1 (a) Amylose and the triglyceride stearin are macromolecules.
Explain why amylose and stearin are macromolecules, but only amylose is a polymer.
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(b) Students used the enzyme maltase extracted from the fungus Aspergillus oryzae to investigate the
properties of enzymes.
Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a maltose molecule.
i. Complete Fig. 1.1 to show the reaction catalysed by maltase.
[3]
ii. State the type of covalent bond that is broken in the reaction.
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[1]
iii. State the type of reaction catalysed by maltase.
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[1]
[Total: 7]
2 In mammals, the small intestine is the main site of absorption of the products of digestion.
Fig. 2.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a longitudinal section (L.S.) of part of an epithelial cell
from the small intestine of a mammal.
Fig. 2.2 is a transmission electron micrograph of a horizontal section made at the position indicated by
the two arrows in Fig. 2.1.
(a) Microvilli and cilia are cell structures.
Describe how the structure of cilia differs from the structure of the microvilli visible in Fig. 2.1 and Fig.
2.2.
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[2]
(b) A scientist measured the length and the diameter of some of the microvilli shown in Fig. 2.1 to estimate
the total surface area of microvilli on the surface of the epithelial cell.
The scientist assumed that each microvillus was cylindrical in shape.
Suggest one other measurement needed to estimate the total surface area of the microvilli of the
epithelial cell.
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[1]
(c) Identify the organelle labelled Z in Fig. 2.1 and explain why there is a large number of these organelles
in the epithelial cells of the small intestine.
organelle .......................................................................................................................................................
explanation ...................................................................................................................................................
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[2]
(d) Bacteria are found attached to epithelial cells in the intestines of mammals.
Describe how the organisation and distribution of DNA in epithelial cells differ from the organisation
and distribution of DNA in bacterial cells.
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[2]
[Total: 7]
3 (a) Scientists investigated the progress of reactions catalysed by two enzymes: dopa oxidase and
neutrase. The reactions catalysed by these enzymes result in changes to the appearance of the reaction
mixtures.
The reactions are shown in Fig. 3.1.
The changes in appearance of the reaction mixtures make it possible to follow the reactions using a
colorimeter.
Fig. 3.2 shows the progress of the reaction catalysed by dopa oxidase as recorded from a colorimeter.
Fig. 3.3 shows the progress of the reaction catalysed by neutrase as recorded from a colorimeter.
(i) With reference to Fig. 3.1, Fig. 3.2, and Fig. 3.3, describe and explain the similarities between the
progress of the two reactions.
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[3]
(ii) Suggest two advantages of using a colorimeter to investigate the progress of reactions such as
those shown in Fig. 3.1.
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[2]
(b) Scientists searching for a suitable enzyme to use in an industrial process isolated the bacterium Vibrio
parahaemolyticus from the mouth of the Mediterranean eel, Muraena helena.
The scientists discovered an enzyme in the bacterium that was suitable for the industrial process. The
scientists named the enzyme VpSP37.
The scientists investigated how the rate of reaction catalysed by VpSP37 is affected by the
concentration of its substrate. The results of the investigation are shown in Fig. 3.4.
(i) Calculate the Michaelis-Menten constant, Km, for the enzyme VpSP37 using the informaWon in Fig. 3.4.
Show your working.
Km=……………………………………..........
[2]
(ii) The scienWsts discovered other enzymes that were suitable for the industrial process.
These enzymes had higher Km values than VpSP37.
Explain the advantage of using the enzyme VpSP37 in the industrial process rather than one of
these other enzymes with higher Km values.
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[2]
[Total: 9]
4 Fig. 6.1 is a ribbon model of a molecule of haemoglobin.
(i) State the part of the haemoglobin molecule labelled X.
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[1]
(ii) State the funcWon of the structure labelled X.
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(iii) Haemoglobin is described as having quaternary structure. State what is meant by quaternary
structure.
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(b) The effect of the parWal pressure of oxygen (pO2) and the effect of the parWal pressure of carbon dioxide
(pCO2) on the percentage saturaWon of haemoglobin was invesWgated.
A sample of mammalian blood was exposed to a gas mixture that contained increasing pO2. In the
experiment, the pCO2 was maintained at 2.7 kPa. The percentage saturation of haemoglobin in the blood
sample was determined as the pO2 increased.
The experiment was repeated with further samples of blood with a pCO2 maintained at 5.3 kPa and at
10.7 kPa.
The results are shown in Fig. 6.2.
(i) The pCO2 of alveolar air is 5.3 kPa.
With reference to Fig. 6.2, state the likely partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the mammal.
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[1]
(ii) Suggest the range of partial pressures of oxygen in respiring tissues and use Fig. 6.2 to give
evidence for your answer.
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[2]
(iii) Use the information in Fig. 6.2 to describe the effect of increasing pCO2 on the percentage
saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen.
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(iv) State the name given to the effect you have described in part (iii).
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(v) Explain the advantage to the mammal of the effect you described in part (iii).
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[2]
[Total: 12]
5 Root hair cells are specialised plant cells located in the outer layer of young roots of plants.
Root hair cells have an essenWal role in the uptake of water and dissolved mineral ions from the soil
soluWon.
The transport of water across the root to reach the central xylem Wssue can occur by the symplast
pathway or apoplast pathway.
(a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a photomicrograph of a root hair cell.
On Fig. 1.1, name cell structures X, Y and Z.
[3]
(b) In the symplast pathway, water passes through the cells of the different Wssues in the root before
entering the xylem vessels of xylem Wssue.
Name the Wssues of the root, in the correct sequence, through which water passes in the symplast
pathway.
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(c) In the apoplast pathway, water passes along the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and through the
intercellular spaces. This is more efficient than the symplast pathway.
Explain the structural features of plant cell walls that make the apoplast pathway an efficient pathway
for the transport of water.
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(d) Root hair cells also synthesise and secrete substances into the soil.
Electron microscopy of the structure of root hairs has identified endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a number
of small Golgi bodies, and numerous vesicles.
• Root hair cells of the barley plant secrete enzymes known as acid phosphatases, which catalyse the
release of inorganic phosphate ions from organic phosphates in the soil.
• Root hair cells of the sorghum plant secrete a hydrophobic, lipid compound known as sorgoleone,
which slows down the growth of neighbouring plants.
(i) Explain why the proportion of rough ER to smooth ER may be different in the root hair cells
of barley plants compared with the root hair cells of sorghum plants.
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(ii) Student X stated that acid phosphatases and sorgoleone could be transported out of root
hair cells using the same process.
Student Y stated that acid phosphatases and sorgoleone are transported out of root hair
cells using different processes.
Suggest the reasons given by student X and by student Y to support their statements.
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[Total: 14]
6 The transport of respiratory gases involves blood plasma and red blood cells. Red blood cells contain
the globular protein, haemoglobin.
(a) Describe features of a haemoglobin molecule that are typical of a globular protein, other than having
an approximately spherical shape.
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[2]
(b) A number of substances are involved in the transport of respiratory gases.
Complete Table 2.1 by stating the name of the substance that matches the description of its role in the
transport of respiratory gases.
The first row has been completed for you.
[5]
[Total: 7]
7 Carrots are root vegetables of the carrot plant. The carrot plant is an important food crop that is own
throughout the world. Carrots have a sweet taste because sugars form a proporWon of the total
carbohydrate present.
Plant breeding has produced many different varieWes of carrot, with different levels of sweetness.
(a) One of the sugars found in carrots is galactose.
Galactose has the same molecular formula, C6H12O6, as alpha-glucose.
Fig. 3.1 shows the molecular structure of galactose found in carrots. This is similar, but not idenWcal, to
the molecular structure of alpha-glucose.
In Fig. 3.1, the six carbon atoms are numbered 1 to 6.
State the differences between the molecular structure of galactose, shown in Fig. 3.1, and the
molecular structure of alpha-glucose.
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[4]
[Total: 4]
