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 Note to the Student
Wiley Mathematics Problem Book is specifically designed to meet the needs of engineering (JEE) aspirants and give an edge to their
preparation. The book offers complete coverage of the mathematics curriculum (of Class 11 syllabus) for JEE. It is enriched with unique
elements and features that help students recapitulate the concepts, build problem-solving skills and apply them to solve all
question-types asked in the engineering entrance examinations. The book is a valuable resource for both JEE (Main) and JEE (Advanced)
aspirants. The chapter flow of the book is aligned with JEE Main syllabus and its coverage in the classroom. However, topics specific to
JEE (Advanced) and advanced level questions are also covered both as solved examples and practice exercises.
We will now walk you through the target examinations and some key features of the book that enhance the learning experience.

TARGET EXAMINATION
Admission to Undergraduate Engineering Programs at IITs, NITs and other Center and State (participating) funded Technical
Institutions use the Joint Entrance Examination Main (JEE Main) score as eligibility/merit criteria. The JEE (Main) is also an eligibility test
for the Joint Entrance Examination Advanced [JEE (Advanced)], which is mandatory for the candidate if he/she is aspiring for admission
to the undergraduate program offered by the IITs. The JEE (Advanced) scores are used as an eligibility criteria for admission into IITs.
An effective exam strategy for success in these examinations can be based on the detailed analysis of previous years question papers
and planning your preparation accordingly. The Mathematics Question Paper of these examinations is a judicious mix of easy, moderate
and tough questions. The analysis of question distribution over the units of mathematics syllabus for these examinations is given below.

EXAM ANALYSIS OF PAPERS

Mathematics question paper comes as an amalgamation of easy, moderate and tough questions. This section shows the unit-wise as
well as chapter-wise analysis of previous 9 years (2010-2018) JEE Main and JEE Advanced papers.

JEE Main
Year
Unit
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Algebra 14 13 13 12 12 11 12 13 12
Calculus 8 10 9 8 9 8 7 10 8
Trigonometry 2 1 1 3 2 3 3 2 3
Analytical Geometry 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 5 7

JEE Advanced
Year
Unit
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Algebra 16 17 12 14 12 6 12 10 8
Trigonometry 5 1 2 4 3 1 2 1 1
Analytical Geometry 13 8 9 10 7 3 9 7 9
Differential Calculus 2 7 6 2 11 5 7 8 12
Integral Calculus 8 7 10 7 5 4 5 7 4
Vector 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 3 2
 MATHEMATICS JEE MAIN PAPERS ANALYSIS (2010-2018)

AIEEE AIEEE AIEEE JEE Main JEE Main JEE Main JEE Main JEE Main JEE Main
Unit Chapter
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (Offline) 2015 (Offline) 2016 (Offline) 2017 (Offline) 2018 (Offline)
Algebra Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1
Permutations and Combinations 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
Binomial Theorem 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sequences and Series 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2
Statistics 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mathematical Reasoning 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Matrices and Determinants 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
Vector Algebra 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Probability 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
Calculus Sets, Relations and Functions 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 1
Application of Derivatives 1 1 3 1 2 2 1
Integrals 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2
Application of Integrals 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Differential Equations 1 1 1 2 1 1
Trigonometry Trignometric Functions 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3
Inverse Trignometric Functions 1 1 1
Analytical Conic Sections 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 3 5
Geometry Three-Dimensional Geometry 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2
Explore [Link] today and find high-quality
test banks and solution manuals with special discounts.
 MATHEMATICS JEE ADVANCED PAPERS ANALYSIS (2010-2018)

IIT-JEE 2010 IIT-JEE 2011 IIT-JEE 2012 JEE Advanced 2013 JEE Advanced 2014 JEE Advanced 2015 JEE Advanced 2016 JEE Advanced 2017 JEE Advanced 2018
Unit Chapter
P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U
Complex Numbers 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
Quadratic Equations 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
Permutations and
1 1 1 1
Combinations
Sequence and Series 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Binomial Theorem 1 1 1 1 1 1

Algebra
Logarithms 1 1 1
Matrices and
1 3 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Determinants
Probability 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2
Properties and
Solution of Triangles
1 1 1 1 1 1
(Heights and
Distances)
Trigonometric
2 1 1 1
Equations
Trigonometric Ratios

Trigonometry
1 1 1 1
and Identities
Inverse Trigonometric
Function (Principal 1 1 1 1 1
Values Only)
Rectangular
Coordinate System
Straight Lines and
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
Pair of Lines
Conics 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 1 1
Circle 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 1

Analytical Geometry
Three-Dimensional
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Geometry
Sets and Relations 2 1 1 1 1 2
Limits 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 1
Functions 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Continuity and
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1
Differentiability

Differential Calculus
Differentiation 2
 IIT-JEE 2010 IIT-JEE 2011 IIT-JEE 2012 JEE Advanced 2013 JEE Advanced 2014 JEE Advanced 2015 JEE Advanced 2016 JEE Advanced 2017 JEE Advanced 2018
Unit Chapter
P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U P Q R S T U
Application of
1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1
Derivatives
Indefinite Integration 1
Definite Integration 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Area Under the
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Integral Calculus
Curve
Differential Equations 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Vector Vectors 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

P: Single Correct Choice Type Q: One or More Than One Option Correct Type R: Paragraph Type

S: Matrix-Match Type T: Reasoning Type U: Integer Answer Type

 FEATURES OF THE BOOK

A. Understand the Concepts

1. All the concepts as per the JEE curriculum
are explained in simple steps to develop
fundamental understanding of the
subject.

2. Important points to remember about

concepts highlighted as Key Points.

B. Every Aspect of the Subject Covered

In form of formulas, figures, graphs and tables to enhance problem-solving skills.
C. Reinforce Concepts
1. Illustrations pose a specific problem using
concepts already presented and then work
through the solution.

2. Your Turn within each chapter is present to

reinforce and check the understanding of the students.

3. Additional Solved Examples suitable for JEE

exams are provided with in-depth solutions for
the students to understand the logic behind
and formula used.
D. Understanding the Exam Pattern
Through Previous Years' Solved JEE Main/AIEEE Questions and Previous Years' Solved JEE Advanced/IIT-JEE
Questions.

E. Practice to Complete Your Learning

Through Practice Exercise 1 (JEE Main) and Practice Exercise 2 (JEE Advanced). All questions types as per JEE
Main and Advanced covered.
Other documents randomly have
different content
as emperor by the Senate. Acting entirely on his own initiative, he at
once promoted his adopted brother Lucius Verus to the position of
colleague, with equal rights as emperor. With the accession of
Marcus the great Pax Romana that made the era of the Antonines
tlie happiest in tlie annals of Rome, and perhaps of mankind, came
to an end, and with liis reign the glorj- of the old Rome vanished.
Yomger peoples, untainted by the vices of civilization, and knowing
nothing of the inanition which comes from over-refinement and
over-indulgence, were preparing to struggle for the lead in the
direction of human destiny. Marcus was scarcely seated on the
throne when the Picts commenced to tlireaten in Britain the recently
erected Wall of Antoninus. The Chatti and Chauci attempted to cross
the Rhine and the upper reaches of the Danube. These attacks were
easily repelled. Xot ,so with the outbreak in the Orient, which
commenced in 161 and did not cease until 166. The destruction of
an entire legion (XXII Deiotariana) at Elegeia aroused tlie emperors
to the gravity of the situation. Lucius Verus took command of the
troops in 162 and, through the valour and skill of his lieutenants in a
war known officially as the Belhim ATmeniacum et Parthicum, waged
over the wide area of SjTia, Cappadocia. Armenia, Mesopotamia,
and Media, was able to celebrate a glorious triumph in 166. For a
people .so long accustomed to peace as the Romans were, this war
was wellnigh fatal. It taxed all their resources, and the withdrawal of
the legions from the Danubian frontier gave an opportunity to the
Teutonic tribes to penetrate into a rich and tempting territory. People
with strange-sounchng names, the JIarcomanni, Varistse,
Hermanduri,Quadi, Sue^^, Jazyges, Vandals, collected along the
Danube, crossed the frontiers, and became the advance-guard of the
great migration known as the "Wandering of the X'ations", which
four centuries later culminated in the overtlirow of the Western
Empire. The war against these invaders commenced in 167, and in a
short time had assumed sucli threatening proportions as to demand
the presence of both emperors at the front. Lucius Verus died in
169. and Marcus was left to carry on the war alone. His difficulties
were immeasurably increased by the devastation wTOught by the
plague carried westward by tlie returning legions of Verus, by famine
and earthquakes, and by inundations which destroyed the vast
granaries of Rome and their contents. In the panic and terror caused
by these events the people resorted to the extremes of superstition
to win back the favour of the deities through whose anger it was
believed these ^-isitations were inflicted. Strange rites of expiation
and sacrifice were resorted to, victims were slain by thousands, and
the assistance of the gods of the Orient sought for as well as that of
the gods of Rome. During the war with the Quadi in 174 there took
place the famous incident of the Thundering Legion (Legio
Fulminatrii, Fulininea, Fulminata) which has been a cause of frequent
controversy between Christian and non-Christian wxiters. The
Roman army was surrounded by enemies, with no chance of escape,
when a storm burst. The rain poured down in refreshing showers on
the Romans, while the enemy were scattered with liglitning and hail.
The parched and famishing Romans received the saving drops first
on their faces and parched throats, and afterwards in their helmets
and shields, to refresh their horses. Marcus obtained a glorious
victory as a result of this extraordinary event, and his enemies were
hopelessly overthrown. That such an event did really happen is
attested both by pagan and Christian WTiters. The former attribute
the occurrence either to magic (Dion Cassius, LXXI, 8-10) or to the
prayers of the emperor (Capitolinus, "Vita Marci ", XXIV; Themistius,
"Orat. XV. ad Theod. "; Claudian, " De Sext. Cons. Hon.", V, 340
sqq.; "Sibyl. Orac". ed. Alexandre. XII, 196 sqq. C^. Bellori, "La
Colonne Antonine", and Eckhel, "Doctrina Nummorum ", 111,64).
The Christian ^Titers attributed the fact to the prayers of the
Christians who were in the anny (Claudius Apollinaris in Euseb. ,
"Hist. Eccl.", V, 5; TertuUian, "Apol. ", v; ad Scap. c. iv), and soon
there grew up a legend to the effect that in consequence of this
miracle the emperor put a stop to the persecution of the Christians
(cf. Euseb. and Tert. opp cit.). It must be conceded that the
testinionv of Claudius Apollinaris (see Smith and Wace, " Diet, of
Christ. Biogr. ", 1, 132-133) is the most valuable of all that we
possess, as he ■wTote within a few years of the event, and that all
credit must be given to the prayers of the Christians, though it does
not necessarily follow that we should accept the elaborate detail of
the story as given by TertuUian and later writers [Allard, op. cit.
infra, pp. 377, 378; Renan, " Marc-Aurele " (6th ed., Paris, 1891),
Xyil, pp. 273-278; P. de Smedt, "Principes de la critique hist." (1883),
p. 133]. The last years of the reign of Marcus were saddened by the
appearance of a usurper, Avidius Cassius, in the Orient, and by the
consciousness that the empire was to fall into unworthy hands when
his son Commodus should come to the throne. Marcus died at
Vindobona or Sirmium in Pannonia. The chief authorities for his life
are Julius Capitolinus, "Vita Marci Antonini Philosophi" (SS. Hist. Aug.
IV); Dion Cassius, "Epitome of Xiphilinos"; Herodian; Fronto,
"Epistolse" and Aulus Gellius "Noctes Atticae ".
 AURELIUS 110 AURELIUS Marcus Aurelius was one of tlie
best men of heathen antiquity. Apropos of the Antonines the
judicious Montesquieu says that, if we set aside for a moment the
contemplation of the Christian verities, we cannot read the life of
this emperor without a softening feeling of emotion. Niebuhr calls
him the noblest character of his time, and M. ilartha, the historian of
the Roman moralists, says that in Marcus Aurelius "the philosophy of
Heathendom grows less proud, draws nearer to a Christianity which
it ignored or which it despised, and is ready to fling itself into the
arms of the Unknown God". On the other hand, the warm eulogies
which many writers have heaped on Marcus Aurelius as a ruler and
as a man seem excessive and overdrawn. It is true that the most
marked trait in his character was his devotion to philosophy and
letters, but it was a curse to mankind that "he was a Stoic first and
then a ruler". His dilettanteism rendered him utterly unfitted for the
practical affairs of a large empire in a time of stress. He was more
concerned with realizing in his own life (to say the truth, a stainless
one) the Stoic ideal of perfection, than he was with the pressing
duties of his office. Philosophy became a disease in his mind, and
cut him off from the trutlis of practical life. He was steeped in the
grossest superstition; he surrounded himself with charlatans and
magicians, and took with seriousness even the knavery of Alexander
of Abonoteichos. The highest offices in the empire were sometimes
conferred on his philosophic teachers, whose lectures he attended
even after he became emperor. In the midst of the Parthian war he
found time to keep a kind of private diarj', bis famous "Meditations",
or twelve short books of detached thoughts and sentences in which
he gave over to posterity the results of a rigorous selfexamination.
With the exception of a few letters discovered among the works of
Fronto fM. Corn. Frontonis Reliquis, Berlin, 1816) this history of his
inner life is the only work which we have from his pen. The style is
utterly without merit and distinction, apparently a matter of pride,
for he tells us he had learned to abstain from rhetoric, and poetry,
and fine writing. Though a Stoic deeply rooted in the principles
developed by Seneca and Epictetus, Aurelius cannot be said to have
any consistent system of philosophy. It might be said, perhaps, in
justice to this "seeker after righteousness ", that his faults were the
faults of his philosophy rooted in the principle that human nature
naturally inclined towards evil, and needed to be constantly kept in
check. Only once does he refer to Christianity (Medit., XI, iii), a
spiritual regenerative force that was visibly increasing its activity, and
then only to brand the Christians with the reproach of obstinacy
(jraparajis), the highest social crime in the eyes of Roman authoritj'.
He seems also (ibid.) to look on Christian martjTdom as devoid of
the serenity and calm that should accompany the death of the wise
man. For the Eossible relations of the emperor with Christian ishops
see Abercius of Hierapolis, and Melito of Sardis. In his dealings with
the Cliristians Marcus Aurelius •went a step farther than any of his
predecessors. Throughout the reigns of Trajan, Hadrian, and
Antoninus Pius, the procedure followed by Roman authorities in their
treatment of the Christians was that outlined in Trajan's rescript to
Pliny, by which it was ordered that the Christians should not be
sought out; if brought before the courts, legal proof of their guilt
should be forthcoming. [For the much-disputed rescript "Ad
conventum Asia;'' (Eus., Hist. Eccl., IV, xiii), see Antoninus Pius]. It is
clear that during the reign of Aurelius the comparative leniency of
tile legislation of Trajan gave way to a more severe temper. In
Southern Gaul, at least, an imperial rescript inaugurated an entirelj-
new and much more violent era of persecution (Eus., Hist. Eccl., V, i,
45). In Asia Minor and in Syria the blood of Christians flowed in
torrents (.-Ulard, op. cit. infra, pp. 375. 376, 388, 389). In general
the recrudescence of persecution seems to have come immediately
through the local action of the provincial governors impelled by the
insane outcries of terrified and demoralized city mobs. If any general
imperial edict was issued, it has not survived. It seems more
probable that the "new decrees" mentioned by Eusebius (Hist. Eccl.,
IV, xx\-i, 5) were local ordinances of municipal authorities or
provincial governors; as to the emperor, he maintained against the
Christians the existing legislation, though it has been argued that the
imperial edict (Digests, XLVIII, xxix, 30) against those who terrify by
superstition "the fickle mintls of men" was directed against the
Christian society. Duchesne says (Hist. Ancienne de I'Eglise, Paris,
1906, p. 210) that for such obscure sects the emperor would not
condescend to interfere with the laws of the empire. It is clear,
however, from the scattered references in contemporary WTitings
(Celsus, "In Origen. Contra Celsum ", VIII, 169; Melito, in Eus., "Hist.
Eccl. ", IV, xxvi; Athenagoras, " Legatio pro Christianis ", i) that
throughout the empire an active pursuit of the Christians was now
undertaken. In order to encourage their numerous enemies, the ban
was raised from the delatorcs, or "denouncers", and they were
promised rewards for all cases of successful conviction. The impulse
given by this legislation to an unrelenting pursuit of the followers of
Christ rendered their condition so precarious that many changes in
ecclesiastical organization and discipline date, at least in embryo,
from this reign. Another significant fact pointing to the growing
numbers and influence of the Christians, and the increasing distrust
on the part of the imperial authorities and the cultured classes, is
that an active literary propaganda, emanating from the imperial
surroundings, was commenced at this period. The Cynic philosopher
Crescens (see Justin M,\rtyr) took part in a public disputation with
St. Justin in Rome. Fronto, the preceptor and bosom friend of
Marcus Aurelius, denounced the followers of the new religion in a
formal discourse (Min. Felix, "Octavius", cc. ix, xxxi) and the satirist
Lucian of Samosata turned the shafts of his wit against them, as a
party of ignorant fanatics. No better proof of the tone of the period
and of the widespread knowledge of Christian beliefs and practices
which prevailed among the pagans is needed than the contemporary
"True Word" of Celsus (see Origen), a work in which were collected
alt the calumnies of pagan malice and all the arguments, set forth
with the skill of the trained rhetorician, which the philosophy and
experience of the pagan world could muster against the new creed.
The earnestness and frequency with which the Christians replied to
these assaults by the apologetic worlvs (see Athen.\gor.\s, Minucius
Felix, TheoPHILUS OF Antioch) addressed directly to the emperors
themselves, or to the people at large, show how keenly alive they
were to the dangers arising from these literary or academic foes.
From such and so many causes it is not surprising that Christian
blood flowed freely in all parts of the empire. The excited populace
saw in the miserj' and bloodshed of the period a proof that the gods
were angered by the toleration accorded to the Christians;
consequently, they threw on the latter all blame for the incredible
public calamities. Whether it was famine or pestilence, drought or
floods, the cry was the same (Tertull., ".\pologeticum ", V, xli):
Christianos ad Iconem (Throw the
 AUBEOLA 111 AURIESVILLE Christians to the lion.) The
pages of the Apologists show how frequently the Christians were
condemned and what penalties they had to endure, and these vague
and general references are confirmed by some contemporar}' "Acta'
of unquestionable authority, in which the harrowing scenes are
described in all their gruesome details. Among them are the "Acta"
of Justin and his companions who suffered at Rome (c. 16.5), of
Carpus, Papylus, and Agathonica, who were put to death in Asia
Minor, of the SciUitan Martj"r3 in Xumidia, and the touching Letters
of the Churches of Lyons and Vienne (Eus., Hist. EccL, V, i-iv) in
which is contained the description of the tortures inflicted (177) on
Blandina and her companions at Lyons. Incidentally, this document
throws much light on the character and extent of the persecution of
the Christians in Southern Gaul, and on the share of the emperor
therein. The Roman histories of Gibbon, Duruy. and MERn'.^LE deal
at length with his personal history; [Link], Geschichte der
romiscJien Kaiserzeil (Gotha, 1883); .[Link]. Histoire des
persecutions pendant les premiers sii-cles (2d ed., Paris, 1892), ec.
vi-vii; ReN-\x, Marc-Aurele et la fin du monde antique (6th ed., Paris,
1901); Dill. Romtin Society from Nero to MarcJis Aurelius (London.
1904), 506-511, and passim; F.\RRAR, Marcus Aurehus in Seekers
after God (London, 1890.) His Meditations have been translated into
English bv George Long (Ix)ndon. 1862); cf. also De Ch.\mp.\gsy,
Les Cisars {Us Antonins) (Paris, 1863); [Link]-Pevrox, Marc-Aurele
dans ses rapports avec te Christianisme (Paris, 1897). [Link] J.
[Link]. Aureola. See Nimbus. Aureoli (Aureolus, D'AraiOL, Oriol),
Petrus, a Franciscan philosopher and theologian, called on account
of his eloquence Doctor jacundus, b. 1280 at Toulouse (or Verberie-
sur-Oise) ; d. 10 January', 1322 (Denifle; other dates assigned are
1330 and 1345). He entered the Order of Friars Minor, studied at
Toulouse, taught theologv' there and at Paris and became (1319)
provincial of his order (Pro\-ince of .\quitaine). Jolm XXII appointed
him Archbishop of Aix (1321). He defended the doctrine of the
Immaculate Conception in a public disputation at Toulouse (1314), in
liis "De Conceptione Marise Virginis" and "Repercussorium" (reply to
opponents of the doctrine), in his "Sermons" and in his commentarj'
on St. Bernard's teacliing. His other principal works are the
commentarj' on the "Sentences" of Peter Lombard (Rome. 1596-
1605), "Quodlibeta", and " Breviarium Bibliorum", an introduction to
the .Scriptures with literal commentarj', wliich appeared in numerous
editions at Venice Paris, and Louvain. A new etlition bj' Seeboeck
was published at Quaracchi in 1S96. In philosophjAureoli was a
Concept ualist and a forerunner of Occam. He criticized the doctrine
of St. Thomas and defended, though not in all points, the views of
Scotus. His writings on the Immaculate Conception were published
bj' Petrus de Alva in the "Monumenta Seraphica Imm. Concept".
HuRTER. Xomenclntor, II. 463; Stanonik in Der KathoHk, (1882). I;
Werner. Thomas von Aquin, III, 180-244; Ueber■weg-Heixze.
Geschichte d. PhiXosophie (8th ed.). II, 306. E. A. P.\CE. Aureus
Codex. See Codex. Auricular Confession. See Coxfessiox. Auriesville,
the site of the Mohawk village, Montgomery Co., New York, U. S. A.,
in which Father Isaac Jogues and his companions, Goupil and
Lalande, were put to death for the Faith by the Indians. It is on the
south bank of the Mohawk, about fortj' miles west of Albanj'. Auries
was the name of the last Mohawk who lived there, and from this the
present designation was formed. It was known among the Indians
as [Link], also Gandawaga and Cauglinawaga, the latter being
also given to the settlement on the St. LawTence opposite Lachine
which was established for the Iroquois converts who wanted to
withdraw from the corruption of their pagan kinsmen. To the village
on the Mohawk Jogues and Goupil were brought in 1642 as
prisoners, and, in 1646, Jogues again, with Lalande. In 1644
Bressani was tortured there, and later on Poncet. In 1655-56-57 Le
MoJ^le came as ambassador to make peace; and the j-ear after the
punitive expedition of the Marquis de Tracj' a permanent mission
was established (16C7). There Father Boniface, James de
Lamberville, Fremin Bruj-as, Pierron, and others laboured until 1684,
when the mission was destroj'ed. The famous Indian girl,
Tegakwitha, was born there. From it she escaped to Canada. While
the missionaries were in control of Ossernenon and the adjacent
Indian towns, the Mohawk converts were remarkable for their exact
Christian life, and in manj' instances for their exalted piety. The
exact location of this village, which is so intimateh' associated with
the establishment of Christianitj' in Xew York, was for a time a
subject of considerable dispute. The researches of John Gilmary
Shea, whose knowledge of the historj- of the earlj' mission was so
profound, at first favoured the view that the old village was on the
other side of the Mohawk at what is now Tribes Hill. More thorough
investigations, however, aided bj' the conclusions of Gen. J. S. Clarke
of Auburn, whose knowledge of Indian sites both in Xew York and
Huronia is indisputable, have shown finallj- that the present
Auriesville is the exact place in which Father Jogues and his
companions suffered death. The basic evidence is the fact that, up
to the time of their destruction bj' de Tracj', the villages were
certainly on the south side of the Mohawk and west of the Schoharie
— as is clear from contemporarj' maps, and from
Jogues's,Bressani's, and Poncet 's letters. Joliet, one of the most
accurate cartographers of the time, puts the village of Ossernenon at
the junction of the Schoharie and Mohawk. To further particularize it,
Jogues said the village was on the top of the hill, a quarter of a
league from the river. The ravine in which Goupil s bodj' was found is
also specified bjJogues, and he speaks of a watercourse and a
riA'ulet uniting there — a feature still remaining. The distances from
Andagaron and Tionontoguen given bjFather Jogues also fix the
exact locality. Satisfied that the precise spot had been determined,
ten acres of land on the hill were purchased in 1884 by the Rev.
Joseph Loyzance, S. J., who was at that time parish priest of St.
Joseph's, Troy, N. Y., and who had all liis Ufe been an ardent student
of the lives of the earlj' missionaries. Father Loyzance erected a
small shrine on the hill, under the title of Our Lad)' of MartjTS, and
he was the first to lead a number of pilgrims to the place, on the
15th of August of that j'ear, which was the anniversarj' of the first
arrival of Father Jogues as an Iroquois captive. Four thousand
people went from Albany and Troj' on that daj'. Other parishes
[Link]- adopted the practice of visiting .\uriesville during the
summer. Frequently there are as manj- as four or five thousand
people present. The grounds have been since extended bej'ond the
original limits, for the purpose of keeping the surroundings free from
undesirable buildings. Manj' of the pilgrims come fasting and receive
Holj' Communion at the shrine. The entire daj' is passed in religious
exercises, but anj'thing which could in the least savour of anj' public
cult of the martj'rs is sedulously guarded against, as such
anticipation of the Church's official action would seriouslj' interfere
with the cause of their canonization, which is now under
consideration at Quebec. The present buildings on the site are only
of a temporarj' nature. If the Church pronounces on the
 AURISPA 112 AuSONiaS leality of the martyrdom of the
three missionaries, more suitable edifices will be erected. Shea, Lije
n; Isaac Jogues. S.J. (.New York. 18fi2); Jesuit Relations, passim;
Pilgrim of Our Lady of Martyrs (New York); Annals of the Shrine
(New York); Wynne, .4 Shrine in the Afohawk Valley (New York,
1905). T. J. Campbell. Aurispa, [Link], a famous Italian humanist
and collector of Greek manuscripts, b. about 1369 at Xoto, in Sicily;
d. at Ferrara in 1459. It is not known where he first studied. In 1418
he went to Constantinople to learn Greek and to collect codices. So
industrious was he that he was accused to the Greek emperor of
despoiling the city of books. He returned to Venice in 1423 with 238
volumes of classical authors, purchased at Constantinople. Among
his treasures were the celebrated "Codex Laurentianus" (seven plays
of Sophocles, six of Jischylus, Apollonius's " Argonaut ica") of the
tenth century, the Iliad, Demosthenes, Plato, Xenophon, etc. The
next year Aurispa went to Bologna, where he became professor of
Greek at the university. .As a teacher he was not very successful.
Thence he was invited to Florence, where he also held the chair of
Greek. Later he went to Ferrara. In 1441 he was appointed secretary
to Pope Eugene IV. Six years later Pope Nicholas V reappointed him
to the same post. Besides being a tireless collector of manuscripts,
Aurispa was a poet of some merit. His published works include
letters, epigrams, and an elegy. VoiGT, Die TTiederbetebung dea
klassischen Allerthums (Berlin, 1893); [Link], Biograjia
documentata di Giovanni Aurispa (Noto. 1890). Edmund Burke.
Aurora Lucis Rutilat. — This is one of the socalled Ambrosian hynms,
but its author is unknown. It has been revised and separated into
three hymns for the Roman Breviarj-. The first sixteen Unes form the
hpnn for Lau(is from Low Sunday to the Ascension, "and begin in the
revised form, Aurora Coehan Purpurat. There are many English
versions in use among Protestants. Dr. J. M. Neale's translation
begins " Dawn purples all the east with light ". The hjmm " Tristes
Erant Apostoli " (lines 17-32 of the original text) is in the Office,
Common of Apostles and Evangelists for paschal time at the first and
second Vespers and .Matins. This hj-mn has also been translated
into English. The Gregorian melody is in the third mode and may be
found in the "Vesperale Romanum ". Lines 33 to the end of the
ancient hjaiin form " Paschale Mundo Gaudium," the hymn at Lauds
in the Common of Apostles in paschal time. Among the English
versions, besides Dr. Neale's, are those of J. A. Johnston in his
"EngUsh Hymnal" (1S52), "With sparkling rays morn decks the sky";
E. Caswall, "LjTa Cathblica" (1849), "The dawn was purpling o'er the
sky"; J. D. Chambers, "Lauda Syon" (1857), "Light's very morn its
beams displays ". BXuMER. Ges'chichte des Breviers (Freiburg,
1895); Jcllan, Diet, of Hymnology (New York, 1893). Joseph Otten,
Ausculta Fill, a letter addressed 5 December, 1.301, by Pope
Boniface VIII to Philip the Fair, King of France, Philip was at enmity
with the pope. L'nder pretext of his royal rights, he conferred
benefices, and appointed bishops to sees, regardless of papal
authority. He drove from their sees those bishops who, in opposition
to his will, remained faitliful to the pope. This letter is couched in
firm but paternal terms. It points out the evils the king has brought
to his kingdom, to Church and State; invites him to do penance and
to mend his ways. It was unlieeded by the king, and was soon
followed bv the famous Bull "I'nam Sanctam ". The complete text of
this Bull in found in the Bullarium Magnum ([Link], 1730), IX.
121 sqq.; ef. HefeleKsoPFLER, Conciliengeschichte (Freiburg, 1890),
\'I, 324-333; TosTi, Sloria di Bonifacio VIII (.Monte [Link], 1840;:
Junc .MAN.N-, Dissertat. Selectie in Hist. eccl. (Ratisbon, 188(5), \1,
V notificatu Bonif. VIII; Boutaric, La France sous Philippe le Bel
(Paris, 1861); Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifuz VIII (Miinster, 1902); cf.
Revue des quest, historiques (Oct., 1903). M. O'RlORDAN. Ausonius,
Decimus [Link], a professor and poet b. about .K. D. 310; d.,
probably, about .\. D. 394. The son of a physician of Bordeaux, he
studied first in that city, then at Toulouse, with his uncle .Emilius
Magnus .\rborius. The latter having gone to teach in Constantinople,
.Ausonius returned to Bordeaux, where he became professor of
grammar, and later on of rhetoric. Between 364 and 368, Valentinian
I invited him to Trier to teach his son Gratian. In 368 and 369
Ausonius accompanied the emperor on the expedition against the
Alemanni, and received a young Swabian, Bissula, as his share of the
booty. The emperors overwhelmed him with honours, and made liim
first Prefect of the Gauls, then Prefect of the West conjointly with his
son Hesperius (between August, 378, and July, 379). In 379 he
became consul. After the assassination of Gratian, his benefactor
(383), Ausonius moved to Bordeaux, where he Hved among many
admiring friends, and wrote a great deal of poetry. He lived through
almost the whole of the fourth century. The writings of Ausonius are
generally short, and they form a miscellaneous collection which is
divided into two groups: — I. Occ.\siox.\L Works. — (1) "Epigrams":
short poems on different subjects, often translated from the Greek
Anthologj'. (2) "ParentaUa": thirty eulogies on deceased relatives,
with some occasional expressions of personal sentiment (about 379).
(3) " Commemoratio professorum Burdigalensium " : a collection like
the preceding, giving an idea of a university in the fourth century
(after 389). (4) " Mosella ": a description of the River Moselle and
the countrj' through which it flows, written while travelling from
Bingen to Trier (c. 371). Tliis poem has a certain local and
archsological interest. (.)) Charming poems relating to Bissula (after
368). (6) Many brief poems, which .Ausonius called eclogues or "
Epyllia"; paschal-time prayers (368); " Epicedion ": dirge on his
father's death (d. 378); advice to his grandson (about 380); " Cupido
crucifixus "; description of a painting in a dining-room at Trier, which
represented Cupid as tormented in hell by the women who pursued
him on earth, etc. (7) " Gratiarum actio dicta domino Gratiano
Augusto ", in which .Ausonius expresses in prose his thanks for
having been made consul. This was read at Trier in 379, and is made
up of flowers of rhetoric and conventional flatteries. (8) "
Ephemeris": the account of daily duties, from morning to night; a
fragment (379). In this work is foimd a morning prayer composed of
Biblical expressions in which the doctrine of the Trinity is set forth in
detailed formulip directed against the heresies of the times. (9) "
Letters ": twenty-five epistles, mostly in verse. The most interesting
are addressed to St. Paulinus of Nola (393) and in them Ausonius
bewails a conversion that deprives the State and literature of the
benefit of such a brilliant mind, and tries to lead the saint back to
worldly life at Rome. This correspondence lays before us two ideals
of life; it expresses in clear colours the views which at that time
were in conflict with each other, and divided society. (10) "
Priefatimjculae": prefaces and envois to poems. XL School Exercises
and Fragments. — These are chiefly mnemonic verse: " Caesares",
on the Roman emperors; consular annals; "Ordo nobilium urbium ",
eulogies on cities, beginning with Rome and ending with Bordeaux
(after 388); Eclogs ", a collection of mnemonic verses, treating of
trees, the months, the calendar, weights, etc.; " Perioch® "
(Contents), prosa headings for the Iliad and the Odyssey. It is doubt

 AUSTIN 113 AUSTRALIA ful whether Ausonius wrote these,
but they were at least the work of a member of the circle to which
he belonged; short poems on the labours of Hercules; on the Muses;
on ethical subjects (translations of Greek originals, inspired by
Pythagorean philosophy). Other writings are lectures by a professor;
Epitaphs, eulogies on dead heroes of the Trojan War, modelled after
the Greek, and epitaphs on Niobe, Diogenes, etc., translated from
the Greek; Epyllia, various pieces, among others an enigma on the
number three, a diversion of a courtier forced to go to war (368); "
Cento nuptialis " (an ingenious conceit of the same origin, the result
of a wager made with Valentinian), extracts from Virgil, the
conclusion of which {consummatio matrimonii) is not very refined
(368); " Technopipgnion ", a collection of verses in which eacli ends
in a monosyllable; the authenticity of the Consul Ausonius's prayer,
written in ropalic verse (verse composed successively of words of
one, two. three, four, five syllables and so on) is doubtful; " Ludus
septem sapientum"; this product of the seven sages is a kind of
scholastic drama, in which, after a prologue, each sage recites a
proverb; at the end, they invite the audience to applaud. It is a
document interesting for the history of pedagogy and also for the
medieval drama. To appraise Ausonius justly it must be borne in
mind that he represents the professor of the fourth century. Some of
his works, therefore, written for the school and in the spirit of the
school, frequentlj' translations from the Greek, are unimportant. A
versifier to whom any subject could appeal (the more difficult and
the less poetical it was, the better), Ausonius knew by heart the
works of his predecessors, but by his taste and metrical peculiarities
showed himself a disciple rather of the poets of the new school
(neoterici, poetic innovators of the time of the Severi) than of the
classic poets. In this work the letters to Paulinus of Nola are an
exception to the whole, which is almost void of ideas. Ausonius's
attitude in regard to Cliristianity should be explained in the same
way. The paganism of his works is the paganism of the schools, and,
if one would base on that the doubt that he was a Christian,
inversely, his literary manner of treating mythology should make it
questionable whether he was a pagan. But the paschal prayer, and
still more, the prayer of the " Ephemeris ", could not have been
written by a pagan. An orthodox Christian in his prayers, he was a
pagan in the class-room. Hence his works, which are class-room
productions, may very naturally seem pagan. It is said that after the
edict of Julian (362) Ausonius had to give up teaching; but there is
nothing to prove this, nor is there any proof to the contrary, as
Julian died the following year. It is supposed that, like some of his
contemporaries, Ausonius remained a catechumen for a long time. It
is possible that he was not baptized until the time when we lose all
trace of him, in the last silent and obscure days of his old age.
Editions.— ScHENKL in Monumenta Germanife Historica; Auclores
antiquissimi (Berlin. 1883), II; Peiper in Bibliotheca Teubneria-na
(Leipzig, 1886); Mosella, separately; De [Link] (Bordeaux, 1889);
Hosins (Marburg, 1894); Schanz, Gcschichte der romischen Literatur
(Munich, 1904), IV, 1, 20-40. including the bibliography; Glover, Life
ajid Letters in the Fourth Century (Cambridge, 1901) 102-124. Paul
Lejay. Austin, John, an English la\vyer and WTiter, b. 1613 at
Walpole, in Norfolk; d. London, 1669. He was a student of St. John's
College, Cambridge, and of Lincoln's Inn, and about 1640 embraced
the Catliolic Faith. He was highly esteemed in his [Link] and
was looked on as a master of English style. His time was entirely
devoted to books and literary pursuits. He enjoyed the friendship of
such scholars as the antiquary Rlount, Christopher Davenport
(Franciscus a Santa Clara), John Sergeant, and II.— 8 others.
Among his writings are: "The Christian Moderator; or Persecution tor
Religion condemned by the Light of Nature, by the Law of God, the
Evidence of our own Principles, but not by ths Practice of our
Commissioners for Sequestrations — In Four Parts " (London, 1652,
4to.). It was published under the pseudonym of William Birchley, and
in it he frequently disclaims the pope's deposing power. " In this
work, Austin assuming the disguise of an independent, shows that
Catholics did not really hold the odious doctrines vulgarly attributed
to them, and makes an energetic appeal to tiie independents to
extend to the adherents of the persecuted church such rights and
privileges as were granted to other religious bodies" (Diet, of Nat.
Biogr., II, 264). "The Catholique's Plea; or an Explanation of the
Roman Catholick Belief, Concerning their Church, Manner of
Worship, Justification, Civil Government, Together with a Catalogue
of all the Pcenal Statutes against Popish Recusants, All which is
humbly submitted to serious consideration. By a Catholick
Gentleman" (London, 1659, ISmo.), also under the pseudonym of
William Birchley; "Reflections upon the Oaths of Supremacy and
Allegiance; or the Christian Moderator, The Fourth Part, By a
Catholick Gentleman, an obedient son of the Church and loyal
subject of his Majesty" (London, 1061); "A Punctual Answer to
Doctor John Tillotson's book called 'The Rule of Faith' " (unfinished);
"Devotions, First Part: In the Ancient Way of Offices, With Psalms,
Hymns, and Prayers for every Day in the Week, and every Holiday in
the Year". It is not known when and where the first edition
appeared; the second, a duodecimo, is dated 1672. An edition
printed at Edinburgh, 1789, contains a life of the author, presumably
by Dodd. This work was adapted to the uses of the Anglican Church
in Hicks's "Harmony of the Gospels", etc. (London, 1701), and has
been often reprinted as a stock book under the title of Hicks's
Devotions. "Devotions, Second Part, The Four Gospels in one,
broken into Lessons, with Responsories, To be used with the Offices,
Printed Anno Domini, 1675 " (2 vols., Paris, 12mo), a posthumous
work, divided into short chapters with a verse and prayer at the end
of each. The prayers, says Gillow, "gave rise to offence under the
impression that they favoured Blackloe's doctrine concerning the
middle state of souls, and on account of this the work was not
republished". A third part of the "Devotions" was never printed; it
contained, according to the author's own statement "Prayers for all
occasions framed by an intimate friend according to his (Austin's)
directions, and overlooked by himself". He also wrote several
anonymous pamphlets against the divines who sat in the
Westminster Assembly. GiLLOw, Biht. Diet. Eng. Cath., I, 87-90;
Cooper in Diet. Nat. Biog., II, 263. Thomas J. Shahan. Austin
Canons. See Canons and Canonesses, Regular. Austin Friars, See
Canons and Canonesses, Regular. Australia (also known as New
Holland till about 1817) is geographically the world's great
[Link]. Politically, the mainland, with the adjoining island of
Tasmania, forms the Commonwealth of Australia. This is under the
British Crown and consists of the following six States, which were
federated on 1 Jan., 1901, and are here named in the order in which
they became separate colonies of the British Empire: New South
Wales (1788); Tasmania (1803); Western Australia (1826); South
Australia (1836); Victoria (1851); and Queensland (1859). 'The
Commonwealth covers an area of 2,980,632 square miles. It is,
territorially, about one-fourth
 AUSTRALIA 114 AUSTRALIA smaller than Europe, one-sixth
larger than the United States (excluding Alaska), over once and a
half the size of the Indian Empire, more than fourteen times larger
than Germany or France, and about twenty-five times larger than
the British Isles. At the [Link] of 1901 the population of the six
States was as follows: New South Wales. 1,359,943; Western
Australia, 182,553; Victoria, 1,201,3-11; Queensland, 503.266;
South Austraha, 362.604; Tasmania. 172,475. This gave the
Commonwealth in 1901 a total population of 3.782,182. The official
estimate of the total population for December, 1905, was 4,002,893.
I. The Convict System. — The north and west coasts of Australia
figure in the maps of Spanish and Portuguese navigators as far back
as about the year 1530. But it was the War of American
Independence that led to the settling of the white man on the
shores of the great lone continent. At that time, and until the
nineteenth century was well advanced, the maxim of Paley and of
others of his school, that crime is most effectually prevented by a
dread of capital punishment, held almost complete control of the
legislative mind in Great Britain. " By 1809 ", says a legal authority in
the " National History of England" (IV. 309), "'more than six hundred
dilTerent offences had been matle capital — a state of law
unexampled in the worst periods of Roman or Oriental despotism".
Transportation was the ordinarj' commutation of, or substitute for,
the slip-knot of the hangman. From 1718 to 1776 British convicts
had been sent in considerable numbers annually, under contractors,
into servitude on the American mainland. The traffic was stopped by
the War of Independence. At the close of the struggle the British
prisons and. later on, the prison-hulks overflowed. The colony of
New South Wales (till 1826 synonymous with the whole Australian
mainland) was established as a con\ict settlement by an Order in
Council dated 6 December, 1785. On 13 May, 1787, " the first fleet ",
provisioned for two j'ears, left England, with 1.030 souls on board,
of whom 696 were convicts. They reached Botany Bay on 20
January. 1788. They abandoned it after a few days because of its
shallow waters, and laid the foundations of Sydney on the shores of
the noble and spacious harbour to which they gave the name of Port
Jackson. The men who founded Sydney and the Commonwealth of
Australia " may have been convicts", says Davitt, "but they were not
necessarily 'criminals', such as we are familiar with to-day. Some
account must be taken of what constituted a crime in those
transportation days, and of the hideously unjust sentences which
were inflicted for comparatively trivial offences" (Life and Progress in
Australasia, 193-194). Within the next decade, the ranks of the
original convict population were swelled by a goodly percentage of
the 1,300 imoffending Catholic peasants from the North and West of
Ireland who were seized and deported by "Satanides" Carhampton
and the Ulster magistrates during the Orange reign of terror in
179596, " without sentence ", as Lccky says, " without trial, without
even the colour of legality" (Ireland in the Eighteenth Centurj-, III,
419 ; England in the Eighteenth Centurj-, VIII, 250). After the
insurrection of 1798. "a stream of Irish political prisoners was
poured into the penal settlement of Botany Bay, and they played
some part in the early history of the .Australian colonies, and
especially of Australian Catholicism" (Lecky, England in the
Eighteenth Century, VIII, 250). In his "CathoHc Mission in Australia"
(1836), Dr. Illathorne says of those early Irish political convicts:
"Ignorance or violation of religious principle, the knowledge or habits
of a criminal life, were scarcely to any extent recognizable features
in this unhappy class of Irish political prisoi.-:o. t>n the contrary, the
deepest and purest sentiments of piety, a thorough comprehension
of religious responsibility, and an almost impregnable simplicity of
manner, were their distinctive virtues on their first consignment to
the guardianship of the law. In many illustrious cases, a long and
dangerous residence in the most depraved penal settlements was
unable to extinguish these noble characteristics." During the first
three decades of the nineteenth century the convict population was
notably increased by the addition of many who had taken part in the
agitations in [Link] with tithes, the Charter and Reform
movements, the Combination Laws, and the Corn Laws. During the
first fifty years and more of the Australian penal settlements,
convictions and sentences of deportation were matters of fearful
facility. For no provision was made for the defence of prisoners
unable to procure it for themselves; the right of defence throughout
the entire trial was not recognized till 1837; jurors were allowed to
act as witnesses; and, belonging, as they generally did, to "the
classes", they were too prone to convict, and judges to transport,
especially during periods of popular ferment, on weak or worthless
evidence, or on the mere presumption of guilt (See National History
of England, IV, 310). Convictism endured in New South Wales from
its first foundation in 1788 till 1840. Tasmania remained a penal
colony till 1S53. Transportation to Norfolk Island ceased in 1855.
Moreton Bay (in the present State of Queensland) became a convict
station in 1,824 and remained one till 1839. Western Australia began
as a penal settlement in 1826. It continued as such for only a very
brief space. Owin^ to the dearth of free labour, convicts (among
whom was the gifted John Boyle O'Reilly, a political prisoner) were
reintroduced from 1849 till 1868, when the last shadow of "the
system" was lifted from Australia. Two noted Catholic ecclesiastics
(Dr. UUathorne and Dr. Willson. first Bishop of Hobart) took a
prominent and honoured part in the long, slow movement which led
to the abolition of the convict system in New South Wales, Tasmania,
and Norfolk Island. Almost from the dawn of the colonization of New
South Wales and Tasmania, voluntary settlers went thither, at first as
stragglers, but in a steady stream when the advantages of the
country became known, when irresponsible military rule ceased (in
1824) and when free selection and assisted immigration were planks
in the policy of the young Australian colonies. The first free settlers
came to Queensland (known till its separation in 1859 as the
Moreton Bay District of New South Wales) in 1824. just in advance
of the convicts; to Victoria (known till its separation in 1851 as the
Port Phillip District of New South Wales) in 1835, and to South
Australia in 1836. The gold discoveries of the fifties brought a great
inrush of population, chiefly to Victoria and New South Wales. Events
have moved rapidly since then. The widened influences of religion,
the influx of new blood, the development of resources, prosperity,
education, and the jilay of free institutions have combined to rid the
southern lands of the traces of a penal system which, within living
memory, threatened so much permanent evil to the moral, social,
and political progress of Austraha. The dead past has buried its
dead. The reformation of the criminal formed no part of the convict
system in Australia. "The body", says Bonwick, "rather than the soul,
absorbed the attention of the governors" (First Twenty Years of
Australia, 218). " Vengeance and cruelty ", says Erskine May, "were
its only principles; charity and reformation formed no part of its
scheme" (Constitutional History of England. III. 401 ). For the
convict, it was a beast-of-burden life, embittered by the lash, the
iron
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