CEMENT AND GLASS

CERAMIC, CEMENT AND GLASS

The three types of product are produced in
silicon oxide base (SiO)2), are separated
depending on the final crystalline structure and
purpose of use, among other characteristics.
 CIMENTO -- DEFINIÇÃO
Cement (derived from the Latin cæmentu) is a
ceramic material that, in contact with the
water, produces exothermic reaction of
crystallization of hydrated products,
thus gaining mechanical resistance. It is the
main construction material used as
binder. It is one of the main
global commodities, serving even
as an economic indicator.
 CEMENT -- DEFINITION
Cement can be defined as a fine powder,
with agglomerating, binding properties
or binders, which hardens under the action of water.
In its concrete form, it becomes a stone
artificial, which can gain shapes and volumes,
according to the needs of each work.
Thanks to these characteristics, concrete is the
second most consumed material by
humanity, surpassed only by water.
 CEMENT -- DEFINITION
The characteristics and properties of these concretes and
the plaster will depend on the quality and
proportions of the materials they are composed of.
Among them, however, the cement is the most active.
From a chemical point of view. It can be said that cement
is the main responsible for the transformation of
mixture of the component materials of concrete and
the mortars in the desired final product (a slab,
a beam, a cladding, etc.).
 CEMENT
Portland cement is composed of clinker and
of additions. The clinker is the main one
Component and is present in all the
types of Portland cement. The additions can
to vary from one type of cement to another and they are
mainly they define the different
types of cement.
 CLINKER
The clinker has as raw materials the
limestone and clay, both obtained from deposits
generally located near the
cement factories. The limestone is
first crushed, then ground and in
mixed follow-up, in proportions
adequate, with ground clay. The mix
the formed material then passes through a rotary kiln
of large diameter and length, whose
internal temperature can reach 1450°C.
 CLINKER
The intense heat turns the mixture into a
new material, called clinker, that
presents in the form of balls. At the exit of
furnace or clinker, still incandescent, is
suddenly cold for later on
to be finely ground, transforming into
squat.
 CLINKER
The powdered clinker has the peculiarity of
develop a chemical reaction in presence
of water, in which he first becomes
soft and then hardens, acquiring
high resistance and durability. This
acquired characteristic of the clinker, which makes
it is a very strong hydraulic binder,
your most important property.
 ADDITIONS
The additions are other raw materials that,
mixed with clinker during the grinding phase,
allow the manufacturing of various types of
portland cement currently available at
market. These other raw materials are the
•gesso, the blast furnace slags, the materials
pozzolanic and carbonate materials.
 GESSO
Ogesso's basic function is to control time.
of the catch, that is, the beginning of the hardening of
ground clinker when it is mixed with water.
If gypsum were not added to the grinding of
clinker, the cement, when it comes into contact
with the water, it would harden almost completely

instantly, which would make its use unfeasible in the

works. Therefore, gypsum is an addition present in
all types of Portland cement. The amount
added is small: generally, 3% of gypsum for
97% clinker, by mass.
 BLAST FURNACE SLAG
Blast furnace slag is obtained during the
production of foundry iron industries
steel mills and resemble grains of sand.
In the past, the blast furnace slag was
considered as a material with no greater
utility, until it was discovered that they also
they had the property of hydraulic binder
very resistant, that is, it reacts to
presence of water, developing characteristics
aggregates very similarly to that of
clinker
 BLAST FURNACE SLAG
This discovery made it possible to add to the
blast furnace slag to clinker grinding
with plaster, maintaining certain proportions, and
to obtain a type of cement
that, in addition to fully meeting the uses
more common, shows improvement of some
properties, such as greater durability and
greater final resistance.
 POZZOLANIC MATERIALS
Pozzolanic materials are volcanic rocks or
matérias orgânicasfossilizadas encontradas na
nature, certain types of burnt clays in
high temperatures (550°C to 900°C) and derivatives
from the burning of coal in power plants
thermoelectric plants, among others. Just like in the
high furnace slag case, research led to
discovery that pozzolanic materials, when
pulverized into very fine particles, also
we present the property of the binder
hydraulic, although in a different way.
 POZZOLANIC MATERIALS
This is because it's not enough to just put the materials.
pozzolanic, in the form of very fine powder, in
presence of water, so that they start to
develop the chemical reactions that the
they first become pasty and then
hardened. The reaction will only occur if,
besides water, the pozzolanic materials
ground into very fine grains as well
placed in the presence of one another
material.
 POZZOLANIC MATERIALS
Clinker is precisely one of those materials.
because in the hydration process it releases hydroxide
of calcium (cal) that reacts with pozzolana. This is the
reason for the addition of materials
pozzolans to ground clinker with gypsum is
perfectly viable, up to a certain limit.
And, in some cases, it is even recommended, as the
this type of cement obtained still offers the
advantage of providing greater impermeability,
for example, to concrete and to mortars.
 CARBONATE MATERIALS
Carbonate materials are ground rocks,
that contain calcium carbonate in their
constitution such as the limestone itself. Such
addition also serves to make the concretes
and the most workable mortars, because the
grains or particles of these ground materials
have suitable dimensions for accommodation
among the grains or particles of the others
components of cement, functioning as
a true lubricant.
 COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
PORTLAND
Slag
Type of Material Material
Clinker + granulated Norma
cement Sigla calcareous pozzolan
gesso from blast furnace Brazilian
Portland (initials Z) (sigla F)
(sigla E)
Common CP I 100 ------- ------- ------- NBR 5732
Common CP I-S 99-95 1-5 ------- ------- NBR 5732
Compound CP II-E 94-56 6-34 ------- 0-10 NBR 11578
Compound CP II-Z 94-76 ------- 6-14 0-10 NBR 11578
Composite CP II-F 94-90 ------- ------- 6-10 NBR 11578
Blast Furnace CP III 65-25 35-70 ------- 0-5 NBR 5735
Pozzolanic CP IV 40 ------- 15-50 0-5 NBR 5736
High
Resistance CP V-ARI 100-95 ------- ------- 0-5 NBR 5733
Initial
RESISTANCE vs TIME
FLOWCHART PRODUCTION OF
CEMENT
 GLASS -- DEFINITION
The main use of glass is for its
transparency.
In materials science, glass is a
amorphous substance that shows temperature
of glass transition. In daily life, the term is
refers to a transparent ceramic material
usually obtained by cooling
a liquid mass based on silica.
 GLASS -- DEFINITION
In its pure form, glass is a metallic oxide.
super cool transparent, of high hardness,
essentially inert and biologically inactive,
what can be made with very surfaces
smooth and waterproof. These properties
desirable lead to a large number of
applications. However, glass is generally
fragile, breaks easily. Common glass
is obtained by fusion at around 1,250°C of
silicon dioxide, (SiO2sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3and calcium carbonate (CaCO)3).
GLASS -- COMPOSITION
 GLASS - MAIN
CHARACTERISTICS
Recyclability
Transparency (permeable to light)
Hardness
Non-absorbency (impermeable to fluids)
Great electrical insulator
Low thermal conductivity
Abundant resources in nature
Durability
 GLASS - PREPARATION OF
RAW MATERIAL
The raw materials, which are granulated in their
most are stored in silos.
These silos feed scales, which have the purpose
of the appropriate amount of each of them.
After weighing, all raw materials are
led to a mixer, which serves the purpose of
to produce a homogeneous mixture of all of them, the
which becomes known as composition or mixture
vitrifiable. The composition is taken to the furnace of
fusion, where, under the effect of heat, it will transform
in glass.
 GLASS -- FUSION
The place where the composition is melted and transformed
in molten glass it is called melting furnace or
simply oven. The ovens used are all
continuous, consisting of a large pool of
melted glass, being continuously fed into
one side for the composition that, due to the heat, will
to merge and incorporate into the bath, being that, in the
opposite side, the already crafted glass is transported to the
forming machines. To maintain the "pool"
heated and merge into the new composition, it burns
oil or gas on the bath.
 GLASS–SHAPING
At this stage, the molten and viscous mass of glass
is transformed into a final product. There are
countless ways to carry it out, depending on the
product and quantity that is intended and of
available resources. A bottle can be
made through blowing, using nothing more
that a cane or through sophisticated
machines.
 GLASS–FORMING
However, in either case, what
what happens is the following: as
melted glass is cooling down, it is becoming each
more viscous. There is a range of
right time to shape the
product. At first, the dough should be soft.
sufficient to be formed, but
don't soak too much, as it is impossible
to form a liquid, such as the
water.
 GLASS–FORMING
If you take too long, the glass becomes rigid and won't give.
but to change its form. On the other hand, if the
shape is given very quickly, the glass still
It will be soft after it's ready and will flow or if
to spread out, like an ice cream that melted,
losing shape.
This time that the glass takes to harden
it depends on the cooling rate and also
from your analysis, that is, from the formulation of
composition that was taken to the oven to be
melted.
 GLASS–FORMING
•Por exemplo, um vidro que vai ser trabalhado
manually, by an artist, should take time
but to harden and, in this way, give
time for the craftsman to complete all the
details of your work. On the other hand, a
glass that will be shaped into a
modern and fast automatic machine must
harden quickly, so as not to compromise the
manufacturing rhythm.
 GLASS–FORMING
The molding phase occurs in the same
building where the oven is located, being that the
glass is still conducted molten until the
machines through channels called
feeder or simply channel.
The glass shaping phase is different,
according to the type of product to be manufactured:
 GLASS–FORMING
Glass Packaging Manufacturing
When the glass is already ready for the
formation, it is carried from the oven to the
forming machines, called IS, through
of channels known as feeders, what
feeders
The purpose of the feeders, besides conducting the
glass, from the oven to the place where they are
machines, it is to condition their temperature,
heating it up or cooling it down, according to the
need.
 GLASS–FORMING
At the beginning of the shaping, the glass must have
a temperature that gives you a
low enough viscosity to be able to be
molded, but high enough to
maintain the acquired shape. Larger pieces
require a lower temperature than parts
minors.
 GLASS - FORMING
The end of the feeder, called the pan,
there is a hole at the bottom, where the
glass. Inside the pot, there is a pin that rises and
descends continuously, pushing the glass by
orifice. At the same time that the glass is
pushed out, forming a drop, a
by a pair of metal blades, called scissors,
cut the drop that falls and, through a channel, it is
led to one of the molds of the IS machine, where
the first stage of shaping will be carried out.
 GLASS–FORMING
The drop falls inside the block where,
first, the bottleneck will be formed. For
ensure that this is very complete, it is done
a compression with air on top. Next, air
is blown inside the neck, creating the
internal empty space of the packaging and forming the
“parison”, which is the first stage of
conformation.
 GLASS–FORMING
Then, the block opens, and the parison is
transferred to the mold, which will give it shape
final product. Inside the mold, the parison
stay for a few moments, so that the
glass skin, which came into contact with the block
metallic and cooled down, reheat with heat
coming from the core of the glass. Finally, it is
air blown inside, which will push the
glass against the mold, defining the final shape.
 GLASS - FORMATION
The mold then opens, and the packaging is ready.
is extracted and taken to the oven of
coagulation, where it is slowly cooled, until
the ambient temperature, to relieve the
tensions.
This process is called blow-blow,
because both the parison and the final product are
produced by blowing.
 GLASS FORMING
There is another process, called
pressed-blown, which is similar to
previous, differing only by the formation of
comparison, which is made by pressing, through
a pin, and not by blowing. This process is
more suitable for pots and very light pieces,
in which a perfect must be guaranteed
distribution of glass in all regions of
packaging wall.
 GLASS–FORMING
•Manufacturing of Household Line The items of
table produced by SAINT-GOBAIN GLASS
S.A. is divided into two main families:
soda-lime glass, which is Duralex
and Colorex (plates, glasses, and cups in
various colors);
•and the borosilicate glass ones, which are the
Marinex products (serving dishes, jugs, plate of
microwave etc.)
 GLASS - FORMING
The fundamental difference between the two types
of glass is that Marinex is more resistant to
thermal shocks, which may lead to
oven.
The manufacturing principle is the same for
the glass, after being processed and
thermally conditioned, is cut into
drops that have exactly the amount of
glass necessary for obtaining the piece
final.
 GLASS–FORMING
The drops fall into one of the molds that are
situated on a rotating table. These molds
they will give the external shape of the piece. Once that
a gota tenha sido depositada no molde, a
the table turns, and the drop moves to a position
where it will be pressed with a mold, which
according to the inner part, forcing the glass to
acquire its final form.
 GLASS FORMING
•Again the table turns, moving to a
position where the glass is cooled, until it
to tighten and no longer lose its shape. To
At the same time, a new drop is pressed.
At this point, if it is a part that has a flange,
like a cup, the mold opens, because it is
made in two halves, to release the piece. In
in the case of plates and dishes, the mold is whole.
 GLASS–FORMING
From there, the piece is removed from the mold by
a robot, called take-out, is transferred
for an oven called REC, where the
temperature is homogenized, preparing the
ask for the tempering.
Shortly after leaving the REC oven, the piece is
seasoned, through strong jets of air
directed to the entire surface.
 GLASS–FORMING
The table articles are the only ones that can
be seasoned immediately after the
conformation, for they are not subjected to
posterior transformation, such as cutting or
hurricane.
 GLASS–FORMING
The advantage of tempering is that the product becomes
mechanically more resistant, less
subject to chipping during use, and in case of
break, the shards are smaller, reducing the
risks of injuries. After tempering, the
the product is already ready, only needing to be
cold, go through quality controls,
to be packaged and sold.
 GLASS–ANNEALING
Finally, regardless of the composition and
in the shaping process, the glass piece,
after being shaped, it should be re-baked, this
it must be cooled slowly until the
ambient temperature, relieving, of this
the tensions that usually arise
during the shaping and that, in another way,
would break or at least weaken the
piece.
 GLASS – ANNEALING
There are two exceptions: fibers, as they are very thin
and that is why they do not require recooking, and some
seasoned household products
directly to the end of the line (the Duralex, by
example).
The annealing aims to eliminate these tensions. The articles
are reheated to the relaxation temperature
the tensions, maintained at this temperature by
time needed for relaxation (varies depending on
of the article) and cooled under controlled conditions until the
ambient temperature.
 GLASS–ANNEALING
The roasting is performed in tunnel-type ovens, which
the entrance is near where the shaping is done, and the
exit, at the location where the product undergoes inspection and
quality control.
No float, these ovens are called extenders and,
in packaging and domestic, from annealing arch
or simply annealing furnace. From there,
the glass is ready to be inspected, packaged
or transformed (decoration on the packaging, or
cutting and edging, in the case of flat glass, by
example.)
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
• [Link]
SHREVE, R.N. & BRINK, J.A. – Industries of
Chemical Processes
• [Link]