Basic Memory Circuit

Memory is one of the most essential components of a computer system because, without it, a
computer cannot perform even simple tasks. The performance of a computer primarily depends on
its Memory and Central Processing Unit (CPU). Memory serves as the internal storage unit of the
computer and is broadly categorized into two main types:

1. Primary Memory (Volatile Memory)

Primary memory is also known as volatile memory because it cannot retain data permanently.
When a user stores data in primary memory, the data remains only as long as the power is on.
Once the power is turned off, the stored data is lost. This memory is also called RAM (Random
Access Memory). Random Access Memory (RAM):
RAM is the main memory of a computer that allows both read and write operations. It is called
"random access" because any memory location can be accessed directly. However, since it is
volatile, all data is lost when the power supply fails.
RAM is classified into several types:
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Stores data using capacitors and requires periodic refreshing.
• SRAM (Static RAM): Faster than DRAM; stores data using flip-flops and does not require
refreshing.
• RDRAM (Rambus DRAM): A high-speed version of DRAM used in advanced systems.

2. Secondary Memory (Non-Volatile Memory)

Secondary memory is permanent and external memory used to store data for long-term
purposes. It retains data even when the power is turned off. Common secondary storage devices
include hard drives, magnetic disks, floppy disks, and tapes. Read Only Memory (ROM):
ROM is a type of non-volatile memory that stores data permanently. Data stored in ROM can only
be read; it cannot be modified during normal operations. Even when the system loses power, the
stored data remains intact.
ROM comes in several forms:
1. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): Data can be written only once. After
programming, it becomes permanent and cannot be erased or rewritten.
2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): Data can be erased using ultraviolet
(UV) light and then reprogrammed. This overcomes the limitations of PROM.
3. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): Similar to EPROM, but
the data can be erased and rewritten electrically without removing the chip from the circuit.

Cache Memory
Cache memory acts as a high-speed buffer between the CPU and main memory. Since the CPU
operates faster than main memory, there is often a speed mismatch. Cache memory stores
frequently accessed data and instructions to reduce access time and improve system performance.
Although cache memory is smaller and more expensive than main memory, it plays a crucial role in
enhancing the overall speed of the computer.

Memory Type Volatility Speed Storage Capacity Examples

Primary (RAM) Volatile Fast Limited DRAM, SRAM
Secondary Non-volatile Slow Large HDD, SSD, Magnetic Tape
ROM Non-volatile Moderate Fixed PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
Cache Volatile Very Fast Very Small L1, L2, L3 Cache