all. The idea is driven by the vision of a cable free biomedical
monitoring system. On body sensors monitor the vital parameters (blood pressure, ECG,
temperature and heart beat rate) and transmits the data to doctor’s end via wireless
communication network. Periodic health monitoring (or preventative care) allows people to
discover and treat health problems early, before they have consequences. Especially for risk
 patients and long term applications, such a technology offers more freedom, comfort, and
opportunities in clinical monitoring.

1.1.2 Use of vital signals in health analysis

Chronic diseases have a significant influence on healthcare where cost of curing chance of
attack is common among people. Changes in demographic structure and lack of health and
social care personnel force us to study new innovations, which could over a relief to these
challenges. Elderly people have to make frequent visits to their doctor to get their vital signs
measured. Regular monitoring of vital signs is essential as they are primary indicators of an
individual's physical wellbeing.
These vital signs include,

a. Pulse rate

b. Blood pressure

c. Body temperature

The goal is to develop a low cost, low power, reliable, non-intrusive, and non-invasive vital
signs monitor which collect different type of body and the sampled parameters are wireless.
sensing and data conditioning system to acquire accurate heart rate, ECG, blood pressure, and
body temperature readings. After processing of data we have to find a proper method of
transmission and signal display. Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is a technology to enable
monitoring of patients outside of conventional clinical settings (e.g. in the home), which may
increase access to care and decrease healthcare delivery costs.

1.1.3 Remote Patient Monitoring

Incorporating RPM in chronic disease management can significantly improve an individual’s
quality of life. It allows patients to maintain independence, prevent complications, and
minimize personal costs. RPM facilitates these goals by delivering care right to the home. In
addition, patients and their family members feel comfort knowing that they are being
monitored and will be supported if a problem arises. This is particularly important when
patients are managing complex self-care processes such as home hemodialysis. Physiological
data such as blood pressure and subjective patient data are collected by sensors on peripheral
devices. Examples of peripheral devices are: blood pressure cuff, pulse ox meter, and
glucometer. The data are transmitted to healthcare providers or third parties via wireless
telecommunication devices. The data are evaluated for potential problems by a healthcare
 professional or via a clinical decision support algorithm, and patient, caregivers, and health
providers are immediately alerted if a problem is detected. As a result, timely intervention
ensures positive patient outcomes. The newer applications also provide education, test and
alerts, and a means of communication between the patient and the provider.

1.1.4 Challenges in ICU

The intensive care unit (ICU) is one of the major components of the current health care
system. The advances in supportive care and monitoring resulted in significant improvements
in the care of surgical and clinical patients. Nowadays aggressive surgical therapies as well as
transplantation are made safer by the monitoring in a closed environment, the surgical ICU,
in the post-operative period. Several measures of ICU performance have been proposed in the
past 30 years. It is intuitive, and correct, to assume that ICU mortality may be a useful marker
of quality. The complex task of collecting and analyzing data on performance measures are
made easier when clinical information systems are available. Although several clinical
information systems focus on important aspects as computerized physician order entry
systems and individual patient tracking information, few have attempted to gather clinical
information generating full reports that provide a panorama of the ICU performance and
detailed data on several domains.

Gathering vital signals

Pulse is the rate at which our heart beats. Our pulse is usually called our heart rate, which is
the number of times our heart beats each minute (bpm). But the rhythm and strength of the
heartbeat can also be noted, as well as whether the blood vessel feels hard or soft. Changes in
our heart rate or rhythm, a weak pulse, or a hard blood vessel may be caused by heart disease
or another problem. As our heart pumps blood through our body, we can feel a pulsing in
some of the blood vessels close to the skin's surface, such as in our wrist, neck, or upper arm.
Counting our pulse rate is a simple way to find out how fast our heart is beating. The normal
core body temperature of a healthy, resting adult human being is stated to be at 98.6 degrees
Fahrenheit or 37.0 degrees Celsius. Though the body temperature measured on an individual
can vary, a healthy human body can maintain a fairly consistent body temperature that is
around the mark of 37.0 degrees Celsius. The normal range of human body temperature
varies due to an individual’s metabolism rate; the higher (faster) it is the higher the normal
body temperature or the slower the metabolic rate the lower the normal body temperature.
Other factors that might affect the body temperature of an individual may be the time of day
 or the part of the body in which the temperature is measured at. The body temperature is
lower in the morning, due to the rest the body received, and higher at night after a day of
muscular activity and after food intake. Body temperature also varies at different parts of the
body. Oral temperatures, which are the most convenient type of temperature measurement, is
at 37.0 °C. This is the accepted standard temperature for the normal core body temperature.
Axillary temperatures are an external measurement taken in the armpit or between two folds
of skin on the body. This is the longest and most inaccurate way of measuring body
temperature, the normal temperature falls at 97.6 °F or 36.4 °C. Rectal temperatures are an
internal measurement taken in the rectum, which fall at 99.6 °F or 37.6 °C. It is the least time
consuming and most accurate type of body temperature measurement, being an internal
measurement. But it is definitely, by far, not the most comfortable method to measure the
body temperature

Internet of Things in health monitoring

The Internet of Things(IoT) and Smart Grid are of great importance in promoting and guiding
development of information technology and economic. At Present, the application of the IoT
develops rapidly, but due to the special requirements of some applications, the existing
technology cannot meet them very good. Much research work is doing to build IoT . Wi-Fi-
based Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) has the features of high bandwidth and rate, non-line-
transmission ability, large-scale data collection and high cost-effective, and it has the
capability of video monitoring, which cannot be realized with ZigBee. The research on Wi-
Fi-based WSN and its application has high practical significance to the development of the
Internet of Things and Smart Grid. Based on the current research work of applications in the
Internet of Things and the characteristics of Wi-Fi-based WSN, this paper discusses the
application of WiFi-based WSN in Internet of Things, which includes Smart Grid, Smart
Agriculture and Intelligent environment protection. Monitoring Systems and Sensors systems
have increased in importance over the years. However, increases in measurement points mean
increases in installation and maintenance cost. The development work of a Wi-Fi based Smart
Wireless Sensor Network for monitoring an Agricultural Environment. The system is capable
of intelligently monitoring agricultural conditions in a pre-programmed manner. The system
consists of three stations: Sensor Node, Router, and Server. The system is designed for
monitoring of the climate condition in an agricultural environment such as field or
greenhouse, the sensor station is equipped with several sensor elements such as Temperature,
humidity, light, air pressure, soil moisture and water level. In addition, investigation was
performed in order to integrate a novel planar electromagnetic sensor for nitrate detection.
The communication between the sensor node and the server is achieved via 802.11g wireless
 modules. Sensors are used for measurements and for acquisition of data but they require a
effective data transfer mechanism to enable full-fledged applications that utilize the data they
collect Embedded systems is one of the most important, yet overlooked subjects in the
electronics world. When we think technology, mobile phones, tablets and laptops come to
mind, but the devices that actually help us in our daily lives are not talked too much about.
They’re often confused with larger or more general purpose computers, and it’s sometimes
difficult to discern between one and the other.

1.1.1 Embedded Processors used in real time

An embedded system is a computer system, made from a combination of hardware and
software that is used to perform a specific task . A lot of embedded systems are created with
time constraints in mind. In some situations, crossing time limits might not amount to much,
but in some, it may actually be a disaster. For example, if the embedded system in a car’s
braking system doesn’t strictly adhere to time, it may result in an accident. However, if a time
limit is passed on something less severe, it may just result in reduced performance. The
processors found in common personal computers (PC) are general-purpose or universal
processors. They are complex in design because these processors provide a full scale of
features and a wide spectrum of functionalities. They are designed to be suitable for a variety
of applications. On the other hand, another class of embedded processors focuses on
performance. These embedded processors are powerful and packed with advanced chip-
design technologies, such as advanced pipeline and parallel processing architecture. These
processors are designed to satisfy those applications with intensive computing requirements
not achievable with general-purpose processors. Overall, system and application speeds are
the main concerns. Data storage is the process of ensuring that research data is stored,
archived or disposed of in a safe and secure manner during and after the conclusion of a
research project. This includes the development of policies and procedures to manage data
handled electronically as well as through non-electronic means. Proper planning for data
handling can also result in efficient and economical storage, retrieval, and disposal of data. In
the case of data handled electronically, data integrity is a primary concern to ensure that
recorded data is not altered, erased, lost or accessed by unauthorized users. All the above
survey insist the need of real time health monitoring system which helps in critical
situations.
Objective

 To develop health monitoring system i.e. it measures body temperature and heart rate.

 To design a system to store the patient data over a period of time using database
management.

 To do analysis of collected data of sensors.

1.4 Hardware Requirement

 Atmega 328p
 Temperature Sensor DS1812b
 Esp 8266 IoT
 Power Supply
 Pulse Sensor
 3.3v Regulator

1.5 Software Requirement

 Arduino IDE 8.2

 Atmel Studio -8

 Multisim for circuit design

 Flasher for microcontroller programming

Block Diagram

LCD Display

Temperature
Sensor

TTL Interface
Microcontro
ller
Atmega
2560
Pulse Rate
sensor IoT Module
ESP 8266 IOT:
ESP8266 offers a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking
solution, allowing it to either host the application or to offload all Wi-Fi
networking functions from another application processor. When ESP8266 hosts
the application, and when it is the only application processor in the device, it is
able to boot up directly from an external flash. It has integrated cache to
improve the performance of the system in such applications, and to minimize
the memory requirements. It is easy to connect the Internet through WIFI
Router and update the content of the data in internet.

WIFI ROUTER:
The WIFI router is used to connect the IOT module of the hardware with
local area network. The router is used to format the data and send over the LN
with IP address and data.. The user can type the IP address in their browser.
This will connect the web browser with hardware and display the content of the
board in their browser section.

WEB BROWSER:
The web browser is used to display the content of the data posted by the
microcontroller. The data is format in term of HTML in C language. This
HTML code will be accepted in the browser and display data in browser.

LCD DISPLAY:
Liquid Crystal Cell Display or used in similar application where LEDs
are used. These applications are display of numeric and alpha numeric
characters in dot matrix and segment display. Display unit with larger size of
16x2 with columns and rows to show user details update from Database.
Microcontroller ATMEGA 328 p
Microcontroller is used to process the sensor value and send to the
receiver unit. In transmitter unit, it send the various parameter of monitoring
system. These two analog value is process and compare with threshold value of
the predefined environment.

Pulse Sensor:

Pulse sensor is designed to give analog output of heart beat when a finger
is placed on sensor. It starts working; LED on top side will starts blinking with
each heart beat. To see the sensor output, output pin of sensor is connected to
controller .The working principle of sensor is based on light modulation by
blood flow through nerves at each heart pulse

Temperature Sensor DS18B20

The DS18B20 digital thermometer provides 9-bit to 12-bit Celsius

temperature measurements and has an alarm function with nonvolatile user-
programmable upper and lower trigger points. The DS18B20 communicates
over a 1-Wire bus that by definition requires only one data line (and ground) for
communication with a central microprocessor. In addition, the DS18B20 can
derive power directly from the data line ("parasite power"), eliminating the need
for an external power supply.
Temperature Sensor (DS18B20)

The DS18B20 Digital Thermometer provides 9 to 12-bit (configurable)

temperature readings which indicate the temperature of the device.
Information is sent to/from the DS18B20 over a 1-Wire interface, so that
only one wire (and ground) needs to be connected from a central
microprocessor to a DS18B20. Power for reading, writing, and
performing temperature conversions can be derived from the data line
itself with no need for an external power source. Because each DS18B20
contains a unique silicon serial number, multiple DS18B20s can exist on
the same 1-Wire bus. This allows for placing temperature sensors in
many different places. Applications where this feature is useful include
HVAC environmental controls, sensing temperatures inside buildings,
equipment or machinery, and process monitoring and control.

The block diagram of Figure 1 shows the major components of the

DS18B20. The DS18B20 has four main data components: 1) 64-bit
lasered ROM, 2) temperature sensor, 3) nonvolatile temperature alarm
triggers TH and TL, and 4) a configuration register. The device derives its
power from the 1-Wire communication line by storing energy on an
internal capacitor during periods of time when the signal line is high and
continues to operate off this power source during the low times of the 1-
Wire line until it returns high to replenish the parasite (capacitor) supply.
As an alternative, the DS18B20 may also be powered from an external 3
volt - 5.5 volt supply. Communication to the DS18B20 is via a 1-Wire
port. With the 1-Wire port, the memory and control functions will not be
available before the ROM function protocol has been established. The
master must first provide one of five ROM function commands: 1) Read
ROM, 2) Match ROM, 3) Search ROM, 4) Skip ROM, or 5) Alarm
Search. These commands operate on the 64-bit lasered ROM portion of
each device and can single out a specific device if many are present on
the 1-Wire line as well as indicate to the bus master how many and what
types of devices are present. After a ROM function sequence has been
successfully executed, the memory and control functions are accessible
and the master may then provide any one of the six memory and control
function commands. One control function command instructs the
DS18B20 to perform a temperature measurement. The result of this
measurement will be placed in the DS18B20’s scratch-pad memory, and
may be read by issuing a memory function command which reads the
contents of the scratchpad memory. The temperature alarm triggers TH
and TL consist of 1 byte EEPROM each. If the alarm search command is
not applied to the DS18B20, these registers may be used as general
purpose user memory. The scratchpad also contains a configuration byte
to set the desired resolution of the temperature to digital conversion.
Writing TH, TL, and the configuration byte is done using a memory
function command. Read access to these registers is through the
scratchpad. All data is read and written least significant bit first.
DS18B20 Sensor Specifications
 Programmable Digital Temperature Sensor
 Communicates using 1-Wire method
 Operating voltage: 3V to 5V
 Temperature Range: -55°C to +125°C
 Accuracy: ±0.5°C
 Output Resolution: 9-bit to 12-bit (programmable)
 Unique 64-bit address enables multiplexing
 Conversion time: 750ms at 12-bit
 Programmable alarm options
 Available as To-92, SOP and even as a waterproof sensor
Circuit Diagram

5 6 7 8
+3.3 VCC
Temperature Pulse
Sensor Sensor
ESP8266 1 2 3 4 +5 VCC
C4 Pulse
DS1820 Sensor
R2
1 2 3 1 2 3
+5v +5v
10KΩ 33pF
1 - TX 5 - Gnd
2 - CH_PD 6 - GPIO1
3 - RST 7 - GPIO2
4 - Vcc 8 - RX Reset A5
1 28
D0-Rx A4
2 27
UNO 328P
D1-Tx A3
3 26
D2 A2
4 25
D3 A1
5 24
D4 A0
6 23
Vcc Gnd
+5 VCC 7 22
Gnd Aref
8 21
X1 Vcc +5v
9 20
X2 D13
10 19
D5 D12
11 18
D6 D11
12 17
D7 D10
13 16
D8 D9
14 15

C2 33pF
16Mhz

R4
2 20Ω

3.3V
C3 33pF

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Vdd Vss D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 E RW RS Vee Vdd Vss

LCD16x2
 The IoT-based health monitoring system works on the principle of monitoring a

patient's body temperature and heart rate. The heart rate device is attached to the patient's

fingers and the temperature sensor is also attached to the patient's body.

Temperature sensor is a resistance-based sensor whose resistance is determined by

changing the patient's body temperature, as well as the heart rate sensor, a vibration or flow-

based sensor whose value is transmitted in the form of electrical signal. Two sensor

measurement values are obtained by Arduino UNO, the main or intelligent controller of this

system. After receiving these values, these values are displayed on the LCD display and

simultaneously sent to the IoT system using the Wi-Fi module.

There are Wi-Fi modules in the IoT system which display these values on a separate

websites and apps using Wi-Fisources, and the discussion is used here for this purpose. Using

the website or app, doctor scan track their patients' heart rate and temperature from anywhere.

In this system the two sensors are used one is temperature sensor another one is pulse rate

sensor. we used mobile phone and IoT technology.

To operate this system user needs a Wi-Fi connection. The Arduino board connects to

Wi-Fi network using Wi-Fi module. The Arduino board reads input from the two sensors.

Then this input is sent to the IoT cloud with help of Wi-Fi module. The measured inputs are

displayed on LCD screen. Simultaneously

HARDWARE MODULE
Basic of IOT

The Internet of Things is simply "A network of Internet connected objects

able to collect and exchange data." It is commonly abbreviated as IoT. The
word "Internet of Things" has two main parts; Internet being the backbone of
connectivity, and Things meaning objects / devices The Internet of
Things (IoT), also sometimes referred to as the Internet of Everything (IoE),
consists of all the web-enabled devices that collect, send and act on data they
acquire from their surrounding environments using embedded sensors,
processors and communication hardware. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to
the ever-growing network of physical objects that feature an IP address for
internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between these objects
and other Internet-enabled devices and systems. The IoT platform is a suite of
components that enable: Deployment of applications that monitor, manage, and
control connected devices. Remote data collection from connected devices.
Independent and secure connectivity between devices. Device/sensor
management.

The Internet of Everything (IoE) is a concept that extends the Internet of

Things (IoT) emphasis on machine-to-machine (M2M) communications to
describe a more complex system that also encompasses people and
[Link] Internet of things (stylised Internet of Things or IoT) is the
internetworking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as
"connected devices" and "smartdevices"), buildings and other items—embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that
enable these objects to collect informationThe processing of data on web-
connected servers in large data centers, what we refer to as the cloud, has also
contributed greatly to the ability of everyday gadgets to become part of the IoT.
These devices may connect to the Internet by sending data to your phone or
some other dedicated hardware in your home that acts as a hub over a local
communication method, such as:
 Bluetooth
 Bluetooth LE (low energy)
 6LowPan
 IEEE 802.15.4
 NFC (near-field communication)
 ZigBee
 Z-wave
The connected gadgets of the IoT contain computing hardware, including
processors with embedded programming telling them what to do, sensors that
gather various sorts of readings (such as temperature, moisture, light, motion,
chemical levels, heart rate and body movement) and communication hardware
that can send and receive signals.
Some connected systems may be able to use other nearby devices to gather data,
like city road systems that signal smartphones to help monitor traffic conditions.
Smart devices can work in conjunction with tagging technology including RFID
tags, QR codes, barcodes and the like to obtain data about items. The devices
also need a power source, which can include a connection to a power outlet, a
solar panel, or even replaceable or rechargeable batteries, provided the
embedded hardware is of the low-power variety. Companies are also working
on wireless power for a possible future power source.
The devices may be run mostly via their own embedded software or firmware,
but they can also offload a lot of the processing to cloud-based software via the
Internet, where they can crunch more data. Some use advanced algorithms that
let them learn from and adjust to various stimuli and patterns (letting them
program themselves, to an extent). This sending and processing of the sensor
data is often nearly instantaneous (thanks to the usually lightning-fast speeds of
Internet communication), allowing the devices to react in real-time.

Internet, things, Internet of things, Internet of Everything! These are some of the
buzzwords you may have been hearing, reading & very likely talking about
endlessly. These are more than just keywords; IoT (Internet of Things) is a
technology concept and/or an architecture which is an aggregation of already
available technologies. Similar to the way in which Internet has changed the
way we work & communicate by connecting us (humans) through World Wide
Web, IoT aims to take this connectivity to next level by connecting various
devices to the internet – facilitating human-machine, machine-machine
interactions also.
The visionaries have also realized that this IoT ecosystem has business
applications in areas of Home Automation, Automotive, Factory/assembly line
automation, Retail, Medical/Preventive healthcare and more.
The digital sensor outputs data in a digital format. It may already take care of
some of the data processing, like calibration and other functions. Also, it may
implement sensor fusion techniques by including several different sensors and
combining them to derive meaningful information, as in motion detection. The
analog sensor outputs raw data in analog format. There is a significant range of
analog sensors such as temperature whose output is delivered in the analog
domain. The application SoC needs to collect the output in raw format and
convert it to digital for processing. When connecting with a digital sensor
device, the IoT SoC needs to include a digital interface that complies with the
one the sensor chip is using to drive the sensor signals into the processor in the
SoC. When connecting with an analog sensor, the IoT SoC needs to convert the
sensor signal into the digital domain by means of an analog-to-digital converter
(ADC).Now that we all understand the IoT concept, it would be worthwhile to
deep dive in order to get familiar with the building blocks of IoT:

1.) Sensors & Sensor technology – They will sniff a wide variety of information
ranging from Location, Weather/Environment conditions, Grid parameters,
Movement on assembly lines, Jet engine maintenance data to Health essentials
of a patient
2.) IoT Gateways – IoT Gateways, as the name rightly suggests, are the
gateways to internet for all the things/devices that we want to interact with.
Gateways help to bridge the internal network of sensor nodes with the external
Internet or World Wide Web. They do this by collecting the data from sensor
nodes & transmitting it to the internet infrastructure.
3.) Cloud/server infrastructure & Big Data – The data transmitted through
gateway is stored & processed securely within the cloud infrastructure using
Big Data analytics engine. This processed data is then used to perform
intelligent actions that make all our devices ‘Smart Devices’!
4.) End-user Mobile apps – The intuitive mobile apps will help end users to
control & monitor their devices (ranging from room thermostat to jet engines &
assembly lines) from remote locations. These apps push the important
information on your hand-held devices & help to send commands to your Smart
Devices!
5.) IPv6 – IP addresses are the backbone to the entire IoT ecosystem. Internet is
concerned about IP addresses only & not if you are a human or a toaster. With
IPv4 we were running out of IP addresses, but with IPv6 (launched in 2012) we
now have 3.4*10^38 IP addresses!

1. A temperature sensor network installed in the room will be integrated with

the gateway. Gateway helps to connect the temperature sensor network (things)
to the Internet through Cloud infrastructure.
2. Cloud/server possesses the detailed records about the each and every device
connected to it – device id, current status of the device, who has accessed the
device last time, how many times the device has been accessed and more.
3. Connection with the cloud is implemented using web services such as
RESTful.
4. End-users like you and me interact with Cloud (and in turn devices installed
in our homes) through the mobile app. Request will be sent to the cloud with the
authentication and device information. Authentication is configured to ensure
cyber security.
5. Cloud will identify the device with the help of the device id and will send the
corresponding request to the appropriate sensor network using gateways.
6. Then, the temperature sensor will read the current temperature in the room
and will send the response back to the cloud.
7. Cloud will identify the particular user who has requested the data and push
the requested data to the app. So user will get the current information directly
on his screen.

Data Data
Collection Integration

IOT Cloud

Standard
Device
IOT
Data Collection SENSOR
This software manages sensing, measurements, light data filtering, light
data security, and aggregation of data. It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in
connecting with real-time, machine-to-machine networks. Then it collects data
from multiple devices and distributes it in accordance with settings. It also
works in reverse by distributing data over devices. The system eventually
transmits all collected data to a central server.

Device Integration
Software supporting integration binds (dependent relationships) all
system devices to create the body of the IoT system. It ensures the necessary
cooperation and stable networking between devices. These applications are the
defining software technology of the IoT network because without them, it is not
an IoT system. They manage the various applications, protocols, and limitations
of each device to allow communication

IOT Sensor
The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors. These devices
consist of energy modules, power management modules, RF modules, and
sensing modules. RF modules manage communications through their signal
processing, WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, radio transceiver, duplexer, and BAW.

Standard Devices
The desktop, tablet, and cellphone remain integral parts of IoT as the
command center and [Link] desktop provides the user with the highest
level of control over the system and its [Link] tablet provides access to the
key features of the system in a way resembling the desktop, and also acts as a
remote. The cellphone allows some essential settings modification and also
provides remote functionality.

Real-Time Analytics
These applications take data or input from various devices and convert it into
viable actions or clear patterns for human analysis. They analyze information
based on various settings and designs in order to perform automation-related
tasks or provide the data required by industry.
Application and Process Extension
These applications extend the reach of existing systems and software to allow a
wider, more effective system. They integrate predefined devices for specific
purposes such as allowing certain mobile devices or engineering instruments
access. It supports improved productivity and more accurate data collection.

IoT − Key Features

The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence,
connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device use. A brief review
of these features is given below −

AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances

every aspect of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence
algorithms, and networks. This can mean something as simple as enhancing
your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and your favorite cereal run
low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.
Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT
networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers.
Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being
practical. IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.
Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining
instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices
into an active system capable of real-world integration.
Active Engagement − Much of today's interaction with connected technology
happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active
content, product, or service engagement.
Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and
more powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its
precision, scalability, and versatility.

IoT − Advantages
The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a
list of some of the advantages that IoT has to offer −
Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-spots
and significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive.
IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement
with audiences.
Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve the
customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent
improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field
data.
Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give
us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more
effective management of resources.
Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations
and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it
exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows an
accurate picture of everything.

Connected of Wifi port with microcontroller

General Layout

Public Network Internet

Device to used to connect

with Public N/W
ROUTER
IP Address allocation

Public Network

[Link] Default
Gateway

[Link] [Link]
Lap top Wifi Module of Device

Wifi module used here is ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip with full
TCP/IP stack and MCU(Micro Controller Unit) . It has own modem which able
to communicate with microcontroller by using AT command. ESP-XX module
then it need to connect to the 3.3V TTL serial port during development. There
are many USB to serial converter modules available which present a virtual
serial connection to your host PC or laptop and connect to the chip's serial
interface.

ESP8266 WiFi module is used to connect microcontroller through RX

and TX in TTL logic . Directly Tx and Rx line will connected to
microcontroller without any level shifter. Configure baud rate between
microcontroller and WiFi module as 9600bps serial type communication . Using
AT Command configures IP address to WiFi module and get its own IP address
for connection with browser.
ESP8266EX has been designed for mobile, wearable electronics and
Internet of Things applications with the aim of achieving the lowest power
consumption with a combination of several proprietary techniques. The power
saving architecture operates mainly in 3 modes: active mode, sleep mode and
deep sleep mode. By using advance power management techniques and logic to
power-down functions not required and to control switching between sleep and
active modes, ESP8266EX consumes about than 60uA in deep sleep mode (with
RTC clock still running) and less than 1.0mA (DTIM=3) or less than 0.5mA
(DTIM=10) to stay connected to the access point.
Commands
AT+RST - Restart module.
AT+GMR - View version info.
AT+GSLP - Enter deep-sleep mode.
ATE - Enable / Disable echo.
AT+CWMODE - WIFI mode（station, AP, station + AP）
AT+CWJAP - Connect to AP.
AT+CWLAP - Lists available APs.

AT Command is used to configure the Wifi Module with microcontroller

through proper baud rate and serial link communication.

TX R
X
Microcontroller ESP8266 Wifi
Module

R TX
X

Data from microcontroller is send in serial format which acceptable by WiFi

module

ARDUINO UNO
 An important aspect of the Arduino is its standard connectors, which let
users connect the CPU board to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules
termed shields. Arduino is used to communicate the input analog signals and
given an output digital signals. Arduino is have a set of arrangements that
should be in this system have an input from the Arduino UNO. That is
ultrasonic sensor for the user of the application.
An Arduino board historically consists of an Atmel 8-, 16- or 32- bit AVR
microcontroller with complementary components that facilitate programming
and incorporation into other circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is its
standard connectors, which let users connect the CPU board to a variety of
interchangeable add-on modules termed shields. Some shields communicate
with the Arduino board directly over various pins, but many shields are
individually addressable via an I2C serial bus, so many shields can be stacked
and used in parallel. Official Arduinos had used the Atmel megaAVR series of
chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280 and
ATmega2560. These systems provide sets of digital and analog I/O pins that
can interface to various expansion boards and other circuits.

ATmega-328 is basically an Advanced Virtual RISC (AVR) micro-

controller. It supports the data up to eight (8) bits. ATmega-328 has 32KB
internal builtin memory. This micro-controller has a lot of other characteristics.
 ATmega 328 has 1KB Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory (EEPROM). This property shows if the electric supply supplied to the
micro-controller is removed, even then it can store the data and can provide
results after providing it with the electric supply. Moreover, ATmega-328 has
2KB Static Random Access Memory (SRAM). Other characteristics will be
explained later. ATmega 328 has several different features which make it the
most popular device in today’s market. These features consist of advanced
RISC architecture, good performance, low power consumption, real timer
counter having separate oscillator, 6 PWM pins, programmable serial USART,
programming lock for software security, throughput up to 20 MIPS etc.
ATmega-328 is mostly used in Arduino.
ATmega328 is an eight (8) bit micro-controller. It can handle the data
sized of up to eight (8) bits. It is an AVR based micro-controller. Its builtin
internal memory is around 32KB. It operates ranging from 3.3V to 5V. It has an
ability to store the data even when the electrical supply is removed from its
biasing terminals. Its excellent features include the cost efficiency, low power
dissipation, programming lock for security purposes, real timer counter with
separate oscillator. ATmega-328 is an AVR micro-controller having twenty
eight (28) pins in total.
All of the pins in chronological order, are listed in the table shown in the
figure given below.
 VCC is a digital voltage supply.
AVCC is a supply voltage pin for analog to digital converter.
GND denotes Ground and it has a 0V.
Port A consists of the pins from PA0 to PA7. These pins serve as analog
input to analog to digital converters. If analog to digital converter is not
used, port A acts as an eight (8) bit bidirectional input/output port.
Port B consists of the pins from PB0 to PB7. This port is an 8 bit
bidirectional port having an internal pull-up resistor.
Port C consists of the pins from PC0 to PC7. The output buffers of port
C has symmetrical drive characteristics with source capability as well high sink.
Port D consists of the pins from PD0 to PD7. It is also an 8 bit
input/output port having an internal pull-up resistor.
 ATmega 328 has three types of memories e.g. EEPROM, SRAM etc.
The capacity of each memory is eplained in detail below.
Flash Memory has 32KB capacity. It has an address of 15 bits. It is a
Programmable Read Only Memory (ROM). It is non volatile memory.
SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. It is a volatile memory
i.e. data will be removed after removing the power supply.
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory. It has a long term data.
 ATmega-328 has thirty two (32) General Purpose (GP) registers.
These all of the registers are the part of Static Random Access Memory
(SRAM). All the registers are given in the figure shown below.
 The different versions of the same device are denoted by the different
packages of that device.
Each package has different dimensions, in order to differentiate easily.
ATmega 328 packages are given in the table shown in the figure given
below.
A complete package including ATmega 328 and Arduino can be used in
several different real life applications.
It can be used in embedded systems projects.
It can also be used in robotics.
Quad-copter and even small aeroplanes can also be designed through it.
Power monitoring and management systems can also be prepared using
this device.
DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER:
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes
connected in a closed loop “bridge” configuration to produce the desired
output. The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not
require a special centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and
cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode
bridge network and the load to the other side as shown below.
 The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only
two diodes conducting current during each half cycle. During the positive half
cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while
diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as
shown below.

THE POSITIVE HALF-CYCLE

During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct
in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF” as they are now reverse biased.
The current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.

THE NEGATIVE HALF-CYCLE

 As the current flowing through the load is unidirectional, so the voltage
developed across the load is also unidirectional the same as for the previous two
diode full-wave rectifier, therefore the average DC voltage across the load
is 0.637Vmax.

However in reality, during each half cycle the current flows through two
diodes instead of just one so the amplitude of the output voltage is two voltage
drops ( 2 x 0.7 = 1.4V ) less than the input V MAX amplitude. The ripple
frequency is now twice the supply frequency (e.g. 100Hz for a 50Hz supply or
120Hz for a 60Hz supply.)

Although we can use four individual power diodes to make a full wave
bridge rectifier, pre-made bridge rectifier components are available “off-the-
shelf” in a range of different voltage and current sizes that can be soldered
directly into a PCB circuit board or be connected by spade connectors.

The image to the right shows a typical single phase bridge rectifier with
one corner cut off. This cut-off corner indicates that the terminal nearest to the
corner is the positive or +ve output terminal or lead with the opposite (diagonal)
lead being the negative or -ve output lead. The other two connecting leads are
for the input alternating voltage from a transformer secondary winding.

THE SMOOTHING CAPACITOR:

 The smoothing capacitor converts the full-wave rippled output of the
rectifier into a smooth DC output voltage. Generally for DC power supply
circuits the smoothing capacitor is an Aluminum Electrolytic type that has a
capacitance value of 100uF or more with repeated DC voltage pulses from the
rectifier charging up the capacitor to peak voltage.

However, there are two important parameters to consider when choosing

a suitable smoothing capacitor and these are its Working Voltage, which must be
higher than the no-load output value of the rectifier and its Capacitance Value,
which determines the amount of ripple that will appear superimposed on top of
the DC voltage.

Too low a capacitance value and the capacitor has little effect on the
output waveform. But if the smoothing capacitor is sufficiently large enough
(parallel capacitors can be used) and the load current is not too large, the output
voltage will be almost as smooth as pure DC.

LINEAR REGULATOR:

The function of a linear voltage regulator is to convert a varying DC voltage

to a constant, often specific, lower DC voltage. In addition, they often provide
a current limiting function to protect the power supply and load from over
current (excessive, potentially destructive current).
 A constant output voltage is required in many power supply applications,
but the voltage provided by many energy sources will vary with changes in load
impedance.

Furthermore, when an unregulated DC power supply is the energy source,

its output voltage will also vary with changing input voltage. To circumvent
this, some power supplies use a linear voltage regulator to maintain the output
voltage at a steady value, independent of fluctuations in input voltage and load
impedance. Linear regulators can also reduce the magnitude of ripple and noise
present appearing on the output voltage.

Common solid-state series voltage regulators are the LM78xx (for

positive voltages) and LM79xx (for negative voltages), and common fixed
voltages are 5 V (for transistor-transistor logic circuits) and 12 V (for
communications circuits and peripheral devices such as disk drives).

In fixed voltage regulators the reference pin is tied to ground, whereas in

variable regulators the reference pin is connected to the centre point of a fixed
or variable voltage divider fed by the regulator's output.

FIXED REGULATORS:
 "Fixed" three-terminal linear regulators are commonly available to
generate fixed voltages of plus 3 v, and plus or minus 5 v, 6v, 9 v, 12 v, or 15 v,
when the load is less than 1.5 amperes.

The "78xx" series (7805, 7812, etc.) regulate positive voltages while the
"79xx" series (7905, 7912, etc.) regulate negative voltages. Often, the last two
digits of the device number are the output voltage; e.g., a 7805 is a +5 v
regulator, while a 7915 is a −15 v regulator. There are variants on the 78xx
series ICs, such as 78l and 78s, some of which can supply up to 1.5 amps.

LCD DISPLAY:

The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on

Hitachi's HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In

this project document, we will discuss about character based LCDs, their

interfacing with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit),

programming, special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking

LCDs which can give a new look to your application. LCD (Liquid Crystal

Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of

applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly

used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven

segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are

economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special &

even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such

lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has

two registers, namely, Command and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A

command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing

it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The

data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII

value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

LCD Interface Circuit:

Pin Details:
The LCD standard requires 3 control lines and 8 I/O lines for the data bus.

Liquid Crystal Display is very important device in embedded system. It offers

higher flexibility as the user can display any data on it. Copy and paste

technique may not work when an embedded system engineer wants to apply

LCD interfacing in real world [Link] thing to begin with is to know what

LCD driver/controller is used LCD. LCD driver provides a link between

microcontroller and LCD. In LCD initialization user has to send command bytes

to LCD. Here the user sets the interface mode, display mode, address counter

increment direction, set contrast of LCD, horizontal or vertical addressing

mode, color format. The command register stores the command instructions

given to the LCD.

A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like

initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display

etc.

The registers stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.

16 characters *2 lines display

4-bit or 8-bit MPU interfaces

Display mode and back light variations

LCD Pin Description

Pulse Rate Sensor:

 Observing pulse is significant for , patients as it tells us the condition of

the person. There exist many methods to compute pulse and the most accurate

in today’s market is through Electrocardiography In any case, using the

Heartbeat Sensor as in our project is most simple and handy way to measure

heartbeat. Heartbeat Sensors are accessible in Wrist Watches as in case of Smart

Watches, nowadays even in the Smart Phones, and so on. The heartbeat is

estimated in thumps every moment or bpm, which shows the occasions the heart

is contracting or extending in a moment.

Principle of Heartbeat Sensor:

The technique of measuring heartbeat is implemented in pulse rate sensor

to measure the pulse of patient. In this technique, the light is passed in patients
body (usually the finger) using the LED which is mostly red in color. The
moving blood reflects the led as the pulse contracts and pumps the blood. The
optical sensor present in the device records the light reflected by the blood,
which is then used to estimate the blood flow eventually the pulse in the body.

Working of Heart beat sensor:

 The basic heartbeat sensor consists of a light emitting diode and a
detector like a light detecting resistor or a photodiode. The heart beat pulses
causes a variation in the flow of blood to different regions of the body. When a
tissue is illuminated with the light source, i.e. light emitted by the led, it either
reflects (a finger tissue) or transmits the light. Some of the light is absorbed by
the blood and the transmitted or the reflected light is received by the light
detector. The amount of light absorbed depends on the blood volume in that
tissue. The detector output is in form of electrical signal and is proportional to
the heart beat rate. This signal is actually a DC signal relating to the tissues and
the blood volume and the AC component synchronous with the heart beat and
caused by pulsatile changes in arterial blood volume is superimposed on the DC
signal. Thus the major requirement is to isolate that AC component as it is of
prime importance

Advantage of this project:

 1. IOT Monitoring system displays perfectly the parameters over the
internet as well as on the display which can be examined by a specialist easily.
Therefore with this iot based system we can have the sorted parameters over a
well organized set of display, such as pie charts and graphs. Doctor or the
specialist can easily go through the patients reports over the system from a far
away place and can easily get the background as well as the present scenario of
the patient to provide proper treatment

2. No need to stay and wait in long que to get your regular checkup.

3. Now u can just sit back and relax at home all reports are directly and
safely sent to the doctor for the regular check. 4. Patients detailed reports are all
kept safe over the [Link] than a printed or a hand written report these are
more easily accessible and readable over the use of [Link] the
informations and detailed reports are mobile and can be transmitted over a local
memory device and can be taken along any where to get an access all over the
world at any particular time .

Applications of this project:

 I. IOT Medicare is the most demanding field in the healthcare field. This
is basically for the older citizens. And also for each and every old citizen living
alone or living with someone. The project is unarguably very help full as can
monitoring is easy to be done and can be done by an individual who is alone at
home or far away from relatives

II. Disable people can easily use the project as it has a small size
also easy to use. This is also for people who find hard to take time out for their
regular checkups and find it hard to visit a specialist

Further Development:

• The Oxygen stream sensor, weight sensor can be integrated with,

according to the party’s requirements .

• Fingerprint sensor can be integrated by clinics to protect the security of

their patients, so just the approved relatives and specialists could access
patient’s private data.

• Therefore idea of savvy medicinal services shall be an indispensable

piece of a perfect city architecture. Going to a specialist for a normal routine
checkup can be done in few seconds and can sort out their issues regarding their
health online via email reports and video conferencing

SOFTWARE MODULE
SOFTWARE TOOLS
The software used in this project is given below
 IDE
 PROTEUS
 IC PROG
 KEIL Development Tool

IDE

Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a comprehensive

editor, project manager and design desktop for application development of
embedded designs

IDE EDITOR

The MPLAB Editor is an integrated part of the IDE Integrated

Development Environment. The editor is always available when IDE is running.

IDE FEATURES

IDE provides the ability to:

 Create and edit source code using the built-in editor.

 Assemble, compile and link source code.
 Debug the executable logic by watching program flow with the
built-in simulator or in real time with in-circuit emulators or in-
circuit debuggers.
 Make timing measurements with the simulator or emulator.
 View variables in Watch windows.

PROTEUS
 Traditionally, circuit simulation has been a non-interactive affair.
In the early days, netlists were prepared by hand, and output consisted of reams
of numbers. A pseudo -graphical output plotted with asterisks to show the
voltage and current waveforms. More recently, schematic capture and on screen
graphing have become the norm, but the simulation process is still non-
interactive - you draw the circuit, press go, and then study the results in some
kind of post processor. This is fine if the circuit you are testing is essentially
static in its behavior e.g. an oscillator which sits there and oscillates at 1MHz.
However, if you are designing a burglar alarm, and want to find out what
happens when a would-be burglar keys the wrong PIN into the keypad, the
setting up required becomes quite impractical and one must resort to a physical
prototype.

Only in educational circles has an attempt been made to present circuit

simulation like real life electronics where it is possible to interact with the
circuit whilst it is being simulated. The problem here has been that the
animated component models have been hard coded into the program. In
addition, the quality of circuit simulation has often left much to be desired. For
example, one major product of this type has no timing information within its
digital models.

Proteus Vsm brings you the best of both worlds. It combines a superb
mixed mode circuit simulator based on the industry standard SPICE3F5 with
animated component models. And it provides an architecture in which
additional animated models may be created by anyone, including end users.
Indeed, many types of animated model can be produced without resort to
coding. Consequently PROTEUS VSM allows professional engineers to run
interactive simulations of real designs, and to reap the rewards of this approach
to circuit simulation. And then, if that were not enough, we have created a range
of simulator models for popular micro-controllers and a set of animated models
for related peripheral devices such as LED and LCD displays, keypads, an
RS232 terminal and more. Suddenly it is possible to simulate complete micro-
controller systems and thus to develop the software for them without access to a
physical prototype.

PROG

This software is used for downloading the program into PIC controller.
IC programming is the process of transferring a computer program into an
integrated computer circuit. The modern ICs are typically programmed in
circuit through a serial protocol. Some even load the data serially from a
separate flash or prom chip on every startup.

KEIL Development Tool

Keil software provides the ease of writing the code in either C or

ASSEMBLY. U-VISION2, the new IDE from Keil Software combines Project
management, Source Code Editing and Program debugging in one powerful
environment. It acts as a CROSS-COMPILER. Keil software offers
development tools for ARM.

Multisim Details

Multisim is the schematic capture and simulation application of National

Instruments Circuit Design Suite, a suite of EDA (Electronics Design

Automation) tools that assists you in carrying out the major steps in the circuit

design flow. Multisim is designed for schematic entry, simulation, and feeding
to downstage steps, such as PCB layout.

Ultiboard is the PCB layout application of National Instruments Circuit Design

Suite, a suite of EDA (Electronics Design Automation) tools that assists you in

carrying out the major steps in the circuit design flow. Ultiboard is used to lay

out and route printed circuit boards, perform certain basic mechanical CAD

operations, and prepare them for manufacturing. It also provides automated

parts placement and layout. Schematic capture is the first stage in developing

your circuit.

In this stage you choose the components you want to use, place them on the

circuit window in the desired position and orientation, wire them together, and

otherwise prepare your design. Multisim lets you modify component properties,

orient your circuit on a grid, add text and a title block, add sub circuits and

buses, and control the colour of the circuit window background, components

and wires

ATMEL STUDIO 7

Atmel Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for writing and

debugging applications for AVR/ARM platforms. Currently as a code writing

environment, it supports the included AVR Assembler and any external

AVRGCC/ARMGCC compiler in a complete IDE environment.

Using Atmel Studio as an IDE gives you several advantages:

1. Editing and debugging in the same application window allows for a faster
error tracking.

2. Breakpoints are saved and restored between sessions, even if the code was

edited in the meantime. 3. Project item management is made convenient and

portable.

Programming for 328p

1. Go to the ATMEL website and download ATMEL studio 7. The download

link is below and it can be download and install either the web installer or the

offline installer.

2. The second step to program Arduino using ATMEL Studio 7 is to add

AVRdude as an external tool. To do this, open ATMEL studio and go to Tool >

External Tools. There you will see a form for specifying external tool. Here we

have to setup the [Link] that Arduino uses as our external tool so that

ATMEL studio can use it.

3. The final step to program Arduino using ATMEL Studio 7 is to write,

compile and upload the program into the Microcontroller via USB. As we said

we will use C program to write the code. Start a new GCC C Executable

Project, provide some name and finally select the Atmega328P as your device.

This also works if you want to use C++ programming language.

4. the External Tool Arduino UNO Programmer that we created in the earlier

step. But before that you have to connect the Arduino to your PC.

5. To do this, go to Tools menu in the toolbar and select/click Arduino UNO

Programmer. The hex code will be burned into the microcontroller and you
should see a message “[Link] done. Thank you.” in the output window.

CONCLUSIONS

We used cloud computing mechanism to store information, this data can be stored safely over
the time and can be accessed at any moment of time. Cloud processing is additionally helpful to keep
update of patient. Specialists and doctors can easily look into the patient reports at the time of
emergency and can take appropriate steps accordingly. Hence giving proper guidance at proper time
to prevent crisis. The concerned person can deal with patient without their actual physical presence
the system automatically creates the diagram of body changes and reports to the doctor about the
recent change of evets. The body temperature parameter is so significant that a doctor can easily
predict the problem patient is going through and also will save time. The project is very helpful for the
people living in remote areas and doesn’t have access to all the medical facilities. This can be
signified as a small home clinic where u can just sit and get a regular check up done.
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