C.E.

151 - Earthquake Engineering

Chapter 8 - Base Shear (UBC 97)
Introduction
• Procedures and limitations for the seismic design of structures shall be determined considering the
following (Per NSCP 2015) :
a) Seismic Zoning
b) Site Characteristics
c) Occupancy
d) Configuration
e) Structural System
f) Height
• Structures shall be designed with adequate strength to withstand the lateral displacement induced
by the Design Basis Ground Motion, considering inelastic response of the structure and the inherent
redundancy, over-strength and ductility of the lateral force-resisting system.

Method of Earthquake Structural Analysis

Method of Earthquake Structural Analysis

1. Static Analysis
Static analysis is a simplified method that assumes the structure responds to a constant lateral force that is
proportional to its mass and height. The force is distributed along the height of the structure according to a
predefined shape factor, such as a triangular or inverted triangular pattern. Static analysis is suitable for regular
and low-rise structures that have a uniform stiffness and mass distribution, and that do not experience significant
dynamic effects, such as resonance, damping, or mode coupling. Static analysis is easier and faster to perform
than dynamic analysis, and it is often prescribed by design codes for low to moderate seismic zones.

2. Dynamic analysis
Dynamic analysis is a more realistic method that considers the time-varying nature of the earthquake ground
motion and its interaction with the structure. The structure is modeled as a system of masses, springs, and
dampers, and its response is calculated by solving the equations of motion in the time or frequency domain.
Dynamic analysis can capture the complex and nonlinear behavior of the structure, such as its natural
frequencies, modes of vibration, damping ratio, and hysteretic loops. Dynamic analysis is necessary for irregular
and high-rise structures that have a variable stiffness and mass distribution, and that are subject to significant
dynamic effects, such as resonance, amplification, or reduction of the ground motion. Dynamic analysis is more
accurate and comprehensive than static analysis, but it is also more complex and time-consuming, and it requires
more input data and assumptions.
Method of Earthquake Structural Analysis

3. Equivalent static analysis

Equivalent static analysis is a hybrid method that combines some aspects of static and dynamic analysis. It
involves applying a static force that is equivalent to the maximum dynamic force that the structure would
experience during an earthquake. The equivalent static force is obtained by multiplying the mass of the structure
by an acceleration coefficient that depends on its fundamental period, damping ratio, and the seismic hazard
level. Equivalent static analysis is a compromise between simplicity and realism, and it is often used by design
codes for moderate to high seismic zones. However, it has some limitations, such as neglecting higher modes of
vibration, nonlinear behavior, and soil-structure interaction.

4. Pushover Analysis
Pushover analysis is a static procedure that uses a simplified nonlinear technique to estimate seismic structural
deformations. Structures redesign themselves during earthquakes. As individual components of a structure yield
or fail, the dynamic forces on the building are shifted to other components. A pushover analysis simulates this
phenomenon by applying loads until the weak link in the structure is found and then revising the model to
incorporate the changes in the structure caused by the weak link. A second iteration indicates how the loads are
redistributed. The structure is “pushed” again until the second weak link is discovered. This process continues
until a yield pattern for the whole structure under seismic loading is identified. Pushover analysis is commonly
used to evaluate the seismic capacity of existing structures and appears in several recent guidelines for retrofit
seismic design. It can also be useful for performance-based design of new buildings that rely on ductility or
redundancies to resist earthquake forces.
Method of Earthquake Structural Analysis

5. Response spectrum analysis

Response spectrum analysis is a special type of dynamic analysis that uses a graphical representation of the
maximum response of a single-degree-of-freedom system to a given earthquake ground motion. The response
spectrum shows the peak values of displacement, velocity, or acceleration as a function of the natural period and
damping ratio of the system. By using a modal analysis technique, the response spectrum can be applied to a
multi-degree-of-freedom system, such as a structure, by combining the responses of its individual modes of
vibration. Response spectrum analysis is a convenient and efficient way to perform dynamic analysis, as it does
not require the full time history of the ground motion or the structure. However, it also has some drawbacks, such
as assuming linear and elastic behavior, ignoring phase differences between modes, and requiring a suitable
response spectrum for the design situation.

6. Time history analysis

Time history analysis is the most advanced and realistic type of dynamic analysis that uses the actual record of
the earthquake ground motion as the input. The time history shows the variation of the ground displacement,
velocity, or acceleration with respect to time. By using a direct integration technique, the time history can be
applied to a multi-degree-of-freedom system, such as a structure, by solving the equations of motion at each time
step. Time history analysis can capture the full nonlinear and inelastic behavior of the structure, as well as the
effects of soil-structure interaction, damping, and frequency content of the ground motion. However, it also has
some challenges, such as requiring a large amount of computational resources, selecting an appropriate time
history for the design situation, and accounting for uncertainties and randomness in the ground motion.
Basis for Analysis
Seismic Zone Map of the Philippines
Basis for Analysis
Basis for Analysis
Basis for Analysis
Basis for Analysis
Basis for Analysis
Configuration Requirements
1. Regular Structures
Structures that have no significant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in their lateral-force-
resisting system.

2. Irregular Structures
Structures that have significant physical discontinuities in configuration or in their lateral-force-resisting system
.
Structural Irregularities
Structural Systems
1) Bearing Wall System
In a bearing wall system, shear walls or braced
frames provide support for all or most of the
gravity loads and for resisting all lateral loads.
In general, a bearing wall system has a
comparably lower value of R since the system
lacks redundancy and has a poor inelastic
response capacity. In seismic zone 4, the
concrete and masonry shear walls are required
to be specially detailed to satisfy the provisions
of NSCP.

2) Building Frame System

A building frame system has separate systems
to provide support for lateral forces and gravity
loads. A frame provides support for essentially
all gravity loads with independent shear walls or
braced frames resisting all lateral loads. The
gravity load supporting frame does not require
special ductile detailing, but it is recommended
to satisfy the deformation compatibility
requirements and this imposes a practical
limitation on the height of a building frame
system.
Structural Systems
3) Moment Resisting Frame System
Are specially detailed to provide good ductility
and support for both lateral and gravity loads by
flexural action. In seismic zone 4, the moment-
resisting frames are required to be specially
detailed to satisfy NSCP provisions. These
frames are called Special Moment Resisting
Frames or SMRF. A high degree redundancy
can be provided and the system has an
excellent inelastic response capacity.

4) Dual System
Has comparatively higher value of R since a
secondary lateral support system is available to
assist the primary lateral support system. The
shear walls or bracing supply the primary lateral
support system with a moment-resisting frame
providing primary support for gravity loads and
acting as a back up lateral force system. The
moment-resisting frame must be designed to
independently resist at least 25% of the base
shear. In addition, the two systems shall be
designed to resist the total base shear in
proportion to their relative rigidities.
Static Linear Force Method
The static lateral force procedure may be used for the following structures;
1) All structures regular or irregular in Occupancy Categories IV and V in Seismic Zone 2.
2) Regular structures under 75 m in height.
3) Irregular structures not more than five stories or 20 m in height.
4) Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both
portions of the structure considered separately can be classified as being regular, the
average storey stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times the average storey stiffness
of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure is not greater than 1.1 times the
period of the upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.

The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following equation,.

Where:
CV = Seismic coefficient
I = Importance factor
W = Total seismic dead load
R = Numerical coefficient representative of the inherent over-
strength and global ductility capacity of lateral force
resisting systems.
T = elastic fundamental period of vibration of the structure in the
direction under consideration
NV = Near source factor used to determine CV in seismic zone 4
related to both the proximity of the building or structure to
known faults.
Static Linear Force Method
Structure Period (T)
• The value of T shall be determined from one of the following method;
Static Linear Force Method
Static Linear Force Method
Static Linear Force Method
Static Linear Force Method
Static Linear Force Method
Static Linear Force Method
END