Fundamentals

of
Statistics Laboratory
(COURSE CODE - UGCA1911)

BCA SEMESTER 2nd

BATCH 2023-2026

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. Shivdev Shahi Name: Sahil Bansal

Assistant Professor, CGC Roll number : 2308776

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

CGC, LANDRAN, MOHALI

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 Contents

Sr. No Particulars Page Number

1. Title Page 1

2. Index 2

3. Practical no :- 01 3–4

4. Practical no :- 02 5–6

5. Practical no :- 03 7 – 11

6. Practical no :- 04 12

7. Practical no :- 05 13 – 14

8. Practical no :- 06 15 – 17

9. Practical no :- 07 18 – 20

10. Practical no :- 08 21 – 25

11. Practical no :- 09 26

12. Practical no :- 10 27 – 28

13. Practical no :- 11 29 – 31

14. Practical no :- 12 32

15. Practical no :- 13 33

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 Practical no: - 01
Aim
To calculate the average of marks of students of your class.

Average
A number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data. In
particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is
calculated by dividing the sum of the value of the values in the set by their
number.

Formula to calculate the average:

Here is the formula of average to calculate the data average.

Syntax:

=AVERAGE(array of the number)

Steps:
1. Firstly, we have to create the marks sheet of the 30 students to
calculate the average.
2. Secondly, we have to write the syntax of the average in the cell
which we have to get the average.
3. Then we have to begin by creating the formula =AVERAGE( 4.
Select your data range that contains the values (i.e, B3:B12)
4. Finish the formula with ) and press the enter key.

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 AVERAGE MARKS OF THE STUDENT
1 Rahul 1 30 45 60 58 39 232 46.4
2 Saina 2 24 54 38 59 41 216 43.2
3 Rajat 3 28 45 22 49 29 173 34.6
4 Aman 4 32 25 52 23 45 177 35.4
5 Taran 5 21 42 52 37 32 184 36.8
6 Aviral 6 25 30 38 47 21 161 32.2
7 Sohan 7 41 45 53 45 36 220 44
8 Dwij 8 48 40 44 28 55 215 43
9 Aman 9 60 37 52 38 60 247 49.4
10 Shilpa 10 38 42 60 38 58 236 47.2
11 Hardik 11 50 37 59 26 56 228 45.6
12 Gagan 12 50 50 58 37 45 240 48
13 Rajat 13 48 42 57 45 56 248 49.6
14 Rajana 14 31 40 56 42 35 204 40.8
15 Rachin 15 51 55 54 36 47 243 48.6
16 Payal 16 31 52 41 45 55 224 44.8
17 Jatin 17 43 41 46 46 45 221 44.2
18 Nidhi 18 45 55 43 48 47 238 47.6
19 Danny 19 34 54 14 38 49 189 37.8
20 Vishal 20 54 41 53 34 50 232 46.4
21 Adi 21 34 41 46 36 45 202 40.4
22 Shubam 22 35 30 4 31 32 132 26.4
Devinde
23 r 23 45 35 23 14 45 162 32.4
24 Ajeet 24 49 31 19 36 31 166 33.2
25 Suresh 25 41 49 45 53 35 223 44.6
26 Aahil 26 51 31 44 45 45 216 43.2
27 Aditya 27 56 49 56 49 55 265 53
28 Amrit 28 56 19 38 41 40 194 38.8
29 Bhavesh 29 41 58 31 60 23 213 42.6
30 Himank 30 65 53 41 44 60 263 52.6

Practical no: - 02

Aim
Find the average salary of the Employee of your company.
Average

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 A number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data. In
particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is
calculated by dividing the sum of the value of the values in the set by their
number.

Formula to calculate the average:

Here is the formula of average to calculate the data average.

Syntax: -

=AVERAGE(array of the number)

Steps: -
1. Firstly, we have to create a data of the 30 Employee of your company.
2. Secondly, we have to write the syntax of the average in the cell which
we have to get the average.
3. Then we have to begin by creating the formula =AVERAGE(
4. Select your data range that contains the values (i.e, B3:B12)
5. Finish the formula with ) and press the enter key.
Average salary of employee's
S.no. Name Salary
1 Andrew $22,000.00
2 Ramesh $20,000.00
3 Rahul $18,000.00
4 Dwij $24,000.00
5 Gagan $16,000.00
6 Jatin $26,000.00
7 Karthik $10,000.00
8 Nidhi $9,000.00
9 Kunal $12,000.00
10 Hayden $5,000.00
11 James $19,000.00
12 Stephen $20,000.00
13 Kobe $28,000.00
14 Hardik $14,000.00
15 Mohit $20,000.00

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 Average - $17,533.33

Practical no: - 03

Aim
To show year and strength of students in college year wise in Tabular form
and Graphical form.

Tabular Form

Tabular from is simply information presented in the form of a table with

rows and column. You can then enhance the appearance of the table by
adjusting fonts, borders, background and other features.

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 Advantages of Tabular form.
1. Table automatically expand when you enter data in the next
row/column.
2. Add new row by pressing tab.
3. Columns header are always visible.
4. Data can be filtered easily.
5. Presentations look attractive.

Steps to create Tabular Form.

1. Select a cell within you data.
2. Select Home>Format as Table.
3. Choose a style for yourtable.
4. In the Format as table dialog box, set you cell range.
5. Mark if your table has header.
6. Select OK.

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 Graphical Form

Graphical Representation is a way of analysing numerical data. It exhibits

the relation between data, ideas, information and concepts in a diagram. It
easy to understand and it is one off the most important learning strategies.
It always depends on the type of information in a particular domain. There
are different types of graphical representation. Some of them as follows

• Line graphs – Linear graphs are used to display the continuous data
and it is useful for predicting the future events overtime.
• Bar graphs – Bar graph is used to display the category of data and it
compares the data using solid bars to represent the quantities.
• Histograms – The graph that used bars to represent the frequency of
numerical data that are organized into intervals. Since all the
intervals are equal and continuous, all the bars have the same width.
• Line Plot – It shows the frequency of data on a given number line.
‘x’ is placed above a number line each time when that data occurs
again.
• Frequency table – The table show the number of pieces of data that
falls within the given interval.
• Circle graph – Also knows as pie chart shows the relationship of the
parts of the whole. The considered with 100% and the categories
occupied is represented with that specific percentage like 15%, 56%,
etc.

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 Histogram Bar graph

Line Plot Line graph

Frequency polygon

Steps to create graphs

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 1. Enter your data into Excel.

2. Choose one of nine graph and chart options to make.

3. Highlight your data and 'Insert' your desired graph.

4. Switch the data on each axis, if necessary.

5. Adjust your graph colors.

6. Title your graph.

Example of Graph.

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 Practical no:- 04
Aim
Pocket allowance of 10 students are given below calculate the mean: 15,
20, 30, 22, 25, 18, 40, 50, 55 and 65

Mean

It is an essential concept in mathematics and statistics. The mean is the

average or the most common value in a collection of numbers. In
statistics, it is a measure of central tendency of a probability distribution
along median and mode.

Formula to calculate the average:

Here is the formula of MEAN (average) to calculate the data average.

Syntax:

=AVERAGE(array of the number)

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 Steps:
1. Firstly, we have to create a data of the pocket allowance of 10 students
2. Secondly, we have to write the syntax of the average in the cell which
we have to get the average.
3. Then we have to begin by creating the formula =AVERAGE(
4. Select your data range that contains the values (i.e, B3:B12)
5. Finish the formula with ) and press the enter key.

Practical no:- 05

Aim
To find out the missing Frequency of the frequency of the following series.
If the arithmetic mean is 35 and total frequency is 100.

Arithmetic Mean

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 The arithmetic mean (or average) is the mean of the value.

Arithmetic mean represents a number that is obtained by dividing the sum

of the elements of a set by the number of values in the set. So you can use
the layman term Average, or be a little bit fancier and use the word
“Arithmetic mean” your call, take your pick -they both mean the same.

For example mean of 10,12,15,20 is

Mean = (10+12+15+20)/4 = 47/4 = 11.7

For continuous data, the formula is mean = sum(fi*xi)/sum(fi)

Frequency
The frequency of an event is the number of times the event occurred in an
experiment of study. The frequencies are often graphically represented in
histogram.
For example:

Age Frequency
0-20 16
20-40 21

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r

Practical no:- 06

Aim
Find out the Mode and Median from the following series by using suitable
method.

Median
The median is the value of the value separating the higher half from the
lower half of a data sample, a population or a probability distribution.

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 For a data set, it may be thought of as the “middle” value. For example, in
the data set [1,3,6,3,7,8,9], the median is 6, the fourth largest, and also the
fourth smallest, number is the simple.

We is an ordered list of number, denotes its length, and denotes the floor
and celling function, respectively.

Steps to Find Median

Step 1: Put the number in numerical order from smallest to largest.

Step 2: if there is an odd number of number, locate the middle number so

that there is an equal number of numbers locate the two middle numbers so
that there is an equal of values to the left and the right of these two
numbers.

Step 3: If there is an odd number of numbers, this middle number is the

median. If there is an even number of numbers add the two middles and
divide by 2. The result will the median.

Mode

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 The mode of a set of data values is the value that appears most often. If X
is a discrete random variable. The mode id the value X (i.e. X = x) at which
the probability mass function takes its maximum value. In other words, it is
the value that most likely to be sampled.

Steps To Find Mode

Collect and organize the data from a dataset. Determine all the distinct
value in a dataset. The mist frequent value(s) is the mode.

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 Practical no:- 07
Aim
Construct any type of frequency distribution.

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 Introduction to Frequency Distribution
A frequency distribution is a representation, either in a graphical or tabular
format, that displays the number of observation within a given interval. The
interval size depends on the data being analysed and the goals of the
analyst. The interval must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
Frequency distribution are typically used within a statistical context.
Generally, frequency distribution can be associated with the charting of a
normal distribution.

Steps to create frequency distribution

1. File  Excel option  Add in.
2. Manage  go

3. Data  data analysis  analysis tool pack  histogram.

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 5. Input range i.e. score column along with title of column.

6. Bin range is the selection of bin column which contains intervals upper
limits corresponding to which we have to made intervals.

7. Tick labels and enter output range i.e. the cell where you want your
frequency distribution to be displayed

8. Select chart output to display distribution along with histogram

9. Click ok.

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 Practical no:- 08

Aim
Represent the data by using different types of Different types of diagrams.

Charts
A chart is a graphical representation of data in which “The data is represent
by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart lines in a chart, or slices in a pie
chart”. A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kind
of qualitative structure and providers different information.

The term chart as a graphical representation of data has multiple meanings.

Steps to create chart:

• Select the data.
• Click on insert tab.
• Click on column, chart, drop down button.  Select the chart type.

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 Pie chart
When you want to quantify the items an show them as percentage.

Bar Chart

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 When you want to compare the values across a few categories. The value
runs in a horizontal way.

Column Chart
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 When you want to compare values across a few categories. The value
runs vertically in column chart.

Line chart
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 When you want to visualize t rends over a period of time. For
ex=months ,days, years.

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 Practical no:- 09
Aim
Show the maximum and minimum data in graphical form:

Extrema
In mathematics, the minimum and maximum of the function are the largest
and the smallest value that the function takes at a given point. Together
they are known as the extrema.

Syntax to find the maximum value in range: -

=IF(B2=MAX(B$2:B$10),B2,NA())

Syntax to find the minimum value in range: -

=IF(B2=MIN(B$2:B$10),B2,NA())

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 Practical no:- 10
Aim
Represent the placement record of the student of your college In tabular
form.

Tabular Form
Tabular format is simply information presented in the form of a table with
rows and columns. A tabular form enables uses to update multiple rows in
a table at once from a single page.

Steps to create Tabular Form:

1. Go to insert tab.
2. Click on table option.
3. Click OK.

Tabular Form is simply information presented in the form of rows and

columns. A table form enables user to update multiple rows in a single
table at once from a single page.

Steps:

• Enter data in excel.

• Go to Insert Tab.
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 • Click on Table option.
• Click OK.

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 Practical no:- 11
Aim
Represent the following data by mean of histogram.

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No. of student 5 10 15 20 12 8

Histogram
A histogram is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights. In
a histogram, each bar groups numbers into ranges. Taller bars show that
more data falls in that range. A histogram displays the shape and spread of
continuous sample data. For example, see the below diagram.

Steps

1.First, enter the given data.

2. Select the data.

3. Click on insert tab and select first bar chart in list.
4. Click OK.

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 5. If you want to change the title, click on title and type new one.
6. To remove the space between the bars, right click a bar, click Format
Data Series and change the Gap Width to 0%.

7. To add borders, right click a bar, click Format Data Series, click Border
colour to show borders separately.

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 Result: -

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 Practical no:- 12
Aim
Calculate the profit on sales of clocks.

Cost price: The amount for which an article is bought is called as cost
price.

Selling price: The amount for which an article is sold is called as selling
price.

A financially gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and
the amount spent in buying, operating or producing something.

Profit or gain When SP is greater than CP then there is a gain.

Gain = SP - CP

Profit is always calculated on CP.

SO Profit% = profit/CP*100.

Let us take the examples of wall clocks different companies.

Syntax:
Profit =C2-B2

Profit%= D2/B2*100

Practical no:- 13
Aim

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 Represent the following data by suitable graphs, determine there from the
number of children having IQ.

1. Below 105
2. Above 124.

1. Only 73 children’s IQ is below 105.

2. There are 16 children with IQ more than 124

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