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Bpharm Detailed Notes

The document covers key topics in B.Pharm 3rd Semester including states of matter, drug solubility, surface and interfacial phenomena, pH and buffers, and complexation with protein binding. It discusses the characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases, factors affecting drug solubility, and the importance of pH and isotonic solutions in pharmaceutical applications. Additionally, it highlights the significance of complexation and protein binding in drug distribution and activity.

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11 views7 pages

Bpharm Detailed Notes

The document covers key topics in B.Pharm 3rd Semester including states of matter, drug solubility, surface and interfacial phenomena, pH and buffers, and complexation with protein binding. It discusses the characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases, factors affecting drug solubility, and the importance of pH and isotonic solutions in pharmaceutical applications. Additionally, it highlights the significance of complexation and protein binding in drug distribution and activity.

Uploaded by

ashwithachillawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

B.

Pharm 3rd Semester – Detailed Notes

Topics Included:
1. States of Matter
2. Solubility of Drugs
3. Surface & Interfacial Phenomena
4. pH, Buffers & Isotonic Solutions
5. Complexation & Protein Binding
1. STATES OF MATTER
• Matter exists mainly in three states: Solid, Liquid, Gas.
• Additional states include Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate.

Solid State
• Definite shape and volume.
• Strong intermolecular forces; molecules vibrate in fixed positions.
• Pharmaceutical relevance: Polymorphism, crystal habit, compressibility.

Liquid State
• No fixed shape, definite volume.
• Moderate intermolecular forces.
• Important in solutions, emulsions, suspensions.

Gaseous State
• No fixed shape or volume.
• Very weak intermolecular forces.
• Relevant for inhalers, aerosols.
2. SOLUBILITY OF DRUGS
• Solubility is the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at specific conditions.

Factors Affecting Solubility


• Temperature: Solubility of solids usually increases with temperature.
• pH: Acidic and basic drugs show pH-dependent solubility.
• Particle size: Smaller particles dissolve faster.
• Solvent polarity: Like dissolves like.
• Crystal form: Amorphous forms are more soluble.

Importance in Pharmacy
• Affects drug bioavailability.
• Determines formulation type (solution, suspension, tablet).
• Helps predict drug absorption.
3. SURFACE & INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA

Surface Tension
• Force acting at the surface of a liquid.
• Important for wetting, spreading of liquids.

Interfacial Tension
• Tension at boundary between two immiscible phases (oil–water).

Applications in Pharmacy
• Emulsion formation (oil-in-water, water-in-oil).
• Stabilization of suspensions.
• Detergents decrease surface tension.
4. pH, BUFFERS & ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS

pH
• pH = -log[H+].
• Determines stability and ionization of drugs.

Buffers
• Resist change in pH.
• Made of weak acid + conjugate base.
• Used in ophthalmic and injectable preparations.

Isotonic Solutions
• Same osmotic pressure as body fluids (0.9% NaCl).
• Prevents tissue irritation.
• Used in eye drops, IV fluids.
5. COMPLEXATION & PROTEIN BINDING

Complexation
• Reversible association between drug and ligand.
• Types: Metal complexes, inclusion complexes, coordination complexes.
• Example: Cyclodextrin complexes increase solubility.

Protein Binding
• Drugs bind to plasma proteins like albumin and globulins.
• Affects drug distribution, free drug concentration, half-life.
• Highly bound drugs: Warfarin, Diazepam.
• Only unbound drug is active.
END OF DOCUMENT

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