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📘 CLAUSES – (Class 8)
🔷 Clause kya hota hai?
A clause is a group of words with a subject + verb.
⚡ Types of Clauses
1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)
3. Adverb Clause
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1. NOUN CLAUSE (Detailed)
Definition:
A dependent clause that works as a noun in the sentence.
Works as:
✔ Subject
✔ Object
✔ Complement
Common Starters (Signal Words):
that, what, where, why, how, when, who, whom, whether, if
Examples:
What he said is true. (Subject)
I know that she is honest. (Object)
My wish is that I become a singer. (Complement)
IDENTIFICATION TRICK:
Clause ko kya? kaun? kis cheez? se pucho → noun clause.
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2. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (Relative Clause)
– Detailed
Definition:
A clause that describes a noun/pronoun → adjective ki tarah.
Starters:
who, whom, whose, which, that
Works as:
noun ki quality batata hai.
Examples:
The boy who won the race is my friend.
The book that you gave me is lost.
The girl whose bag was stolen is crying.
IDENTIFICATION TRICK:
Clause noun ke bilkul baad aata hai → aur usko describe karta hai.
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3. ADVERB CLAUSE (Detailed)
Definition:
A clause that works as an adverb → tells:
✔ Time – when
✔ Place – where
✔ Reason – why
✔ Purpose – so that
✔ Condition – if
✔ Comparison – than
✔ Concession – although
Common Starters:
when, while, because, since, if, although, unless, before, after, where, wherever, so that,
as
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EXERCISE –
Combine Sentences
1. Whoever scores the highest marks will win the award.
2. Give him whatever he wants.
3. He asked me why I was sad.
4. Knowing that she likes new fashion, I sent her an invitation.
5. Believing that he would not betray me, I told him the secret.
6. He wrote to say that he hoped he would visit Kolkata soon.
7. My sister phoned to inform me that our mother was very ill.
8. Your health depends on how well you take care of it.
9. No one will agree with what you have suggested.
Fill in the blanks (Relative Pronouns /
Adverbs)
1. My sister, who lives in Mumbai, has just completed her graduation.
2. This is the place where we met for the first time.
3. She is the girl with whom I travelled to Japan last year.
4. I will never forget the time when we met for the first time.
5. The police spoke to the man whose son had met with an accident.
6. I would like to see the book that/which you bought at the book fair.
7. Do you remember how you saved me when I was drowning?
8. This is the same car in which we were born.
9. This holiday we plan to visit the town where we were born.
10. My English teacher, with whom I had a good relationship, has retired.
11. Combine using Adjective Clauses
12. The man who robbed a bank has been sent to prison.
13. The scientist who found a cure for cancer won the Nobel Prize.
14. The bomb which exploded in the market caused a lot of damage.
15. The shop which sells jewellery was robbed last night.
16. The young woman who has come to meet the chairman is in the cabin.
17. The place which was once known for its natural beauty is now in ruins.
18. The athlete who took drugs has been banned from games.
19. The little girl who was missing since Sunday has been found safe and well.
20. I returned the book which I had borrowed from the school library.
21. We struggled up the hill which was very steep in places.
22. Insert commas
23. My only niece, who lives in China, sent me a parcel by speed post.
24. Do you know the man who is sitting at the corner table? (No comma)
25. Raja, who is my best friend, has emigrated to Australia.
26. The shirt which I bought last month does not fit me anymore. (No comma –
defining clause)
27. My friend Mary, whose father is English, speaks four Indian languages.
28. She is a girl with whom I have been friends for many years. (No comma)
29. Leonardo da Vinci, who painted the Mona Lisa, was a skilled engineer.
30. The new supermarket, which we visited yesterday, is remarkable.
31. This is the school where I studied for five years. (No comma)
32. My son, who started playing the piano at seven, is famous today.
33. Adverb Clauses
1. I reached the station
when
the train had already left.
2. I shall go
where
you go.
3. She walks home
because
she wants to get some exercise.
4. He is tall
but I am taller
. → (adverb clause of comparison)
5. The child cried in fear
because
he saw a snake.
6. Ravi is kind
as
Gita is equally kind.
7. He is happy
because
he got the job.
8. You should not go out
because
you are very weak.
9. The bell rang
when
the teacher left the class.
10. I went to the same school
where
my father had studied thirty years ago.
Adverb Clause of Purpose
1. We left home early so that we could reach the station in time.
2. Wear a pullover so that you don’t catch a cold.
3. You must ride carefully lest you should fall down.
4. Ships carry lifeboats so that the crew can escape if the ship sinks.
5. I always keep candles in case there is a power cut.
6. You must study diligently so that you can do well in your exams.
7. We need to meet him at once so that we can persuade him to change his mind.
8. Set the alarm clock so that you may not oversleep.
9. The farmers staged a demonstration so that they could put forward their demands.
10. Talk to him with respect so that he should not feel insulted.
Adverb Clause of Result
1. This place is so beautiful that I want to live here forever.
2. There was such a noise that no one could hear anything.
3. My mother is such a good cook that everyone praises her.
4. They had so much money that they bought a big farm.
5. Tie up your shoelaces so tightly that they won’t open.
6. The artists were so late that the show was delayed.
7. The storm was so severe that many trees fell.
8. They fought so fiercely that people were scared.
9. His explanation was so convincing that everyone believed him.
10. He spoke in such a quiet manner that nobody heard him.
Adverb Clause of Concession
1. Although the rich have money, they want to make more.
2. Although the teacher gave him sixty marks, he deserved less.
3. Although you may say anything, I don’t believe a word.
4. Although he is poor, he is happy.
5. Although life has been difficult for him, he never gave up hope.
6. Although it is raining heavily, I shall go to school.
7. Although she lent me money, she herself didn’t have much.
8. Although he drove carefully, he couldn’t avoid an accident.
9. Although you may beg me, I will not help you.
10. Although you may want to be in the Olympic team, you cannot achieve it without
years of training.
11. Match the columns (Adverb Clause
of Manner)
12. Column A
Column B Answer
a ghost was
The child ran The child ran as if a ghost was behind him.
behind him.
a storm is on its The sky is so grey it seems as though a
The sky is so grey it seems
way. storm is on its way.
She walked around in her she was a fashion She walked around in her new dress as if
new dress model. she was a fashion model.
In a state of shock, he he walked around as though he was in a
he was in a trance.
walked around trance.
He stared at me I had gone mad. He stared at me as if I had gone mad.
