OSIAS COLLEGES INC.

F. TANEDO ST. SAN NICOLAS, TARLAC CITY

BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
MAJOR IN ENGLISH 2A

EL 110: LANGUAGE RESEARCH

Code-Switching and Academic Performance in English Enhancement Among First-year

College Education Students

Submitted by:
Austria, Tricia
Cano, Andrea
Corcuera, Julia
Carizal, Samantha Nicole
Gopez, Gabrielle
Marquez, John Benedict
Rofuli, Noellvera

Submitted to:
Mr. Rein Mark F. Castro

Submitted on:
October 27, 2025
 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES - INTERNATIONAL

Title Author Year Methods Findings

Published

An analysis of code Ni Putu Ria 2020 Qualitative descriptive Insertion and

switching in bilingual Zenitha design, The data were alternation are the
school in collected through two primary forms of
communication by non- observation and code-switching by
native speaker english interviews, The non-native English-
teacher in bali observation used was speaking teachers.
non-participant Insertion was the
observation, where theprocess of changing a
researcher listened andsingle word or short
recorded the language phrase within a
interactions without sentence, usually in
participating. The forms that were
recordings were educational or
transcribed and analysed imperative. In
according to types ofsentence boundaries,
code-switching alternation meant
alternating between
various languages or
structures, frequently
repeating instructions
in both languages. In
https:// order to support the
www.researchgate.net/ school policy that
publication/ graduates be
356563924_AN_ANAL proficient in English,
YSIS_OF_CODE_SWIT the teachers
CHING_IN_BILINGUA employed code-
L_SCHOOL_IN_COM switching mainly to
MUNICATION_BY_N introduce and
ON- accustom the
NATIVE_SPEAKER_E students to using the
NGLISH_TEACHER_I language in various
N_BALI contexts.

Psycho-Sociocultural Mary Nneka 2024 Quantitative descriptive Code-switching was

Determinants of Code- Nwikpo,Ursula survey design and common among
Switching among Igbo- Ifeoma included a sample of students in everyday
 Speaking English Oparaugo,Elizab 1,000 English-speaking conversations,
Language eth Ifeoma Igbo undergraduate academic
Undergraduates in Anierobi,Victor students from two public discussions, and
Southeastern Region, Ugochukwu universities in southeast casual social settings;
Nigeria Ezeonwumelu Nigeria. The researcher- psychological, social,
structured Psycho- and cultural factors
sociocultural such as social
Determinants and Code- acceptance,
switching Questionnaire emotional
(PDCQ), containing 34 expression, cultural
items, was used to identity expression,
collect data. and communication
effectiveness all had
https://journalajess.com/ an effect.
index.php/AJESS/ Sociocultural identity
article/view/1430 had a significant
impact on code-
switching patterns;
students showed a
strong sense of
connection to the
Igbo heritage while
adjusting their
language use to the
context.

Code-switching in Hashmatullah 2022 Qualitative study using Code-switching

English classrooms and Tareen semi-structured supports classroom
its Impact on interviews and classroom management and
undergraduate learning observations with 8 confidence-building
in a public university in learners and 2 lecturers purposes. It is also
Afghanistan in Afghanistan used for material
clarification and
https:// building
www.researchgate.net/ relationships, which
publication/ is beneficial,
365457838_Code- especially with low
switching_in_English_cl proficiency learners,
assrooms_and_its_Impac though it can hinder
t_on_undergraduate_lear language fluency if
ning_in_a_public_univer used frequently.
sity_in_Afghanistan
Investigating the Impact Dewi Kesuma 2022 A descriptive Code-switching
of Code-Switching on Nasution, correlational study is the brings positive
English Foreign Fatimah Sari type of research design impact on students’
Language Students’ Siregar being used. Without speaking
Speaking Confidence changing any of the performance
variables, this design is
utilized to ascertain their
relatioOpen-ended
interview in English to
two students in two
classes

https://
www.semanticscholar.or
g/paper/Investigating-
the-Impact-of-Code-
Switching-on-Nasution-
Siregar/
48cc27fdb78d4bef2b5f6
a04fc7874825bbd94dd

A Phenomenological Alphonse 2024 Descriptive research The study found that

Inquiry of Code- Nteziyaremye,Al design with a mixed lack of vocabulary is
Switching Among phonse methods approach, the main reason
College Students Ndizeye,Alphons combining both teachers and students
ine quantitative and code switch between
Nzabakirana,Rap qualitative data English and
haël collection techniques. Kinyarwanda, which
Benimana,Patien negatively impacts
ce Mugisha https:// students' English
www.researchgate.net/ learning by causing
publication/ poor exam
383136977_The_Impact performance
_of_Code_Switching_an (97.3%), reduced
d_Code_Mixing_on_Lea understanding of
rning_of_English_Langu English (93.3%), and
age_in_Lower_Secondar lack of confidence in
y_School_level_A_Case speaking (92%), and
_Study_of_Selected_Sch the researchers
ools_in_Rubavu_District recommend
_Rwanda consistent English-
only use in
 classrooms and
correcting students'
mistakes as the most
effective strategies to
avoid code
switching.

Evaluating the Efficacy Latifah 2024 Used Mix-Methods and This study aims to
of Code Switching as a Almutairi, Reem Combinding Qualitative evaluate the
Strategy for Enhancing Alqarni analysis methods to effectiveness of code
ESL Instruction determine certain words, switching as a
themes, or concepts Strategy to enhance
within the given teaching English as a
quantitative data second language and
the effectiveness of
https:// code switching
www.researchgate.net/ enhancing students,
publication/ language acquisition,
387430112_Evaluating_t comprehension, and
he_Efficacy_of_Code- communication skills
Switching_as_a_Strategy
_for_Enhancing_ESL_In
struction

A Study of Code- Wanru Zhao1, 2023 Descriptive-correletional Use of code

switching in University Chengchieh Su2 research to design to switching as a
English Classrooms: examine students teaching strategy in
Perceptions of English perspective on code the English
Majors in China switching as an classroom can help
Instructional teaching in learners better
english understand and
master the target
https://francis- language.
press.com/index.php/
papers/13850?
utm_source=chatgpt.com

EFFECTS OF CODE- Rubab Zain 2025 Used Qualitative and This study aims to
SWITCHING ON Amin,Fakiha Quantitative data investigate how code
UNIVERSITY Atif through quastionares, to switching effects the
STUDENTS IN Corresponding collect the subjectively English university in
FLUENCY OF Author ,Azha views and experiences different linguistic
 ENGLISH. Farid backgrounds

https://jalt.com.pk/
index.php/jalt/article/
view/325?
utm_source=chatgpt.co
m

CODE SWITCHING Loy Lising, Pam 2020 It used quantitative for The study found that
IN ONLINE Peters and Adam data collection Aboriginal English
ACADEMIC Smith technique: speech speakers pronounce
DISCOURSE production task and voiced and voiceless
acoustic measurement of sound almost the
voice features same as standard
Australian English
https://www.jbe- speakers. But, they
platform.com/content/ also have a special
journals/10.1075/ sound feature (Voice
eww.00044.lis? Termination Time)
fbclid=IwY2xjawNZg7B that makes their
leHRuA2FlbQIxMQAB speech more similar
Huhwt1vsrJBWJgvCeA to their traditional
WhLE4eSNTbRKXx_w Aboriginal
3Qrey1ueKHHB8YgCF languages.
0BT6yx95n_aem_0j1x7
RTOrWzTnIZQVZbihA

A Kurt Candilas, 2023 The study used a The study found that
PHENOMENOLOGIC Ivory Villanueva, Qualitative mix two languages
AL INQUIRY OF Elvie Mae phenomenological when speakings in
CODE - SWITCHING Taglinao, method to explore and class because it helps
AMONG COLLEGE Kristina Villarta understand students them express their
STUDENTS personal experiences and ideas, feel more
reasons for using code confident, and avoid
switching when they mistakes in English.
speak in class

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x4gBjt0xBn9rUzhxj

A Code-Switching as a Mzamani Steven 2024 qualitative method was The findings of this
tactical approach to Khosa , Innocent used, with audio study showed that
enhance learner Zitha recordings and code-switching
engagement with observations as data enhances students'
intricate concepts in collection tools. Content oral communication
oral english analysis was employed skills and makes
presentations to analyse the data learning more
collected from the Grade enjoyable. students
7 students. Based on the achieve their
students' performance in communication goals
their oral presentations, through code-
code-switching seemed switching, offering
to help them to the audience a
effectively communicate hopeful outlook on
complex concepts in the potential benefits
their primary language of this approach.
when there were no
equivalent English words

https://
www.researchgate.net/
publication/
384924102_Code-
Switching_as_a_tactical
_approach_to_enhance_l
earner_engagement_with
_intricate_concepts_in_o
ral_english_presentation
s

A CRITICAL Shafaq Sameen, 2021 The study used in this The study found the
DISCOURSE Aisha Farid, matter the codes codes which will
ANALYSIS OF Muhammad combinary surveys for help students feel
IMPACT OF GOLD Saanboor numerical data and more confident and
SWITCHING ON Hussain discourse analysis for understand the lesson
MODERN ADULT deeper understanding of better but using it too
LANGUAGE language used to explore often can make them
LEARNING'S how code do you know rely on it too much
MOTIVATION IN sexy students and weaken their
PAKISTAN motivational language average goes over
learning. time.

https://share.google/
j9Hifub2u4VWraofM
Learner's preference in Damchu Dema 2022 The study used in its The study found the
reason to use code method approach teachers and students
switching and teaching combining service and use code switching
and learning short interviews to understand because it helps them
stories in grade x the factors that lead to understand difficult
English code switching and how English lessons and
teachers and students makes class
feel about using it in participation easier
Bhutanese classrooms. they think it's a
helpful strategy but
https://share.google/ should be used only
bJzzGSd4aK2DIWbMj when we did not all
the time.
The impact of food Abdul Rehman, 2025 The study used in The study found that
switching in bilingual Muhammad quantitative descriptive code switching helps
students academic Usman, method gathering to this understanding
performance Muhammad numerical data true of vocabulary with
Azhar Iqbal questionnaire and more confident in it
analyzing it is proves their
statistically to find out academic
how code switching performance when
affects students we use properly but
academic performance. teachers should
avoid overusing it
https://share.google/ because it may not
jGgJRWVpUV0qykWx help much with
y grammar and writing
Code-switching in Areej Nawaf 2025 The researchers From faculty
University EFL Abdulkarim employed a mixed members' point of
Classes: Status, Alsalem, Hosam- qualitative/ quantitative view code-switching
Reasons and Eldeen Ahmed analysis using two is necessary in
Pedagogical Elsawy questionnaires (one for solving problems and
Implications faculty members and the difficulties for
other for students) and students, as it makes
an observation checklist. students feel
A sample of 34 faculty comfortable and less
members and 59 stressed during
students from different lectures; it also
levels at Jouf University increases solidarity
responded to the among faculty
questionnaires, and the members and
observation checklist students. Whereas
 was applied to random the most common
classes in four tracks of reasons for
English Program: students' use of code-
literature, linguistics, switching is to avoid
applied linguistics and misunderstanding
translation. The results during speaking with
of the study showed that their professors.
code-switching is often
used by students and
faculty members for a
range of both
pedagogical and
conversational purposes.

file:///C:/Users/USER/
Downloads/3-
EJAL+11(2)2025+EJAL
+937+
+ready+to+print(1).pdf

EFFECT OF CODE Muhammad Sher 2023 The study used a mixed The study found that
SWITCHING ON Baz Ali, Zainab method approach using code switching
BILINGUAL Sherazi, Dr. combining test result and help bilingual
STUDENT SUCCESS Muhammad interviews or students do better in
IN MATHEMATICS Ihsan observation to examine math and language
AND LANGUAGE how code switching subjects. It makes
EDUCATION affects billigual students lesson clearer and
performance in math and boost understanding
language learning. but teachers should
use it wisely so
https://share.google/ students still
K2HMapwNt1yc0xGsf improving in both
English and their
native language
ANALYZING THE Mechie Aperece, 2023 The study used a The study found that
THE IMPACTS OF Jocelyn quantitative descriptive code switching helps
CODE SWITCHING Balagsan, correlational method to reduce students here
IN FOREIGN Bacasmot find out how food and language
LANGUAGE switching effects The problems in English
CLASSROOM relationship between class it acts as bridge
ANXIETY AND students and science and when teachers use
ENGLISH their English language both language
LANGUAGE problems using service students feel less
 PROBLEMS and is statistical analysis anxious understand
THROUGH PATH better and improve
ANALYSIS https://share.google/ their performances
N9HREGdR5qjoFj3aW

EXPLORING THE Ting Tin Tin, 2024 The study used a The study found the
FACT DOORS Wong Yi Cheng, quantitative correlational interverted students
AFFECTING Yap Tee Jin, research method performed better in
ACADEMIC Chaw Jun Kit, involving 44 students it English proficiency
PERFORMANCE Wan Nor Al- analyze the relationship than extroverted
APATH ANALYSIS Ashekin Wan between students students because
OF ENGLISH Husin, Ali personal traits and their self-study reading
PROFICIENCY CODE Aitizaz, Lee English proficiency which improves their
SWITCHING AND Kuok Tiung, scores using statistical learning outcome.
CODE MIXING Ayodeji Olalekan data
AMONG STUDENT Salau, Yasin
Ahmed Siddiqui, https://
Umar Farooq www.pjlss.edu.pk/
Khattak pdf_files/2024_2/16014-
16034.pdf
Code-Switching in the Chengchieh Su 2024 A questionnaire survey The findings indicate
University Classrooms: and semi-structured that teachers hold a
Perceptions of English interviews were positive perception
Teachers in China conducted with 15 of code-switching as
English language a teaching strategy,
teachers at a university agreeing that the
in Guangdong Province, incorporation of
China. students’ mother
tongue can facilitate
https://francis- their mastery of
press.com/index.php/ English.
papers/17519
Exploring How Code Muhammad 2023 this research employs a The study shows that
Switching Helps ESL Nawaz mixed methods the use of
Learners Understand approach. Fifty ESL codeswitching
And Participate Better learners (ages 14-18) enhances
and ten ESL teachers understanding of
were purposively instructions and
sampled. Data was encourages students’
collected through semi- participation due to
structured interviews, overcoming language
pre and post-tests, focus barriers and
groups, and audio grounding of classes.
 recordings. SPSS Finally, this study
software has been used presents the effective
to analyze quantitative strategies for to use
data and calculate of code-switching in
descriptive statistics, ESL classrooms that
ANOVA, paired t-tests, teachers and
and correlation analysis educators should
follow.
https://kuey.net/
index.php/kuey/article/
view/8849

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES - NATIONAL

Title Author Year of Methods Findings

Publication

Code- Switching as a Aljun Araneta 2021 The study tested if using The study foun
Language Teaching Desoyo code-switching (mixing before the
Strategy Based on the English and Filipino) intervention, bo
Grammar- Translation helps Grade 7 students control group (t
Method for understand lessons using English o
Comprehension better. It was done over and the experim
Enhancement four weeks with 60 group (taught u
students from Tanauan, code-switching
Leyte. Half were taught similar perform
using only English, and levels. After
the other half were intervention, b
taught using both groups improve
English and Filipino. the experimen
Both groups took a test group show
before and after the stronger resu
lessons to compare their especially i
improvement. capitalizatio
punctuation,
grammar. Stati
analysis confir
https://
that these
sciencepublishinggroup.
improvements
 com/article/10.11648/ significant, ex
j.ijalt.20210701.11#:~:te for word usa
xt=This%20study Overall, the us
%20aimed%20to code-switching
%20determine%20the teaching strateg
%20effectiveness to better
%20of,School%20of comprehension
%20Craftsmanship language
%20and%20Home performance am
%20Industries%2C students.
%20Tanauan%2C
%20Leyte.

Factors, Forms, and Sydney Jay B. 2023 The study used a The results sho
Functions of Code Villarin, quantitative approach to that students c
Switching on English Emmylou A. examine how Grade 11 switched mai
Achievement among Emperador HUMSS students code- because they la
Grade 11 Students switched between English vocabu
English and Cebuano, felt more
and whether this affected comfortable u
their English Cebuano, we
achievement. exposed to b
Researchers used a languages, or d
survey questionnaire to know the Eng
gather data on the equivalent of ce
reasons, types, uses, and terms. The m
frequency of code- common form
switching. To analyze code-switching
the relationship between tag switching, w
code-switching and Cebuano word
English performance, phrases were a
they applied Pearson at the end of En
correlation. sentences. Stud
used code-swit
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fulltext/ED632225.pdf expressing emo
clarifying ideas
addressing spe
people. Altho
they rarely co
switched, th
English perform
remained ve
 satisfactory. T
study found
significant li
between cod
switching and
academic
achievemen

Linguistic Features and Jimmylen 2024 The study used both The study foun
Motivations of Code- Zuniga Tonio quantitative and intra-sentential
Switching: A Study of qualitative methods by switching (mi
Multilingual Teachers analyzing audio two languages w
and Students in English recordings of classroom a sentence) wa
Classroom Interactions interactions to examine most common
how teachers and used by bot
students used code- teachers an
switching. students. The m
reasons for co
switching wer
explain conce
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clarify meaning
www.ejournals.ph/
make
article.php?id=26075
communicati
easier. There w
no major differ
between teache
students in how
used code-switc
Overall, the st
showed that c
switching can
improve
understanding
learning when
properly, but
much of it mi
reduce exposu
the target langu

Effects of Code Louie B. 2022 The study utilized a The study foun
Switching Among Villanueva, Bert mixed-methods approach code-switching
College Instructors and Gamiao to investigate code- ng English w
Students in a Philippine switching (the Filipino or lo
 Classroom Setting alternation between languages gene
English and improved learn
Filipino/Tagalog) in Philippine
Philippine college classrooms. A
classrooms. Data were 72% of stude
collected from 10 intact understood les
classes across three better and were
public and private engaged, wh
universities in Metro retention impr
Manila and Cebu, by 15%. Some
involving 150 students (28%
undergraduate students confused due
(aged 18-22) and 15 language differe
instructors from various Teachers used
disciplines (e.g., switching to ex
education, business, and difficult terms
social sciences). make learnin
inclusive, thou
https://journals.e- sometimes cau
palli.com/home/ issues in form
index.php/ajmri/article/ tests. Overall,
view/292 beneficial but s
be used in balan
support bot
comprehension
English skil

A Quasi-Experimental Ephraim Lagare 2024 The study used a quasi- The findings sh
Study on Code- experimental method that students w
Switching in Enhancing with two groups, one learned throu
The Reading taught using code- code-switchi
Comprehension Skills of switching and the other performed
ABEL Students. taught using English- significantly be
only instruction. reading
comprehension
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holar.org/paper/A-Quasi- only group. T
Experimental-Study-on- means that co
Code-Switching-in-The- switching hel
Lagare/ ABEL stude
187c70b277740359cc10 understand les
d6d1e8f89285bf721fbb more effectivel
improved th
 reading skills.
researcher
recommend u
code-switchin
teaching to m
learning easier
more meaningf
students.

Code-Switching in Lara Celenia 2021 The study used a The results sho
English Class: A Olivera descriptive qualitative that code-switc
Strategy in Boosting method, gathering data positively aff
Learners’ Confidence from students’ students’ confid
and Engagement experiences and and engagem
responses about the use during clas
of code-switching in discussions. It
English classes. them particip
more actively
feel less anxio
while teachers p
https://www.ijase.org/
key role in
index.php/ijase/article/
motivating stud
view/10
by using cod
switching
effectively. Ov
code-switching
found to boo
confidence, re
anxiety, an
encourage
participation
learning Engl

Speaking Performance Fernandette 2021 The study used the The study foun
and the Types of Code- Timcang Spearman rank students’ expos
switching of Senior Gamotin correlation coefficient to English
High School Students determine the conversations d
relationship between the significantly a
students’ demographic their speakin
profile, types of code- performanc
switching, and their level However, expo
of speaking performance to English rea
materials and m
 .https://al- improved stud
kindipublisher.com/ fluency. It al
index.php/ijels/article/ revealed that i
view/2247 sentential and
code-switchi
helped stude
speak more flue
The study conc
that these type
code-switching
effective
communicat
strategies, and a
to English mate
and media—bo
home and in sc
—is essential
improving stud
speaking
performanc

Attitude Towards Judy M. 2023 The study used a mixed Students show
English and Frequency Saligumba Maed method that combines moderate posi
of Code Switching: number based and story attitudes tow
Implications on Grade Kriscentti Exzur based data collection. It English, high c
10 Students’ English P. Barcelona focused on Grade 10 switching rates
Academic Performance students to explore their near-proficie
feelings about English, performanc
how often they switch Attitudes and c
languages (code- switching
switching), and their significantl
grades in English. predicted bet
grades. Howe
https:// students view
journals.umak.edu.ph/ attitudes as bo
universitas/article/view/ barrier (caus
10 anxiety and fe
embarrassment
a benefit (for j
knowledge acc
and literacy
Recommendat
 Foster positi
mindsets, auth
practice, and tar
teaching to bo
proficiency

The Effects of Code- De Castro, N. P., 2021 The study used a Results showed
switching to the Parajito, G., standardized speaking tag-switching
Communicative Realco, J. M., & activity with 30 HUMSS the most comm
Competence of 21st Dacara, J. R.. students from Higher type of cod
Century Learners: A School ng UMak. Their switching, ma
Case Study performances were used to fil
recorded, transcribed, vocabulary ga
and analyzed using an Students’
analytic rubric, and the communicat
results were graded by competence w
inter-raters to assess rated as somew
their communicative effective, but t
competence in English. was a negati
relationship bet
https:// code-switching
www.researchgate.net/ English profici
publication/ —the more th
371486243_A_Phenome code-switched
nological_Inquiry_of_C lower their
ode- competence.
Switching_Among_Coll study recomm
ege_Students reducing cod
switching to im
fluency and
communicative
in English

A Phenomenological Kurt Candilas 2023 The study used a The study foun
Inquiry of Code- phenomenological students cod
Switching Among Ivory Villanueva design to explore switched to
College Students students’ real communicate m
Elvie mae
experiences with code- effectively, f
Taglinao
switching during oral comfortable,
Kristina Villarta participation. Six gain confiden
purposely selected when speaking.
students from different switched langu
programs at ABC when they strug
 College were with English, la
interviewed, and data vocabulary, fe
were analyzed using grammar mista
Creswell’s (2007) or when teach
version of the Moustakas allowed it. The
method for concluded that
phenomenological switching he
analysis. students expr
themselves bett
should be use
(PDF) A moderation
Phenomenological encourage Eng
Inquiry of Code- proficiency
Switching Among
College Students

Assessing Code- Mary Dess Ann 2025 The study used a It found th
Switching in M. Cagol qualitative case study students swit
Multilingual College with observations and languages to cl
Classrooms Through Joanne E. interviews to examine ideas, expre
Contextual Use of Bermillo why first-year BEED emotions, and
English students code-switch in more comforta
English classes. especially dur
group work a
Assessing Code- discussions. C
Switching in switching was
Multilingual College as a useful stra
Classrooms Through that suppor
Contextual Use of understandin
English confidence, a
inclusion in
multilingua
classrooms

The Utilization of Code Shaira Mae 2021 This study used a The study foun
Switching and Its Ravago descriptive correlational code-switching
Impact on Students' method, which means it often used b
Academic Performance Vincent Jelo F. looked at how often teachers and stu
Quijano students used code- to make lesso
switching (switching easier to unders
Joseline M.
between English and manage the c
Santos
Filipino in class) and better, and bu
how this was related to good relations
 their grades, without Students’ acad
changing or controlling performance
anything. The main tool generally
used was a questionnaire “satisfactory.”
given to first-year importantly, re
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why English teachers fluency in Eng
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English Instruction design with 120 Grade 7 use code-switc
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bilingualism : a study of Reinalene P. method with 100 most studen
free morpheme BAELS students to understand and
constraint on code- explore how the Free this rule wh
switching as a Morpheme Constraint switching langu
communicative strategy appears in their code- They see cod
of BAELS students in switching between switching as
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Challenges Encountered Dyan Kiem R. 2024 The study used a The study foun
by College Students Parcon qualitative method, students fac
using Code Switching as specifically in-depth several challen
a Medium of interviews and focus such as the us
Instruction: group discussions with difficult vocabu
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helped the researchers sudden langu
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE - LOCALE

 Title Author Year Methods Findings
Published

Assessing Code- Mary Dess Ann 2025 It utilized a qualitative The study clearly
Switching in M. Cagol, Joanne case study. Designed to revealed that
Multilingual College E. Bermillo investigate first-year codeswitching is
Classrooms Through college students' essential and helpful
Contextual Use of Code-switching in multilingual
English behaviors in English college classes where
Classrooms of IBA English is the main
College of Mindanao, language used for
Inc. teaching. Code
switching also
Assessing Code- became a strategic
Switching in language method for
Multilingual College students used to
Classrooms Through better manage
Contextual Use of academic difficulties
English rather than a
symptom of a lack of
https:// English skills.
www.ijsred.com/
volume8/issue4/
IJSRED-V8I4P60.pdf

Code-Switching and Its Carla L. 2024 The study used a mixed- The study found that
Importance in College- Amarille, method research design. intra-sentential
Based Remote Learning Rebecca Rosario Designed to collect and codeswitching was
Scenarios O. Bercasio analyze both qualitative the most common
and quantitative among teachers. and
information after a students, thereafter
simultaneous inter-sentential and
triangulation. tag. English, Filipino,
strategy. Qualitative and Minasbate are
data, covering different the
types of codeswitching Primary languages
and experiences with used. This highlights
instructional advantages, the inevitable use
Accommodation code-switching in the
insights, confidence/self- teaching-learning
esteem, process,
were gathered by non- Both teachers and
participant observation. students rely on their
Interviews and focus
 group discussion. bilingual
Quantitative backgrounds to
Data was acquired using participate in many
a 5-point Likert Scale online academic
questionnaire, settings.
emphasized the extent of
code-switching practice
by teachers. Students
and their experiences in
rural
Learning.

63-74_Amarille.pdf

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u.edu.ph/journal/assets/
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74_Amarille.pdf

The Utilization of Code Jay Mark B. 2021 The descriptive- Code-switching is

switching and Its Santos correlational method of used in terms of
Impact on Students research was utilized in Classroom
Academic the study to assess the management and
Performances. impact of the utilization interpersonal.
of code-switching on the The relationship's
students’ academic impact on academic
performance in performance, while
Contemporary World. the use of
codeswitching in
THE UTILIZATION OF terms of curricular
CODE SWITCHING access has no effect
AND ITS IMPACT ON on academic
STUDENTS’ performance.
ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE

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Exploring the Role of Mario H. 2025 A descriptive Among the

Code-Switching Maranan, Regina correlational study is the respondents, code-
in Multilingual C. Batalla, Arren type of research design switching is
Classroom Dynamics: B. Santos being used. Without common. The form
A Comparative Study of changing any of the of code-switching
Attitudes and variables, this design is that is most
Practices among utilized to ascertain their frequently employed
University Students in relationship. Here, the in classrooms is
the study seeks to determine situational. Even
Philippine how respondents' though code-
perceptions and use of switching is not used
code switching in the often, respondents
classroom relate to their had a favorable
different demographic opinion of it,
and educational profile indicating that they
characteristics. see its potential
advantages for
Exploring the Role of improving student
Code-Switching in understanding and
Multilingual Classroom classroom
Dynamics: A management.
Comparative Study of
Attitudes and Practices
among University
Students in the
Philippines

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 388558607_Exploring_t
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Switching_in_Multilingu
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_A_Comparative_Study
_of_Attitudes_and_Pract
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nes

A Phenomenological Kurt Candilas, 2023 This research employed The results of this
Inquiry of Code- Ivory Villanueva, a qualitative study demonstrated
Switching Among Elvie Mae phenomenology design, that the core-
College Students Taglinao, which is a method for switching students'
Kristina Villarta examining experiences life experiences and
in which the essence of circumstances
human experiences of a primarily center on
phenomenon is expressing ideas in
determined by order to more fully
researchers (Creswell, develop and clarify
2009).Phenomenology concepts. As most
was used in this study to students switch to
explore the lived other languages for a
experiences and settings variety of reasons
of college students who and problems, such
are code-switching as anxiety, difficulty
between English and expressing ideas in
Cebuano/Visayan the English language,
languages during oral and a lack of
participation vocabulary, code-
switching can be
A Phenomenological used as a strategy to
Inquiry of Code- increase students'
Switching Among speaking confidence,
College Students according to research
by Nasution &
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index.php/journal/ Noura (2019).
article/view/22

The Effects of Code- Nhel Pauline G. 2021 The researchers utilized This research found
switching to the De Castro, a qualitative case study that excessive code
Communicative Geralden P. design to explore how switching can have a
 Competence of 21st Parajito, John code-switching affects negative impact on
Century Learners: A Michael B. the communicative communicative
Case Study Realco, Jose competence of 21st- competence of
Ronilo C. Dacara century learners. learners in speaking
English. Learners
The Effects of Code- often use tag switch
switching to the when they don't
Communicative know the right word
Competence of 21st in English. Which
Century Learners: A hinders the learners
Case Study academic
performance in
https://ejournals.ph/ English language.
article.php?id=17631

Code-switching in Mary Grace 2022 In this study, the In this study, the
Teaching English Padilla Ramos researcher used a researcher found that
Literature: The Case of qualitative research case code switching can
Teachers in Candon study with Collaizzi's help teachers to
City, Ilocos Sur method of analysis to capture the learners
investigate learners' and attention. However,
teachers' experiences code switching can
using code switching in hinder learners'
English literature class. English language
proficiency.
Code-switching in
Teaching English
Literature: The Case of
Teachers in Candon
City, Ilocos Sur

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www.jadhur.com/
index.php/journal/
article/view/110

Code-Switching: A Edward Joseph 2022 The researcher used an It was revealed in

Means to Alleviate Rollo Celario experimental research this study that the
Mathematics Instruction method to compare learners who used
to Learners with students who used both their primary
Limited English primary and English language along with
Proficiency language and those who English performed
did not. And also to better academically,
determine the than those who did
 relationship between not. The research
code switching and also revealed that
learners' performance in code-switching can
Math class. enhance
understanding and
Code-Switching: A improve overall
Means to Alleviate academic
Mathematics Instruction performance of
to Learners with Limited learners.
English Proficiency

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www.researchgate.net/
publication/
368486973_Code-
Switching_A_Means_to
_Alleviate_Mathematics
_Instruction_to_Learners
_with_Limited_English_
Proficiency

Attitudes, Habits and Lord Mark 2024 The researchers utilized The study found that
Pedagogic Usage of Jayson B. llarde, mixed method code switching was
Code-Switching among Lemuel Ponce, descriptive correlational commonly used
Bachelor of Secondary Carol F. Duran, design to describe both during class
Education-Major in Charisse of the attitudes and recitation. And
English Students Angelica P. Solis, habits of students toward viewed by learners
hun Carlo M. code-switching and positively as it served
Villegas, determine the as a tool for class
relationships between participation and
their profile variables comprehension
and language habits. which helps
contribute to learners'
Attitudes, Habits and academic
Pedagogic Usage of performance.
Code-Switching among
Bachelor of Secondary
Education-Major in
English Students

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www.researchgate.net/
publication/
 381047861_Attitudes_H
abits_and_Pedagogic_Us
age_of_Code-
Switching_among_Bach
elor_of_Secondary_Edu
cation-
Major_in_English_Stude
nts

CODE-SWITCHING Lara Celenia 2021 The researcher utilized a

The study found that
IN ENGLISH CLASS: Olivera qualitative
code switching has a
A STRATEGY IN phenomenological
positive effect among
BOOSTING research design as it
learners. It boosts the
LEARNERS’ explored the learners’
learner's confidence
CONFIDENCE AND lived experiences and
to participate in
ENGAGEMENT their knowledge about
English class. Study
how code-switching
also found that Code
affects their engagement
switching can help
in English class.learners on their
second language
CODE-SWITCHING IN acquisition.
ENGLISH CLASS: A
STRATEGY IN
BOOSTING
LEARNERS’
CONFIDENCE AND
ENGAGEMENT

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index.php/ijase/article/
view/10
 I. Introduction

Background of the Study

English courses known as the medium instruction in most universities and colleges

here in the Philippines. However, there are still students who always face difficulties in

expressing themselves accurately and fluently in English. In multilingual studies, code-

switching is the alternation between two or more languages, dialects, or language styles within

a single conversation or context. It has become a natural means of communication strategy

used by both students and teachers to communicate and enhance understanding.

Some studies suggest that code switching can support learning by bridging language

gaps and improving students’ learning participation in class, while others argue that it may

hinder their knowledge in English by reducing concentration and engagement. These

conflicting observations and perspectives suggest the need to examine whether code-

switching truly affects students’ academic performances in English Enhancement courses,

which tend to improve their proficiency in reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Thus, this

study seeks to determine and examine the relationship between the use of code-switching and

the academic performance of first year college education students in their English

Enhancement course.

The study aims to see the benefits of using code-switching and how it can affect the

students' performance and confidence in the classroom. According to Zenitha (2020),

Teachers who are non-native English-speakers use two primary forms of code-switching,
Insertion and alternation. They do this to mainly introduce and accustom students to using

language in various contexts. Correspondingly, Nwikpo et al. (2024) among students, code-

switch is already commonly used in everyday conversations, academic discussions and casual

settings.

In another study, Tareen (2022) code-switching supports classroom management and

confidence building, it also used to clarify and build relationships, which is beneficial,

especially with low proficiency learners, this is further proven by Nasution et al (2022), that

code-switching brings positive impact on students speaking proficiency. Hence based on the

results of their study, it is recommended for lecturers to use code-switching while doing

lectures as to give students better comprehension of grammar rules, structure, pronunciation,

and improve the student’s fluency and confidence when speaking. From the study of, Zhao1,

Chengchieh (2023), the use of code-switching in the classroom as a teaching strategy helps

learners master and understand the language better.

A study that has been conducted by Rehman et al. (2025) says that understanding

vocabulary confidently improves their academic performance. Further explained by Aparece

(2023), code switching has helped students reduce language problems in an English class

where the language is used to be a bridge for both teachers and students. In the study of

Nteziyaremye et al. (2024), students and teachers lack vocabulary and code switch between

English and Kinyarwarda, according to the study, this has a negative impact causing poor

performance and reduced confidence and understanding in english.

Zain amin et al. (2025) has stated that code switching affects an English university that

has different linguistic backgrounds. Proven by Sher Baz Ali et al. (2023) that code switching

helps bilingual students do better in math and language subjects. It makes the lesson clearer

and boosts understanding. Previous research that was shown by Lising et al. (2020) who
stated that bilingual Filipino students show intense code-switching within individual turns.

Furthermore, Dema (2022) found that teachers and students use code-switching to help them

understand difficult English lessons and make class participation easier for students. Candilas

et al. (2023) also proved that mixing two languages when speaking in class helps students

further express their ideas and feel more confidence.

This claim is further strengthened by Abdulkarim Alsalem et al. (2025), as they stated

that code-switching is necessary in solving problems and difficulties for students as it makes

them comfortable and less stressed during lectures. Study by Khosa et al. (2024), shows that

code-switching enhances students' oral communication skills and makes learning more

enjoyable. Enhanced more by Su (2024), The survey revealed that teachers employed code-

switching in various contexts, including Topic Switching, Translation, Economy Saving,

Maintaining Classroom Discipline, Emotional Function, Checking Comprehension, with

Translation being the most prevalent. Supported by Sameen (2021), code-switching will help

students feel more confident and understand the lesson better.

Nawaz (2023) found that code-switching enhances comprehension of instructions and

encourages student participation by overcoming language barriers. Tin Tin (2024) added that

students with higher English proficiency often benefit from self-study reading that

complements classroom code-switching practices. Lastly, Almutair (2024) affirmed that code-

switching is an effective strategy to enhance English teaching and learning outcomes.

According to Desoyo (2021), using code-switching mixing English and Filipino in

class can improve students’ comprehension and overall performance. His study with Grade 7

students in Leyte showed that those who were taught through code-switching performed better

in grammar, punctuation, and capitalization than those taught only in English. Similarly,

Lagare (2024) found that students exposed to code-switched instruction achieved higher
reading comprehension scores. These findings suggest that using two languages in class helps

learners better understand lessons and process information more effectively.

Villanueva and Gamiao (2022) found that 72% of college students understood lessons

better when teachers mixed English and Filipino. Cagol and Bermillo (2025) also noted that

students used code-switching to clarify ideas and express emotions in multilingual

classrooms. Tonio (2024) stated that both teachers and students use code-switching to explain

difficult concepts and promote better communication.

In relation to academic performance, Ravago, Quijano, and Santos (2021) revealed

that code-switching positively affects students’ grades and engagement. Saligumba and

Barcelona (2023) added that frequent code-switching, along with positive attitudes toward

English, leads to higher performance. Villarazo and Nemenzo (2025) confirmed that code-

switching helps students understand lessons, though other factors such as teacher quality still

play a major role.

However, some studies also pointed out its limitations. De Castro et al. (2021) found

that while students use code-switching to fill vocabulary gaps, it can sometimes lower their

English fluency. Ramos (2022) warned that excessive use of code-switching, especially in

literature classes, may hinder full English expression. De La Cruz (2022) also noted that while

code-switching aids comprehension, it should serve as support rather than a replacement for

English learning.

Several studies examined why and how students code-switch. Villarin and Emperador

(2023) discovered that students switch languages due to limited vocabulary, comfort with

their native tongue, and exposure to bilingual environments. Gamotin (2021) found that intra-

sentential and tag-switching improve fluency, while Detecho (2022) observed that bilingual

students follow clear language rules when switching.

 Other researchers explored real student experiences. Macale (2021) found that students

often use vocabulary acquisition strategies alongside code-switching but saw no strong link

between the two. Parcon (2024) stated that while code-switching simplifies learning,

challenges like unfamiliar words and sudden language shifts still exist. Nevertheless, students

managed to cope through active participation and self-study.

Amarille and Bercasio (2023) explored college students’ learning experiences and

found that both students and teachers frequently use intra-sentential code-switching. Likewise,

Cagol and Bermillo (2025) revealed that code-switching is an essential communication tool in

multilingual classrooms, helping students overcome academic and language difficulties.

In another study, Maranan et al. (2025) used descriptive-correlational study to know

the attitudes of university students when using code-switching. Situational code-switching

was found the most used by students to communicate and understand their class discussions.

This result was aligned with Ilarde et al. (2024) as their study presents that students treat code-

switching as an important learning strategy that helps them gain confidence and learn more

effectively in English courses.

Ramos (2022) studied the use of code-switching among English literature teachers and

found that it makes lessons easier and more engaging. Similarly, Celario (2022) analyzed

code-switching in mathematics instruction and found that it reduced language barriers and

improved understanding.

De Castro et al. (2021) observed that code-switching enhances communication skills

and helps students express ideas more clearly. Olivera (2021) supported this, noting that it

also increases participation and reduces anxiety. Santos (2021) discovered a direct link

between code-switching and academic performance. Meanwhile, Candilas et al. (2023)

reported that students frequently code-switch between Cebuano and English to minimize
learning difficulties. Villanueva (2022) added that students become more confident and

participative when using both languages.For now, Santos (2021) studied the scope between

code-switching and academic performance by using a descriptive-correlational approach.

They presented that code-switching influences students’ academic performance. Comparably,

Candilas et al. (2023) found that students usually used code-switching between Cebuano and

English to reduce difficulties whenever participating in class. This study was also reinforced

by Villanueva (2022), and revealed that students confidently share ideas quickly and

participate in class frequently by using Cebuano and English.

Across international studies, code-switching has been shown to improve students’

performance, critical thinking, and engagement. Meanwhile, the reviewed studies conducted

in the Philippines also agree that code-switching is a valuable tool in language teaching and

learning. It helps bridge the gap between English and Filipino, promotes inclusion, supports

comprehension, and increases students’ confidence.

Furthermore, the local studies revealed that code-switching serves as an effective

language strategy in the classroom, enhancing students’ communication skills and

encouraging active participation.

In summary, code-switching is most effective when used strategically to assist

learning, not to replace it.

Statement of the Problem

 This study aims to determine the effects of code-switching on the academic performance

of first-year college Education students, particularly in their English enhancement courses. It

seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What factors influence the use of code-switching among first-year college Education

students?

2. How often do students use code-switching during classroom interactions?

3. What are the students’ perceptions toward the use of code-switching in classroom

discussions?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the use of code-switching and the academic

performance of first-year college Education students in their English enhancement

courses?

Hypothesis

H01 - There is no significant relationship between the extent of code-switching and the

academic performance of first-year college education students in their English enhancement

course.

H02 - There is no significant difference in the academic performance of first-year college

education students with and without the use of code-switching in English enhancement

classes.

Theoretical Framework
 This study is based on Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory (1978), which states that

learning occurs best through social interaction and communication with others. Vygotsky

emphasized that language plays a vital role in cognitive development, as it allows students to

think, reason, and understand new concepts.

In connection to this study, code-switching, or the use of both English and the

students’ native language, supports Vygotsky’s concept of the Zone of Proximal Development

(ZPD). The ZPD suggests that learners can achieve higher understanding when teachers

provide guidance using language that is familiar and meaningful to them.

By switching between English and the native language, teachers help bridge the gap

between what students already know and the new concepts they are learning. This approach

makes lessons more understandable, encourages active participation, and helps students build

confidence in using English during classroom discussions.

Conceptual Framework
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Code-switching

Frequency of Code-switching

may influence

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Academic Performance in Academic teaching

Students’ grades

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