Information Theory

AbrahamA.Moles(1920-1992) y the
Information Theory
Jose Luis Piñuel Raigada
Professor of the Department of Sociology
UC,M.

ANINTELLECTUALIDENTITY:INFORMATIONALSTRUCTURALISM

The anti-unitary nature of the work often appears classified within what could be
A generalized 'structuralism' of social sciences
statistics that, according to their own words in theAutobiographycited, "would be a result-
the synthesis of phenomenological positions arising from philosophy
German y the neo-positivist movement in Communication Theory; that is to say, in
The theory of information applied to the study of human behavior. Let's see.
first, what was the origin of the confluence in your research trajectory.

Formation of origin in physics y mathematics began with the obtaining of a degree -

the engineering graduate at the University of Grenoble, while simultaneously a degree in -
Physics, as he said, "many young people studied it at that time. -
"hungry for knowledge" <ibidem>. Appointed Assistant of the Physics Laboratory
Of materials, had the opportunity to start in the techniques of metallurgy of the time
- the late 1940s-; drafting reports on tests or technical analysis
co-materials, soon to profile what will come o serdenominadomástarde
A 'Materials Science'. Its entry into the
A CNRS, specifically to the Laboratory -
rio deAcústicaFísicadevibracionesdeMarsella,y
y al CRSIMResearch Center
ScientificIndustryMarinehe continued his first state doctoral program with the
investigation titled: 'The physical structure of phonetic musical signal',
y conducted
Bojola direction of René LUCAS, from Elmond BAUER, from H. PERON the physiologisty
MONNER.Estatesis, defended in 1952 at the Sorbonne, contained the first selected...
It's mint.Informational Theory of Perception,Would you develop profusely? -
mind books as articles throughout your career <Cfr. Bibliography com-
pletade Molessobre P informationenclosure) y he/she represented the first
critical analysis of the concept ofperiodicity ofphysical weaknesses o part of a line -
interpretation 'informational' applied a to a series of experiments -
y manipulate
relationships of the pre-recorded sound signal: inversions, splitting, modulation
unlevelled, filtered, etc. very difficult to carry out, then, but taking into account -
science of a general methodology: that of the systematic destruction o deformation
a signal, until it reaches the adisappearance of its perceptive properties, of that y
You will come toa summarize the existence of these properties in youry subsequent analysis.

Cíon'4.457-485 UCM Publications Service. 1999

158 ABRAHM~A.MOLES(1920-1992) Y LATEORÍA DE LA INEOP J4ACRÓN

Front a A scientific acoustics that always talks about the footprints of

German physicistsy Americans, only concerned about the response curve of the high -
voices, of the reverberation coefficient of the rooms, of the weakening contributed by
the walls Theatransmission of sound of the sharpness
o coefficient of the tele lines
phonics, Moles discovered a field of sound phenomena in continuous variation
materialized through a recording that does not provide the physical reality -
basinous in a distorted manner y partial, but still recreating
more o or less good the effects on the listener, whose auditory device the signal or -
simultaneously to a rapid succession, a smaller part of o
nervous, but never periodic in the mathematical sense, the receipt -
It established during a short moment a regime of 'provisional foresight'. This
it was the first advance of a quantitative theory of information that emerged from
Acoustics Laboratory y the monitoring was strongly influenced by the
SHANNON jobs y WEBER a found later in theMITwhich y
they animated a lot a continue to speak so delayed. Through experiments then
extremely laborious - since tools are still not available -
please like the tape recorder - explored all conceivable methods of manipulation
sound signal, temporary reinvestment, investment of the spectrum, cut, cresting of
sound phenomena y possibilities, all the mechanisms of unmasking -
while ynoise, of which efforts are made to establish an inventory y repertoire
of perceptual properties, against physical a properties. The unitary sense of
This work did not proceed here, the spectrograph of the oscilloscope,
o but rather the receiver.
human beings have the ability to rebuild everything from the sum of its parts.
parting from, accepting the greatest distortions, the loudest noises oin the
medidamismaenquepudieseintegrarensucampodeconciencialaseñalqueél
I was able to receive a through active behavior, staying quite
far, even when compared to conventional psycho-physiological analyses. All
these aspects, that arrived aftercoincurrentofthescienceofthe
a
communications, were based on a vast industry of High Fidelity, better, o
high fidelity sound playback, but they then required a series of cam -
bios perspective, awareness snapshots, that had not been facilitated by the
too narrow a connection that the study of sound messages maintained with a
traditional acoustics focused on metrology. In various physical works
mathematics < study of the functions of the plane of the signal, analysis of the con-
periodicity concept, rhythm study, published in various magazines whose y
most were later incorporated
a into their Science Thesis, achieved
to emphasize the importance of the conception now called "gestaltist"
global, front analysis metric of the detailed different aspects of the electrical signal -
tronic caught by a microphone inside
o an amplifier channel.

Many of the critical analyses that will lead to the first draft of a representational piece -
The sound phenomena are part of a psycho-physical a metamorphosis. -
height, level, duration), but more oriented towards psychological aspects, were
published in his first works,PHYSIOUEETTECHNIQUEDUBRUiT(1952)which
remained for more than ten years being the only work in the French language on
It was in this work where he proposed that noise should be considered. o sound
JosúLuisPIÑUELRAbADA 159
common environment element of the surroundings just like the climate (idea of sound climate)
and where provided, on the occasion of a communication, the Association
a of technicians
acoustics in the French language, a first draft of soundproofing standards
real estate on the basis of numbers or experiences in this field.

The bet a the definitive point of this study of transient sound phenomena with-
considered as a succession of forms o fewer syllables in a time course
but, realized on the occasion of their collaboration work in theCentre for Studies
of Radio-Television, the organization responsible for research in broadcasting
francesaporentonces'<1948-50;see Bibliography>.

During this period of the Rockefeller Foundation's scholarships allowed him to develop,
I know of a fairly long stay in the Department of Acoustics.
Columbia University in the USA, the elements of an informational theory
of the perception of sound phenomena, which had already been raised in your Thesis
Sciences. Drafted under the form of a report for the Rockefeller Foundation
y published, some years later, in a book:Experimental Music(1962)
partially turned back a publish in German scientific journals, exercise-
significant influence on contemporary music movements that you -
they were using electronic and electro-acoustic procedures.

Many of these signal problems sound silly as a vector of information.

they applied with the same luck, the same
a conventional spoken languages, that o
the term used is 'animal language', more accurately translated
mediating the expression "interest-specific intra-specific signal systems"
e from the
collaboration with the Animal Physiology Laboratory of R.G. BUSNEL, had
occasion to examine multiple examples.

The principles of communication theory, such as MOLES, develop -

At that time, complementary languages were a also applicable.(speech
> surrogatesin particular the languages
o for the whistles that were the subject of everything
a series of long-term studies
o of ten years, with the BUSNEL team. In a
ethnological expedition in Northern Turkey, organized with the help of
FoundationWenner-Gren from New York, it has become a burden to study a language just in case -
sufficiently developed, extensively practiced in a mountainous area
difficult communications, obtaining numerous documents y putting in
evidence, according toa the general assumptions of their previous work, the corre -
lotion between development of a linguistic system (vocabulary, skills for)
silver, ease of recognition comprehension)
y general socio-cultural
y framework:
set of objects, actions, situations
y that the human group can know, the
queeraparaMoles a first concrete approach to the inventoriesa of
daily life that would later develop as a consequence. Several publications were made -
songs about the subject, specifically
y established, using the documents
collected in this expedition on magnetic tape, a dictionary of free -
consequences of around 300 words out of which it would not be
y disseminated more than
in very few samples. For Molesel the set of these works constitutes all
160 ABRAHAM MOLES (1920-19921) Y LATEORiADELAINFoRNtACiÓN

they found the application of general ideas about communication e information

largely developed as one of the essential lines of its scientific evolution.

Influenced, according to his own words, 'by the teachings of GastanBERGER, the
what proposed a dynamic philosophy inspired by Ernest BLOCH, the teachings of
BACHELARD, of whom I had followed his courses for several years. y what was effective
Uncritical in the rule of scientific spirit, of Merleau-Ponty, first at the Sorbonne. -
good y after in the Collège de France, together a work contacts and stays
endiversos laboratorios de diferentes países" (seeAutobiographycit.), se propon pre -
to submit a second Doctorate Thesis in Philosophy and Letters titledThe
SCIENTIFICCREATION,defended at the Sorbonne 1 9.54, immediate publication
mind after in Switzerland, y I stayed late to various extra fairs editions
(lamásrecientedelascualesfuelaespañolade1986de cuyaediciónmeencargué
personally). In fact, like all works in epistemology or philosophy,
including applications, this study, which was the first topic of the thesis
Principal doctorate in Letters, continued to be a bane for a long time.
reflection around a the sciencey of epistemological criticism, which for Moles was discussing
parallel to the set of scientific work that at the same time was being carried out
in the fields of the psychology of perception of aesthetics.
y Specifically,
I decided to present these as a secondary thesis of the same doctoral program.
Letrastitulándola:THEORY L INFORMATION PERCEPTION 5THETIOUE?This
theory, since its publication in 1958, has however been the most widely disseminated in number -
countries, especially in German-speaking countries, since it is proposed there -
theoretical instance a a fundamental problem, that of the mechanisms of the par-
conception for the brain, considered as a manipulation system of
data. Represented phenomenon known today as a 'theory
structuralist of perception.

INFORMATION THEORY Y AESTHETIC PERCEPTION: THE SUPER-SIGN

In the thematic line that guides his Thesis on the musical sign, this work is underway.
accounts of the set of laws of the theory of form in informational terms y
proposed among other things a hierarchical analysis of repertoires the notion,
y frequency -
statement after, super-sign. In this sender jumped among other things
that a form is that which appears to the observer as if it were never resulting -
This is the result of a redundancy in the reception of a message.
The forms that emerge at different levels in the hierarchy of signs y desuper-sig-
within a message are, in principle, independent from one another,
they obey different types of constraints that can be classified into different categories
disordered structures according to the average distances at which they exert their influence
Action. Aesthetic perception rests on the apprehension of a super message. -
Positioning to the semantic messages that serve as a base, thus making use of the margin of freedom.
There always exists around each one of the elements of the
a repertoire. -
The code lines that are used to build the semantic messages. Semantic messages
y aesthetic message combines its actions in different proportions the different
o
JoséLuís PIÑUEL RAbADA 161
hierarchical levels of design signs y supersigns, until they are integrated by the brain
to unprescribe according to established rules o maximum absorbent capacity
henderlainformación. Every message represents a certain type of dialectical game.
the intertwined maximum of a totally unintelligible system y the originality
and would be closest to the maximum of Shannon's information. They insisted -
consideration of the human operator as a machine model capable of
to handle information, which must have a maximum capacity that it reached a to encrypt
between 10y20Bits/second also found independently by researchers
American researchers (BRUNER, MILLER) who were
y the subject of an important work by one.
those researchers, Helmar FRANK who completed his thesis under the direction of Max
BENSEdelmismoMoles,
y deducing the first rules of application of the theory-
informational about the pedagogical process. On the other hand, his work suggested in the
psychophysical camp, the existence of principles of uncertainty in perception,
demonstrating that the precision of the recognition of a shape is inversely pro -
a the precision with which the physical intensity of this is known, that is to say,
proportional
You came across the background noise environment. These notions have then been organized.
reinforced computer science in the field of extraction procedures
a signal regarding a noise, o part of mathematical artifacts such as the
autocorrelation spectrum, which has ultimately provided them with a verification
through a model turned into something routine 2

The sociodynamics of culture

The concepts he had enunciated in his worksTHEORY OF INFORMATION

Aesthetic Perception in experimental music
y <yacitadas> y
specific application development quota led them to an application ofa
grand transcendence: the measure of the complexity of social groups starts froma
the complexity of a structure of social roles in a human group o enuna
company, it would give rise to deforming the corresponding sociogram information
the analysis of cultural phenomena from an informational structuralist angle.
This analysis led him a put the foundations of a doctrine of circulation of pro -
culturalductsinsocietyhighlightinghow, a through the game of
themass media,new and o original message ideas, put into circulation -
riordeunestrechomicra-environment, y later selectively taken by the systems -
mass communication of the masses that submit themselves a shape modifications y content
-
nest, they are widespread a grains scaledy up within society
constituting that culture made of a disparate assemblymosaic
ofculturemasit becomes so, in a certain period, into unique materials -
these same materials would go a follow a resented y
combined in new original messages created by the creators in this -
dioulteriordelciclosocio-culturaletc.Estostrabajas,esbozadosprimeroen el Cen -
three studies of radio and television, presented
y in theSolvay Institute of Sociology
Brussels,they were established on a database of the ServiceofRelationswith
the listenersusing numerous statistics available there, that years y
mustard was the subject of a book:Sociodynamics of Culture<1971).
162 ABRMQAA.MOLES(1920-1992) Y THEORY OF THE ANFOJ~4ACTION

about
m water

Figura 1.Thesocio-cultural limited cycles a essential nutrients.

This figure is a schematic representation of the mechanism of the circulation of cultural artifacts.
As described above. Here are the same elements: the creator in which
personal guidance is gathered to pass them on a the intellectual works that
they spread in a microenvironment, the socio-cultural framework that gathers ideas, the facts y acon-
techniques in a general reserve in which mass media go a
search for your content. This figure underscores the aspect of relative closure of the cycle about itself:
New ideas are developed from aold ideas fertilized by events.
the cycle is open to the outside through four elements: on one hand to the imaginary then
of the creator; on the other ahand, the achievements of the world of objects; on the other hand also, the a
connections with the universe of news yon historical events; finally the decisionso
of the executives of the Mass Media and the world of social values. The arrow characterizes
the speed of circulation of the cycle, which is measurable in certain well-defined things, the pro y -
problem regarding aany cultural dynamic that ends up being inseparable or undesirable
o slow down the rotation speed of the cycle.
able to accelerate,

Proposed a precise analysis of the notion of culture in a quantitative form, the

I was born from socio-cultural cycles, the description of "economic" cycles for ideas
different disciplines or different fields: art, music, science, theater,
the vocabulary, the cinema, the newspapers, the television, highlighting in a way
José Luis Piñuel Rabada 163
precisely the notion ofgate-keepers evoked by Kurt Lewin y WRIGHTMILLS y the
consequences of diffusion models y detention on forms y contents
from the mass culture. It also demonstrated there that the starting hypotheses... y the
practices thatgatekeepersthe mediay managers were adopting them
they communicated
a a number of cultural doctrines that Moles characterized with the
terms of doctrinesdemagogic, dogmatic, hierarchic, culturalist, dynamic; y
deform the combination of these 'type doctrines' in a real case, it could give
The story of the cultural political landscape of a large number of media institutions.

Approach to the World of Design

Some of their works were found, as at that time, oriented towards

sociological aspects, y the other side of informational aspects y psychosomatic aesthetics.
These last ones would take them a try more practical applications of the theory -
National Perception, especially in design. Through a series of conferences in the
University of Designof Ulm, heir in Germany of the tradition of the
Bauhausfrom Weimar, I was required to assume the responsibility of a teaching -
Theoretical with the title of regular Professor. This was the beginning of a long collaboration. -
ration with this School, which was one of the main crucibles of optical and geo- art
The studies on perception had initially led to an analysis. a
optimization of directed forms of a particular receptor that has a bag-
cultural determined. For him, it was the occasion to systematically apply the
doctrinal framework of the Information Theory of perception y what a sketch -
developed
y on the sound material, to the visual universe infunnel which, -

compromise of making a general theory-, the same basic concepts evolved

a meeting: the idea of perceptive atom provided by the different thresholds -
the idea of complexity, the idea of optimizing the message according to the layers
cities of the receptor, the idea of complementary data of counterpoint between the man -
The aesthetic message
y that emerges from the exploitation of margins.
freedom allowed for the first. It was equally in Ulm where I had been able to
state the first elements of the concept ofSchematizationcommon system
the mediator message among the messages of "morphological" character, those that are
they seema the forms I will contain aim to represent, y the messages of character-
"semiotic" based on the combination of signs that result from conventions.
completely arbitrary. The scheme is one of the essential aspects of the comunity. -
communication in technology, rests on defined social conventions but it is still agile -
doporotraparte a the functionality of applications in Graphic Arts that
they had perfectly found their situation in the philosophy of theBauhausor herHighs -
Chulefur Design

A Over the years, two fundamental paths became increasingly clear.

application of the structuralist informational
o theory of aesthetic perception.
to provide a general algorithm for the analysis of artistic work, based directly -
they contain the mechanisms of perception, be it about theo way in which the species
he listens to
a the work that is offered to him. He frequently had the occasion to apply it.
164 ABRAHAM MOLES (1920-1992) AND THE THEORY OF INFORMATION

a a critique of art in a series of scattered studies that allowed for deeper exploration
in the details of phenomena such as the figure/ground opposition, the phenomenon of
the fascination, the idea of a series ofyminimal differentiation, the notion of rhythm-utili-
it gives the manager the power over the musicians-. The other important application domain
the mechanism of creating the work of art, more prudently,
o of the cre-
It is an 'aesthetically satisfying work for a certain audience.' -
public recipient objective to which itu is aimed of which it is possible to formalize -
definition of zar, starting
a from sociological reasoning of culture, framing
the aesthetic operation in an accessible way to objectiveo experimentation.
structuralist theory information
o is in the synthesis method force base, such
how it has been tested through various means since the computer has become a
useless accessible, yall the work done in this field refers implicitly -
explicitlyo mind the notion a of 'atom' of o'morpheme', of corpuscle of
sound of element, and it is already from the angle of an 'economic' statistic derives -
from the information theory, and is seen from the perspective of a structuralist theory.

One result of these studies was the concept ofKitschterm that was to be practiced -
unknown mind in French with which
y Molesse had become familiar a
subcontracting in Ulm. The underlying notion was the subject of a public course at the Uni-
University of Strasbourg in 1968-1969 producing its introduction in the French language. -
extraordinarily spoken. It was developed in a book <Psychologiedukitsch, art
of happiness,Editions Mame Hatier 1 971) which was very widespread; this concept that
integration of vulgarization, of mediocrity, deonto-art parallel to art, like
lacking effort, represents a fundamental aesthetic trend of society
consumptiony variousy successive explorations carried out in connection with research
various aesthetics about decoration, arrangement of objects, books, postcards
arrived ato demonstrate that he played an essential role in everyday
y life
constituted one of the most important ways in what can be called the
aesthetic communication-

Information Theory Y SYSTEMS THEORY, IN THE WORK OF MOLES

Official access announcement a the French university in Strasbourg, at the beginning

call by Henry LEFEBVRE, as a professor of Sociology, y after the lecture
Social Psychology where he founded in 1966 the Institute that he directed until his retirement.
scientific researchers would acquire a line of continuity that is increasingly general: a
Having progressively passed from an original trunk
y of exact technical sciences, -
from the natural sciences, mathematical physics, the physics of matter -
les,lacienciadelasvibracionesacústicaselectrónicas,hacialateoría
y psico-física
developer perceptionyof the construction of a structural doctrine list of the latter, with
multiple applications, including design. This path, as mentioned, has come to wine.
marked subsequently by their works on the physics of Sound, on Music Expe -
Concrete y music, on the Theory of Information, on the Theory
information of the perception, about
y the sociodynamics of culture finally,
they ended up joining an entire movement of analysis that at that time was called
JOSÉ Luis PIÑUEL RAbADA 165
Systems Theory y what about that time in % the spirits under the name
Cybernetics, which can be interpreted as an effort of synthesis between theory
globalist originally from Central Europe neo-positivist
y behaviorist ytheory origin -
gothic empiricism: its essential components are the structural affirmation
list of the possibility of the willingness to decompose the world into simple elements -
feet, recognizable enunciable,
y whose varieties are limited, (repertoires), of y
rebuild after a model of that world by applying certain combination rules -
The theories of communication have called "codes". what researchers y
how LEVISTRAUSS called, starting from an experimental field of life -
interest, 'structures'. Under this name, those will be opened to give space to an uninterrupted...
a
together of doctrines known later under the term, that we have come since the beginning
using, ofstructuralismThe juice of A
moles does not seem abusive considering the recon -
next to this movement, from its information form or from its structural form -
turalist, as a result of introducing atomic theory into the sciences
The mask, the man is the object, the subject.
o Let's simply point out the direction.
What particularly developed privilege in the organization of repertoires? y
statistical approximation to its code, entrusting randomness
a to one more
great, which seems most in accordance with the nature of human phenomena.
Work on sociometric systems has been systematically continued for several years.
I had been trying to develop as a fundamental work method, for -
theism between groupings of human beings, mechanical
y and chemical systems. oThe
sociometry is similar to aasocial chemistry whose atoms are human beings, the
e
groups would be molecules, companies institutions macromolecules, etc.
This parallelism turned out to be extremely fruitful. ensustrabajossobreestetema
y
(deactivation of the sociometric matrix compared to the law of action of masses
in chemistry, chain structures, centered structures, crystalline development, agreements-
gados y sistemasordenados,etc.>Molesofreciónumerososejemplosdetalparalelis -
close or distant structure mode. The world of systems presents a great big
two aspects: on one hand the structure itself of the systems (atoms, functions,
links between elements, structure of near-far etc..), for the
y other, the
dimension of the flows that circulate between the different points of the systems: flow
económico,flujode relaciones, demensajes,dimensiónpsicológicatransmisible,etc..
The complementarity of these two aspects was manifested even through the grain. -
analysis of human grouping of the type 'Company', applying to the case the notions
offeedbackself-organization, freedom of expression of opinion y demonstrating the chains -
substitution in these systems, of ultra stabilization processes y of spontaneous segregation
subsets, according to the generalo laws of systems theory. There exists there
an extremely fruitful one that gives rise to the imagination of societies or of the sacking -
dadcomosystem, questioning the conventional theory of social institutions.

A year-long course titled 'The Image of the Future in Contemporary Society'

carried a when it still belonged a sociology degrees, it gave an opportunity
a Moles deefectuarunaprimeracategorizacióndelosmétodosporloscualeselindi -
video builds that image of the future that helps to determinea it, of how y
Make use of it to undertake present actions that will have their effect on the
166 ABRAHAM MOLES (1920-19921) THE THEORY OF INFORMATION

future<definition of prospectivity by G.BERGER, which you had been his

Maestro at Sorbonne>. One of the concepts that Moles extracted for this purpose,
a
the linka of athe notion of freedom and the concept of the topology of Kurt
LEWIN, wasthe categorization of the areas of individual freedom with relation to

systems
a of various constraints: physical, biological, legal, cultural,
etc., defining the term 'freedom', in the sense that VALERY takes it -
all sciences of the mechanics: excessive number of parameters that determine
non-individuals on the number of constraints that govern their movements.
He then demonstrated that there are three possible modes of freedom, of which he is not one. -
main, marginal, interstitial; the elast concept reflects the trajectory in
one imagines the individual in a field full of constraints values yfor y
Hello, I'm reduced by various 'bans blocks', resulting in part -
particularly usable in the analysis of business strategies, behaviors
political-economic,
y personal
y attitudes. Based then on the method-
the application of the social-cultural circuit that had already been outlined
the previous tasks that led him to the bookSOCIO-DYNAMICS OF THE
CULTUREtranslated reverse a various languagesy often re-edited in consequence-
hi, arrived among other things o elucidate detail the flow charts of
cultural elements of the interior of the temple have very particular characteristics such as,
o system of vocabulary renewal
for example, the markets of squares, the
considered as a cultural asset available toa the social group; in the
the socio-aesthetic framework, which provided a great number of examples of circulation -
where "cultural articles", thus justifying the initial hypothesis of considering them pro -
ductosanálogoslosproductasmateriales,nociónquealcabodealgunosañosha
a
widely accepted.

INFORMATION THEORY Y PSYCHOLOGY OF SPACE

H. LEFEBVRE had highlighted the importance of daily life as a system

The autonomous one who largely escapes the study of institutions that, since DURK, ... -
HEIM was particularly considered defining in France for sociology. Challenge -
Send that idea Moles began a develop in a concrete manner what he
I understood through everyday life in the relationships that the individual maintains with the society.
Dad. This is what little a little house a constitute more clearly the content is
psychosocial analysis y how I taught it to your students
Strasbourg y a the foreign investigators who arrived a keep up to date with
I had resumed the analysis of Kurt Lewin's concepts.
about the topological field of the representations values from
y the angle of a
phenomenology of the spacetime y conform theguidelinesofthephilosophy
o -
German philosophy (HUSSERL HEIDEGGER. SCHELER I. These studies were oriented towards...
y -
They were created athen through a series of investigations on urban psychology. -
no o environment, linkeda what Molesh had made in Ulm. These ideas proposed a
starting from a phenomenology of space centered on the individual, a type of analysis
he called them in 1965 the "Shells of existence"
notion a the menu must be taken independently.
José Luis Piñuel Rabada 167

Domain
del
Cost

Domain
wgiÉwo
Domm~
<jeJ
space
Presence
aO~re

Automobile
Zonacanses

Figure2. Some psychological characters are the "shells of existence."

Human bioanalysis in a series of concentric areas that extend

to the extremes of the world, a code defined by distinct characteristics
specific a the psychologist's eyes y it is characterized by entering into contradiction
uniform division y the rationale of spatial extension that the architect -
impose or rationally impose that he believes in individuals.

Psychology then appears as the rational study of the irrationality of man -

bre, definition that respects the psychologist's adherence from the principle to the universe of the
scientific reason, but it places them in dialectical opposition to the human being that it is -
God. The set of these studies was summarized in a joint work with E.
ROHMER:PSYCHQLQGIEDEL'ESPACE(1972).Highlight the opposition between

privacycommunityacomcertainnumberofaxiomsfromsocialorigin
y y -
gicopurpose
a of human behavior in space, showing that
the man does not accept society
a more than to the extent that he is capable of being right -
Zarla y what is the function of the urban plannero from the architect to carry a cooperate -
concentration or dispersion that constitutes the psychological meaning of the
city. With the limitation of the capital Space-Time that the set has at its disposal.
social mass, this dialectical game becomes increasingly difficult to carry out; man
I do not accept a the society, but it suffers: society is a mistake.

In fact, our social psychology is that in numerous instances, the 'society' does not...
pubic cosrepublicwithout "marconecesario" of existence, already
There is not exactly speaking of society, but rather a "social system" of components.
168 AB~HAMA,MOLES(1920-19921 Y LATEORfADELAINFORMACIÓN

atomized more o less important: individuals, family groups, gro-

post-depression, companies, various minorities, spread across the field space
social, crossed by a service network, a network y of constraints whose function -
Naming it could provoke each
a of these components to the expression of an opinion.
o a certain attitude, totaled e integrated with the set within the systems of
opinion y uncontented a suvezvanejercersureacciónsobrelasestructuras
a
of services y of limitations. These descriptions have made an application of the theory-
I would give up on general systems.a a particular set, the social system, that Molesvio
common generalization of his first works on macro-sociometry.

The individual appears in this way as 'endowed' with a certain capital of space. y
At the time, at the Strasbourg Institute, Moles proposed to conduct the analysis of
the various aspects according to the generalized phenomenological method gradually a
It was affirming one of the essential advancements of the social sciences, since
a The immediate philosophical support appeared to reconcile satisfactorily. y
data omechanisms that are common in technology.

COMMUNICATION, CONCEPT - CROSSROAD OF A NEW ADVANCEMENT OF THE

SOCIAL SCIENCES.

Then the link between these studies on the psychology of space. y the
mechanisms of communication. Little by little, a delving into that theory
structural of communications, Moles was studying the application of the mechanics -
communication mechanisms of ythe theory of systems social asciences in their
different aspects, always attentive to the perception process, from the mecha -
aesthetics of perception, even those of the perception of space and time. o
Everyone must consider a that such analyses of the mechanisms of the re-
The conception should lead to establishing
a rules for the application of the human sciences. a
the technical problems posed regarding the ainsertion of beings
humans in space (the architect, the urban planner, the environmental planner, the
designer, landscape architect), and theo purpose of communication between individuals of o
the action of themass mediaTask that properly speaking pertains to the newly arrived. -
social technology manager: social communication engineer < the man of the
media, the advertiser, the content analyst). The moment had then arrived.
to break through a new stage of generalization y desystematization of those
y Time, y la delaInformacióny
two disciplines: that of the Psychology of Space and
theCommunications.ThistermofCommunicationit emerges as a result of that
era <1965-1970), as one of the concepts - crossing of a new advance of
social sciences.University faculties o centers for communal research
nírnríAnc~~~fnknnrronnrln not all parts in the world, regrouping o
developing in quite dispersed disciplines: social sciences, cinema
graphics, television, journalism, graphic arts, advertising, education, no way
they had frequently found themselves together more than by the force of circumstances -
thanks, for a certain voluntary organization and for a very general term, a
rather poorly defined: 'communication'.
 José Luis Piñuel Rabada 169
In a series of work partially carried out in Strasbourg, partially in
South America, on the occasion of a UNESCO representative in Brazilian universities
wood, later in Canada at Laval University as a visiting professor, y en
Spain in the universities of Madrid Barcelona, Molesse
y violence elevated to synthesize o
e integrate the concepts obtained from the analysis of the communication situation. This
analysis results from some of the works of SHANNON, WIENER, y
MEYER-EPPIER, porotradeaquellosistemática “put in parentheses” of the signi-
verification, which carries out both content analysis of American origin as well
acostumbradoénfasisdado alenvoltorio y o the external aspects of messages,
it is usually done in graphic arts, in therewritingjournalistic o in the
production of programs in the media, put in parentheses underlined in their
analysis of culture in its y diverse works on the concept of event.
I stole it, aftera constituting what
a can be called an approximation. -
communication studies, defining the concept of common
they cooked
a share of the idea 'of vicarious experience' as the transfer of a
modification of the immediate environment of the receiver as
a part of a modification of the
emitter environment used for the one departure y other common procs
<code ideas, repertoire, culture).

culture Conocimicnicn
tuiiuvItflLCflLOS Professor Student acquired
encoding decodification

Reputed
deltransmitter
tiVI$t’

Common repetition that tends to be modified

by practiceofnew semantic elements
progressive dilation of the repertoiredel
receptor made to the emitter

Figure3.

From this base situation that was the object of the ancient theory of information
y I stayed in place, therefore a very
a detailed study both in the planar -
I could demonstrate that it can be practical like in the afield.
izo ABRMAMA.MoLES(1920-1992) AND THE THEORY OF INFORMATION

to passa all the practical situations found based on a formal classification

a next distances
what distinguishes between communication o remote, unidirectional o
bidirectional, interpersonal, mass
o broadcasting, semiological o iconic, charismatic
functional,
o etc. The set of these criteria provides a matrix o rebuke
Analysis of the communication phenomenon that the engineer has to fill in the lathe reader.
Moles summarized a large part of these studies in his work about it.Communication<1971)
directed a a very broad public, written with the help of your team from Estras -
burg, in encyclopedia form, y what has been widely spread in a large number of units -
universities where you have frequently been used as a teaching manual.

Communication situated in space y the weather is one of the three fun aspects -
fundamentals of social sciences, which can be legitimately structured into three large -
["Chapters: sciences of situations, sciences of communications, sciences of"]
the acts. Yes, as previously indicated, the amount of space time of y
I would
- remain more oor less autonomous - whether it is individual or collective.
limited encounter<concept of ownership, personal agenda, of a pair -
individual spatial zones, or on the contrary, the notion of territory, then everything
Any form of communication, whatever it may be, necessarily arises from this kind of
temporal-spatial capital that the individual has o the social system; if it is like this,
Each operation of communication, of interaction, necessarily affects a all the
otrospuestoque“consume~~unaciertacantidaddetiempodeespacio.Estaeslo o
idea based on an ecology of communications defined as inter-affection
communications of different kinds inside a restricted area of
space y Of time. There is here, then, an organization of the personal sphere of the being
human being who reports between their actions, their interactions with others, their work and
Rest, as there is also
c the organization of a territory, of a State, o
through the relationship systems that are built within you. To be accountable for
this organization would establish
y it on the basis of data, it would be the objective of a new
discipline, communication ecology.

VISUALCOMMUNICATION

One of the more concrete aspects of this idea of message density received -
individual supervision during their circulation in an urban territory, for example -
pleasurable densification of the motivating visual imagesposter o
billboard, e.g., is the simplest example in urban society.
Moles had been developed several years before the formal analysis of the image.
considered as a message intended o influence the individual of a name in a way
controllable y for the same was your choice with a a scientific study -
views
aesthetic stimuli. Those studies led him a to approach
cartel from a very different perspective than that developed by the methods of
semiological character practiced by ECOPENINOU, o seen from
o the angle of the
visual informational density of sedimentationy of the set of men -
The memory of the individual must arrive there to constitute
a fragments of culture.
subjects to forgetfulness,
a distortion, selective filtering, through mechanisms of
Jost Luís Piñuel Raigada 171

censorship, etc.y what consequently represents an important part of culture

in the consumer society. Starting from these notions that stem from the theory
informational of the aesthetic perceptiony of cultural retention models, had
Molesocasión de elaborarunestudio deladistribucióndeestímulosvisualesdebi -
clearly categorized by perceptual relevance, their duration of permanence, their
complexity, etc., in the interior of the urban territory considered as a kind of
labyrinth of walls and corridors y streets y of spaces, more o less constricted -
routes, traversed according to theoretically free modes y partially enlopractic -
scenarios, which consequently contribute, either through repetition or the organization of them

a
stimuli, they build in the spirit of those who suffer a system y of values of
motivations, what he had called a 'Self-Taught Field', which is susceptible
should be programmed
o less well by the conjunction of creators o media-
pain, on one side, of ythe planners of another space

The world of the cartel, which Moles had studied in close collaboration with Uni -
universityIndustry,
e at the level of advertising agencies, with creative graphic
y designers, with
advertising campaign planners, with media planners, to which y
He has consecrated a public course that summarizes the main works carried out.
In the Strasbourg lab, it meant a new important stage of the alliance. -
Visual message sister, which he had addressed using the informocionol method.
o structurally from a statistical angle, y following a thought process
properly elucidated closely
y parallel to that which had allowed him to study
ten years before the mechanisms of the aesthetics of the sound ofy music. The same
concerns were then manifested: aperceptual analysis of a phenotypic character -
menologicon addressing the meanings, if not later possible, when all
the others factors were sensed and fixed; methods of distortion modification
y
thematic of the images, based on the theory of Form, to extract them varies -
perceptual relevance actions <pregnance>; finally, care to establish class -
specifications, dimensional analysis, trying to find, with independence of its
content, general dimensions of the messages. Y among these dimensions, a the
different levels of the hierarchy of supersigns, the complexity returned a to appear
the most important. But in visual messages studies emerged specifically
specifically another "dimension", that of conciseness: the quality of a consistently coherent image,

on the contrary, it is a reflection of something else. If 'to think is

to schematize, when a small fragment of the world of vision is represented
for a visual message materialized thank you a a vicarious experience that I have in -
it has become a connection to the real world as documentary photography intends
the 'imaginary world' but in any imaginable case, the process of communication
visual repositories on any sacred abstraction. Between the common world -
nicocianal designs purely conventional whose repertoire has previously been
exchanged between the emitter and the
y receiver, and the world of imaginary illusion o ico-
nico, can everything be exploredcontinuumperfectly coherent, what is the world
de-schematicization of progressive
o abstraction. The different degrees of this
continuumthey constitute what Moles would callescalate iconicity.Entrabajospri -
I started in Ulm after beingy developed in some seminars in Paris, I def -
I am comparing this step with a whole set of practically ignored messages.
172 ABRAHAM A. Moles (1920-1992) y THEORY OF INFORMATION

Until then, for university researchers, the industrial scheme a téc-

nicopara was well prepared by his engineering studies, which provides -
a sample of an extremely functional visual message -
extended mind, whichy is one of the communicational bases of our society
technique in which all levels of abstraction (of conicity) are found
practically represented: of these schemes Moles had gathered an important -
After numerous fruitless attempts, this type of study ended up
translated into the organization of a minimal teaching, with a group of people
sensitive the importance of this theme in the new Technical University of Com -
the poster, the scheme, the documentary image, the artistic image, end up
being captured in the same sea of dimensional analysis, y the communication
To the extent that it intends to be 'effective', that is to say, a producer of reactions of... -
the receptor to which it is directed must optimize the characteristics of the message
different dimensions depending on what they are for the receiving subject: one can -
human radar moreo specified. All considerations suggest among others
Things, what would be the methods to classify a corpus of images: a -
noteca, y through them, trying to solve a problem that has ended up being
important in the new world of images reproduced by the mass media, the
extraordinary misuse of image collections in the world
they build a little from all sides, y this is a preliminary stage for a true-
rational derapolitics of the image.

THEORYOF THE OBJECTS

All messages that I receive are human as they determine their behavior. -
treatment, one of the most important aspects that Moles focused on
1964, at the time when it aimed to give an operational content to the concept of
everyday life, it was all the world of Objects, whose diversity, omnipresence,
mediatorcharacterwithrelationship a the others are humans that have made them o
sold, in relation to the asociety that provides its status, fascinated since
aspect of a generalization of information vectors between systems
socialindividual,
e of individuals
o among themselves. The diversity of the objects it produces
-
ciasjors¿cied¿d¡ndu~tr1a[es~&¡~i¿sa:seriavanointentar6s4¿blke+uninven
o -
exhaustive in this case
y like in the case of the words of the language, the algorithm
unzip replacing the concept of vocabulary expansion, of a closed o list -
of any type, for the concept of 'temperature' that is, of curve in pen -
characteristic toothtype/takenfinds opportunity for application. As soon as
a the principles that guided a large part of his scientific activity: analysis phen -
menological, analysis of interesting statistical characteristics of the sets, for their
typologies of y groupings that each of the u specific objects,
entities y
putting the "meaning" in parentheses: the significance of an object is the source of its function
-
action; it tries to introduce a separation of the observer in relation to a
observed objects, dedicating their analytical function
a criteria efforts more
what the function itself: I found here one of the bases of the analysis of the
Bauhaus.On one hand, it was the study of objects manufactured per unit,
José Luis Piñuel Rabada 173

composed of pieces u organs assembled according to certain laws of constriction,

what one can compare to a stroke of luck/messages o less complex than
entity that has manufactured it directs the consumer o user, so that the "sig -
Our messages result in those "pieces" "organs". Therefore,
u the
set has a certain complexity that Moles had called 'complexity
structural, independent variables at the beginning of more or less complexity o
the large actions that theu individual can carry out with those
objects, being this also susceptible to definition - with certain restrictions -; a
this last Mole has been called 'functional complexity'. These two perspectives
once again the result of a structural informational theory,
e in which
underscore the parallelism between an organism, assembled from organs according to certain
rules,a y message that constitutes a relevant example in its own scheme.
organism). Thus, the fundamental dimensions of the world of objects appear. -
to: structural complexity functional
y complexity. These two notions were
amplified, spread by a part in theUniversity for Designporotra y
by Italy in Spain.
y

I had already applied these concepts since 1 965 a another of the aspects of the
world of objects, the one of objects grouped conceived as a chapter of
a 'sociology of objects' parallel but distinct from the sociology of beings
humans who make them, manipulate them o the disposition of objects
["a showcase","a wardrobe","a shelf can be referred to"]displaydelreper -
a variety ofo types of accessible objects that are presented o
The attention of a subject. Define
Y this result as a dimension: locomotion. -
plejidad del conjunto de los usos de diferentes tipos que constituyen undisplay.Of
a displayof which 'market' is an example of greater existing
carriage
dimensions, it situates the individual with their variable, frequent, rare needs o
extraordinary trivialities, it is possible to characterize all statistically their behavior -
while sharing the
a complexity of their needs in relation toa the complexity
-
offer dad presents

The study of objects was continued by producing a series of monographs on

psychosocial characteristics of various fundamental bodies: the soul store -
scenesy the attic, the store, the apartment o vivienda,elmuseo,
for example; it found the existence of economic cycles coinciding at the same time
time with socio-cultural cycles between the old and the new, the disposable object y
object that is preserved, the object of recent creation, the traditional
y object,
ended up analyzing some specific cases, that incidentally
y end up by
Account of an important aspect of the sociology of culture. Among the methods-
Experimental doses developed, the method of dissimilar matrices can be cited. -
Bridge, method to establish a semantic distance between the elements of a
set, relatively quick and precise when it comes to small sets, y
what interesting indications bring about the way in which being humane with cv
the mouth of objects. A large part of these works have been summarized y
exposed in his bookTheory of Objects,(1972) translated a various languages, among
She is Spanish.
174 ABRAHAM Moles (1920-1992) ~ LATEORiADELAINFOPJ44C~óN

The objects fill more o lessourpersonalworld:theshellsoffexis -

tense, y thisplace a Today, the ecology of objects, that is, the study, in
self-tying, as they affect us within a limited volume a part of a phenomenon
-
less interaction than some, own volume, combination systems
y desymmetry, notion ofsetcomplementarity, etc., were stated y tested
ensulaboratoriode Estrasburgo. Estas condiciones constrictivas de la interacción
they a can provide another approximation a basis for the design processes
-
brought together by sociology and
a also the construction of models
what are the essential concepts of physical-chemical sciences: crystallography,
distance approximation systems,
y auto-correlation, notion of volume, law
dereaccióndelasconcentraciones, a whole series of concepts that are built by
The sciences of nature seemed appropriate to apply in disciplines that do not
they usually proceed from the human sciences.

THEORY OF ACTS
Elserhumanoseencuentra,segúnMoles, insertadoentrestiposde mundo:un
world of situations, a world of objects y a world of deeds, of well-being
Does studying one of these codes separately through the methods proposed by
socialsciences: monographic analysis of well-chosen examples, phenomenological analysis -
menologicallistingtaxonomy,
y appearance of typologies, search for rules
structural impacts, proposal of one of severalomodels that serve as a form
more o or less suitable to provide accounts of increasingly broader areas of praise -
The individual resolves the resulting tension from a situation through a
an action in which the use of an object, considered as a generalized tool, is made,
to say, associated a a function as an element that reduces the situational tension.
A theory of objects should lead to a theory of acts. -
maríaparaéstosúltimoslosmismoscriteriosmetodológicosdescritosanteriormente
in various fields, which Moles
y thought
a were derived from a unitary method,
method procedure of the progressive expansion of a structural informational theory o -
Turaldebose statistics. One of the bases of your theory of actions is the analysis of
the pursuit of their objectives and their 'meanings' in a clear manner -
pending as possible, through a series of descriptive criteria. They must be
retain, for example, volume criteria o dimension, of personalized value, of
activity ofo passivity. These
A criteria are added to a series of other criteria
different: the complexity of the action, the 'mass' of this action, that is, the volume -
dimension
o of the influence that it exerts on other beings in the environment: subject-
the amount of o coherence in the objects witnesses of the action in questiondegree
of consistency)the mediator in the action integrates into a chain of actions
6riei,fddasalmismoobjetivo,etc~.

The individual, a member of society, an element of that aggregate that constitutes

the substance of the social system as Moles has seen it led o describe
Regarding
a a generalized analysis of communications, it is an individual being
José Luis Piñuel Raigxo A
175
is permanently embedded in his work life y decio, on social media
of objects y elementary deactivation a small-scale menu y of
small dimensions, that constitute the fabric of everyday life y quesin
an embargo conditions a others, even if it was no more than for the sake of it
budget limitation in time capital <thebudget-time o of one's own
the volume of action that develops the individual. The plot of all that game
deinteractions had not been studied until then, everything else had been
evocative for some great writers y some theorists of the new literature,
o of psychoanalysis. A whole new field, ultimately, that Moles called.
"Micropsicosociology", whose object is to analyze, as rationally as possible.
y
possible, the game of interactions, values, choices, micro-decisions, that
they are involved in a global action given in a flow of behaviors
analysis of micra behaviors, the rational enunciator of psycho factors -
logical conditions, the rigorous description of the sequence of acts -
derados for what can be called a 'generalized cost' that makes it enter,
along with the cost in price as conceived by the economists of the 19th century, the
time and energy consumption y superation of psychological barriers, inhe -
each individual, within a given environment. Diverse applications -
implications of this, particularly in the areas of displacement o delostranspor
obtaining
y production objects in the o context of society
<conceptodeobject retrievalwhich showed evidence that the value of
an object, of a service ofo a product in society must be analyzed by
the psychologist in a completely different way than the omoron but for him
the economist proposesy what drives o results are different in the scale of
values of the products, of the acts y of the services, which is to wait for the
micropsychology a description of the finest behaviors y more of the cue
since then they had been suggested by the game of the mecha -
economic synergies. The value of communication associated with an object,
a the value
effectiveness in a given environment, the value of use, must be described more.
the psychologist that the economist, if he wants to know exactly how
They find human beings motivated in the flow of their behaviors. It
leave between here new applications a thedesignproblems y demarke-
ting, advertising mediation or ecology of communications that Moles
He tried to establish. They would allow this to reframe the science of interactions between
humans are a solid framework that derives from various approaches
that had been provided, both from the strictly technical angle,
commodities from the angle of social use of the Medium, thus anticipating a a study
the interconnectedness of society.

LAMICROPSICOSOCIOLOGY
Little a Little, in the reflection on the notion itself of 'Social Psychology', arrived a
establish a connection between the phenomenology of space, architecture, the
urbanismo,elturismoincluso,queestabaengermenenlopropiaideadeconside
y -
space is as rare as the raw material of life.
176 ABkAHN4A.MOLES(1920-1992> Y LATEORiADELAINFOPJAACLÓN
Finally, the reflection
y the investigation had taken place a theTheory of Acts y a the
Micropsychology and daily life1976, works a they represent me, in the
more powerful sense of the term, new sciences, with their definitions, their laws, their sub -
miniology y applications, among others
a daily life.

No "discipline" in the precise sense of the term keeps correspondence.

contemporary psychology of daily life, a mini-theme evoked
o by sociology
philosophical but little 'worked' in what relates to the 'woven' in the mind of the lens -
No decadence. Micropsychology is inspired among other things by the philosophical affirmation.
-
Sophie and a little scholasticism of that human science in all things contrary
From the sciences of physics and chemistry,
o there is no categorical distinction between the
Microcosm and y macrocosm in the cause-effect relationships that constitute the
object of the research, among the small, the veryosmall within the same limits
delusion, the greaty biglarge:largehumantransactions,
o
reactivity of groups of institutions,
y companies, yetc. This can be colo -
I fell parallel to the discussion that ended up imposing itself at the same time.
between microeconomics y macroeconomics regarding human actions of y
its values, but they remain in an absolutely different record.

One of the epistemological budgets of this is precisely to react against

what can be called laboratory psychology, which has known, after the sleep -
Lias y a a reflection of American empirical psychology, an immense success
in all universities, but reduced to the essential, aspires a to treat them
psychological facts as physical facts, isolating for that the subject in a situation
1 bino-
ideal laboratory y searching through all measuress possible isolate
mycause/effect y establish multiple correlations later. En last term, lapse-
Empirical ecology would aspire to encompass a total vision of the human being.
scientifically, combining and alreadyo united in a distant plane- - everything
the set of those relationship games.
Now then, precisely, y the starting point is Moles, the beings are a-
They are found very rarely in a 'laboratory situation'. First, because
the variables around them are multiple and sometimes countless, afterwards, -
that even assuming such variables are measurable in the conventional sense of
Lapsicometrics, is not absolutely sure (it's even more likely the opposite) that it is.
humans take the trouble of measuring them y not looking for more than
dear, bar-
the arrival
o acan feel its effects directly without truly applying the algorithm
metric some.

The world is not a laboratory, it is not a place where there is time.

endless fluctuation of the landscapes of action.
dereflexion
el Briefly,- thought
.
rational things of the spirit, because this spirit uncit is good
1.

1
Tell me through other paths, through vague appreciations.
—
y a prior, porproye -
it was about unfounded values, due to inductions noty deductions, 'the rhuma -
not exchanging different
y things”, to the serene distant observer,
y sociologist o
psychologist, self-presents as good-natured, irrational, fluctuating, disordered,
José Luis Piñuel Rabadá 177
unpredictable, in any case at least, in the ordinary situations of life. It can
at the point where Moles began with the will to examine daily life
the beings situation, and they see themselves on the street, in their own case, in the office,
o seen
the laboratory in which pure rationality occupies a tremendously limiting space
Yes, perhaps because it is nothing more than an ideal, a pulse of the spirit widely com-
beat y a menu cooked by other impulses.

COMMUNICATION CIVILIZATION

Moles like to ask themselves this question:Are we in a time of humanity? -

Dad, this is one of the key questions that has inspired a someofmyinvesti -
players-in through telecommunications, telepresence, teleaction, a
They have shaped our behavior, inspired our values. y
our decisions, created societies, is being found at the bottom placed in
question, yesnohas expired (the next law is being non-functional)
y
fundamentals of human education for life), entrance of change o of this -
This y will divide the world into 'currently present world' and 'world' y
currently built of images of simulations“, yperception of the notion itself
"distance accessory for behavior?"Here is a question of the greatest importance.
the importance would remain a substantial concrete
y content a word
a that appears -
frequently avoiding content in the discourse of the media, of the "civil" -
communication zoning." All this constituted the subject of a large number of studies,
carried out exactly as Moles had shown y it was precisely the theme
isCommunication Dictionarywidely spread in Mediterranean universities -
Latin
y America, more latey than a book that summarized its entire evolution since
the theory of information until a true theory of communication.

The moment had arrived when it emerged, like a significant event, one of
those knowledge data that necessarily revert on politics when
it was established that the communication activity <from close o from afar,
spoken o writing, through
a the image ofo the text, like a commercial o how
letter
novel) you turned out to be -the cause of which I had no doubt - the most important activity -
youof evolved humanity, the one that contributes the most to the GNP
Gross National Product). In this way, a fact was confirmed, among -
totalinformalizepursomembersoftheSchoolof
y
Frankfurt, the fact that the act of communication had turned into the act
the essence of man, which is the act of communication that dominates action in itself
same, quelaencuadro y the holds it, y Why do you want to be human if you have catapulted? -
do desdelaerodeltrabajo, a the ladder of perception, of decision y delpensa-
lie; all the other acts he does are secondary to him.

A communicational ecology will constitute a a new economy y a

new geography. It would be an "economy" in the sense in which the values are dealt with y
transported by the common communication milk are the true determinants, the ver-
genuine goods would fill the invisible hand of the market <Adam
178 ABRAHAM MOLES (1920-1992) AND THE THEORY OF INFORMATION

SMITH);It would be a new way to see the face of the Earth that men...
inhabit, depending precisely on the values that interest human beings themselves
a -
firstplace.Communication networks, all kinds of cables, the clay-
They will take care of the wired society, reconstructing its outlines.
nations y of the continents in a topological structure that begins a verla
lament of the geographer.

What are its laws, through which mechanisms a type of communication is affected?
suggestion, similarly,
o how it affects the human grouping that forms -
we had not appeared until now under the aspect of "cities", of "towns" o
"Deserts"? It becomes onea to find here considerations developed by the psi. -
the space around the city: the urban fabric, as new framework
life, the main frame - or in any case the 'dominant' frame - while everyone
the others (the deserts, the fields, the 'nature') are "recessive" frameworks, residues
de-evolution, funds that oppose a lofiguraprincipal:elpaisaje urbano,pero
they do not constitute a statistically valid alternative. Moles could offer
main lines in a book, written with the mentality of a social course -
logistics of communications for research training institutes e
telecommunicationsStructural theories of communication and society.TRILLAS
1983, MASSON 1985.)

All of this results, naturally, in practical rules. e includes technologies. For

example of relevant opposition, which is essential to the
a majority of interactions
communication charismatic communication ythat Moles had named
"functional", determines what could be called "digestibility", clean the feces -
To concretize about those
o receptors, it isy related to what is convenient. -
the general coastline of communication (in bits.km), that is to say, facts or
social effectiveness. This position resolves, in principle, a ubiquitous alternative in
Our societies (to resolve this matter, is there a need to go there? o sepuedetelefo -
near?”>precisamente,larespuestaesteproblemaconstituyeunodelosdetermi
y a -
geographical aspects of human societies.

The term, very general, of 'communication' was pre -

precisely the analysis of one's own messages, all types of messages: from writing -
turn, of the soundy image, any organized sensory manifestation for
transmit a form from a place, o a time, another.
a It was in the sound field
Moles had developed his works between 1950 y 1 960, specifically in
the U.S. y in Germany. [internal coherence of those investigations -
evidently, the law of the jungle is that there is a 'general theory of information'
to say, of the transmission of forms, being the field of experience on which
basal theory the validity of the secondary relationship
- a the rules of this are
capable experience should be extra
ra(phonetic message, musical, ambient noise message o landscapes are -
process of visual field <image message, of the photograph, of which -
the image is primarily rhetorical practicewhatistheadvertisingmessage
y o still
including touch, it doesn't matter much at first: the same tables and laws, the same rules, the
José Luis Piñuel Rabada 179
The same usage procedures are being imposed. This is the characteristic tear.
Teristics of a grand theory, its laws are universal,with the necessary changes having been madethe textures
the physical properties of the elements that the experimenter used, the instruments that are used
they were the same.

RECAPITULATION: PHENOMENOLOGY Y STRUCTURALISM, METHODS OF

SCIENCES OF THE IMPRECISE

AutobiographyOne of the most important aspects of life

According to Moles<cfr.
the delay of human resources,
y necessarily important for the predictive explanation that
one should provide
a it, the world we live in presents an aspect
vague, imprecise, somewhat unpredictable -which also does not want to mean predictable-. Reac -
we constantly base ourselves on a large number of phenomena forms y
vacancies, we do not act on gambling either, many yof our actions
unpredictable, repeatable, generalizable; therefore, they must, the deadline for the rationing-
y o
Cartesian list, being the object of a 'science', of those o sciences that Molesdena. -
mineSciences of the precise,The sciences of the imprecise, the diffuse o sciences - -
minoretomadoenunadirección diferente, pero con el mismo sentido, por ZADEH
since 1960, in such a way that "Sciences of diffuse phenomena" oppose -
Your style and field of application are the so-called
o 'hard' sciences.
they often aspire to presenta themselves as a sciences of the measurable y
exact; their successes, admirable, maybe they have eclipsed the desire to explain it
y aspects, not only in those
world in all its forms, in all its y
aspects that are very measurable, very precise, very objectifiable, especially
What we want is to understand what individuals do in this very world.
y the groups.

Will there be in this some kind of epistemological error based on a false idea?
Have we been doing the science of his successes?
y This is the thesis that Moles had.
defended in his last book, supporting it, first in a critical analysis of the notion
ordinal cardinal measure,y then inythe distinction, proposal in his works on the
Scientific Creation (first version in there is a need to make a distinction
between 'established science'o consolidated1 - in a given moment-, the one that pleases -
these rules aspire to a principle a excludelerrorserviéndose de la forma dado
a the propositions within y the limits of a previously defined precision, y
science in the making: o process of scientific creation in which
We reason and perform within the precise field of consciousness, a role that is not less important.
-
A kind of obstacle opposed to free movement. -
mientodelpensar,obstáculoqueescomounmuroconelqueunojuegatratade y
surrounding it, a labyrinth of the life experience of creativity.

Social sciences are a prominent part of the sciences of the imprecise, constituting
examples are more constant, but it does not mean that it would not be appropriate
a turn a the sciences of nature itself. A the purpose of these last ones,
It could be stated according to Moles that the scientific researchers, trained, based on the
180 AB~HAMA.MOLES (1920-1992) r~INFORMATION THEORY

Renaissance y of GALILEO, in the experimentation with limited variables, in the use

prominent linear equations (since they are more intelligible) would have been selected -
nado,dentrodelvastocampoquelaNaturalezalesproponía,aquello queeracómo -
or studying to write,
y leaving for the 'box of unclassifiables' all the phenomena -
lesslazy: which never wants to mean that they do not exist. Micropsychology is
I proposed to precisely demonstrate that there are a large number of regularities in the
everyday life, diffuse scientific spells, that o too accustomed lamented a the
Natural Sciences seem to appear as 'irrational', but
they are on the contrary endowed with a certain rationality in the sense
-
of logic
deductive-, the extent to which this is established in the interior of the brain of each
individual,consumers have different values than those of their neighbor. As stated
Molescitando a BURKE cannot be 'ticked off' a an individual of irrationality if
acts according to what he believes is true.

One of its main goals was to develop a 'psychological microscope', capable

pay careful, even meticulous attention, the details of the behavior
a -
lie, the interference of values within the field of consciousness that one does not have
too much time to reflect, which couldybe said, nor does he worry about it; this
it is precisely the projection that all human beings, whatever
- they may be,
including scientists-, we arrive to meet a the values that come to us
of a mechanical world that we have rationally built at least as much -

how has it been possible - by serving us from the idea of the 'despicable', unimportant,
futile, but it should have been defined at no time what it means
important

TheThe political casino is not concerned with the small details, but science knows, even if
they never use them, that in their own realm there are no small details,
let's tell it until the limit in which we can appreciate it, fit it, weigh it, y
what a minimal intuition, as arbitrary as it may seem, is as valid as all the others
categorical assertions about what I deserve or do not deserve
y from the mud penalty.

We would have the need for a social microscope; does the psychologist aspire? a
Will you perform sterol? In certain fields, too restricted, the psychoanalyst
I have learned to do it, but I am not sure that he has also chosen it.
Arbitrarily, it is your field. Isn't there anything to do, that is the question.
posed by the Micropsychology of Moles, an analysis of the small details,
What emergesy they return a dive back in a the consciousness that determines them
rationally find oneself before the bifurcation of a micro-dilemma, to make
unamicra-decision, to get out of a micra-conflict, tragedy
o of a micra? Stop
To know it, you have to try it,y one of the keys to this attempt is, in my opinion
Moles, exam sensible minucioso,
y never strange to the phenomenological attitude
ca,deesasmicrosituacionesinternosenqueelabsurdo irrumpeenlaconciencia
as a 'logical' consequence of the more impulses
o of existence, almost equal-
strong, contradictory, between which the subject does not know how to 'decide', except for
what seems like a large-scale randomness to a distant observer, but
noparaelsujeto.
José Luis Piñuel Rabadá 181
It is normal, in the course of the evolution of a scientific career, whose trajectory is
it has essentially transitioned from the realm of "hard sciences" to the
the sciences called human - those whose object is that man o other human
y after the most general field still of the 'sciences of the imprecise' o hundred
diffused inquiries that would lead to general perspectives and open up new fields of
interest. I could affirm this purpose
a that the final philosophical reflection of his career -
The researcher was a natural consequence, when I had already mastered the subject.
it was applied, it is dominated by a daily practice. For example, the terminology of
a darsesinambigueclod a through a continuous practice
the glue molasses served arrived
at this moment capable of replacing each word by its definition: the corres-
Correspondence between words
y and concepts for moles had no confusion.

Step a happened, in the study of each of the particular fields as an author

Occupied for notable spans of his life, opposition began to arise. -
y they have made the universe of concepts acoustic
lieutenants
musical o dernicropsicology. The guiding line of all the works of which it has been
The summary is clear: nothing remains outside of an apprehension from
scientific thinking.

A I dedicate a journey that is part of physics and mathematics to end up in the

Filosofíasocialelanálisiscríticodelavidacotidiana,Molesrecorriócamposmuy
y
various ythis appears in public y works (see figure 4).

The diversity did not lead to his author's impression of disparity but rather of depth. -
policy. It always relies on the same intellectual tools, the same methods.
of thought, at the beginning learned from the sciences of nature, those that have
used in perceptual fields whose physical nature seems scattered.

Figure4.Semantic fields y areas of the scientific works of Abraham Males.

182 ABRAHAMA.MOLES(1920-19921 Y The Theory of Information

It could be said that it is much less about its case of multidisciplinarity, than about
deep immersion in the analysis of disparate situations between me, even in
trarenellosloquetienenencomún.Eséstaunaactitudgeneraldelaciencia,de
all sciences, by injecting into the domain of a field of concepts y ways of
think about proceeding from anotheryway to put forward its solidity.
a o tripe
there are risks but there is also a program.

Many words of the mathematical terminology <field, series, poles, convergence,

integration, hysteresis, etc.), in the rationale of their own abstraction, are susceptible to
provoke reflections a to start from a field where the relationships between things are.
more than the same cases constitute the true object of study. Here
pointed out bad one definition of mathematics.

The great methods that served them in their investigations, y what to do

understood through numerous fields of application, have been designated in the
scientific literature of the last thirty years 'phenomenological method' method y
estructural”.Elmétodo estructural,es,yalohemoscomentado,laaplicacióndelateoría
atomists a a phenomenon any: look for the component elements that appear in
unobservable uniform, reduce these components to theminimumcompatibleconundeter-
minadogradoderepresentation, create the typology of the components atoms, a
the media search for laws that allow you to recombine canvases will be given a again
the initial form, or at least, they extract what defines the reconstructed initial
y form.

Phenomenological method, and we have repeated it, proceeds in a more intuitive way.
trying to capture the phenomenon in itself, more or lesso free from the meaning
assigned by the parties involved with
o it. Remaining at the level
science of phenomena, of a categorization of these, of a force of
direct understanding that must be applied, the phenomethod
menological renews the observer who analyzed, the perspective that offers everyday life -
Diana. It is a search for the strange, foolish in art as in science, that is that effort. -
unleash the shadow, the surprise y the feeling of naivety that bothers
happily I had appreciated as a necessary condition of creativity: the 'renew'
the capacity for amazement would be a formula applicable to the phenomenological
o attitude.

At no point in his scientific career did he find Moles' position of principle.

some among one or y
another of these methods. The choice of one or the achoice of the other,
completely spontaneous demonstration and it was already
o in a scope
experimental o situation given. To rebuild the world through assembly
of atoms following certain laws, before today knowing the nature of all this -
But, yes, a reflection on the rare, the normal, the particular, which is stupid.
how to say, ID amazing; what ID will provide and what will prelude a typology
a those components.

Mole warned that the world in their immediate appearance, just as it presents itself.
distracted observer, it is a world of vagueness and imprecision;
e there are quantities of
emerging forms over a background, but most of the time they are confusing,
José Luis Piñuel Rabada 183
difficult to cover, a a clear reflection. This would be precisely the obj
y they escape -
science, extract them, apprehend their contours with the degrees of approximation
defined, or we would say of unknown prior errors. a Now well, this operation is
difficulty to deal with, requires
y time and effort, the individual in a normal situation is
capable of dedicating it, he lives constantly through various forms of y
vague phenomena, imprecise, of hurried analogies, of unfounded suggestions.
Nevertheless, the whole set of all the causes of disorders does not seem to make sense.
world observed a gray nebula, completely changing y totally unexpected -
Only the perfect lottery would give this appearance, y we know that in the disorder-
neither perfect order nor perfect perfection exists in nature.

Moles dioconestasreflexionesenlarealizacióndesuprimerlibrosobreloFísica del

noise y "casideformaidénticaselaspuedeencontrarensuúltimolibroSciences"of
the imprecisewith a safer deposition take: if the objective of Science
To hide the world, this cannot be satisfied, it would be a foolishness on its part, with this-
diar above everything clear shapes, abstracted by experimentation y large
measurement, even if these last ones come to aconstitute an essential part of the pen -
scientific knowledge. The role that corresponds to us is therefore to seek it; it is not about us
It is a simple statement, it is about a scientific policy. But for this
procedures are not needed y techniques, a to manipulate imprecisely without wanting to
always remit it by force a precise loss elements o exact.Any
rudimentary predictability - whatever the rudimentary may be, as long as it is approved
you continue to be the object of science, may it please you
o no a those who are in charge
decade discipline.

This raises, among other problems, the issue of measuring in the sciences. Measurement deals with
certainly to fix things, within its nature. But detailed it constitutes
a a
concern about ensuring the way things are more or less independent o -
it is nonsense; in the end, it is then a distancing and sometimes a
posture for independence. The elements of what Moles calledcostegene -
realizedApplicable to social sciences y economic, provide a good example;
Each of these elements constitutes an imprecise concept in itself, poorly defined. -
nest, yeach one of them is incompatible with the other. However, there is a research.
generalized cost of an object, of a service of an act, that,ofor the
less, serves as a sort of mnemonic account so as not to be left out
the observer's devaluation, without having to decide beforehand what
elements, indeed, negligible.

Another tool for which you had some responsibility to introduce into the sciences
human, which is now called systemic analysis, reformulation more
rigorous cybernetic models a theMoles significantly contributed, for
example with researchers like GREYWA[TER y ASHBY.Building models together
Cartesian quasi-discipline, to schematize a phenomenon through series of boxes
black disconnections
y between them. The goal is essentially in this case - com
turn on the game of articulated elemental forces in too complex a way
so that the human can continue to articulate once again a its details y
184 ABRAHAMA.MOLES(1920-19921 y THETHEORY OFOTHER INFORMATION

totality; at this moment it needs to rely on a model, a simulation, whose

behavior should have some degree of analogy with the phenomenon of
what happened to the partyy the weekend has been outlined. The difference between
I provide both to the 'systemist' who does the experimentation, a kind of 'signal
"epistemological error" that will translate into a critical drive directed o improve oneself
model or perfect it.

Dehecha, that which was named.systemicterm derived from gene theory

Systems has gained much importance in scientific thinking, in
specializing in futurology, in political economy, y above all, in ecology. The model
from the Club of Rome, which was a nuisance to regularly teach o they are studying
yourcourses 967) about futurologies published until then, y the
contacted with some of the1 collaborators of the Club, a Bear on top
recognized defects currently govern the problem of relationships with our
surrounding environment y finally calls for a new ethics a
staynewvalues.

NOTES

These techniques were imposed very slowly over the course of the years. y They changed it! a tro-
Often we made collaborations with the small group of researchers. y demonstrate
-
from the Study of Concrete Music, later transformed into an autonomous institution. A contribution of its
Jobs of this era were based on voice identification mechanisms over the phone. a
a Statistical analysis of the histograms a of sound levels of other metric y characteristics
a object series are sonatas that tire ~i~ you and the audible discourse. Moles then contributed to the fu ~r ~, ction o
from a certain number of state researchers such as: E.LEIPP who later defended her Thesis
You would become the Scientific Director a of the Musical Acoustics Laboratory.
Sorbonne; Helmar FRANK converted later into Director of the Institute of Cybernetics in Berlin; Andreas
ZALIZNIAK during that time residing in France later became Director of the Laboratory
Linguistics of Moscow State University, STOCKHAUSEN, Pierre HENRY arrived a serelprincipalcom -
music concrete supporter since its beginnings who y extensively used the theory of phenomena
Acoustic response to othe Larsen effect that had been studied since 1950 at the CNRS Laboratory.
All these researchers participated in the informal seminars on empiricaly work organized -
application for Music Study Concrete, how to pair Center Eludes Je Radio television (ver Auto-
hiograñacitada>

2 One of the functions that e they alloweda Moles will develop in-depth aesthetics work in
The sound field, it was the charge assumed in 1954 a 1960, although with interruptions, of Director of
Electro-acoustic laboratory SCHERCHEN located in the small town of Gravesano in Switzerland.
sponsored
y by the orchestra director Herman SCHERCHEN, one of the old pioneers of
team formed around Radio a Berlin since 1933 that through
y tireless activity in favor
Contemporary music was increasingly discovering composers such as BERIO, XENAKIS,
MADERNA, Luigi NONO, PICCOLA. y The Gravesan Music Center has made available an instrumental
of relatively important laboratory, something underutilized, whichy allowed to continue, thanks to the a
benevolence of SCHERCHEN,
H a series of midway experiments a d
0 musicology
José Luis Piñuel Rabadá 185
information theory, psychology y the psycho-aesthetic. Let us mention among others, the works that had been
started in 952 on sound reproduction in space, (which is now called stereophony.
o the late tragedy), the1 confirmation of the psychic-physical correction of the perception of the serious notes median -
the use of radiant walls in small diameter speakers, the musicological demonstration of
parallelism between the evolutionary development of the history of music and the progressive y exploration of men -
as the amount of information is increasingly high, the decoding properties
psycho-aesthetic of ultrasound comb (Kamm-filter) separating y ~ the part experimentally
the semantic y and aesthetic part of the sound signal (see Autobiography cited)

Many of these criteria arose from a brief study and were cited regarding the analysis of events.
Moleshabi has started these works on action in collaboration with the Ecoled Organization.
Scientific labor, in the era when this school presided over O. BERGER, just as he was founding it.
the discipline called Prospective, y I have been advised continuity while consulting a scientific advisor.
diverse companies, unfortunately a little at the mercy of circumstances: those tests for partials
they showed the need for a theoretical approacha to actions through a more systematic way,
formalized, that
y takes into account the diversity of circumstances of the action of what it had-
highlighting the performance or productivity of industry, which still appeared extreme -
summary mind.
 Bibliographic Repertoire
Bibliography of Abraham A. Moles

PHILOSOPHY.

Scientific CreationThesis
I, mayonnaise
1 956,1volumen,260pags.,Édit¡onsKister,Gené -
1 957.In Portuguese, Editora Perspectiva, São Paulo, 1 972.In Spanish,
Ed.Taurus, Madrid, 1986.
• The Theory of Information in Aesthetic Perception 1 957Philosophical Review -
what!April-June, pp. 233-242.
• The Code of the Universe, 1957, in..&pocheMcmuncíAutomation,inEncyclopedia -
the modern scienceLimpert Publishing, Frankfurt , Band 1, pages 70-120.
• A Theory of the Perception of Structures, 1965GenesisandStructures,Edie -
Mouton, Den Haag, pp. 124-142. Published in: Cenen ¡ Structure-
-o u Psihofizici,Prolece, 1 972, Third Program, Radio Belgrade, pages 497-518.
• "Artistic creation and the mechanism of 'spirit', 1960, in the magazine Ring. , Number 1
pp. 37-47. Published in Journal of Filezefie,Bucharest, Academy of Sciences -
cias, Volume 17, 1970, Page No. 2 173.185.
• “UnecultureMosatque”,1960,RevistaC.N.O.F.,marzo,núm.3,págs.23-25.
• Cybernetics is a secret revolutionCyber -
nétique,ereotomwhat,take8,pages.5-10,EditionsKister,Geneva,(translated to
Italian, German, Spanish,yCzech.
• QuantityQualityinCybernetics:aMeasureofComplexity,1961,Studies
Philosophical,June, pp. 177-190.
• Maclijoism meets Philosophy: some recent aspects of mechanistic evolution
1 962Philosophical Reviewabril,núm.2,Págs. 1 29-260.
• Application of the Theory of 'Information to Human Sciences 1 962Bulletin
FacultyLetters from the University of Strasbourg, , págs.195-205;resumen
inPhilosophical Studiesnumber 4, 1962.
• "The simulation of how structural explanations of phenomena are made"
1 965Philosophical ReviewTomoCLV, , pp. 229-231.
• Dynamic Unmute: jIGolem, 1967, The Review He fought against Israel,vol.XXXIII,
No. 2-3, Terza serie, Milan, April, pp. 67-72. Published in Romanian in SECO -
LUL20, no.1, pp. 27-33, Bucharest, 1969.
• Cybernetics and SemioticsValosognum.67-10,15October,
pp. 54-62.
• "Theory of Informational Aesthetics", 1967,Structuralism, Editor for Literature Uni -
versaloBucharest, pp. 141-153.
,

• "On the application of cybernetics to judicial mechanisms: the use of

opinion surveys in criminal proceedings", 1968, University Reviewdescend -
cesMorales,num. 8-9 , pp. 3-6.
• Object, method and axiomatic of cybernetics 1 968Ledoss¡cr of the Cyber -
net! que,Marabout University, Verviers, pp. 47-63. Published in Bulletin

dOn' 4. 187-197 Public Services UCM. 1999

188 R ETÓRICA Y Poetics IN THE STORIES
DE G.K.CHESTERTON SOBRE THEBROWNFATHER
Challenge, CyberneticsEd ic Qa Powatched uModernity , Zagreb, 1 971 págs.45-58.
• TheTechnicalThought 1 969, collaboration a thePhilosophical Encyclopedia
Denoel,Paris ,
pages 496-524 (in collaboration with A. NOIRAY).
• "A different attitude towards things: the Golem", 1971, enIntention set
actions done without conscience!PUF., pages 241-252.
,

• Invention 1 971Encyclopedia Universalis,Paris.

• The application of the socio-cultural cyclea the evolution of law, 1971,University Review -
redesSciencesMorales,no.14-15, pages 127-133. Re-edited in Portuguese as
“Rumasdeunaculturatecnologica”, 1973, Perspectiva,SaoPaolo,págs141-149.
• Notes on the events 972Communicationnum.18,,Seují,
Paris, pp. 90-97. Reissued in "Theory of the Event"1 1 974, Bompiani, Milan.
• "An index for measuring the quality of life", 1973, Inform UNESCO, March.
• Lemurdela communication, 1973, en LoCommunication.Actosdv¡Séme
Congress of French Language Philosophy Societies,Ed. Montmorency, Man-
tréal, 'pages 140-156.
• Should a cultural foresight be centered on the individual?Education
Culture,No. 22, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, pages 28-33.
• “Surlesmédiateurs dela communication”,1974,Introducción a the work of Vilem
FlusserThe Daily Force,EditionsMedium Mame.
• Read it from the Mathematical Theory of Communications, 1976, Preface a laedi -
French section of Shannon's work y WeaverMathematical Theory of Com-
munícotionEditionsRetz, Paris.
• SciencescJel'¡mprécis1990, Paris, Seuil, 220 pages.

PSICOLOGiA,PSICOLOGiASOCIAL Y SOCIOLOGY

• Can we establish an objective characterization for the functional method of correlation?

lation?,Philosophical Studies, no.3-4, July pp. 386-392.
• Experimental study on the perception of musical structures (experimental part) -
tale), 1952,Psychology,January-March pages 80-83 (in collaboration
conR.FRANCES).
• The audio-visual message is basic education, 1952 International Conference
- 34PUNESCQju~fésWi¿‘6h1d&d¡&QLsuets,Mion,April,Cahiers of Racial Studies -
honiques,no.10, 1956, pp. 103-113.
• "Sociometry and Creativity", 1955, (in collaboration with A. SCHUTZENBERGER)
Applied Psychology ReviewParis,julio-agosto,Tome 5No. 3, pages.
155-180.
• Sociometrics and sociatrics: models of choice and the impact of technology 1 Inter -
national.JournalofSocietyBeaconHouse, New York, no. 1, pages 15-20.
• Principles of the uncertainty of perception, 1957Proceedings of the Congress
International Psychology,Brussels, North Hall. Pub., Amsterdam, 1 959
pages 127-128.
• Theory of Information and Aesthetic Perception, 956, Thesis of Letters vol.,Flam-
Manan, 1958, 250 pages, 2nd edition, Donad, 1972. Cover translated into Spanish.
1 1
by Ed. Azanca, 1976.
FEUCISIMoVALBUENADELAFUENW 189
• Remark on some decision-making processes 1 960Roview of the National Committee
French Organization33rd, num.5mayopág.29.
• "Sur la dynamique de la communication de masse", 1960, La Télévision, 38th
Week of the Solvay Institute of Sociology,pp. 195-197.
• On the application of the theory of 'information 6 retail price labels
1965French PsychologytamoX, pp. 188-190.
• "The sociology of conservation sound", 1956Conferences of the Study Days
High FidelityEditians Chiron, February, pages 10-18.
• Broadcasting and Television as Means of Cultural and Social Progress
1964Broadcasting and TelevisionHamburg, Issue 2-3, pages 145-154.
• Methodology, science of action,1964, in collaboration with CAUDE y others
authors), Ed. Gauthier, Villars vol.,2 450 pages.
• Industrial Sociometry1964,(collaboration with SCHUTZENBERGER), Schne -
Líe Publishing, Hamburg
1 vol., 85 pages; reedited in French by Universi Publishers
Tires, Paris, 1971.
•

Mass Communications, at the University of Cologne, September <restricted publication>.

• “Lesconditionspsychosocialesdunerénovationurbaine”,1954,<coloquio,Liége,
November), published inWhereWill we live?tomorrow?Liège, November 1 965 1
vol., pp.123-145.
• Socio-dynamic of culture 1 971, Editions Mouton, The Hague, 2nd edition 1
val., 350 pages; in Spanish by Ediciones Paidos, Buenos Aires, 1 974.
• Interstitial freedom, marginal freedom, principal freedom 1 966French Review
sociologyvol. Vill, num. 2, pages 229-232.
• “Surlecontenud’unesaciologiejuive”,1965,enLove! I will dance in Europe with -
temporoineEditions of the Solvay Institute, September, pages 311-315.
• On the theoretical aspect of the camp of ill-defined populations 1 965in theviolet
Hello, Europe is contemporary.Editions of the Solvay Institute, pp. 81-88.
• Communications sets sociometry in the company 1 966Delenfre Encyclopedia -
pricemodernEd. d'Organisation, Paris, tomo X, pages 4-115.
• The great methods of future studies : 6 short, long-term 1 967
C.N.O.F.Monthly Review of the French Organizationvol.1, pages 11-18.
• Towards a new theory of land ownership in the context of 'prospective urban planning -
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0 Société d'Études et d'Ex-
pansionJanuary-February, num. 1, pages 110-115; reprinted in Revue Neuf, Brussels -
Volume 24, April 1970, pages 2-5.
• “I.’artisteet‘intellectueldanslasociétéaffluente:les3 cités”,1967,NewLetters -
theyJuly-September, pages 81-103; reedited in Galerie des Arts, March 1968
no.5, pp.26-34.
• The Three Cities, 1968Directions on the theory of aestheticsLondon, pages.
180-191.
• “Letroisiémehomme:vulgarisationscientifiqueetradio”,1967,<encolaboración
with N. OULIF)Diogenes,No. 58, pages 29-40.
• The shells of the ham 1 968SADC Architecture Reviewnum.165, July.
Pages 13-16.
190 RHETORIC AND POETICS IN THE STORIES OF O.K.CHESTERTON ABOUT FATHER BROWN

• The symbol is the image in contemporary civilizationAccount

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pp. 35-38; in Spanish in 'The Symbol' y the image in contemporary civilization -
raneo", Spanish Journal of Public Opinion, no. 19, March 1970, p. 3.
• The radio and television at the service of social and cultural promotion 1 966Comrnuni -
cationSeuils, Paris, no. 7, pp. 1-10.
• Sociodynamics and cultural equipment policy in urbanized society
1969Communicationnúm.14,Seuil,Paris,noviembrepágs.137-150.
• Ob¡etetcoamunication, 1969,Communicationnum13, February Seuil, Paris
pages 1-22.
• Theory of Complexity and Industrial Civilization 1 969Communication, no.
13,febreroSeuil,Paris,págs.51-65.
• Adult motivations a permanent education 1 970,<discussionwithF.
MULLER),Permanent Education,Council of Europe,Strasbourg, pp. 147-215.
• The diffusion of semantic differential concepts in France, 1970,International
Review of Applied Psychologyvol.19,núm.2,págs.108-123.
• Creativity and innovation in the company 1 970,<collaborationwithR.CAUDE)
EditionsMameFayard, julio, 1 val.,240 pages.
• Social aging of the 'habitat', 1970, in collaboration with J. SCHMIDTRevueNeuf
Brussels, no. 27, October, pages 35-48.
• "Semiology and Architecture", 1971,Werlc Reviewnum.4, ZGrich pp. 245-247.
• The Communication 1 971<address y joint drafting a various collaborators,
Editions Denoël, Marabout University, 1973 1 vol.,600pages.
• “Altéritéetidentitévuesparlepsychosociologue”, 1971,<encolaboraciónconT.
SCHWARTZ)SocialCompass,Vol. III, no. 3, Louvain, pp. 357-373.
• Psychology of space, 972,(in collaboration with E.ROHMER), Casterman, Taur -
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• Theories of disorders, 1 972,EditiansUniversitaires,Paris,octubre 1 valid., 290pages.; in
español,Teoríadelosobjetas,EditorialGustavoGui,Barcelona,noviembre1973.
• Psychosocial aspects of mass communication by satellites 970,Inter -
national symposium on cybernetics Jurema,Zagreb, vol. IV, pages 73-90. 1
• Psychopathology of large ensemblesJournal of Education and Culturenumber 8
Strasbourg, pages 4-10. 1
• Television and cultural perspective 1 974Education and Culture Reviewnum. 25,
Strasbourg, pages 33-40.
• "On the Future of Crafts", 1975,Institute of Environmentnum.1,28pages.
• Cultural technology room,1975,EditoraPerspectiva,Sao Paolo,
258 pages.
• "Media Systems and Educational Systems", 1975,Review Perspective, UNESCO
vol. V, no. 2, July, pages 175-198.
• "Psycholagiedestransportsverticaux", 1975, (in collaboration with V. Schwach),
RevueNdut núñY. 56,jdió-ógótfópá~s6 2-58~
• Lamicropsychalattitude of ‘sociological observation’, 975Bubble -
French Society of Sociologynum.5,pages17-20. 1
• Micropsychology of daily life 1 976, (in collaboration with E. Rohmer)
Denoél/Gonthier, Paris.
Happy birthday to Valbuena de la Fuente
191
• Object y generalized cost: the concept of object retrievalRevistoCommunicates-
cyanNo. 26, Madrid, pages 55-63.
• Psychology of the discovery of mathematics and didactics, 1975Revuodo
I'AUPELF,special issue: Creativity and university, vol. 13, no. 2 Dec. pp. 139-
155.

THEORY OF COMMUNICATION Y FROM THE IMAGE.

• Theory of Information and Advertising Semantics 1 963Advertising Notebooks
Paris, num5pp. 15-36.
• Screen and reality1966, with the collaboration of A. Silbermann y G.Unge-
this year), Ulístein Verlag, Frankfurt.
• We belong to the Urboine society, 969,Paris,DunodEd.,256pages.
• Television i mosaic culture 973
1 1 BITinternational Review,num.8/9,Zagreb,
pp. 11-53.
• Can we create a map of the world of diagrams, 1970,Review Schema of Sche -
matisationParis, École Etienne, vol. 1 num.2,pp.35-38.
• Information theory of the schema 1 972Notebooks2/3, Achille Mauri Edito-
Re, Milan, April.
• Heuristic indefinition of the cinematic image 1 972ReviewMesso
yesnum2, CRDP, Bordeaux, pages 3-15.
• A perturbation technique applied to the study of posters perception 1 970
collaboration with M. Búhíer,Sciences of Art,Volume VII, No. 12, pages 15-19.
• "Versus ecological theory of the image: the iconic translation", 1972, chapter 2
delaobraImogeelCommunication,directed by A.M. Thibault, University Editions -
sitaires, Paris, pp. 49-75.
• Image y visual communication, 1974,ReviewedCommunication,nums.15-16-17,
Madrid, June, pages 15-20.
• Structural theory of communication and society,1983, ed. MASSON, Paris,
y Spanish version Structural Theory of Communication, 1985, TRILLAS,
Mexico.

PHONETICSY LINGUISTICS

• "The Characterization of Discourse in Phonetics", 1950,C.R.Acc.Sc.tomo231

num.21,p.1126.
• "The use of artificial reverberation in spoken theatre", 1951,Annals of
Telecommunications (Acoustics Notebook), August, Volume 6,no.8, p.245.
• "Acoustics, Phonetics, and the Teaching of Living Languages", 1952,Bulletin
Association of Foreign Language TeachersJune, pp. 233-241.
• How can we measure spoken message? 1 952FoliaPhoniatryZtirich,
vol.4, no.3, pp.169-198.
• "The dynamic factors in the characterization of discourse", 1955,Notebooks
of Radio Studies,num.2,pages. 1 97-224.
192 Rhetoric Y Poetics in the stories ofG.K.CHESTERTON ABOUT FATHER BROWN

• Theoretical notes on the problem of 'identification of speakers', 1955, Communication -

communication at the 'group of French language acousticians', November, in
Acoustic Notebooks, ANR, Telecommunications Offices,January 1956, pages 1-10.
• Application of the multiple message phenomenon a the singing voice 1 955, municipalities-
presentation at the Congress of Phonology y Study of Language, Sorbonne, October
inRevuePortmonde Laryngology1956,núm.9-10,septiembre-octubre, págs.
972-980.
• Linguistics and instrumental techniques, 1958Found at the Institute of Linguistics -
that of the University of Paris,vol.III, pages 1-37.
• Remark on the factors of integration in auditory tests, 1960, Séme.
Congress of Otorhinolaryngology,Bonn, pages 81-93.
• Uncased languages used in the French Pyrenees -
y Logosvol.5núm.2,octubre,págs.76-91.
racion with Busnel Albert,
• Language and Writing from a Cybernetic Perspective (Introduction and Part 7) 1 vol.
Quick Publishing,Hamburg, pages 23-48.
• Application of the Flesch Index a French language, 1963, in collaboration
conL.Kandel)Cahiers of Radiotelevision Studiesnum. 1 9, pages 252-272.
• Theoretical notes on the study of language and pathology, 1964, communication
at the 'Colloquium on Phonation', Paris, October, inPhonetic game PhonationMore-
sonEd.,1966,pages.173-180.
• Cybernetic Methodology in the Problem of LinguisticsTime -
rift(¿irPsychology,Leipzig, vol. 171, pages 325-335.
• Experimental Phonetic Methods, 1965, in the volumePhonetic game
etPhonation,Ed.Masson, 1 966, pages.1 5-62.
• Animal language on information theory, 1963Acoustic Behavioral Animals
ElsevierPublishers, Amsterdam, pages 112-131; in French "Points of view on the
language","KlincksieckEdiL,1969,pages.365-368.
• Phonetics and Phonation1966, edited volume in collaboration with València
y Yannatos, Mettas, Malmberg, Fr>’, Sonninen), Ed. Masson, April.
• “The informatics of rhythms” 1 968The Rhythms,Ed.Simep, Lyon,Cahierspé-
cialnum.7,FrenchReviewd'ORL, Center for Audiophonology of Lyon, pages.
275-290.
• The concepts of language from the point of view of animal communication 1 969,
inApproaches toAnimal Communicationpp. 136-143, Mouton Pub., The Hague.
• "Perspectives on Animal Communication for General Communication Theory", 1968,
chapter23ofthebookAnimal CommunicationIndiana University Press, Blooming -
volume, pp. 627-643.
• "Aphonetic and linguistic study of the whistled speech of Kuskoy Turkey", 1972,
in collaboration with R.G. Busnel7th International Congress on Phonetic Science -
yes,Mouton, Paris.

AESTHETICS
• The ancient theater, an example of functional aesthetics, 1951Philosophical Studies
quesNo. 1, pp. 77-91.
FELICITYGOODNESS OF THE SOURCE 193
• The methods of experimental aesthetics, 1956, conference at the Society of Est -
Aesthetics, Sorbonne, April 21, in Reviewof Aesthetics,no.4, 1956, pp. 193-196.
• The basis of musical enjoyment 956, conclusions of the 'Semaine Interne' -
"national study of light music"GravesanerBlafter 1 vol.2-3, January,
pages 47-57.
• concrete music a productofradioresearch”,1956,Arts,Louisville,diciembre,
page 20.
• "Information Theory and Aesthetic Sensation", 1956, GravesonerBlatter,
num.6, December, page 3 y ss.
• "Filtering attempts about semantic and aesthetic message", 1956,Gravesaner
BlotterNo. 6, December, pp. 10-15, No. 7-8, May-June 1957, p. 85 y
ss.<including disks with experiences).
• "The Artifices of Aesthetic Perception", 1960,InternationalArtReviewZürich,
vol.III,núm.8,págs.65-72.
• The fight of designs against meaning, 1961InternationalArtReview
Ziirich, vol. IV, num. 12.
• Structured poetic message and levels of sensitivity, 1961Media Review
tione,Paris, no. 1, pp. 161 y ss.
• “ErstesManifestderpermutationellenKunst”,1962,cuadernode21págs.,Rot.8,
Stuttgart; in FrenchReviewRing,num.4.
• Experimental poetry, poetic and art permutational 1 963RovueArguments
numbers 27-28, pages 93-98.
• Cybernetics a information theoryu aesthetic, pedagogical a ethics 1 964Kyber -
Network of Social Sciences, Publications of the Academy of Tche Science -
questionPrague, pages 242-254.
• "Cybernetics and the work of art", 1965,Review of Aesthetics,no. 2, pp. 163-182.
• "The experimental aesthetic in the new consumer society", 1966,
Science of Art,No. 1, pp. 23-30.
• "Can there still be works of art?" 1 968Line structures,number 2, Naples
March, pages 81-84.
• “DioSynthesevonTheaterundTechnik”,1961,TheaterundZeit,Wuppertal,num.
1,septiembre,págs.215-218,núm.2,octobre1961,págs.227-230.
• "Notes on architectural information about the artwork", 1962,Fundamentals -
diumausCybernetics,Band3,Heft3,julio,págs.85-89.
• Vasarelly y structuralism 1 967FormaNuevo,No. 16, May, pages 54-56.
• Is it possible to create new ideas through the design of machines?Indus -
trieundKunst,Linzer Academy Fund, pages 19-22.
• About illustrated texts, reiteration, 1967The 20th century,núm.4,Bucarest,junio,
pp. 166-172.
• Uberdio use of computing systems in art, 1967Art judgment
Computer, Exact Aesthetics,No.5, Nadolski Verlag, Stuttgart, pages 16-20.
• Information and redundancy, signs and super-signs as elements of the truth
perception 1 968Art and Cybernetics, DuMont Schauberg PublishingCologn
pages 14-28 y207-218.
• The constructive art and multiples1 969Review of the Central Schoolspecial number
"Thought and Creation", October, pages 14-28 y 207-218.
194 RHETORIC Y POETICS IN THE STORIES OF G.K. CHESTERTON ABOUT FATHER BROWN

• “Kitschetobjet”,1969,<encolaboraciónconE.Wahl), Communication,num.13
Seuil, Paris, pages 65-68.
• DeterminedForms 970Bochum Text on Visual Communication, vol.
3, University Press, Bochum. 1
• Psychology of kitsch, the art of happiness,1971, Paris, Editians Mame Hatier, 254
pages; in Spanish, El Kitsch, Barcelona, Ed. Paidos, October 1973.
• Artetordinateur,1971, Paris, Ed. Casterman Tournai, 264 pages.
• Art and Cybernetics, 1971, enSupermarket in Cybernetics, Around Ideas,ed.J.
Reichardt, StudioVista, London.
• LamartediApollo e the will. Death e trasHgurazionedellarte, 1973
Contemporary chiaroscuroRome, November, no. 1 3, pages.1 3-20.
• "Rationing within the trends of contemporary art", 1973,Reviewed
Arlos Colloquiumno. 15, Lisbon, December, pp. 4-12.
• "The Expansion in Space", 1975,Qviarteconteniporanea,num.15, Rome, sep-
tremor, pages. 1 6-20.

MUSICLOGY Y MUSICAL ACOUSTICS

• Why do two violins make more noise than one?Journal of Physiology -

what,no. 6, pages 194-199.
• An interference paradox in sound, 1948,NatureLondon, no. 4168, page 487.
• Study on the quality of violin bows, 1951Note C.R.S.I.M.69, March.
• The use of autocorrelation in the measurement of musical sign 1, 1951Journal of
Physicstamo12, no. 11, pp. 64 y ss.
• Dynamics of music and expression of contrastEuropean radio bulletin
cliR, sinnGeneve.numA,p.351.
• "Letaudetransitoireetsamesureenmusiqueetenphonétique", 1950,Journal
dePhysicjue,volume 12, no. 6, pages SOyss.
• Study and representation of the complex note in musical acoustics, 1952
Acoustics Notebook 46; Anna/telecommunications details,volume 7, number 11
November, pp. 430-438.
• "Essaide salfégeconcret", 1952, fourth part of the opening A the search of a
rnvsiqueconcrete,Editions du Seuil, Paris, pages 200-227.
• "Study and Representation of the Complex Tan in Musical Acoustics", 1953
FunkundTan, num.6, pp. 277-287.
• A tentative classification of sound objects through the use of high writing speed levels
recorder, 1953, conclusions ofCongress of Electroacoustics of Dell!June.
• "On the Coloring of White Noises in Musical Acoustics", 1953Electric wave -
what,September, pp. 285-286.
• "Physical structure of the musical signal", 1953,ScientificReviewno. 3324
pp. 277-303.
• Information theory of music: Supplement to information theory, 1956Messages
Technical Reports,Braunschweig, July, pages.47-56.
• "Employment of spectrography in acoustics and the problem of partitioning in music"
"Experimental" 1957, (in collaboration with V. Ussachevsky),AnolestheTelevision -
communicationsI take 1 2, num. 9, pp. 299-304.
Happy birthday to the fountain 195

• Machines á music: duphonogeneauvocoder 1 957MusicalRevEd.

RichardMasse,Paris,pages.115-127.
• Some basic aspects of an information theory of music, 1958,Journal of Audio
Engineering SocietyJuly, vol. 6, no. 3, pages 184-186.
• Electronic instrumentation and experimental music, the creator's power of the
complexity, 1959Music Review,special number "Musical Experiences", January
pages 4049.
• The role of graphs in determining the quality of instruments -
of collaboration with E. LeippAcoustic Notebooks,num.98
Annals of Telecommunicationstomo14,núm.516,mayo,págs.135-142.
• "Perspectives of 'electronic instrumentation', 1959,Belgian Music Review -
gievo¡.XIII,fasc.1-4,págs.11-26.
• "Uber-electronic instruments," 1960,grovesaner leavesnum. 1 5-16.
• "Algorithmic music, an attempt at calculated music", 1961,Reviewed
Son,num.93, pages 28-29.
• "Objective method for determining the sound quality of musical instruments"
1 961, (in collaboration with E. Leipp),Electronic grinding machinepages 469-174.
• Music, physiology and psychology, on analog models, the audio function -
had"Study Group of Diffusion Radiation,No. 17-28, pages 309-319.
• The New Relationship Between Music and Mathematics, 1962Gravesaner's leaves,
Issue 23-24, Mainz, pages 98-10.
• Experimental music, 1 962Editions Circle of Contemporary Art, Zurich

GAM,May 1 964.
• "The evolution of experimental music and its place in contemporary art"
965, communication for the Grouped’Acaustique Musical of the Sorbonne, 28
1
January, published in the BulletinGAM,February 1 965.
• "On the future of serial music", 1966,Review Evidence,February, no. 1 80
pages 35-39.
• Music, muses, composermusical movementWarsaw, no. 7, pp. 1-6.
• The current evolution of experimental music 1 968,communicationforel
Grauped'AcoustiqueMusicaldelaSorbonne, January 19, published in theBulletin
GAAI,No. 33, February 1968, pages 1-8; reedited in Acoustic Review,num.
6,1969,pages.148-152.

SYSTEMS THEORY
• "Elements of Spatial Information in Microphone Audition", 1951,NoteC.R.
Ac.Sc.vol.233, pages 1583-1585.
• The role of cybernetics in the development of psychophysiology 1 950
General Review of Sciencestomo57, no. 11-12, pp. 253-261.
• Stereophonic transmission system a a single channelC.N.R.S. patent,
num.618588, November 2.
 RHETORIC AND POETIC IN THE STORIES OF O. K. CHESTERTON ABOUT FATHER BROWN
196
• Physical structure of the sign in micro-phenomenological caustic. 1 952Thesis of Science-
yes,Paris, March 28.
• Theory of information, electronics and cybernetics, 1953Where Electric
September, pp. 638-651.
• Fidelityofinfidelity in the channels of sound transmission, 1956, communication
French Physical Society, February 24, published inPhysi Journal -
what,December 1956, volume 17, number 12, pages 74 y ss.
• "The fidelity of sound channels", 1957,Technical Review, Lyon,May, pp. 1-20.
• "Information theory in language and music", 1958,Moment.num.2, pages 17-27.
• Cybernetics Charter, 1959Encyclopedia of Atomic Civilizations
rs, Milan, vol. 8, pp. 167-173.
Elements of a theory of automatic documentation, 1961, proceedings of the XXXIII
International Congress of Cybernetics of Namurpp. 327-332.
• "Animal languages and information theory" 1963, in the volumeAcoíscBeha
vsovrofAnimo!Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pages 110-133.
• Communications languages, 1 963,<collaborationwithVallancien,Fr>',Rosen-
blith, Lehmann, FessardGauthior-Vil/ars Ed., Paris, June, 250 pages.
• Complementary paths of informational sensitivity, 1964StuiiumGenera -
SpringerVerlagHeidelberg, pp. 589-595.
• "Heuristic Processes and Information Theory", 1964Never results of
Cybernetics,Oldenburg, Munich, pp. 40-52.
• Schema sets schematization, 1968RevveSchémotisme,núm.1,febrero,págs.
23-28.
• Cybernetics, information and economic structures 968, resulting text
four seminars held at 'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1 published in
Cahiers of Advertising,num. 1 9,enero,págs.37-55.
• Cybernetics of complexity: the problem of 'integration', 1968,StvdiumGene-
ralenum.21,SpringerVerlagHeidelberg, pages 859-875.

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUE Y ACOUSTICS

• The application of the absolute tin electrostatic method a certain types

domicrophanesek dynamics; 1946,C.R.S.LM.num.152.
• "The construction of sound chambers", 1946, RadioFrançoise,volume 4, pages 14-20.
• "Remarks on the methods of studying reverberant chambers", 1947,Journal
Physics,num.5May.
• "Fundamental Principles of the Acoustic of Rooms", 1947RodioFrench,take4.
• Physiquedubruit 1 948RadioFraneaise,May, pages 29-33.
• "Mesuredubruit", 1948,Radio Franqoiselunio, pp. 9-15.
• Physialogiedubruit, 1948, RadioFrenchJuly, pages 5-10.
• "Techniquedubruit", 1948,French Radio,September, pages 7-13.
• On the permanence of sound regimes obtained in reverberating chambers, 1948
Journal of Physicsnumber 5, May.
• The measured times of reverberation a the cathode-ray oscilloscope, 1949 Radio
French,February, pp. 4-8.
Very good fate of the source 197
• Let the intelligibility serve as a criterion for the acoustic quality of a room
1950Annals of Telecommunications,No. 8, pages 57-65.
• "The causes of noise from phonograph records", 1950,JaurnoldePhy -
continue,num.3,p.17>'ss.
• Required qualities of hearing aids, 1951Radio French
April, pages 1-5.
• Employment of Neumann bathymetric in the measure of the quality of the pho disks
nographics",1951,RadioFranqoise,num. 4, pp. 13-22.
• Response curve measurements of loudspeakers by the spectral method.
tinu 1 952Measures, September,num.184, pages 497-503.
• Physical technique of the B.R.V.I.T.1952, book of XII, 155 pages in 8, Dunod Publishing. Paris
• Study critiquing the notion of high fidelity in the response of electro-acoustic systems
acoustics 1 952WhereElectric,núm.298,enero,págs.11-25.
• "General method for establishing the acoustic project of a hall", 1952, conf. -
pronounced on December 9 at the Institute of Building and Works
Publics, y published inAnnals of Public WorksOctober
November 1953, no. 71.
• “Lessallesdeparole”, 1 954RevueBatirnumbers 43-44, October-November.
• "Is there an urban planning solution to the problem of noise in cities?"
ReviewBótir,numbers 49-50, June-July.

INDUSTRIAL PHYSICS
• "Suruncritéredelaptitudedesmétaux ál’emboutissage" 1 945JournoldePh> -
keep goingSeptember, pages 41 y ss.
• New hollow derivative systems á grand resistance, 1946C.N.R.S. Patent
num.961209.
• Experimental research on the causes of wear of trolleybus contact wires
1951, (in collaboration with T. Vogel),R.G.E.?septiembre,tomo60,págs.349-352.
• Method of measuring the temperature of wires 5 daciermobiles, 1951,Patent
C.N.R.S.num.946617;RevveMeasures,núm.166,marzo,pág.97.
• Tests of user in the laboratory of contact line brush networks -
trolleybus, 1952Railway IndustryJune, pages 100-107.
• Television at the service of business 960Review of Work Study (BTE)octu-
bre,num.111,pages.10-16. 1

{"FÍSICAMATEMÁTICA":"PhysicsMathematics","METEOROLOGÍAGENERAL":"GeneralMeteorology","SERVOMECANISMOS":"Servomechanisms"}

• On the application of regulatory devices to electroacoustic measurements

1947C.R.Ac.ScJanuary 13, volume 224, pages 101-104.
• Electroacoustic regulating devices and their applications, 1948, <diploma>
Higher Studies in Physical SciencesC.N.R.S.Marseille.
• The phenomenon of Larsen and its applications, 1948, (diploma of Higher Studies) -
Physics Science)C.N.R.S., Marseille.
198 RHETORIC Y Poetics in the Stories of G.K. Chesterton about Father Brown

• Metrology and cathode ray oscillograph, 1950,Measuresno.160, page 364.

• Theamplifiers ó 9am variable electroacoustic, 1 952, second thesis of
State Doctorate, Paris, March 28.
• "Metrology and classification of measuring instruments", 1953,Anxiety
TelecommunicationsSeptember.
• Amplifier employees á gain variable in acoustic measurements, 1954
General Review of Electricitytomo63,num.1,pags.35-52.
• The function of smoothing and its applications 1 954ReviewMeasures,September.
• "Metro Magic and Information", 1956,Review Measuresnúm.224,enero y no.225,
February 1956, pages 81-87.