Dense set examples

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You said:

give 10 exm of dense set , nowhwre desnse set

ChatGPT said:

Great question 👍 Let’s carefully go step by step.

We are talking about topology / real analysis concepts:

🔹 1. Dense set
A subset 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑋A⊆X is dense in a topological space 𝑋X if

‾
𝐴=𝑋
A=X
i.e., the closure of 𝐴A is the whole space.
👉 Every open interval around any point of 𝑋X contains some point of 𝐴A.
Examples of dense sets in 𝑅R:

1. 𝑄Q (rationals) is dense in 𝑅R.

2. 𝑅 ∖ 𝑄R∖Q (irrationals) is also dense in 𝑅R.

3. 𝑍 [ 1/𝑛 ] = { 𝑚/𝑛 : 𝑚 ∈ 𝑍 } Z[1/n]={m/n:m∈Z} for a fixed 𝑛n — e.g., dyadic rationals

𝑘
{ 𝑚/2 } {m/2k} — dense in 𝑅R.

4. { 𝑝/𝑞 : 𝑝 , 𝑞 ∈ 𝑍 , 𝑞 ≠ 0 , gcd ⁡ ( 𝑝 , 𝑞 ) = 1 } {p/q:p,q∈Z,q =0,gcd(p,q)=1} (reduced

rationals) — still dense in 𝑅R.

5. Algebraic numbers (roots of polynomials with integer coefficients) are dense in 𝑅R.

6. Transcendental numbers are also dense in 𝑅R.

 7. The set of decimal expansions with only finitely many nonzero digits (like 2.34,
5.12000, etc.) — dense in 𝑅R.

8. The union of all open intervals with rational endpoints — dense in 𝑅R.

9. The set 𝑄 ∩ [ 0 , 1 ] Q∩[0,1] — dense in [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1].

10. The set of trigonometric values { sin ⁡ ( 𝑛 ) : 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 } {sin(n):n∈N} — dense in

[ − 1 , 1 ] [−1,1].

🔹 2. Nowhere dense set

A subset 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑋A⊆X is nowhere dense in 𝑋X if
∘
‾
𝐴 =∅
A∘=∅
(i.e., closure of 𝐴A has empty interior).
👉 Intuitively: the set is "thin" and does not contain any chunk of open intervals.
Examples of nowhere dense sets in 𝑅R:

1. 𝑍Z (integers) in 𝑅R.

2. { 1/𝑛 : 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 } {1/n:n∈N}.

3. Finite subsets of 𝑅R.

4. Countable subsets (like primes, squares, etc.).

5. The Cantor set (uncountable but nowhere dense).

6. 𝑄 ∩ [ 0 , 1 ] Q∩[0,1] in [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1].

7. The set of roots of any fixed polynomial.

8. Any arithmetic progression (e.g., { 2𝑛 : 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 } {2n:n∈Z}).

9. Any set of isolated points.

10. The boundary of the Cantor set (still nowhere dense).

✅ Dense = spread everywhere (every open interval contains points of it).

✅ Nowhere dense = so thin, it cannot even "occupy" a small interval inside its
closure.

Do you want me to also give you visual intuition with small diagrams (like showing
dense vs nowhere dense inside [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1])?
You said:

Cantor set kya hota h iski sari prop batao

ChatGPT said:

Bahut accha question 👌. Cantor set ek classic example hai jo real analysis aur topology
me bahut important hai. Main tumhe step by step easy language me samjhata hoon.

🔹 Cantor Set Kya Hai?

Cantor set 𝐶C ek subset hai interval [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] ka.
Isko “middle third removal process” se banate hain:

1. Start karo interval [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] se.

2. Middle ka open interval ( 1/3 , 2/3 ) (1/3,2/3) hata do.

Bacha: [ 0 , 1/3 ] ∪ [ 2/3 , 1 ] [0,1/3]∪[2/3,1].

3. Ab dono bache interval me se unka middle third hatao:

[ 0 , 1/9 ] ∪ [ 2/9 , 1/3 ] ∪ [ 2/3 , 7/9 ] ∪ [ 8/9 , 1 ]
[0,1/9]∪[2/9,1/3]∪[2/3,7/9]∪[8/9,1].

4. Ye process infinite tak chalta rahega.

5. Jo points kabhi bhi remove nahi hue, wahi Cantor set ke points hain.

👉 Intuitively: Cantor set wo points hain jo kabhi kisi middle third me nahi gire.

🔹 Cantor Set ko base-3 (ternary) representation se samjho

Har number [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] me base 3 (ternary) me likha ja sakta hai:

𝑥 = 0.𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 … where each 𝑎𝑖 ∈ { 0 , 1 , 2 } .

x=0.a1​a2​a3​…where each ai​∈{0,1,2}.
Cantor set ke wo numbers hote hain jinme kabhi bhi digit 1 nahi aata.

Matlab Cantor set = sab numbers jo sirf 0 aur 2 digits se bante hain base 3 me.

Example:

0 = 0.000...0=0.000... (Cantor me hai ✅)

1/3 = 0.1 = 0.0222...1/3=0.13=0.0222... (Cantor me hai ✅)

3

1/2 = 0.111...1/2=0.111... (Cantor me nahi ❌).

🔹 Properties of Cantor Set

1. Closed set:
Banate time hum bas closed intervals rakhte hain, aur infinite intersection closed hota
hai.
👉 Cantor set closed hai.
 2. Perfect set:
Har point Cantor set ka limit point hai.
👉 Isme koi isolated point nahi hai.
3. Nowhere dense:
Iska interior empty hai.
👉 Matlab Cantor set ke closure = Cantor set hi hai, lekin usme koi open interval nahi
milta.

4. Uncountable:
Cantor set me points ko binary sequence ke saath bijection me map kar sakte hain.
(0 → "0", 2 → "1").
ℵ
👉 Isliye Cantor set ka size 2 0 2ℵ0​(same as 𝑅R).
Matlab uncountable hai.

5. Measure zero:
Length nikal ke dekhte hain:

1st step me remove kiya: 1/31/3.

2nd step me remove kiya: 2 ⋅ ( 1/9 ) = 2/92⋅(1/9)=2/9.

3rd step me remove kiya: 4 ⋅ ( 1/27 ) = 4/274⋅(1/27)=4/27.

…
Total removed length =

1 2 4
+ + + ⋯ = 1.
3 9 27
31​+92​+274​+⋯=1.
Matlab Cantor set ki length 00.
👉 It’s uncountable but "size" in length = 0.
6. Self-similar (Fractal structure):
Cantor set ko zoom karo, har part pura set jaisa dikhega.
log ⁡2
Dimension = log ⁡3
≈ 0.6309log3log2​≈0.6309.

7. Compact:
Bounded bhi hai, closed bhi hai → Cantor set compact hai.

🔹 Summary
Cantor set ek weird set hai jo:

Interval [0,1] me hai,

Uncountable hai (jitne real numbers hote hain utne points hain),

Fir bhi measure zero hai (length = 0),

 Closed, perfect, compact, nowhere dense, fractal structure rakhta hai.

👉 Ye ek “pathological example” hai analysis me: "infinite, uncountable, but length

zero".

Kya tumhe chahu to mai iska diagram step by step bana ke dikhau (1st step, 2nd step,
infinite process) so that tumhe clear ho jaye?