1

Chapter I. Statement of the problem

1.1. Description and approach
Diabetes mellitus is a universal disease as it affects all people.
in the world, is caused by the low production of insulin (hormone produced by the pancreas
to regulate blood sugar), insulin resistance or both, that is why the
People with diabetes present high levels of glucose, due to the fact that the pancreas does not produce
sufficient insulin or their muscles, fat, and liver cells do not respond accordingly to the
insulin, or both.

It is a multiorgan disease as it can damage almost all organs and in

especially the eyes, the kidneys, the heart, and the extremities. According to data released
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are currently more than 346 in the world.

millions of people with diabetes. More than 80% of diabetes deaths are recorded in
low and middle-income countries, which are mostly less prepared to
face this epidemic. Deaths due to diabetes could double between 2005 and
2030. It is estimated that in 2004, 3.4 million people died as a consequence of
excess sugar in the blood. Almost half of those deaths correspond to people from
less than 70 years old, and 55% are women.

According to current estimates, the approximate population of people in Mexico with

Diabetes rises among 10 to 15 million people and causes 80,000 deaths annually.
affecting all social classes, primarily the low-income population
economic activities based in urban areas. According to the information from the Survey
National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT) the prevalence increased to 14%, which
represents a total of 8 million people with diabetes; in the urban population, the
the prevalence was significantly higher.
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In the State of Mexico, to mention a few data points, according to the Directorate
General Health Information, during the period 2006-2010, registered 51,950
deaths due to diabetes, with the female gender being more affected. Therefore,
regarding hospital expenses for this condition, during the period of 2005 to 2009, there
26,031 were recorded, with the female gender being the most affected.

Similarly, an average of 155 weekly cases was recorded in Tabasco.

obesity this year, according to the most recent data issued by the General Directorate of
Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health; the same agency revealed that the entity is
leader in cases of type II diabetes mellitus, an ailment that primarily occurs in people
obese. The bulletin issued at the end of 2014 indicates that that year 25,114 were reported.
cases of this disease, and the state with the highest notification was the state of Tabasco with
3,148 cases representing 12.53 percent of the total. As of September 19 of this year.
by year, 5,341 cases had already been reported, representing an increase of almost 40 percent.
one hundred. Type 2 diabetes is strongly linked to overweight and obesity. As well as to others
conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and high cholesterol.

In the case of obesity, as of 2015, 1,998 men were

diagnosed with this condition against 3,678 women. Regarding hypertension,
they have reported 6,224 cases, a figure slightly lower than the one reported in 2014, which was
6 thousand 381. According to recent figures from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT),
one million 61 thousand 300 Tabasqueños over 20 years old suffer from obesity or overweight, of which

488 thousand 700 are men and 572 thousand 600 are women.

Due to the above, it is decided to conduct this research to understand the

level of knowledge of diabetes mellitus among students of the Bachelor in Genomics of the
multidisciplinary academic division of Jalpa de Méndez (DAMJM). And thus be able to guide
about the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and reduce the risks that
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causes this disease, so that students have sufficient knowledge about the
prevention of the different types of diabetes mellitus and their ability to identify the signs and
symptoms of this disease

1.2. Research question

What is the level of knowledge about diabetes mellitus among students of the Bachelor's degree.
The genomics of the multidisciplinary academic division of Jalpa de Méndez (DAMJM)?
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1.3 Objetivos

1.3.1 General
Evaluate the level of knowledge about diabetes mellitus among students of
the Lic. in Genomics of the multidisciplinary academic division of Jalpa de Méndez
(DAMJM)

1.3.2 Specific

Identify the level of knowledge about the prevention of diabetes mellitus

Determine the percentage of students who know the types of diabetes mellitus.
Guide on the most common complications of diabetes mellitus
 5

Chapter II. Theoretical Framework

2.1. Theoretical Framework

The history of diabetes dates back to ancient times. The first records that
The knowledge about diabetes is found in the Ebers Papyrus (1550 B.C.), which talks about a
therapeutic treatment of polyuria (excessive urination), being mentioned for the first time
the main symptom of diabetes. Demetrius of Apamea (2070 B.C.), created the denomination
diabetes, which means in Greek 'to pass through', since urine does not stay in the body
(excessive urine), but passes through a tube. A century later, in his work "of
"Medicine" Celso (30 B.C.), already knows two fundamental principles of treatment of the
diabetes: diet and muscle work ([Link], 2001). Thus, through the centuries
make great discoveries, until in the year 1869 a doctor with the last name Langerhans,
It is discovered that diabetes occurs because the body is unable to produce insulin. Without
embargo, his greatest contribution was to discover that insulin is created by groupings of
Beta cells in the pancreas. To this day, these cellular groups are known as
Islets of Langerhans.

Another great contribution was made by Joslin in 1923, when he began to treat his
patients with insulin and significantly reproduce the incidence of deaths
([Link], 2001). Due to the high rate of diabetic people in Mexico, this
disease is considered the leading cause of death in our country, as there is 10.9
millions of diabetics, as well as a public health problem according to provided data
through the national center for epidemiological surveillance and disease control of the secretary
In federal health, every 2 hours 11 people die from complications derived from this illness,
the same that registers 176 million sick people worldwide (Druck, 2005). It is said about
hundreds of millions around the world and the people in Asia, Latin America, and Africa are more
 6

prone to suffer from this disease. In the United States of North America, one in five
people are diabetic (ADA, 2005). The projection indicates that the increase will continue.
in the number of diabetics.

A high percentage of the adult population in Mexico suffers from this chronic disease.
degenerative. In most cases, people realize they have it when it
the disease is very advanced (Guarque, 2005). In this chapter, it will be disclosed
its characteristics, what it consists of, and what its consequences are. To do this, it will define what
It is diabetes. Diabetes is a systemic, chronic-degenerative disease in nature.
heterogeneous, with varying degrees of hereditary predisposition and with participation of
various environmental factors, characterized by the increase in glucose levels
blood (hyperglycemia), caused by a defect (complete or not) in secretion or action
of insulin and/or resistance to the action of insulin produced by the body itself. (1)

Very rarely do they exceed 130 mg/dL, even when food has been consumed.
very high in sugars or fats. The stability of blood glucose is due to the existence of
extraordinarily fine and sensitive regulatory mechanisms: when a person does not
diabetic consumes food, the substrates they contain are absorbed from the intestine and
they enter the blood, where they raise glucose levels. Such a trend in the increase of
glucose is immediately detected by the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
that respond with a rapid secretion of it; this, in turn, passes to the cells of the
muscles, from adipose tissue and from the liver, reducing its level in the blood. Once that
glucose has entered the tissues, it is metabolized and produces energy, used to maintain the
functions of the organs and their structure; a similar amount is stored in the liver and in the
muscles.
In a person with diabetes, insulin production is decreased or their
action is lower, preventing glucose from entering the cells and its concentration is
maintains elevated in blood, this excess of glucose in the blood produces a phenomenon of
osmotic diuresis and with it severe dehydration, as well as intense thirst. That is to say, due to the
high levels of glucose in the blood, the kidney, which acts as a filter for glucose, receives
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a notable overload; as its capacity to concentrate it is limited, it is forced to

dilute it to excrete it, using water from the organism, a situation that leads to the
dehydration.

On the other hand, the lack of insulin action makes it difficult for the cell to receive the input.
energy coming from sugars, the body tries to obtain it from fats, with
that a mobilization occurs of those last ones that are stored in the tissue
adipose. Therefore, this is one of the causes of weight loss and excessive appetite of
many diabetics. Additionally, disorders in fat synthesis occur,
liver and muscle glycogen, which leads to weight loss, decrease of
cellular immunity, elevation of lipids in the blood, among other metabolic consequences.
These alterations can progress and produce serious situations, such as the
ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar non-ketotic state; the former is more common in type 1 diabetes.
second, in DM2.

Types of diabetes
Type 1 diabetes (T1D).
Type 1 diabetes (also called insulin-dependent, juvenile, or onset in the
childhood). It is most commonly diagnosed in people under 20 years of age, but it can
can occur at any age. In general, it does not affect all members of the same family and
it commonly appears in individuals who are thin or of normal weight. It is characterized by
the body does not produce insulin and the person must administer it daily to maintain
the figures in control parameters. The risk of ketosis is increased in these patients.

Their symptoms consist, among others, of excessive urination (polyuria), thirst

(polydipsia), constant hunger (polyphagia), weight loss, visual disturbances, and fatigue.
These symptoms can appear suddenly. According to the International Federation
of Diabetes, in 2010, 0.03% of the total population in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC),
Under 15 years old lived with type 1 diabetes, which equates to 37,000 people.
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Type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Type 2 diabetes, previously known as non-insulin dependent diabetes or
adult diabetes accounts for more than 95% of all diagnosed diabetes cases. It
presents in individuals with varying degrees of insulin resistance, but it is also required
that there is a deficiency in insulin production that may or may not be predominant.
Both phenomena must be present at some point for blood glucose to rise.
Although there are no clinical markers that precisely indicate which of the two defects
primary factors prevail in each patient, excess weight suggests the presence of resistance to
insulin, while weight loss suggests a progressive reduction in production
from the hormone.
A person is considered to have type 2 diabetes when they present a fasting glucose value.
above 126 mg/dL, or that the glucose tolerance curve, with a load of 75
it results in more than 200 mg/dL two hours after ingestion. Symptoms may be
similar to those of type 1 diabetes, but often less intense. As a result, the
the disease can only be diagnosed when it has already been evolving for several years and has
complications have appeared. Unfortunately, the detection of type 2 diabetes is late. In general, it
it usually conducts a first diagnostic test on people aged 40 and older, but the
Experience in Mexico indicates that diabetes begins between the ages of 20 and 40 and tends to
to affect people in the same family. Until recently, this type of diabetes only
It was observed in adults, but nowadays it is also being manifested in children.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

DMG is defined as a disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism.
of variable severity during pregnancy. It can be diagnosed for the first time in the
pregnancy, whether the patient is healthy and due to the hormones of pregnancy it has occurred
developed, or that already had diabetes and that this is diagnosed as a result of the
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pregnancy. Its symptoms are similar to those of type 2 diabetes, but it is usually diagnosed
through prenatal tests, more than because the patient reports symptoms.
Unfortunately, there are no reliable records that provide figures for
prevalence of GDM for ALC, due to the lack of a diagnostic standard. They consist of
that carries out an analysis of various diagnostic studies of DMG in the EU and finds
that the prevalence varies between 1.1 and 14.3%. (2)

Risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus.

Age over 45 years
2. Having first-degree relatives with diabetes (father, mother, siblings, children),
3. Abdominal waist diameter > 90 cm in men, > 80 cm in women, or
body mass index
Corporal (IMC) > 25 kg/m2,
Having had children who weighed more than 3,800 grams at birth
presented diabetes
Gestational
5. Little to no daily physical activity,
6. Having high blood pressure levels: above 140/90 mm Hg,
7. Having low levels of HDL cholesterol in the blood, < 40 mg/dL, and/or levels of
triglycerides in blood equal to or > 150 mg/dL,
8. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome,
9. Present alteration of fasting glucose (between 100 and 125 mg/dL),
10. Presence of other clinical conditions associated with insulin resistance, such as
significant obesity (BMI > 30) or acanthosis nigricans.
Diabetes diagnosis.
Like other types of diabetes, in fasting blood glucose level, in random.
(non-fasting) in the hemoglobin A1c test and in the glucose tolerance test.
The ketone test in this type of diabetes is conducted by taking samples of
urine when blood sugar exceeds 240 mg/dL, during pregnancy, when they present
symptoms such as nausea or vomiting or in diseases such as pneumonia, an accident
cerebrovascular or a heart attack.
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Other preventive exams, although necessary, consist of:

Inspect skin and bones in the feet and legs.
Be attentive to the sensitivity in the feet.
Regularly check blood pressure.
Review the glycosylated hemoglobin.
Review cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Examine the kidneys.
Visit the ophthalmologist.
Visit the dentist.
A second diagnostic criterion refers to the glucose tolerance curve.
through the oral administration of 75 g of anhydrous glucose. A glucose test is performed
baseline in fasting, then 75 g of oral glucose is administered and samples are taken
serum glucose samples, both at the hour and at 2 hours.

It is classified as follows:
• Glucose < 140 mg/dL. The person is categorized as healthy. However, it is
It is necessary to take into account the context of the patient. If they are obese or have some other

concomitant diseases, can be classified as a healthy patient but with factors of

risks associated with type 2 diabetes.

Glucose between 140 and 199 mg/dL. Considered prediabetic.

• Glucose = 200 mg/dL. Diabetic status is considered. From this moment on, it will be necessary to

assess the patient's context to determine whether it is necessary to start therapy or not
pharmacological. In addition to measuring the glucose level to reach the diagnosis of
In diabetes mellitus, it is important to know the lipid profile since most people
those living with diabetes present dyslipidemias.

Health personnel must request a cholesterol and triglycerides test in

fasting, and interpreting the results based on the following parameters:
Total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL
• LDL cholesterol or low-density < 100 mg/dL
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HDL cholesterol or high density > 40 mg/dL in men and > 50 mg/dL in women
women.

Prevention
It has been shown that simple lifestyle-related measures are effective.
to prevent type 2 diabetes or delay its onset. To help prevent diabetes of
type 2 and its complications are due to:
achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.
stay physically active: at least 30 minutes of regular moderate-intensity activity
moderate most days of the week; to control weight, it may be necessary to have a
most intense activity.
consume a healthy diet that avoids sugar and saturated fats.
avoid tobacco use, as it increases the risk of developing diabetes and diseases
cardiovascular.
Diabetes Treatment.
The fundamental objectives of treatment for all types of diabetes are:
Relief of symptoms,
Maintain metabolic control,
Improvement of quality of life,
Prevention of acute and chronic complications,
Treatment of diseases that accompany diabetes,
Decreased mortality.

According to the American Association of Diabetes Educators, changes in

The behavior of people living with diabetes is centered around seven spheres:
Healthy eating
2. Physical activity
3. Monitoring the achievement of therapeutic goals
4. Taking medications
5. Problem solving and complications of the disease
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6. Reduction of risk factors

7. Confronting the illness in a positive way

2.2. Related Studies

The following describes the studies that explore knowledge of the

genomics students about diabetes mellitus.
(Gómez, 2001 & CURI, 2011) mentions that the world is changing epidemiologically.
based on the increase in life expectancy and the rise in prevalence of the
chronic-degenerative diseases such as diabetes mellitus.
(CURI, 2011 & LERMAN et al., 2009) comment that currently diabetes mellitus (as
most chronic degenerative diseases have become a problem of
global health that will likely undergo economic changes in the short term
health care assistance programs from all countries.
(IDF, 2009 and Arredondo, 2011) states that the basis for diabetes prevention should be the
education that is provided not only to the patient but also to their families and the way
general to the population.
(IDF, 2011) mentions that health education in diabetes mellitus has proven
important benefits in the diagnosis, control, and treatment of affected patients.
(Ostergren et al., 2007) states that health education properly conducted in children and
Youth in general is very scarce, however there is evidence of its impact on the
attitude towards diseases.
The adoption of healthy behaviors is a laborious process; on one hand, it is necessary to
keep in mind that people first need to have information on what to do and
how to do it, but on the other hand, these aspects contradict the
practical knowledge passed down from generation to generation (GUIBERT, 1999).
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2.3. Conceptual Framework Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders that affects

different organs and tissues, lasts a lifetime and is characterized by an increase in levels
blood glucose: hyperglycemia. It is caused by several disorders, the main one being low
of insulin hormone production, or due to its inadequate use by the body, which
it will affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Diabetes mellitus and its morbidity currently constitute the main cause of
public health concern.

Clinical picture.

The forms of clinical presentation are very varied and can be summarized in the
following:
Metabolic presentation. Insulin is one of the main hormones.
anabolic substances in the body and consequently, their dysfunction affects not only metabolism
of glucose, but also of fats and proteins. The assimilation of glucose in the
muscle and fat tissue decreases significantly or disappears. It not only stops being stored.
glycogen in the liver and muscle, but its reserves are completely emptied.

Fasting blood sugar can reach very high levels. When this happens,
produce its elimination through urine (glucosuria). If the glucose to be eliminated is very
elevated, polyuria occurs (excess urine), which leads to an intense loss of water and
electrolytes, which can cause diabetic coma. Intense thirst (polydipsia) appears.
due to water loss, and an increase in appetite (polydipsia), with weight loss (which
it can be 4-6 Kg in a month), being this the classic triad of diabetes: polyuria,
polydipsia and polyphagia. This symptomatology is often accompanied by asthenia; if it concerns children.
they lose the desire to play and remain much quieter than usual. The coma
diabetes can also occur due to ketoacidosis: the deficiency of insulin causes a
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excessive destruction of fat cells and thereby raises the concentration of fatty acids
free.
Non-metabolic presentation. Metabolic symptoms may be minimal or present.
absent and the diagnosis is suspected due to infections or complications of the disease.
The patient reports having experienced polyuria, polydipsia, and increased appetite throughout their
life. There is usually no asthenia or it is very discreet, and weight loss is not constant. In others
in some cases, the disease is diagnosed by the ophthalmologist upon noticing lesions in the retina that
they suggest diabetic retinopathy. Other times the diagnosis is made by the dermatologist due to the
appearance of any characteristic skin lesion, such as diabetic dermopathy. In others
Sometimes the reason for the consultation is bulbar itching that can be caused by the
hyperglycemia or due to vaginal fungal overinfection, generally Candida albicans. The
infections are more common among diabetics than in the rest of the population. They are
especially frequent are genitourinary infections and respiratory infections.

Asymptomatic presentation. In many Western countries, it constitutes the most common form.
frequent diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, which is usually determined by occupational medical exams.

or routine reviews. For this reason, systematic search is often recommended

diabetes in risk situations (relatives with diabetes, age over 40 years,
previous hyperglycemia related to stress situations or the intake of any medication,
high blood pressure, elevated levels of cholesterol or triglycerides, history of diabetes
related to the gestation or childbirth of a child weighing more than 4.1 kg at
to be born).

Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

a. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM 1).
In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the pancreas does not produce insulin, so glucose
does not manage to enter the cells accumulating in the bloodstream. This type of diabetes
it appears mainly in children and young people. The specific cause is still not known, but in the
In recent times, it has been associated with genetic predispositions and environmental factors. In this

In this case, treatment with multiple insulin injections is essential for life.
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b. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM 2).

In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, the pancreas produces little insulin or the latter is not
recognized by the body's cells. The lack of insulin recognition by
the cells of the body are called "insulin resistance." This type of diabetes appears in
adults, approximately from the age of 40.
DM2 is strongly associated with genetic predispositions.
The risk of developing this type of diabetes increases greatly with age and
obesity.

Gestational Diabetes.
Gestational diabetes is diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy. The
pregnancy becomes a precipitating factor for diabetes in women who present
relatives with the disease, overweight or obesity. Usually this type of diabetes is
treated with appropriate dietary plans and insulin. After childbirth, this type of diabetes
disappears, although, the woman greatly increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the long term

deadline.
Its symptoms are similar to those of type 2 diabetes, but it is usually diagnosed.
through prenatal tests, more than because the patient reports symptoms.

Risk Factors for Diabetes.

A sedentary lifestyle, excess weight, and an inadequate diet are linked to
the development of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. Anyone with an index
A body mass of more than 27 is considered at risk of developing health problems.
A body mass index of over 30 indicates obesity, as well as a higher risk of suffering from
diabetes and other health problems. There are certain factors associated with the development of
diabetes. Some factors such as genetics and family history, for example, are beyond
out of our control to prevent the disease. However, we can change our
eating habits, activity levels, and body weight to reduce the risk of
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suffering from diabetes. Losing five kilos in a person is enough to decrease

significantly the risk of contracting the disease.

Frequent consequences of diabetes.

Over time, diabetes can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys.
and nerves.
Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke (CVA). About 50%
diabetic patients die from cardiovascular disease (mainly heart disease and
ACV).
Foot neuropathy combined with reduced blood flow increases the
risk of foot ulcers and, ultimately, amputation.
Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness, and it is the result of damage to
the small blood vessels of the retina that accumulate over time. To
15-year-old with diabetes, approximately 2% of patients go blind, and
10% suffer from severe vision impairment.
Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure. Between 10 to 20% of
patients with diabetes die from that cause.
Diabetic neuropathy is due to nerve damage as a consequence of diabetes, and can
it can affect up to 50% of patients. Although it can cause very diverse problems,
The common symptoms consist of tingling, pain, numbness, or weakness in the feet.
and the hands.
In patients with diabetes, the risk of death is at least twice as high as in those without.
people without diabetes.

Prevention.
It has been shown that simple lifestyle-related measures are effective.
to prevent type 2 diabetes or delay its onset. To help prevent diabetes
type 2 and its complications are due to:
Achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight.
 17

Stay physically active: at least 30 minutes of regular moderate-intensity activity.

moderate most days of the week; to control weight, it may be necessary to
most intense activity.
Consume a healthy diet that includes between three and five servings of fruits daily.
vegetables and a reduced amount of sugar and saturated fats.
Avoid tobacco consumption, as it increases the risk of suffering from diseases.
cardiovascular.

Diets for Diabetes.

A low-carbohydrate diet is important for managing intolerance to
glucose. This does not mean that one should completely avoid carbohydrates. It is
it is advisable to replace simple carbohydrates, such as flour or white rice, with
complex carbohydrates such as cereals, fruits, and vegetables. Carbohydrates
complexes are also high in fiber, an important component in the control of sugar in the
blood. With the aim of controlling blood sugar levels, do not confuse the diet
low in carbohydrates with carbohydrate-restricted diets. More than one of the diets
low-carbohydrate products promoted in the market have a high fat content and
proteins. Those diets ignore the long-term health consequences and while they favor
rapid weight loss does not yield good results.

Diseases related to Diabetes.

Reading about the complications of diabetes can be scary, but remember that
this can be avoided if you are careful and informed about the disease. Constant monitoring
of blood sugar, to maintain safe levels, is the key to reducing the risk of
suffer long-term complications.
Diabetic retinopathy: Diabetic retinopathy is an eye disease that can affect
People with diabetes may have difficulty seeing or even go blind. Blindness is
four times more frequent in diabetics than in the general population.
People with diabetes are also at risk of developing eye problems, such as
glaucoma and cataracts, which are serious complications. The best preventive methods are
control blood sugar, reduce blood pressure, and have eye check-ups.
If discovered in time, many ocular disorders can be treated.
 18

Cardiovascular, kidney and nerve problems: Blood vessels damaged by high

glucose levels present higher risks of increased cholesterol and development of
arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). As the hardened arteries lose
elasticity and begin to narrow compromises blood circulation. The
decreased blood flow can cause a stroke, renal failure
or a heart disease.
Diabetic neuropathy and diabetic foot: Problems in the feet are complications
Common. The ability to feel pain decreases with the deterioration of the nerves (neuropathy).
When neuropathy is combined with reduced blood circulation and a higher rate of
infection, the possibility increases that a wound on the feet becomes an ulcer. Without
treatment, diabetic foot may require amputation.
Diabetics should check their feet daily for any wounds, injuries, or
calluses. Even ingrown nails must receive immediate medical attention.
Diabetics should wear appropriate footwear that does not cause friction and avoid walking.
barefoot. They must be very careful when cutting their nails, as even a small wound
it can cause an ulcer. The doctor must monitor blood circulation and sensitivity.
nervous at least once a year.
Skin problems: Peripheral neuropathy and the infection index can also cause
skin problems related to diabetes. Wounds take longer to heal and it is more
likely to become infected. As damaged nerves cause the body to sweat less, the skin
It dries and cracks, the skin sometimes becomes yellowish and thick.
Skin problems can be prevented, or at least, reduced with the following steps
simple
Drink at least eight glasses of water a day;
Evite cremas o perfumes fuertes;
Avoid exposure to wind and sun and use sunscreen;
Use creams to keep the skin moisturized.
Gastroparesis: Gastroparesis is another of the diseases related to diabetes.
where the stomach takes a long time to empty its contents. The symptoms of the
Gastroparesis includes:
stomach acidity
abdominal pain or distension,
lack of appetite,
nausea,
weight loss.
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Diagnosis and treatment

The diagnosis can be established early with blood tests.
relatively cheap.
The treatment of diabetes consists of lowering blood glucose levels and others.
known risk factors that damage blood vessels. To avoid complications
It is also important to quit smoking.
Among the feasible and cost-effective interventions in the countries in
development are found at:
The moderate control of blood sugar. Patients with type 1 diabetes need
insulin, and patients with type 2 diabetes can be treated with oral medications, although
they may also need insulin.
Blood pressure control.
Podiatric care.

Other economic interventions are:

Screening tests for retinopathy (cause of blindness).
The control of blood lipids (regulation of cholesterol concentration).
The detection of early signs of diabetes-related nephropathy.
According to the World Health Organization, in 2000 there were 754 thousand Peruvians.
diabetics, assuming that by 2030 the number will reach 1,961,000 people with it.
bad in our environment.
Women top the list of those affected with a total of 27,453 recorded cases.
while the males sum 14, 18.
In Peru, the prevalence of diabetes is 1 to 8% of the general population.
with Piura and Lima being the most affected (2.5%).
It is mentioned that currently Diabetes Mellitus affects more than one million people.
Peruvians and less than half have been diagnosed.
There are more than 347 million people with diabetes in the world.
Diabetes is becoming a global epidemic related to the rapid
increase in overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity.
 20

Diabetes is expected to become the seventh leading cause of death worldwide by the year 2030.
death.

2.3.1 Definition of terms

Ketoacidosis: a serious medical condition due to a very low level of insulin, and due to
elevated levels of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine.
Cholesterol: a substance similar to fat that is found in the bloodstream and
in the tissues. The body uses cholesterol to produce hormones and form cell walls.
 21

However, too much cholesterol can cause a disease that harms the
blood circulation.
Good cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.
it helps the liver to eliminate all the cholesterol from the body. The higher its level
the good cholesterol, the less likely you are to develop heart disease.

Bad cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL). A high level of

bad cholesterol results in a buildup of cholesterol in the arteries, which
It can trigger heart disease.
Ketone bodies: residual material that results from the burning of adipocytes for
generate energy. In large amounts, ketone bodies alternate the chemistry of the blood and
they can cause diabetic ketoacidosis.
Endocrinologist: doctor who treats people with problems in the glands
endocrine, such as diabetes.
Nutrition specialist: a healthcare professional who advises on
people regarding meal planning, weight control, and diabetes.
Physiological: similar to the way the human body functions naturally.
Glucose: known as blood sugar, the body uses it as fuel.
Glucose is produced when the digestive system breaks down food.
Hyperglycemia: a condition that people with diabetes may experience when their
blood sugar levels are very high. Among the symptoms of hyperglycemia, one can find
finding the need to urinate frequently, excessive thirst, and weight loss.
Hypoglycemia: a condition that people with diabetes may experience when their
blood sugar levels are very low. Symptoms of hypoglycemia may include
anxiety or confusion, numbness in the arms and extremities, tremors or dizziness.
Hormone: a chemical produced by the body to help it function in different ways.
maneras. Por ejemplo, la insulina es una hormona que se produce en el páncreas para ayudar
The body uses glucose as energy.
Analog insulin: type of insulin in which the chemical structure of the molecule
insulin has undergone some kind of modifications.
 22

Long-acting insulin: insulin that provides the body with a level of insulin.
low and constant during the day and night; it can be administered through injections of
intermediate or long-acting insulin, or through continuous releases of insulin from
quick action with an insulin pump.
Rapid-acting insulin: insulin that acts faster and for a
shorter time period compared to regular human insulin; it is prepared at
modify the chemical structure of the insulin molecule.
Rapid-acting insulin: rapid-acting insulin (regular or fast-acting) that
provides the necessary insulin stimulus to stop the increase in glucose levels
blood that is produced after meals; it can be administered as an injection
after meals or with a dose after meals through a pump of
insulin.
Regular human insulin: the oldest form of fast-acting insulin. With the
regular human insulin; meals are ingested 30 minutes after the injection. In the
newer rapid-acting insulin treatments, such as NovoLog (insulin aspart [r
DNA origin injection), meals can be ingested within 5 to 10 minutes.
Gangrene: Death of body tissues. It is caused by loss of blood flow.
for obstruction of the arteries, especially of the legs and feet.
Gastroparesis: It is a type of gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy that affects the
motility and emptying of the stomach. For this reason, food is not well digested and does not
they continue their normal course in the stomach, resulting in vomiting, nausea, and a feeling of
postprandial fullness. See also. Neuropathy.
Gene: Basic unit of inheritance. Genes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

deoxyribonucleic acid), a chemical substance that tells cells what to do and

when they have to do it. The information in the genes is transmitted from the parents to the
children.
Endocrine glands: Glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.
Some of them affect the way the body uses food.
(metabolism). They also influence other bodily functions. One of the glands
Endocrine is the pancreas that releases insulin so that the body can use glucose.
as an energy source.
 23

Glaucoma: Eye disease associated with increased pressure inside the eye.
Glaucoma can damage the optic nerve and cause vision impairment and blindness.
Glucose: Level of glucose in the blood. It can also be called glycemia.
It is performed in a clinical laboratory with a blood sample taken from a peripheral vein.
Some devices measure blood glucose in whole blood and others in serum or plasma. If the sample
comes from puncturing the pulp of one of the fingers and the drop of blood obtained and
applied to a strip is read on a small device (glucometer), the result is called
blood glucose monitoring.

Altered fasting glycemia: Some define it as 'alteration of glycemia in

fasting.
in these cases it is imperative to order an oral glucose tolerance test to determine if the
the person shows an intolerance to glucose or diabetes.
Fasting blood glucose: Level of glucose in the blood that is measured in the morning after

after fasting for 8 to 14 hours. The normal result is between 60 and 110 mg/dl. The
A fasting blood glucose level greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl makes the diagnosis of diabetes.
mellitus. If the result is between 110 and 125 mg/dl, it is diagnosed as fasting blood glucose.
changed.

Two-hour post-glucose load blood sugar: Blood glucose level that is measured
2 hours after ingesting 75 grams of glucose (in children 1.75 gr per kilo of weight)
dissolved in water. The normal result corresponds to less than 140 mg/dl. The finding of
a glucose level two hours post-glucose load equal to or greater than 200 mg/dl establishes the diagnosis of

diabetes. If the result is between 140 and 199, a diagnosis of intolerance to

glucose. It is also referred to as 'oral glucose tolerance test.'

Postprandial glycemia: Blood glucose level obtained after 1st 2

hours after consuming any food. This type of blood glucose is not useful for diagnosis.
Diabetes. The diabetic patient is requested when it is desired to observe how they are doing.
 24

blood sugar level after meals and with this determine if any adjustment is necessary in the
treatment or in the food.
Glucagon: It is one of the counter-regulatory hormones of insulin that raises the
blood glucose level. When the body needs more glucose in the blood, the
Alpha cells of the pancreas (in areas known as islets of Langerhans) produce glucagon.
Sometimes injectable glucagon is used in cases of severe hypoglycemia. The injection
Glucagon helps to raise blood glucose levels.

Glycogen: A substance composed of multiple glucose molecules that is stored

in the liver and muscles. When blood glucose levels drop, the organism
it has these glucose molecules to prevent hypoglycemia.

Glucometer: Small instrument that helps to determine the amount of glucose

what is in the blood. In this meter, a strip with a special coating is inserted to which
a drop of blood obtained by puncturing the fingertip or the earlobe is applied
ear; the meter or glucometer then calculates the glucose level in the blood sample and
show the result in numerical presentation. Some of these meters have
memory that can store the results of multiple tests.

Glucose: A simple sugar present in the blood. It is the main source of energy.
of the body. It is also called dextrose. See also below: Blood glucose.

Glucosuria: Presence of glucose in the urine. A normal person should not contain.
glucose in your urine. Glucosuria usually occurs in poorly controlled diabetes.
Glucose begins to appear in the urine when blood glucose levels are above 160-180 mg/dl;
This level is referred to as the 'renal threshold' for glucose.
Some people may have a very low renal threshold for glucose and present
positive glucosuria with normal blood sugar levels (renal glucosuria).
 25

Chapter III. Methodology

3.1 Type and design

It was a descriptive study because it aimed to understand the level of knowledge.
about diabetes mellitus in genomics students, it was also cross-sectional because the
The variable was measured on a single occasion and at a specific time.

3.2 Population
It was carried out in the Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Méndez with the
first semester students of the Degree in Genomics.

3.3 Sample Calculation

 26

117 students from the academic division of Jalpa de Méndez that will be held with a
confidence level of 96% and an error margin of 0.05 giving a total of 90 students
(117).

3.4 Sample
It was carried out by random clusters.

3.5 Selection Criteria

First semester genomics students

Inclusion
First semester students of the Bachelor in Genomics aged 18 to 19 years.
Students of both female and male sex.
Students who are present at the time of conducting the survey.

3.5.1 Exclusion
Those students who did not wish to participate in the survey
 27

3.5.2 Deletion
Students who were not present at the time of the survey application

3.6 Instrument
A questionnaire format will be used for data collection whose preparation is
based on the issue under study (DKQ24 questionnaire).

3.7 Procedure
Data collection will be carried out through the technique of a survey. The
which will apply to the first semester students of the Genomics degree in the division.
multidisciplinary academic from Jalpa de Méndez who are between 18 and 20 years old.
A survey consisting of 24 questions about knowledge will be used as an instrument.
basics of the disease (10 items), blood glucose control (7 items) and prevention of
complications (7 items), of which only basic knowledge was taken from the
disease (6 items), glucose control (5 items) and prevention of
complicaciones (3 ítems) ya que estas son las preguntas que nos llevaran a lograr el objetivo
general. The questions are closed-ended, with answer options yes, no, and I don't know. The level of
knowledge is classified as sufficient with 10 or more correct answers (70% or more of the total)
correct answers) and insufficient knowledge with 9 correct answers or less.
 28

INSTRUCTIONS: You will be presented with some questions, please

Answer with complete honesty, underlining the option you consider correct. It is not valid
change the option once answered. Thank you very much for your attention and help in advance.
QUESTIONS: KNOWLEDGE ABOUT DIABETES
BASIC KNOWLEDGE
Is eating a lot of sugar and other sweet foods a cause of diabetes?
A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

2-Is the common cause of diabetes the lack of effective insulin in the body?
A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

3- Is diabetes caused by the kidneys not being able to keep sugar out of
the urine?
A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

4-Do the kidneys produce insulin?

A) YES B) NO C) NO

Are there two main types of diabetes (1 and 2)?

A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW
6-If I am diabetic, will my children be at greater risk of being diabetic?
A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

7-Can diabetes be cured?

A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

8-Is the way to choose foods and their way of

cook them?
A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

9- Does eating food cause insulin to be produced?

A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

10- Aren't the foods for diabetics the same as for other people?
A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

GLUCOSE CONTROL
11-Will regular exercise increase the need for insulin or other medication for
diabetes?
 29

A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

12- Is a blood sugar level of 210 on a fasting blood test very high?
A) Yes B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

13- Is the best way to check my diabetes by doing a urine test?

A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

14- Is medicine more important than diet and exercise to control my

diabetes?
A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

15- In untreated diabetes, the amount of sugar in the blood

Does it usually go up?

A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

16- Are trembling and sweating signs of high blood sugar?

A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

17-Is frequent urination and thirst a sign of low blood sugar?

A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS
18- Does diabetes often cause poor circulation?
A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

Do cuts and scrapes heal more slowly in diabetics?

A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

20- Should diabetics take extra care when cutting their toenails?
the feet?
A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

21--Should a person with diabetes clean a cut first with iodine and
Alcohol?
A) Yes B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

22-Can diabetes damage the kidneys?

A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

23- Can loss of sensitivity in hands and feet occur due to diabetes?
A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

24- Are socks and elastic stockings not recommended for diabetics?
 30

A) YES B) NO C) I DON'T KNOW

3.8 Analysis Strategies

The results of the total basic knowledge, blood glucose control, and prevention
complications will be carried out through half a standard deviation, for the description of
sex and the appropriate response for each of the items on the questionnaire will be carried out with
simple frequency and percentage.
The data will be reviewed and entered into a database created in the program.
SPSS version 15.0 statistical (statistical program for social sciences) for your
posterior analysis.
 31

3.9 Ethical considerations

The present study followed the provisions of the Regulations of the General Law of
Health in Research Matters for health. What is established was taken into consideration.
Title Second Chapter I article 13 and 14 section I, was adjusted to the ethical principles and
scientists who justified it (SSA 1987).
Section V, informed consent was obtained in writing from each.
participant.
VI.- It must be carried out by health professionals referred to in article 114.
of this regulation, with knowledge and experience to safeguard the integrity of the human being,
under the responsibility of a health care institution that operates under supervision
from the competent health authorities and that has the necessary human and material resources
necessary, that guarantee the well-being of the research subject.
 32

The study was considered to have no risk for the participants, as

Studies were conducted using techniques such as questionnaires and interviews according to the article.
17, fraction I.
In order for informed consent to be considered existent, the subject of
The investigation received a clear and complete explanation, in such a way that it could
to understand it, according to article 21 in its fractions I; II; III; IV; V; VI; VIII and IX.

Chapter IV. Results

4.1 Data Analysis
During the study period, 85 subjects were included who met the criteria.
selection criteria belonging to the genomics program of the first semester of the
academic division of Jalpa de Méndez of which 59 (69.4%) corresponded to the sex
female and 26 (30.6%) corresponded to the male sex. The data will be explained next.
obtained during the survey conducted.

Table No. 1
Is eating a lot of sugar and other sweet foods a cause of diabetes?

Percentage
Frequency Percentage Valid percentage accumulated

Valid no 19 22.4 22.6 22.6

 33

yes 62 72.9 73.8 96.4

I don't know 3 3.5 3.6 100.0
Total 84 98.8 100.0
Lost System 1 1.2
Total 85 100.0

Source: direct n: 85
Graph No. 1

Source: table No 1
The results of the first reagent are shown in graph No. 1: where a total of
22.4% of students do not agree that high sugar consumption is not synonymous with diabetes.
3.6 is not aware of this possible cause, while 73.8% agrees with the cause of
diabetes.

Table No. 2
The common cause of diabetes is the common lack of effective insulin in the
body?

Percentage Percentage
Frequency Percentage valid accumulated

Valid no 12 14.1 14.1 14.1

yes 70 82.4 82.4 96.5

I don't know 3 3.5 3.5 100.0

Total 85 100.0 100.0

Source: direct n: 85

Graphic No 2
 34

Source: table No 2

In reagent number 2, the following results were obtained: 3.5% do not suggest.
Some response when marking I don't know how to respond, 14.1% indicated no to the common absence of
effective insulin in the body is a cause of diabetes, and a large part of the studied population
he referred that it is one of the possible causes with an 82.4%.

Table No 3
Do the kidneys produce insulin?

Percentage Percentage
Frequency Percentage valid accumulated

Valid no 54 63.5 63.5 63.5

yes 22 25.9 25.9 89.4

I don't know 9 10.6 10.6 100.0

Total 85 100.0 100.0

Source: direct n: 85

Graph No 3
 35

Source: table No 3

Reagent No. 3: it can be observed that 10.6% responded with 'I don't know' about the
insulin formation in the kidneys, while 25.9 chose yes as the origin of the
insulin in the kidneys, and 63.5% reported that they do not.

Table No 4

Are there two main types of diabetes (1 and 2)?

Percentage
Frequency Percentage Valid percentage accumulated

Valid no 3 3.5 3.5 3.5

yes 78 91.8 91.8 95.3

I don't know 4 4.7 4.7 100.0

Total 85 100.0 100.0

Source: direct n: 85

Graphic No. 4
 36

Source: table No 4

In reagent no. 4, they say that there are not two types of diabetes mellitus, 3.5%.
while 4.7% are unaware, unlike the other 91.8% who assert that they do exist
two types of diabetes mellitus, so it can be said that more than half of the students
They identify the types of diabetes that exist.

Table No 5

If I am diabetic, will my children have a higher risk of being diabetic?

Percentage
Frequency Percentage Valid percentage accumulated

Valid no 10 11.8 11.9 11.9

yes 69 81.2 82.1 94.0

I don't know 5 5.9 6.0 100.0

Total 84 98.8 100.0

Lost System 1 1.2
Total 85 100.0
Source: direct n: 85

Chart No. 5
 37

Source: table No 5

6.0% are unaware if diabetes mellitus is hereditary, while another 11.9% assert that it is not.
it is hereditary while 82.1% affirm that diabetes mellitus is transmitted in a way
hereditary, this means that the vast majority of genomics students assert that the
diabetes mellitus is transmitted heredity.

Table No 6
Can diabetes be cured?

Percentage
Frequency Percentage Valid percentage accumulated
Valid no 75 88.2 89.3 89.3

yes 5 5.9 6.0 95.2

I don't know 4 4.7 4.8 100.0

Total 84 98.8 100.0

Lost System 1 1.2
Total 85 100.0

Source: direct n: 85

Graph 6
 38

Source: table No 6

4.8% of students are unaware if diabetes mellitus is curable, the other 6.0%
ensures that if it is curable, while 89.3% states that diabetes mellitus is not curable.
It means that the vast majority of students claim that diabetes cannot be cured.

Table No 7
Is a blood sugar level of 210 in a fasting test very high?

Percentage Percentage
Frequency Percentage valid accumulated

Valid no 6 7.1 7.1 7.1

yes 60 70.6 70.6 77.6

I don't know 19 22.4 22.4 100.0

Total 85 100.0 100.0

Source: direct n: 85

Chart No 7
Source: table No 7
 39

Reagent 7: It is illustrated that 22.4% say they are unaware that the parameter of 210 is high in

fasting, 7.1% claim that they do not agree and finally 70.6% favored that the level of
fasting glucose is 210 mg/dl.

Table No 8
Is medicine more important than diet and exercise to control my
diabetes?

Percentage Percentage
Frequency Percentage valid accumulated

Valid no 61 71.8 71.8 71.8

yes 20 23.5 23.5 95.3

I don't know 4 4.7 4.7 100.0

Total 85 100.0 100.0

Source: direct n: 85

Graph No 8
 40

Source: table No 8

Reagent 8. The results show that 4.7% do not know about this.
Aspects, of the respondents 23.5% took it as 'yes' to agree.
with the previous condition, as long as 71.8 states that they are not in
concordance.

Table No 9

In untreated diabetes, the amount of sugar in the blood

does it usually go up?

Percentage Percentage
Frequency Percentage valid accumulated

Valid no 2 2.4 2.4 2.4

yes 77 90.6 90.6 92.9

I don't know 6 7.1 7.1 100.0

Total 85 100.0 100.0

Source: direct n: 85

Graphic No 9
 41

Source: table No 9

Item 9: 2.4% assert that they have no relationship with the

untreated diabetes and low glucose. 7.1% have no knowledge.
so much so that 90.6% affirm that there is some relationship between both factors.

Table No 10

Are trembling and sweating signs of high blood sugar?

Percentage Percentage
Frequency Percentage valid accumulated

Valid no 14 16.5 16.5 16.5

yes 41 48.2 48.2 64.7

I don't know 30 35.3 35.3 100.0

Total 85 100.0 100.0

Source: direct n: 85

Chart No. 10
 42

Source: table No 10

16.5% do not know if sweating and trembling are signs of diabetes. Regarding
that 35.3% have no relationship at all regarding this and the other 48.2 states
that 'yes' are signs of diabetes.

Table No 11

Is frequent urination and thirst a sign of low blood sugar?

Percentage Percentage
Frequency Percentage valid accumulated

Valid no 14 16.5 16.7 16.7

yes 42 49.4 50.0 66.7

I don't know 28 32.9 33.3 100.0

Total 84 98.8 100.0

Lost System 1 1.2
Total 85 100.0

Source: direct n: 85
 43

Graphic No 11

Source: table No 11

Reagent 11. It shows that urinating a lot and having excessive thirst are
Signs of low blood glucose at 16.7% reported that they did not, 33.3%
50.0% are unaware of this situation and state that they maintain some relationship.

Table No 12

Do cuts and scrapes heal more slowly in diabetics?

Percentage Percentage
Frequency Percentage valid accumulated

Valid no 6 7.1 7.1 7.1

yes 78 91.8 92.9 100.0

Total 84 98.8 100.0

Lost System 1 1.2
Total 85 100.0

Direct source n: 85
 44

Graph No 12

Source: table No 12

Reagent 12. The studied population only took 'yes' as a reference in their responses.
and "no", therefore 7.1% rated as "no" regarding whether cuts and scrapes heal.
With slowness in these types of people with this illness, 92.9% affirmed that it is.
possible as a consequence of diabetes is the slow healing of these wounds.

Table No 13

Can kidneys be damaged by diabetes?

Percentage Percentage
Frequency Percentage valid accumulated

Valid no 5 5.9 5.9 5.9

yes 57 67.1 67.1 72.9

I don't know 23 27.1 27.1 100.0

Total 85 100.0 100.0

Source: direct n: 85
 45

Graph No 13

Source: table No. 13

Reactive 13: 5.9% of the studied population stated that the kidney can be damaged.
Due to diabetes mellitus, 27.1% claim to be unaware if these get damaged, while the
67.1% state that the kidneys do not get damaged.

Table No 14

Can loss of sensitivity in feet and hands occur due to diabetes?

Percentage Percentage
Frequency Percentage valid accumulated

Valid no 3 3.5 3.5 3.5

yes 66 77.6 77.6 81.2

I don't know 16 18.8 18.8 100.0

Total 85 100.0 100.0

Source: direct n: 85
 46

Graphic No 14

Source: table No. 14

Reagent 14. It is possible to estimate that 3.5% state that they do not
They present loss of sensitivity in the feet and hands in diabetic people.
18.8% have no knowledge at all and 77.6% claim that they do maintain a relationship.
some.

Chapter V. Discussion

5.1 Discussion

Generally, it refers to the lack of knowledge about essential elements of self-care.

diary on the part of the patients, and even the lack of training of the providers of
health to develop its therapeutic education function. Education is the foundation of control
and the clinical prevention of diabetes, health personnel must be sufficiently
qualified and motivated in their care in order to transmit both the knowledge and the
skills and attitudes towards the person with the illness and their social environment.
 47

However, it is still difficult to find a health service that puts equal emphasis on the
educational aspects that in caregiving, despite the results of the research
conducted in the field of diabetes mellitus show, in a deficient manner, that due to
ignorance of at-risk groups increases their prevalence, due to lack of knowledge, lack of
skills and motivations to face therapeutic demands.

Doctors and health staff (including genomics students) must teach to

the patients the knowledge, attitudes and practices necessary for them to carry out
the best control of your disease, if there is weakness in the knowledge you must manage
the patient by the doctor will most likely be reflected in a poor
teaching of instructions and therefore a learning deficit and poor control on the part of
patient. Education for diabetic patients is often carried out by schools of
medicine and nursing from all educational institutions, whether through programs
community-based or initiated by the students.

The genomics program of the Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa De Méndez

(DAMJM) from the Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco has 9 in its curriculum.
basic training cycles for students, after this the students move on to undertake a
year of social service to society. This was the reason why the study was conducted on the
students who were inside the division's facilities. The current curriculum
In the Genomics program, it does not show subjects that help and try to interpret the
patient activities from their perspective as it is essential as future
health servers and emerging researchers in the innovation of new alternatives
genomically and biotechnologically. The disease is only addressed from the perspective
scientist in multiple fields in a comprehensive manner, however, with no visibility of
usual aspects in the education of diabetic patients.

The present study shows that the basic concepts about Diabetes at a level of
knowledge in first cycle students is practically the same as that presented by studies
carried out on diabetic patients with very low education (incomplete primary education
mainly) because the findings of knowledge about diabetes that our expose
university students in the early cycles make us reflect on the little
diabetes education that people in the communities could have
 48

They belong. The high levels of knowledge regarding inheritance draw attention.
diabetes and the importance of food selection and the way of preparing them in control
of the patient. In this aspect, the students responded better, probably due to education
the formality that the students have had during their learning process has had to do with
diet aspects, on the other hand considering the high incidence of diabetes mellitus in
Our population, it was to be expected that they would have knowledge about the inheritance of this
disease. The relationship between untreated diabetes and hereditary factors in diabetes is
aspects with responses similar to those observed in a study conducted on healthcare personnel
where probably due to the students' experience by having been in contact with
Diabetic relatives may have been influenced to answer correctly and there was no existence.
significant statistical difference between the different school groups. The rest of
Basic knowledge about diabetes mellitus obtained better grades, very
probably secondary to the fact that the curriculum of the Genomics program has contemplated
several students who had preparatory studies with a similar profile.

It is important to emphasize the lack of proper identification of hyperglycemia symptoms.

hypoglycemia, since the majority of the Genomics students report that the tremors and
sweating is the first sign; a misconception of great importance since they are the
acute metabolic complications frequently presented in emergency services.

As it is known, the cornerstone in patient management is the recommendations, not

pharmacological and not the medical therapy itself. In this area, it is important to note that the
students mostly answered appropriately regarding the value of medications
regarding diet and exercise.

The purpose of the work was not to evaluate the increase in scientific concepts about
diabetes mellitus in the genomics students, but the knowledge they had presented
students of the course about what diabetic patients should know for this
potentially be able to understand them better and interfere in the investigation. So
it was interesting to observe the increase in knowledge, undeniably secondary
to his teachings of the curriculum, but also, the lack of notions in areas that
Frequently, the diabetic patient might question the student or during their activity.
professional.