1) Explain the Core Principles that guide at Process Level and Practice Level

Core principles of software engineering guide developers in producing high-quality software

efficiently. They are classified into process-level principles and practice-level principles.
Process-Level Principles
1. Be ready to adapt – Process should be flexible to project needs.
2. Maintain consistency – Standard approach reduces confusion and errors.
3. Quality should be built in – Every phase must focus on quality, not only testing.
4. Understand the problem fully – Clear requirements reduce rework.
5. Manage change effectively – Use change control mechanism.
6. Encourage team communication and coordination – Reduces misunderstanding.
7. Focus on continuous improvement – Learn from past projects.
Practice-Level Principles
1. Divide and conquer – Break large tasks into smaller modules.
2. Use abstraction – Focus on important functionality and hide unnecessary details.
3. Strive for simplicity – Simple code reduces maintenance cost.
4. Reuse components – Saves time and reduces risk.
5. Ensure accuracy of work products – Models, diagrams, and code must be defect-free.
6. Continuous verification – Review and test throughout development.

2) State Requirements Modelling Principles?

Requirements modelling defines what the software must do, before deciding how it will be
built.
Principles:
1. Understand the information domain – Identify data, inputs, and outputs.
2. Define software functions clearly – Describe services the system must provide.
3. Use scenario-based modelling – Represent user interaction using use-cases.
4. Partition the problem – Break requirements into key functions and subfunctions.
5. Build models that can be revised – Requirements evolve and must be modifiable
6. Represent behaviour of the system – State-chart/sequence diagrams.
7. Minimize ambiguity – Requirements should be complete, accurate, and clear.
8. Use validation regularly – Confirm requirements with users.
Conclusion
Requirement modelling principles ensure clarity and prevent misunderstanding, which
reduces cost and rework in later phases.

3) Explain the Construction Principles of Process Framework Activity?

4) Construction refers to coding and testing activities performed to build working software
from design.
Construction Principles:
1. Follow coding standards – Ensures uniform style and readability.
2. Use programming best practices – e.g., modularity, error handling, comments.
3. Minimize complexity – Write simple and maintainable code.
4. Create self-documenting code – Clear names, structured program flow
5. Reuse components and libraries – Reduces development time and defects.
6. Perform unit and integration testing continuously – Detect issues at early stage.
7. Maintain version control – Track changes, maintain consistency.
8. Review code periodically – Peer reviews reduce defects.
Conclusion
Applying sound construction principles results in high-quality, maintainable, and error-free
software.
5) Explain Risk Evaluation with Suitable Diagram?
Risk evaluation identifies potential project problems and determines their probability and
impact.
Steps
1. Identify risks – Technical, cost, schedule, personnel, requirement risks.
2. Analyze probability of each risk – High / Medium / Low.
3. Analyze impact of each risk – Catastrophic / Critical / Moderate / Minor.
4. Prioritize risks – Based on risk exposure = Probability × Impact.
5. Develop mitigation and contingency plans.
Risk Matrix Diagram (simple)
Low Impact Medium Impact High Impact
Low Prob. Low Risk Low Risk Medium Risk
Medium Prob. Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk
High Prob. Medium Risk High Risk Critical Risk
Conclusion.
Risk evaluation helps project managers concentrate on high-priority risks, reducing failures
and delays.

6) Illustrate Project Management Life Cycle with its Steps?

Project Management Life Cycle (PMLC) represents phases followed to plan, execute, and
close a project.
Phases:
1. Initiation – Define project goals, feasibility, scope.
2. Planning – Schedule, budget, resources, and risk planning.
3. Execution – Implement the planned work and manage teams.
4. Monitoring & Controlling – Track progress, quality, and changes.
5. Closure – Deliver project, submit documentation, evaluate performance.
Conclusion
PMLC ensures disciplined progress and efficient utilization of resources for successful
project delivery.

7) Define Project with its Characteristics?

A project is a temporary effort undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
Characteristics
1. Specific objective to be achieved.
2. Unique output (no identical repetition).
3. Defined timeline – beginning and end.
4. Resource constraints – budget, people, materials.
5. Involves risk and uncertainty.
6. Performed by a temporary team.
7. Follows structured phases (planning, execution, closure).
8. Need for monitoring and control.
Conclusion
A project is not routine work; it is a time-bound, goal-driven activity requiring proper
management.
8) What is Management and Explain the Principles of Project Management
Management is the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling resources to
achieve goals effectively.
Principles of Project Management
1. Define clear objectives – measurable and achievable.
2. Planning before execution – schedule, cost, resources.
3. Effective communication – reduces conflicts and delays.
4. Team coordination and leadership – motivates workforce.
5. Risk management – identify and mitigate risks early.
6. Time and cost control – prevent overruns.
7. Quality assurance – continuous reviews and testing.
8. Customer involvement – feedback and requirement validation.
Conclusion
Applying managerial principles ensures smooth project execution and project success.

9) Differentiate between Traditional vs Modern Project Management Process

Traditional Process:

1. Detailed upfront planning at project start.

2. Execution follows sequential steps.
3. Change is discouraged.
4. Monitoring and control are milestone-based and formal.
5. Customer feedback is limited.
6. Delivery is a single final product.
7. Risk assessment is done at the beginning only.

Modern Process:
1. Iterative and adaptive planning throughout the project.
2. Execution and monitoring occur continuously.
3. Change is expected and embraced.
4. Frequent feedback loops and adaptive control.
5. Continuous customer involvement.
6. Incremental delivery in sprints or iterations.
7. Continuous risk evaluation and mitigation.

10) Explain the Procedure of Setting Objectives for Completion of Software Project
Objective setting gives direction and helps monitor the progress of a software project.
Procedure
1. Understand business goals – know client needs and outcomes.
2. Define project scope – features to be delivered.
3. Break objectives into smaller milestones – modular approach.
4. Set SMART objectives – Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound.
5. Assign responsibilities – allocate tasks to team members.
6. Estimate time and cost – realistic scheduling and budgeting.
7. Review objectives with stakeholders – verify clarity and feasibility.
8. Document and baseline objectives – used for progress tracking.
Conclusion
Clear objectives act as a roadmap for project execution and reduce risk of failures.
12) Differentiate between Traditional vs Modern Project Management Practices ?
Traditional Practices:
1. Plan-driven and sequential approach.
2. Focus on processes, rules, and detailed documentation.
3. Hierarchical team structure with top-down decisions.
4. Limited customer involvement (mostly at start or end).
5. Changes are difficult to accommodate.
6. Risk management is done at later stages.
7. Delivery happens as a single final product.
8. Works best for projects with stable requirements.

Modern Practices:
1. Iterative and flexible approach (e.g., Agile).
2. Focus on delivering customer value and collaboration.
3. Self-organized, cross-functional teams.
4. Continuous customer involvement and feedback.
5. Changes are embraced and accommodated easily.
6. Continuous risk evaluation and mitigation.
7. Incremental delivery in short iterations.
8. Documentation is lightweight and practical

13) What are the Various Quality Methods Used to Measure the Quality of Software?
Introduction
Software quality measurement ensures that the product meets customer expectations and
standards
Quality Measurement Methods
1. ISO standards – International standards for quality assurance.
2. CMM / CMMI – Capability Maturity Model for process improvement.
3. McCall’s Quality Model – evaluates product-based quality factors.
4. Dromey’s Quality Model – maps product properties to quality attributes.
5. Six Sigma – reduces variation and defects.
6. Software Metrics – LOC, Cyclomatic complexity, Defect density.
7. Testing Techniques – Unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing.
8. Reviews and audits – Peer reviews, inspections.
9. Conclusion
Quality measurement helps ensure reliability, efficiency, and customer satisfaction.

15) Define Software Quality and Explain Place of Software Quality in Project
Management
Software quality refers to the degree to which software meets functional and non-functional
requirements, user expectations, and industry standards.
Place of Software Quality in Project Management
1. Quality planning – Define standards and metrics.
2. Quality assurance – Implement processes to prevent defects.
3. Quality control – Testing and reviews to detect defects.
4. Improves customer satisfaction – better usability and performance.
5. Reduces cost and rework – early detection prevents failures.
6. Enhances project success rate – reliable product delivered on time.
7. Supports risk management – quality reduces operational risks.n
Quality is essential in project management because it determines the success, cost, and
acceptance of software.
16) Explain Dromey’s Quality Model
Introduction
Dromey’s quality model evaluates how product properties influence quality attributes.
Components
1. Product properties – correctness, consistency, completeness.
2. Quality attributes – reliability, efficiency, maintainability, usability.
3. Relationship between properties and attributes – direct mapping.
Process
1. Identify product properties.
2. Map each property to related quality attributes.
3. Evaluate if properties satisfy quality attributes.
4. Measure overall product quality.
Advantages
Direct connection between product characteristics and quality.
Works across different development phases.
Conclusion
Dromey’s model provides a practical and adaptable approach for evaluating software quality
based on real product characteristics.

17) Explain McCall’s Model

Introduction
McCall’s model evaluates software quality based on user-perceived and developer-oriented
quality factors.
Three Categories
1. Product Operation Quality Factors
| Reliability | Efficiency | Integrity | Usability |
2. Product Revision Quality Factors
| Maintainability | Flexibility | Testability |
3. Product Transition Quality Factors
| Portability | Reusability | Interoperability |
Features
Uses measurable criteria (metrics) for each quality factor.
Bridges gap between developer and customer expectations.
Conclusion
McCall’s model provides a systematic and measurable way to evaluate product quality
based on customer experience and software characteristics.