Catholic University of Mozambique

Institute of Distance Education

First Job

Abdul António Sualei-708212408

Teacher: Elias Armando Vicente Murragama

Geography, Class H
Statistics
1st Year

May, 2022
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Index
1. Introdução...................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Objetivos.................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Methodologies

2. Emergence of statistics

2.1. Since Ancient Times

2.2. Up to our days........................................................................................................... 2

2.3. Concept of statistics

2.4. Division of Statistics

2.4.1. Descriptive statistics................................................................................................ 3

2.4.2. Inductive Statistics

2.5. Statistical methods

2.5.1. The experimental method.............................................................. 4

2.5.2. The statistical method .................................................................................................... 5

3. Options with the highest and lowest variance............................................................................. 6

4. Ages of participants in the cleaning event ................................................................ 6

a) Table 1: frequency table........................................................................................ 6

c) Table 2: table of accumulated relative frequency polygon....................................... 8

Graph 1: polygon of accumulated relative frequency ........................................................... 9

5. Mr. Mutota's poultry farm ..................................................................................... 9

Final classification.................................................................................................................... 9

d) Table 3: Table of absolute frequencies.................................................................... 10

7. Conclusão .................................................................................................................... 11

8. Bibliographic references .................................................................................. 12

 1. Introduction
The present statistical work, with different subtopics including application exercises, has
It should be emphasized that statistics is a branch of Mathematics that is dedicated to the study of processes.

of obtaining, collecting, organizing, presenting, describing, analyzing and interpreting data

numéricos variáveis, referentes a qualquer fenômeno, seja sobre uma população ou coleção, seja
about a group of beings for their use in decision-making, and it is applied in
In all fields of human activity, information is essential to citizens' decisions, life
the survival of states by companies.

Statistics is currently used in the states to know the number of their population and what should be.
made in relation to the study conducted.

1.1. Objectives
1.1.1. General
Understand the statistics.
1.1.2. Específicos
Define statistics;
Explain the division of statistics;
Solve the exercises.

1.2.Methodologies
The realization of this work was outlined according to the modality of bibliographic research, this
The bibliographic research was conducted based on the study of articles and magazines that address the topics
that were researched, through them, the theoretical contribution was produced.

This work is structured into introduction (objectives and methodologies used), development
(concept of terms and exercise resolution), conclusion and bibliographic references.

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 2. Emergence of statistics
2.1.Since Antiquity
Although Statistics is a relatively recent science in the field of research, it dates back to
antiquity, where population counting operations were already used to obtain
information about the inhabitants, wealth, and military power of the peoples. After the Middle Ages, the
rulers in Western Europe, concerned about the spread of endemic diseases, that could
devastate populations and, also, believing that the size of the population could affect power
military and political leaders of a nation began to gather and store information about baptisms,
weddings and funerals. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, nations, with mercantilist aspirations,
they began to seek economic power as a form of political power. The rulers, for their
At times, they saw the need to collect statistical information regarding economic variables such as
such as: foreign trade, production of goods and food.

Until our days

Currently, statistical data is obtained, classified, and stored on magnetic media.
made available in various information systems accessible to researchers, citizens and
society organizations that, in turn, can use them for the development of their
activities. The expansion in the process of obtaining, storing, and disseminating information
statistics have been accompanied by the rapid development of new techniques and methodologies
of statistical data analysis.

2.3. Concept of statistics

Costa (2002) defines statistics as being:

A branch of Mathematics that aims to study the processes of obtaining, collecting,

organization, presentation, description, analysis, and interpretation of variable numerical data
pertaining to any phenomenon, whether about a population or collection, whether about a
set of beings for their use in decision-making In other words,
Statistics is the science that is based on the study of a population (p.12)

This study can be conducted in two ways:

Investigating all elements of the population;

By sampling, that is, selecting some elements from the population.

Still about the concept of statistics, Spiegel (1993) says that statistics is a field of study centered
in the production of methodology for collection, organization, description, analysis, and interpretation of data

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as well as in drawing valid conclusions and making reasonable decisions based on them
analyses. (p.142)

2.4.Division of statistics
Statistics is divided into two branches, namely descriptive statistics and inductive statistics.

2.4.1. Descriptive Statistics

According to Crespo (2002), Descriptive Statistics refers to the body of methods developed to
collect, organize, present and describe numerical data. (p.134)

This area of Statistics refers to the following tasks:

a) Find an appropriate method for efficiently and accurately collecting numerical data
for a given problem;
b) Determine an efficient format, such as a tabular presentation, for the organization of
data in a systematic and organized way, so that the information provided by the data
can be observed with great ease and precision;
c) Present numerical data, whether organized or not, in a way that the characteristics and the
data behavior is clearly and easily revealed. Such presentations are made by
by means of graphic methods.
d) Summarize or describe each characteristic or property of the data with a simple number,
as an average, a percentage or some other appropriate measure, which is calculated as
to derive data through a formula derived from some valid principle.

2.4.2. Inductive Statistics

Inductive Statistics, which is also often called statistical inference or statistics
inferential, in contrast to descriptive statistics, is essentially analytical in its nature.

According to Downing (2000), inductive statistics consists of a set of principles or theorems that
allow us to generalize about some characteristic of a 'population' based on the
characteristics observed of a "sample". (p.143)

In this definition, a population is the set of all items, objects, things, or people regarding
from which the information is desired to solve a problem. A sample is a group of
items selected by a carefully conceived and designed method from a
population. There are different types of samples, depending on the different selection methods.

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available. A simple random sample, speaking in simplified terms, is one that is
selected in such a way that each and every item in the population has the same chance of being
included in the sample.

If a descriptive measure is calculated from the population data, it is called a parameter.

population, or simply parameter; if it is calculated from sample data, it is
called sample statistics, or simply statistics. Considering these concepts
we can define inductive statistics as the process of generalizing about the value of a
parameter from the value of a statistic.

There are two distinct but related inference procedures: estimation and testing.
hypotheses. Estimation is the process of using the value of a sample statistic to If a measure
descriptive is calculated from the data of the population it is called population parameter, or
simply parameter; if it is calculated from the sample data it is called statistic
sample, or simply statistics. Considering these concepts we can define statistics
inductive as the process of generalizing about the value of a parameter from the value of
a statistic. There are two distinct yet related inference procedures: estimation and
hypothesis testing. Estimation is the process of using the value of a sample statistic to estimate the
value of a parameter that is unknown, but is a constant.

2.5.Statistical methods
2.5.1. The experimental method
For a researcher to conduct and evaluate research correctly, a good knowledge of
Statistics is essential, especially to understand the potentials and limitations of techniques.
used. The experimental method consists of keeping all causes (factors) constant, except for
one, and vary this cause so that the researcher can discover its effects, if they exist.
Note: It is the preferred method in the study of Physics, Chemistry, etc. For example, to make coffee you can-
use ½ liter of water, 3 tablespoons of coffee, a strainer, 4 tablespoons of sugar. Repeating this recipe
several times, probably, every time the same result will occur. However, if it is
alterado algum dos fatores, como aumentar a quantidade de água, o café ficará mais aguado; se
increase the sugar, it will become sweeter and so on.

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2.5.2. The statistical method
Many times there is a need to uncover facts in a field where the method
experimental does not apply (as in social sciences), since the various factors that affect the
phenomenon under study cannot remain constant while the cause varies that, in that
at the moment, it is of interest to the research. For example, one can cite the determination of the causes that

define the price of a good. To apply the experimental method, it is necessary to vary
the quantity of the merchandise and check whether such a fact would influence its price. However,
it would be necessary for there to be no change in the other factors. In this way, there should exist, in
At the time of research, a uniformity of wages, the tastes of consumers should
to remain constant, it would be necessary to fix the general level of prices of other needs,
etc. But all of this is impossible. In these cases, another method is used, although it is more difficult and
less precise, called statistical method. The statistical method, in the face of the impossibility of
maintain the constant causes, admits all these present causes by varying them, recording these
variations and trying to determine, in the final result, what influences belong to each of them. The
statistical method is the most used by Statistics, in it it is impossible to maintain the causes or factors
constants, therefore one must accept the values of these variables and analyze them, looking for
determine what influence each factor has on the final result. Example: A company
There was a drop in sales in the month of July. Studies indicate that there was a recession during that month.

school, increased the flow of tourists in the region, however it got colder, the competitor lowered the
its price, and the product of this company has lost quality.

Quantitative variables

Quantitative variables - These are those whose values are expressed in numbers

Altura, peso, numero de filhos, numero de votos, quantidade de batata frita, idade, No de faltas,
salary, blood pressure.

According to Tanaka (2004), the mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a series of
values.

Thus, the modal salary of a company's employees is the most common salary,
that is, the salary received by the largest number of employees of this company.

Moé is the symbol of fashion.

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Standard Deviation (s) is the positive square root of the variance, presenting the same unit as the data.
and the average, allowing for better evaluation of the dispersion.

Lines with the highest and lowest variance

a) It has lower variance;
b) They have lower variance;
c) They have greater variance;

d) They have greater variance.

4. Ages of participants in the cleaning event

a) Table 1: frequency table
Class Ponto medio/marca Frequência absoluta Frequência Frequency
of class (Xi) Point (fi) relative (fr) relative %
medium/brand of
class (Xi)
10; 14 12 4 4 13
= 0.13
32
14; 18 16 4 4 13
= 0.13
32
18; 22 20 2 2 7
0.07
32
22; 26 14 6 6 19
0.19
32
26; 28 28 1 1 3
= 0.03
32
30; 40 35 5 5 15
0.15
32
40; 50 45 5 5 15
= 0.15
32
50; 60 55 5 5 15
= 0.15
32
Total N= ∑ = 32 1 100
Source: Author (2022)

a) Measures of central tendency

Average

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10 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 14 + 14 + 15 + 17 + 18 + 21 + 22 + 22 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 + 26 + 31 + 33 + 33 +
32

845
= 26.40
32

Fashion

Mo= 23 33, a moda é bimodal porque tem duas modas, isso quer dizer que existem dois números
but repeated, 23 and 33 are repeated three times.

The median is 26.

b) Standard deviation

∑ ( − )
=

845
=
2

=√
427

= 20.66

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c) Table 2: table of cumulative relative frequency polygon
Point Class Frequency Frequency
medium/absolute brand Relative frequency relative
class (Xi) (fi) (fr) accumulated
10; 14 12 4 4 4
= 0,13
32
14; 18 16 4 4 8
0.13
32
18; 22 20 2 2 10
0.07
32
22; 26 14 6 6 16
0.19
32
26; 28 28 1 1 17
0.03
32
30; 40 35 5 5 22
= 0.15
32
40; 50 45 5 5 27
= 0.15
32
50; 60 55 5 5 32
0.15
32
Total N= 1
∑ = 32
Source: Author (2022)

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Graph 1: accumulated relative frequency polygon

Source: Author (2022)

5. Mr. Mutota's poultry chicken

a) The modal class is
3; 3,5

,
b) = = 3.59

c) The percentage of chickens that weigh 3.5kg or more is 6.05%.

Final classification
a) The amplitude of distribution.

k ≅ 1 + 3.22 × log = ≅ 4.22 × 1.9030

k ≅ 8.03 = 8

b) h ≅ ÷ℎ

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 h = (44 ÷ 5 ≅ 9)97−53 = 44

d) Table 3: Table of absolute frequencies

Class Midpoint or Frequency Frequency Frequency
absolute class mark (fi) relative accumulated (Fa)
(x)
50; 60 55 3 3 3
0.03
80
60; 70 65 22 22 25
= 0.28
80
70; 80 75 32 32 57
0.4
80
80; 90 85 16 16 73
= 0.2
80
90; 100 95 7 7 80
0.09
80
Total = X A B = 80

Source: Author (2022)

62 students received grades below 83.

f) The percentage of students who received grades below 83 is 6%.
g) The mode value is 75 because it is the most repeated value, meaning it is repeated eight (8) times.

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 7. Conclusion
In this work, different terms such as statistics, mode, and deviation were defined.
standard, qualitative variables and their respective examples, the origin of statistics was also mentioned
and its division as well as the areas of study, each one of them, it was also possible to explain the
stages of the statistical method for problem solving and their respective characteristics and by
Finally, the proposed exercises were solved.

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 8. Bibliographic references
Costa Neto, P. L. de O. (2002).Estatística. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blucher Ltda.
Crespo, A. A. (2002).Estatística Fácil.São Paulo: Editora Saraiva.
Downing, D. & Clark, J. (2000).Estatística Aplicada. São Paulo: Editora Saraiva.
Spiegel M,R. (1993).Estatística. Coleção Schaum. São Paulo: Editora Afiliada.
Tanaka, D (2004). Elements of statistics. MacGrew Publishing, Hil.

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