INDIRA GANDHI DELHI
TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN
PRACTICAL FILE :
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
Vaishali Kikan Name - Bhavika
Branch - ECE-AI
Enrollment number -
03701182025
Index
S.no Topic Date Remarks Sign
1 Togeneratedifferenttypesof
signals using MATLAB
software.
2 Togeneratematrixandperform
basic operation on matrices
using MATLAB software
3 Toperformfunctionsonsignals
and sequence such as addition,
multiplication,scaling,shifting,
folding, computation of energy
and average power.
4 ToverifyGibb’sphenomenon.
5 Tofindthefouriertransformof a
given signal and plotting its
magnitudeandphasespectrum.
6 Propertiesoffouriertransform.
7 Softwarebasedproject
EXPERIMENT-1
AIM:TogeneratedifferenttypesofsignalsusingMATLABsoftware.
EQUIPMENTS:PCwithwindows(7orabove),MATLABsoftware.
THEORY: Signal- A signal isa description of howoneparametervarieswith
another parameter.
Unit impulse signal- The unit impulse signal has zero amplitude everywhere
except at t = 0. At the origin (t = 0) the amplitude of impulse signal is infinity so
that the area under the curve is unity.
Unit step signal- Thestep signal or step functionis that type of standard signal
which exists only for positive time and it is zero for negative time.
Square wave- A periodicwavethatvariesabruptlyinamplitudebetweentwofixed
values, spending equal times at each.
Sawtooth wave- The sawtooth wave is a kind of non-sinusoidal waveform. It isso
named based on its resemblance to the teeth of a saw.
Triangular wave- Triangular waves are a form of electronic waveform where the
voltage level ramps up linearly and falls away linearly at the same rate for both
ramps.
Sinusoidalwave-Asinewaveorsinusoidalwaveisthemostnaturalrepresentation of
how many things in nature change state. A sine wave shows how the amplitude of a
variable changes with time.
Ramp wave- It starts at zero level and gradually rises to its peak level and then
instantly drops back to zero level to form one cycle.
Sinc wave- A sinc pulse passes through zero at all positive and negative integers
but at time, it reaches its maximum of 1.
PROGRAM:
UNITIMPULSE
CODE:
t=(-1:0.01:1)';
impulse = t==0; plot(t,
[impulse])
OUTPUT:
UNITSTEP
CODE:
clearall;
t=(-1:0.01:1)';
unitstep = t>=0; plot(t,
[unitstep])
OUTPUT:
SQUAREWAVE
CODE:
sqwave=0.81*square(4*pi*t);
plot(t,sqwave)
OUTPUT:
SAW TOOTHWAVE
CODE:
t=-5:0.01:5;
x=sawtooth(pi*t);
plot(t,x)
axis([-55-1.51.5])
title('Sawtoothwave')
xlabel('t')ylabel('x(t)')
OUTPUT:
TRIANGULARWAVE
CODE:
t=0:10;
x=[10101010101];
plot(t,x);
OUTPUT:
SINUSODIALWAVE
CODE:
clearall;
closeall;
clc
x=0:0.1:2*pi;
y=sin(x);
plot(x,y)
OUTPUT:
RAMPWAVE
CODE:
n=6;
t=0:1:n;
stem(t,t);
hold on;
plot(t,t);
xlabel('x-axis');
ylabel('y-axis');
OUTPUT:
SINC
WAVE
CODE:
t=-10:0.0001:10;
y=sin(t)./t;
plot(t,y)
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
OUTPUT:
RESULT: Different types of signals are successfully demonstrated
using MATLAB.
EXPERIMENT-2
AIM: To generate matrix and perform basic operationonmatricesusingMATLAB
software.
EQUIPMENTS:PCwithwindows(7orabove),MATLABsoftware.
THEORY:
Matrix-A set of elements arranged in rows and columns so as to form arectangular
array. The numbers are called the elements, or entries, of the matrix. If number of
rows = number of columns, it is called a square matrix.
Addition of matrix- It isthe basic operation performed, to add two or more
matrices. Matrix addition is possibleonlyiftheorderofthegivenmatricesisofthe same.
By order we mean, the number of rows and columns are the same for the matrices.
Hence, we can add the corresponding elements of the matrices.
Subtraction of matrix- Similar to addition it is also onlypossibleifthenumberof
rows and columns are equal. The corresponding elements are subtracted.
Multiplication of matrix- Matrix multiplication indicates a row-by-column
multiplication, where the entries in the ith row of A are multiplied by the
corresponding entries in the jth column of B and then adding the results. Matrix
multiplication is NOT commutative.
Division of a matrix- Dividing a matrix by another matrix is an undefinedfunction.
The closest equivalent is multiplying by the inverse of another matrix. In other
words, while [A] ÷ [B] is undefined, you can solve the problem [A] * [B]-1.
Transpose of a matrix- The transpose of a matrix is found by interchanging its
rows into columns or columns into rows. The transpose of thematrixisdenotedby
using the letter “T” in the superscript of the given matrix.
PROGRAM:
ADDITIONOFMATRIX
CODE:
clear
a=[1,2,3;4,5,6]
b=[2,3,4;5,6,7]
a+b
OUTPUT:
MULTIPLICATIONOFMATRIX
CODE:
clear
a=[1,2,3;4,5,6]
b=[2,3,4;5,6,7]
a*b'
OUTPUT:
SUBTRACTIONOFMATRIX
CODE:
clear
a=[1,2,3;4,5,6]
b=[2,3,4;5,6,7]
a-b
OUTPUT:
DIVISIONOFMATRIX
CODE:
clear
a=[1,2,3;4,5,6]
b=[2,3,4;5,6,7]
a/b
OUTPUT:
TRANSPOSEOFMATRIX
CODE:
a=[1,2,3;4,5,6]
a'
OUTPUT:
RESULT:Thebasicoperationsonmatricesaresuccessfullydemonstratedusing
MATLAB.
EXPERIMENT-3
AIM: To perform functions on signals and sequence such as addition,
multiplication, scaling, shifting, folding, computation of energy and average power.
EQUIPMENTS:PCwithwindows(7orabove),MATLABsoftware.
THEORY:
Signal- A signal isa description of how one parameter varies with another
parameter.
Energy of a signal- In signal processing, the energy of a continuous-time signal
x(t) is defined as the area under the squared magnitude of the considered signal.
Power of a signal- The power of a signal isthe sum of the absolute squares of its
time-domain samples divided by thesignallength,or,equivalently,thesquareofits
RMS level. A signal is said tobeapowersignalifitsaveragepowerPisfinite,i.e., 0 <𝑃
< ∞. For a power signal, the total energy E = ∞.
Both energy and power signals are mutually exclusive, i.e., no signal can be both
power signal and energy signal. A signal is neither energy nor power signal ifboth
energy and power of the signal are equaltoinfinity.Allpracticalsignalshavefinite
energy; thus, they are energy signals.
Sequence- Sequence isa word generally used for discrete/digital signalsbecause
they both can be seen as a sequence of values.
PROGRAM:
GENERATINGTWOINPUTSIGNALS
t=0:.01:1;
x1=sin(2*pi*4*t);
x2=sin(2*pi*8*t);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('inputsignal1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,x2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('inputsignal2');
OUTPUT:
ADDITIONOFSIGNALS
y1=x1+x2;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
OUTPUT:
MULTIPLICATIONOFSIGNALS
y2=x1.*x2;
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(t,y2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
OUTPUT:
SCALINGOFSIGNAL1
A=2;
y3=A*x1;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal')
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,y3);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('amplifiedinputsignal');
OUTPUT:
FOLDINGOFSIGNAL1
h=length(x1);
nx=0:h-1;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(nx,x1);
xlabel('nx');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal')
y4=fliplr(x1);
nf=-fliplr(nx);
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(nf,y4);
xlabel('nf');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('foldedsignal');
OUTPUT:
SHIFTINGOFSIGNAL1
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time t');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t+2,x1);
xlabel('t+2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('rightshiftedsignal');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t-2,x1);
xlabel('t-2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('leftshiftedsignal');
OUTPUT:
ENERGYOFASIGNAL
t=0:pi:10*pi;
z2=cos(2*pi*50*t).^2;
e2=sum(abs(z2).^2);
disp('energyofgivensignalis');e2
OUTPUT:
POWEROFASIGNAL
p2=(sum(abs(z2).^2))/length(z2);
disp('powerofgivensignalis');p2
OUTPUT:
GENERATINGTWOINPUTSEQUENCES
n1=1:1:9;
s1=[123058024];
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n1,s1);
xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('inputsequence1');
s2=[1 1 2 4 6 0 5 3 6];
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n1,s2);
xlabel('n2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('inputsequence2');
OUTPUT:
ADDITIONOFSEQUENCES
s3=s1+s2;
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n1,s3);
xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');title('sum
oftwosequences');
OUTPUT:
MULTIPLICATIONOFSEQUENCES
s4=s1.*s2;
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n1,s4);
xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('productoftwosequences');
OUTPUT:
ENERGYOFASEQUENCE
z1=[1574];
e1=sum(abs(z1).^2);
disp('energyofgivensequenceis');e1
OUTPUT:
POWEROFASEQUENCE
p1= (sum(abs(z1).^2))/length(z1);
disp('powerofgivensequenceis');p1
OUTPUT:
RESULT:Thefunctionsonsignalsandsequencesare successfully demonstrated using
MATLAB.
