WINDING AND CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMERS

MONOPHASIC AND POLYPHASIC.

TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSFORMERS. CALCULATIONS.

15.1 Introducción. Tipos y características de los transformadores.

The transformer is a static electromagnetic machine that allows to increase or decrease

the voltage of an alternating current circuit, always maintaining the same frequency.

The transformer is the most widely used and highly efficient electrical machine. It is used to
many applications such as:

1. Energy transmission, raising the voltage to minimize the size of the conductors
and the losses and then reduce it to obtain appropriate voltage values
for consumption.
2. Electrical separation of two circuits
3. Feed automatic control circuits and all kinds of small tensions
electronic devices
4. Condition large voltages and currents to be able to measure them easily.

The first major classification we could fundamentally make of transformers

it would be:

Single-phase transformers.
2. Three-phase transformers.

From this first major classification, we could make different classifications by:

1. The type of power: Small, medium, and large power transformers.

2. The type of cooling: Oil-immersed transformers, silicone, or dry.
3. The type of connection: Transformers connected in star, delta or zigzag.
And others as well.

Constitution

The simplest transformers are made up of:

Inductor.
2. Magnetic core.
3. Induced.

The inductor is connected directly to an alternating network producing a flow through the core
variable magnetic flow Φ. This flow is received by the armature, producing according to the law of
Faraday, an induced female that is utilized externally.

In practice, the winding inductor is called primary, and the induced secondary.
fixed position of the coils, the frequency of the induced voltage is the same as the frequency
inductor (f1 = f2)

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Single-phase transformer

In the previous drawing, an elementary transformer was represented, where the two windings
they are rolled up in two columns in the core, a layout that is adopted to study the theory.
In practice, the most common is the shielded transformer, where the two coils are wound.
in the central column of the core, first the thicker winding and then the thinner one.
this way, the flow created by the primary better embraces the secondary,
thus reducing losses due to flow dispersion.

The core: It is made up of numerous thin sheets, stacked one on top of another.
others and isolated from each other by varnish. This arrangement considerably reduces the
losses that appear in iron due to the effect of Foucault's eddy currents and by
magnetic hysteresis, explained later.

The coils: They are made with annealed electrolytic copper wire, insulated with varnish for
small transformers, and with cotton tape for the larger transformers.

Three-phase transformer:

To obtain a three-phase transformer, we can do it in two ways:

1. From three single-phase transformers. Known

as a transformer bank. Three can be used.
independent single-phase transformers whose primaries
and secondary ones can be connected in star or delta.

2. From three independent windings mounted on a common core.

Advantages e inconveniences:

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 The transformer bank, given that it has three magnetic circuits, increases the cost.
constructive and has worse performance.

2. The transformer bank, for very high powers, is easier to transport.

as well as its maintenance where its cost is reduced, since it is only necessary
having a single-phase backup transformer instead of a whole three-phase one is less
costly to replace in case of breakdown, being smaller and only leaving one of the
three phases not operational.

Operation and characteristics.

The principle of operation of transformers is based on the phenomenon of induction.

electromagnetic.

Faraday's Law:

Thevoltageinduced in acircuitclosed is directly proportional to the speed with

what changes in thetimethemagnetic fluxthat crosses asurfaceanyone with him
circuito como borde.
In this way, if we apply an alternating voltage in the primary, the variations in value and
The direction of the alternating current will create a variable magnetic field in the core proportional
to the number of turns in the primary, N1.

d
E1  N1
dt

This variable magnetic flux causes, reversibly, to produce in the secondary a

alternating current proportional to the number of turns of the secondary, N2.

d
E2 N 2
dt

In this way, the secondary voltage will be related to the ratio between the number of
primary coils with the secondary.

V1 primary N1I2
m= transformation relationship
V2secundergroundN 2 I 1

If m > 1, it is a step-down transformer.

If m < 1 it is a step-up transformer.

In any case, these same machines can work as an elevator or as a reducer.

depending on where we connect the power supply. For example, with a 400/230 transformer,
if we connect the 400 V winding to a network of the same voltage, we will obtain at the other
winding a output voltage of 230 V (reducer). Conversely, if we connect the winding
from 230 V to a network of the same voltage, we will obtain a voltage of
400V output. (Elevator)

15.2 Conexionado.

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The connections of the transformer coils can be made in star 'Y', in
triangle 'D' or zigzag 'Z', with various combinations depending on the
installation needs.

Connection groups: To represent the different connection groups of a transformer

proceed as follows:
1. IN CAPITAL LETTERS, THE TYPE OF PRIMARY CONNECTION (D = delta, Y = wye, or Z = zig-
zag).
2. In lowercase the type of connection of the secondary (d = delta, y = star or z = zig-
zag).
3. Time index is the phase difference between the secondary voltages with respect to the primary.
They are normally expressed in hourly form, so that the primary voltage is
Express in minutes, always marking 12 and the secondary hours. Given that the
The watch face has 12 hours, each one equivalent to 360º / 12 = 30º. In this way, if a
transformer represents a phase shift of 150º, the phase shift represented in a clockwise manner
it would be 150º/30=5
Advantages and disadvantages of each of them:
The star connections 'Y' and 'Z' allow for the availability of neutral, the connections in
triangle "D" no.
The zigzag connections 'Z' prevent the voltage increase of the unloaded phases and
decrease in tension in the most loaded phases (problem of the connections in
star "Y"), but they have the disadvantage of increasing the cost of the transformer.

Typically, large transformers use the Dy combination, and for small ones
transformers in the low voltage network Yz.

Below is a Dy11 connection and a Yz11.

Connections between transformers:

On certain occasions, it is necessary to connect three-phase transformers in parallel to

thus increase the output power, to have a backup supply, or
simply to diversify the transformers so that in case of a failure of one of them
let's not run out of supply. In order to do this, the following must be met
conditions:

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 The two transformers must have the same transformation ratio, so that the
the values of the input and output voltages of the same should be equal.
2. The phase shift between the primary and secondary tensions (known as index
The schedule must be the same on both transformers. Same time index.
3. If an equitable distribution of the load is desired, which is advisable, the powers
nominal values of transformers as well as the percentage voltages of
the short circuit will have to be the same (same UccOtherwise, the powers
The nominal values of transformers cannot differ by more than three times in voltage.
short circuit Ucc The smallest must be greater than the largest.
4. The phases of the transformers must be connected in the same order.

15.3 Calculations.

Antes de describir las fórmulas de los transformadores es imprescindible conocer el

behavior of the same:

Since transformers are fundamentally made of conductive material and

magnetic iron material, two types of losses can be differentiated in them:

1. Losses in copper:
1.1 Due to the Joule effect (heating of the conductors by the flow of the
current, due to the resistance of the conductors themselves
1.2 Dispersion of the flow, which causes not all the produced magnetic field to go
to stop at the nucleus and part is lost through the air.

2. Losses in the core (iron):

2.1 Hysteresis losses, as energy is lost when changing polarity, transforming into
heat. This phenomenon consists of the fact that when we subject something to the action of a field
magnetic to a ferromagnetic material, when it disappears, the material
continues to exhibit a certain level of magnetic induction, known as
remanent magnetism, which opposes being changed direction again,
causing overheating of the core.

2.2 Losses due to parasitic 'Eddy' currents in the core. Eddy currents are generated in the cores.
induced tensions due to variations in magnetic flux to which they are
sometimes producing eddy currents in the core, which overheats it. These
losses are minimized using cores with magnetic materials that have
low electrical conductivity (such as for exampleferrite) or using thin sheets
of varnished magnetic material, known as laminates. The electrons do not
they can penetrate the existing varnish insulating layer between the laminates and, therefore
therefore, parasitic currents cannot circulate, so they are widely seen
these losses reduced

All these phenomena associated with the real transformer turn into heat and reduce the
its performance. Furthermore, they can lead to its destruction if they
they are fed with nominal voltages higher than specified, the same happens if

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they connect to frequencies different from the nominal ones, since the higher the frequency of the
alternate fields to which the iron cores are subjected, will heat them more due to the effect
of eddy currents and magnetic hysteresis.

The greater the losses of the transformer, the worse its performance will be.
The efficiency of a transformer can be calculated as the quotient between the useful power and the
absorbed power.
Puseful
100
Pabsorbed

Where the absorbed power is what is consumed in the secondary and the useful power is
delivered by the network. In addition, the absorbed power can be broken down as:

Pabsorbed= Puseful+ PIron+ PWith

Puseful
100
Puseful
 PFe PCu

Ideal behavior:

If we assume that:

The windings have negligible resistance.

The total flow is in the magnetic core
3. There are no losses in the core

So in every transformer, and based on Faraday's Law, we have to:

V1N1I2
m
V2N2I1

In no load, the power absorbed by the transformer would be:

P empty = V · I · cos φ

If it is ideal, there are no losses, so intensity I = 0, and P empty = 0.

For a load connection, we would have to:

V 1x I1=V2x I2

Expression which indicates that the power transferred to the secondary is equal to that taken in.
the primary.

Real behavior:

But in practice, there are losses that make these values not true as we have seen.
previously.

Such losses can be likened to:

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 1)Pérdidas en el cobre:

1.1 Losses due to Joule effect (They are similar to a resistance)

1.2 Losses due to flow dispersion (They are akin to an inductance).

These losses can be likened to R.py Xpin primary, and to Rs y Xsin the
secondary.

2) Losses in the core (iron):

2.1 Hysteresis losses. (They are analogous to an inductance)
2.2 Losses due to eddy currents. (They are similar to a resistance)

This causes the core to behave like a parallel branch, with a component
resistive (Rc) and an inductive (Xm)

Scheme for the study of a real transformer.

With all these defined values, we will be able to know what the real vacuum power is.
transformer (power consumed even when the secondary is not connected), as well as the
real power that is transmitted to the secondary when it is under load, which is never 100% of the
from the primary. However, the transformer is the electric machine with the highest efficiency,
around 90 to 95%. These values can be determined with vacuum tests and
transformer short circuit.

Calculation of voltage drop.

Voltage drop of a transformer. Given that there are resistances and reactances.
interleaved in series with the windings of the transformer, when a current flows through
due to the windings, the secondary voltage will be reduced compared to the primary voltage. The
voltage drop of the transformer, will then be:

u = Vempty–Vfull load

It is useful to express this voltage drop in percentage values and referred to the open-circuit voltage.
This value is known as the voltage regulation coefficient ε:

Vempty V full_ c arga

100
Vempty

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