CLASS 10 – MATHEMATICS LAB MANUAL
A Complete Sample Math Lab Manual (Original Content)
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Activity 1: Verify the Distance Formula
Aim: To verify the distance formula using graphical method.
Materials: Graph paper, ruler, pencil.
Procedure:
1. Plot two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2).
2. Measure the distance AB using a ruler.
3. Calculate the distance using the formula.
4. Compare both results.
Observation: The graphical distance approximates the formula value.
Conclusion: Distance formula is verified.
Viva:
1. What is the distance formula?
2. Which branch of math uses this formula?
Activity 2: Verify the Section Formula
Aim: To verify the section formula for internal division.
Materials: Graph paper, ruler.
Procedure:
1. Plot points A and B.
2. Mark a point dividing AB in ratio m:n.
3. Calculate theoretical coordinates.
4. Compare with plotted point.
Observation: Coordinates match closely.
Conclusion: Section formula holds.
Viva:
1. State the section formula.
2. What is internal division?
Activity 3: Area of Triangle Using Coordinates
Aim: To verify the coordinate geometry formula for area of a triangle.
Materials: Graph sheet, pencil.
Procedure:
1. Plot three points.
2. Draw the triangle.
3. Calculate area using formula.
4. Compare with grid-based estimation.
Observation: Values are nearly the same.
Conclusion: Area formula verified.
Viva:
1. When is the area zero?
2. What is collinearity?
Activity 4: Verify Pythagoras Theorem
Aim: To verify Pythagoras theorem using paper cutting.
Materials: Colored paper, scissors, glue.
Procedure:
1. Draw a right triangle.
2. Construct squares on each side.
3. Cut and rearrange areas.
Observation: Areas of smaller squares equal area of largest.
Conclusion: Pythagoras theorem verified.
Viva:
1. State the theorem.
2. This applies to which type of triangle?
Activity 5: Construction of Similar Triangles
Aim: To construct a triangle similar to a given triangle.
Materials: Compass, scale, pencil.
Procedure:
1. Draw triangle ABC.
2. Choose ratio k.
3. Construct ray from A and mark segments.
4. Draw lines to obtain A'B'C'.
Observation: The new triangle is proportional.
Conclusion: Similarity construction verified.
Viva:
1. Define similar triangles.
2. What is scale factor?
Activity 6: Tangent to a Circle
Aim: To verify that tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to radius.
Materials: Compass, paper.
Procedure:
1. Draw circle.
2. Mark point P.
3. Draw radius OP.
4. Draw tangent at P.
5. Measure angle.
Observation: Angle ≈ 90°.
Conclusion: Tangent is perpendicular to radius.
Viva:
1. Define tangent.
2. Can a tangent intersect a circle?
Activity 7: Verify Trigonometric Identities
Aim: To verify sin²θ + cos²θ = 1 using a unit circle.
Materials: Compass, protractor.
Procedure:
1. Draw unit circle.
2. Mark angle θ.
3. Measure x and y (cosθ, sinθ).
4. Check identity.
Observation: LHS ≈ RHS.
Conclusion: Identity holds.
Viva:
1. Define sine and cosine.
2. What is a unit circle?
Activity 8: Construction of Histogram
Aim: To represent grouped data using histogram.
Materials: Graph sheet.
Procedure:
1. Make class intervals.
2. Mark frequencies.
3. Draw adjacent bars.
Observation: Height represents frequency.
Conclusion: Histogram constructed.
Viva:
1. What is a histogram?
2. How is it different from bar graph?
Activity 9: Probability Experiment – Coin Toss
Aim: To find experimental probability.
Materials: Coin.
Procedure:
1. Toss coin 50 times.
2. Record outcomes.
3. Compute probability.
Observation: Frequencies stabilize.
Conclusion: Experimental probability approaches theoretical value.
Viva:
1. Define probability.
2. What is sample space?
Activity 10: Verification of Linear Equation Graph
Aim: To verify that graph of linear equation is a straight line.
Materials: Graph sheet.
Procedure:
1. Take equation ax + by + c = 0.
2. Find any two solutions.
3. Plot points.
4. Draw line.
Observation: Points lie on straight line.
Conclusion: Linear equation graph is straight.
Viva:
1. How many solutions does a linear equation have?
2. What is slope?
Activity 11: Validate Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT)
Aim: To verify BPT using paper strips.
Materials: Paper, ruler.
Procedure:
1. Draw triangle.
2. Mark point on two sides.
3. Measure segments.
4. Check proportionality.
Observation: Ratio equality holds.
Conclusion: BPT verified.
Viva:
1. State BPT.
2. Who discovered it?
Activity 12: Surface Area & Volume Comparison
Aim: To compare surface area and volume of solids.
Materials: Paper models.
Procedure:
1. Create models of cube, cuboid, cylinder.
2. Measure dimensions.
3. Calculate SA & Vol.
Observation: Models match formula results.
Conclusion: Surface area & volume formula verified.
Viva:
1. SA formula of cube?
2. Volume of cylinder?
