REFERENSI GPAD 2.

0
Skrining Malnutrisi
sebuah proses yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi dengan cepat mereka yang mungkin berisiko
mengalami malnutrisi sehingga penilaian gizi lengkap dan intervensi gizi yang tepat dapat dilakukan
(ref) Dilakukan oleh perawat (ref) dan divalidasi oleh Nutrisionist/Dietitian.

Pasien Dewasa

● MST
- Serón-Arbeloa C, Labarta-Monzón L, Puzo-Foncillas J, Mallor-Bonet T, Lafita-López A,
Bueno-Vidales N, Montoro-Huguet M. Malnutrition Screening and Assessment. Nutrients.
2022 Jun 9;14(12):2392. doi: 10.3390/nu14122392. PMID: 35745121; PMCID: PMC9228435.

● SNAQ
Neelemaat, F., Kruizenga, H. M., de Vet, H. C., Seidell, J. C., & Butterman, M. (2008).
Screening malnutrition in hospital outpatients. Can the SNAQ malnutrition screening tool also
be applied to this population?. Clinical Nutrition, 27(3), 439-446.

● SGA
- Leipold CE, Bertino SB, L'Huillier HM, Howell PM, Rosenkotter M. Validation of the
Malnutrition Screening Tool for use in a Community Rehabilitation Program. Nutr Diet. 2018
Feb;75(1):117-122. doi: 10.1111/1747-0080.12365. Epub 2017 Jul 4. PMID: 29411490.
- Totland, T. H., Krogh, H. W., Smedshaug, G. B., Tornes, R. A., Bye, A., & Paur, I. (2022).
Harmonization and standardization of malnutrition screening for all adults–A systematic
review initiated by the Norwegian Directorate of Health. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN.
- Mustafa, A., Teguh, S. R. K., Setyowati, K., & Pratiwi, V. M. (2018). Subjective Global
Assessment (SGA) and Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) Appropriate Screening Tool in
Determining Nutrition Care in Adults and Elderly. IEESE International Journal of Science and
Technology, 7(1), 1-7.

● M-PG-SGA
Fu, Z., Zhang, R., Wang, K. H., Cong, M. H., Li, T., Weng, M., ... & INSCOC Study Group.
(2022). Development and validation of a Modified Patient‐Generated Subjective Global
Assessment as a nutritional assessment tool in cancer patients. Journal of cachexia,
sarcopenia and muscle, 13(1), 343-354.
Pasien Anak

● Strongkids
- Dos Santos, C. A., Ribeiro, A. Q., Rosa, C. D. O. B., de Araújo, V. E., & Franceschini, S. D.
C. C. (2019). Nutritional risk in pediatrics by StrongKids: a systematic review. European
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(11), 1441-1449.
- Huysentruyt, K., Alliet, P., Muyshont, L., Rossignol, R., Devreker, T., Bontems, P., ... & De
Schepper, J. (2013). The STRONGkids nutritional screening tool in hospitalized children: a
validation study. Nutrition, 29(11-12), 1356-1361.

● Scan (Kanker Anak)

- Murphy, A. J., White, M., Viani, K., & Mosby, T. T. (2016). Evaluation of the nutrition
screening tool for childhood cancer (SCAN). Clinical Nutrition, 35(1), 219-224.

● SGNA atau AGGAS (bahasa Indonesia)

- SGNA re-scoring method implementation determining malnutrition prevalence of pediatric
cancer in Indonesias tertiary level hospital. 27th World Congress on Diet, Nutrition and
Obesity & 18th World Gastroenterologists Summit. September 07-08, 2018 Auckland, New
Zealand. Lora Sri Nofi and Nita Azka Nadhira. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia
- Iyengar, A., Ashok, J. M., & Vasudevan, A. (2022). Subjective global nutritional assessment
[SGNA] in children on chronic dialysis-a prospective observational study. Indian Journal of
Nephrology, 32(4), 334.
- Hulst, J. M., Huysentruyt, K., & Joosten, K. F. (2020). Pediatric screening tools for
malnutrition: An update. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 23(3),
203-209.
- Carter, L., Hulst, J. M., Afzal, N., Jeejeebhoy, K., & Brunet‐Wood, K. (2022). Update to the
pediatric Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment (SGNA). Nutrition in Clinical Practice,
37(6), 1448-1457.

Pasien Lansia

● MNA SF & MUST

- Kaiser, M. J., Bauer, J. M., Ramsch, C., Uter, W., Guigoz, Y., Cederholm, T., ... &
MNA-International Group. (2009). Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form
(MNA®-SF): A practical tool for identification of nutritional status. JNHA-The Journal of
Nutrition, Health and Aging, 13, 782-788.
- Koren-Hakim, T., Weiss, A., Hershkovitz, A., Otzrateni, I., Anbar, R., Nevo, R. F. G., ... &
Beloosesky, Y. (2016). Comparing the adequacy of the MNA-SF, NRS-2002 and MUST
nutritional tools in assessing malnutrition in hip fracture operated elderly patients. Clinical
nutrition, 35(5), 1053-1058.

● MNA LF
- Isautier, J. M., Bosnić, M., Yeung, S. S., Trappenburg, M. C., Meskers, C. G., Whittaker, A.
C., & Maier, A. B. (2019). Validity of nutritional screening tools for community-dwelling older
 adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors
Association, 20(10), 1351-e13.
- Lengelé, L., Bruyère, O., Beaudart, C., Reginster, J. Y., & Locquet, M. (2021). Malnutrition,
assessed by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria but not by the mini
nutritional assessment (MNA), predicts the incidence of sarcopenia over a 5-year period in
the SarcoPhAge cohort. Aging clinical and experimental research, 33(6), 1507-1517.

● GLIM
- Lima, J., Dias, A. J. B., Burgel, C. F., Bernardes, S., Gonzalez, M. C., & Silva, F. M. (2022).
Complementarity of nutritional screening tools to GLIM criteria on malnutrition diagnosis in
hospitalised patients: A secondary analysis of a longitudinal study. Clinical Nutrition, 41(10),
2325-2332.

Pasien Ibu Hamil

● Obstetric NRS
- Hertlein, L., Kirschenhofer, A., Fürst, S., Beer, D., Göß, C., Lenhard, M., ... & Rittler, P.
(2014). Malnutrition and clinical outcome in gynecologic patients. European Journal of
Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 174, 137-140.

● LILA bumil (MUAC)

- Ververs, M. T., Antierens, A., Sackl, A., Staderini, N., & Captier, V. (2013). Which
anthropometric indicators identify a pregnant woman as acutely malnourished and predict
adverse birth outcomes in the humanitarian context?. PLoS currents, 5.
- Fakier, A., Petro, G., & Fawcus, S. (2017). Mid-upper arm circumference: A surrogate for
body mass index in pregnant women. South African Medical Journal, 107(7), 606-610.

Pasien Gangguan Ginjal

● Renal NST
- Xia, Y. A., Healy, A., & Kruger, R. (2016). Developing and validating a renal nutrition
screening tool to effectively identify undernutrition risk among renal inpatients. Journal of
renal nutrition, 26(5), 299-307.

Status Gizi
● IMT Dewasa
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pedoman
Gizi Seimbang
[Link]
 ● IMT Lansia
Starr, K. N. P., & Bales, C. W. (2015). Excessive body weight in older adults. Clinics in
geriatric medicine, 31(3), 311-326.

● LiLA Dewasa
Amegovu, A. K., Chewere, T., & Mawadri, M. (2020). Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)
cut-offs to diagnose overweight and obesity among adults. Commun Med, 2(7).

● LiLA Lansia
Goswami, A. K., Kalaivani, M., Gupta, S. K., Nongkynrih, B., & Pandav, C. S. (2018).
Usefulness of mid-upper arm circumference in assessment of nutritional status of elderly
persons in Urban India. International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 8(1)

● Lingkar Betis Lansia

Guigoz, Y., & Vellas, B. (2021). Nutritional assessment in older adults: MNA® 25 years of a
screening tool & a reference standard for care and research; what next?. The journal of
nutrition, health & aging, 25, 528-583.

● Status gizi anak CDC/WHO

- Onis, M. D. (2008). The WHO child growth standards. Pediatric nutrition in practice,
254-269.
- Grummer-Strawn, L., Krebs, N. F., & Reinold, C. M. (2009). Use of World Health
Organization and CDC growth charts for children aged 0-59 months in the United States.

● Peditools
Chou JH, Roumiantsev S, Singh R. PediTools Electronic Growth Chart Calculators:
Applications in Clinical Care, Research, and Quality Improvement. J Med Internet Res. 2020
Jan 30;22(1):e16204. doi: 10.2196/16204. PMID: 32012066; PMCID: PMC7058170.

● LiLA & Penambahan Berat Badan Ibu Hamil

[Link]
[Link]

- Fikawati, S., Syafiq, A., & Karima, K. (2015). Gizi ibu dan bayi.
- Gilmore, L. A., & Redman, L. M. (2015). Weight gain in pregnancy and application of the
2009 IOM guidelines: toward a uniform approach. Obesity, 23(3), 507-511.

Antropometri
● Berat Badan Ideal (Brocca Modifikasi)
Alejandro, W. S., Ortega Sofia, V., & Pablo, W. A. (2018). Validation of the Broca index as the
most practical method to calculate the ideal body weight. J. Clin. Investig. Stud, 1, 1-4.
 ● Berat Badan Ideal Adjusted (ABW)
Krenitsky, J. (2005). Adjusted body weight, pro: evidence to support the use of adjusted body
weight in calculating calorie requirements. Nutrition in clinical practice, 20(4), 468-473.

● Berat Badan Kering & Koreksi Amputasi

Lahner, C. R. (2019). Adult weight measurement: decoding the terminology used in literature.
South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 32(2), 28-31.

● Catermole, 2010
Cattermole, G. N., Graham, C. A., & Rainer, T. H. (2017). Mid-arm circumference can be used
to estimate weight of adult and adolescent patients. Emergency Medicine Journal, 34(4),
231-236.

Cattermole, G. N., Leung, P. Y. M., Mak, P. S. K., Graham, C. A., & Rainer, T. H. (2010).
Mid-arm circumference can be used to estimate children's weights. Resuscitation, 81(9),
1105-1110

● Mulyasari - Purbowati, 2018

Mulyasari, I., & Purbowati, P. (2018). Lingkar lengan atas dan panjang ulna sebagai
parameter antropometri untuk memperkirakan berat badan dan tinggi badan orang dewasa.
Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition), 7(1), 30-36.

● Cattermole Modifikasi Anak, 2018

Choi, J. Y., Suh, D., Kwak, Y. H., Jung, J. Y., Lee, J. H., Jeong, J. H., ... & Paek, S. H. (2018).
Validation of the mid-arm-based weight estimation formula (the Cattermole formula) for
Korean children. Resuscitation, 132, 13-16.

● Jung, 2004
Jung, M. Y., Chan, M. S., Chow, V., Chan, Y. T. T., Leung, P. F., Leung, E. M. F., ... & Wong, E.
M. C. (2004). Estimating geriatric patient's body weight using the knee height caliper and
mid-arm circumference in Hong Kong Chinese. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
13(3), 261-264.

● ULNA dalam MUST Bapen

[Link]

Kebutuhan Gizi
● Harris Benedict
Kalkulator: [Link]
Pria: BMR = 66.5 + (13.75 × BB in kg) + (5.003 × TB in cm) - (6.75 × age)
Wanita: BMR = 655.1 + (9.563 × BB in kg) + (1.850 × TB in cm) - (4.676 × age)
 - Harris, J. A., & Benedict, F. G. (1918). A biometric study of human basal metabolism.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 4(12), 370-373.
- Roza, A. M., & Shizgal, H. M. (1984). The Harris Benedict equation reevaluated: resting
energy requirements and the body cell mass. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 40(1),
168-182.

● Mifflin St Jeor
Kalkulator: [Link]
Pria: (10 × BB in kg) + (6.25 × TB in cm) - (5 × age in years) + 5
Wanita: (10 × BB in kg) + (6.25 × TB in cm) - (5 × age in years) - 161

Mifflin, M. D., St Jeor, S. T., Hill, L. A., Scott, B. J., Daugherty, S. A., & Koh, Y. O. (1990). A
new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. The American
journal of clinical nutrition, 51(2), 241-247.

● McArdle
Kalkulator: [Link]
BMR = 370 + (21.6 × Lean Body Mass [kg])

McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. “Exercise Physiology – Energy, Nutrition and Human
Performance.“ Journal of Physical Therapy Education (2001)

● ESPEN Pasien Dewasa

Thibault, R., Abbasoglu, O., Ioannou, E., Meija, L., Ottens-Oussoren, K., Pichard, C., ... &
Bischoff, S. C. (2021). ESPEN guideline on hospital nutrition. Clinical Nutrition, 40(12),
5684-5709.

● ESPEN lansia
Volkert, D., Beck, A. M., Cederholm, T., Cruz-Jentoft, A., Goisser, S., Hooper, L., ... &
Bischoff, S. C. (2019). ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics.
Clinical nutrition, 38(1), 10-47.

● ESPEN kanker
Muscaritoli, M., Arends, J., Bachmann, P., Baracos, V., Barthelemy, N., Bertz, H., ... &
Bischoff, S. C. (2021). ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer. Clinical
Nutrition, 40(5), 2898-2913.

Arends, J., Bachmann, P., Baracos, V., Barthelemy, N., Bertz, H., Bozzetti, F., ... & Preiser, J.
C. (2017). ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clinical nutrition, 36(1), 11-48.

● ESPEN ICU
Singer, P., Blaser, A. R., Berger, M. M., Alhazzani, W., Calder, P. C., Casaer, M. P., ... &
Bischoff, S. C. (2019). ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clinical
nutrition, 38(1), 48-79.
● ESPEN Penyakit Gangguan Fungsi Hati
Plauth, M., Bernal, W., Dasarathy, S., Merli, M., Plank, L. D., Schütz, T., & Bischoff, S. C.
(2019). ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2),
485-521.

● ESPEN Bedah (ERAS)

Weimann, A., Braga, M., Carli, F., Higashiguchi, T., Hübner, M., Klek, S., ... & Singer, P.
(2017). ESPEN guideline: clinical nutrition in surgery. Clinical nutrition, 36(3), 623-650.

● Refeeding Syndrome (RFS)

Friedli, N., Odermatt, J., Reber, E., Schuetz, P., & Stanga, Z. (2020). Refeeding syndrome:
update and clinical advice for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Current opinion in
gastroenterology, 36(2), 136-140.

● Diabetes: PERKENI 2021

[Link]
[Link]

PEDOMAN PENGELOLAAN DAN PENCEGAHAN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 DEWASA di

INDONESIA 2021

● Ginjal: KDOQI 2020 update

Ikizler TA, Burrowes JD, Byham-Gray LD, Campbell KL, Carrero JJ, Chan W, Fouque
D, Friedman AN, Ghaddar S, Goldstein-Fuchs DJ, Kaysen GA, Kopple JD, Teta D,
Yee-Moon Wang A, Cuppari L. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in
CKD: 2020 Update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 Sep;76(3 Suppl 1):S1-S107. doi:
10.1053/[Link].2020.05.006. Erratum in: Am J Kidney Dis. 2021 Feb;77(2):308.
PMID: 32829751.

PERSAGI & AsDI. (2019). Penuntun Diet dan Terapi Gizi Edisi 4. EGC.

KDIGO 2021: [Link]

● Ibu Hamil & Ibu Menyusui (AKG, 2019)

[Link]

[Link]
upan_Gizi_Yang_Dianjurkan_Untuk_Masyarakat_Indonesia.pdf

● Cairan (Holliday Segar)

Chesney, R. W. (1998). The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy, by
Malcolm A. Holliday, MD, and William E. Segar, MD, Pediatrics, 1957; 19: 823–832.
Pediatrics, 102(Supplement_1), 229-230.
 ● Faktor Aktifitas & Faktor Stres (AKG, 2019)
Wellman, N. S. (2009). Handbook of clinical nutrition and aging (p. 442). C. W. Bales, & C. S.
Ritchie (Eds.). New York, NY, USA:: Humana Press.

Diagnosa Gizi
Handayani, D., & Kusumastuty, I. (2022). Diagnosis Gizi: Edisi Revisi. Universitas Brawijaya
Press.
 Rumus-rumus
ANTROPOMETRI & STATUS GIZI ............................................................................................................... 3
ESTIMASI TINGGI BADAN ............................................................................................................... 3
a. Chumlea (1994) ................................................................................................................................... 3
b. Yamanaka (2010)................................................................................................................................. 3
c. Mulyasari – Purbowati (2018) ............................................................................................................. 3
d. Ilayperuma (2010) ............................................................................................................................... 3
e. Miyazawa (2005) ................................................................................................................................. 3
f. Nestle Nutrition Institute (2018) .......................................................................................................... 4
g. Bassey EJ (2010) ................................................................................................................................. 4
h. Prabiningtyas (2010) ............................................................................................................................ 4
ESTIMASI BERAT BADAN ................................................................................................................ 4
a. Cattermole (2010) ................................................................................................................................ 4
b. Mulyasari – Purbowati (2018) ............................................................................................................. 5
c. Utih Arupah (2018).............................................................................................................................. 5
d. Ross (2005) .......................................................................................................................................... 5
e. Jung (2004) .......................................................................................................................................... 5
f. Rabito (2006) ....................................................................................................................................... 5
BERAT BADAN AKTUAL (BBA) ...................................................................................................... 6
BERAT BADAN IDEAL (BBI) ............................................................................................................ 6
a. DeBruyne – Pinna (2014) .................................................................................................................... 6
b. Brocca I (1978) .................................................................................................................................... 7
c. Brocca II (1978) ................................................................................................................................... 7
d. Brocca Modifikasi (2018) .................................................................................................................... 7
e. Nelson Desirable Body Weight (DBW) Anak..................................................................................... 7
BERAT BADAN ADJUSTED (AIBW) ................................................................................................ 7
BERAT BADAN RELATIF (BBR) ...................................................................................................... 7
LINGKAR LENGAN ATAS ................................................................................................................. 7
a. National Center for Health Statistics NCHS (2008) ............................................................................ 7
b. Almatsier (2004) .................................................................................................................................. 8
c. LILA Lansia (Goswami, 2018)............................................................................................................ 9
LINGKAR BETIS, STATUS GIZI LANSIA ........................................................................................ 9
INDEKS MASSA TUBUH (IMT)....................................................................................................... 10
a. Permenkes RI (2014) ......................................................................................................................... 10
b. WHO Asia (2000) .............................................................................................................................. 10
c. IMT Geriatri (2014) ........................................................................................................................... 10
d. Powell Tuck - Hernessy (2003) ......................................................................................................... 11
LINGKAR OTOT LENGAN ATAS (LOLA) ..................................................................................... 11
 PERUBAHAN BERAT BADAN (PBB) ............................................................................................. 11
BIOKIMIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
Pemeriksaan Hematologi ..................................................................................................................... 11
Hitung Jenis.......................................................................................................................................... 12
Pemeriksaan Kimia Klinik ................................................................................................................... 12
Pemeriksaan Analisa Gas Darah .......................................................................................................... 13
KLINIK ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
Tekanan Darah ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Frekuensi/ Denyut Nadi ....................................................................................................................... 14
Laju Pernafasan / Respiratory Rate ...................................................................................................... 14
Suhu / thermal ...................................................................................................................................... 14
a) Kategori Usia ..................................................................................................................................... 14
b) Status Suhu ........................................................................................................................................ 14
DIETARY ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
Tingkat Asupan Gizi – Depkes (1999)................................................................................................. 15
Tingkat Asupan Gizi – WNPG (2004) ................................................................................................. 15
Mutu Gizi Konsumsi Pangan – Perdana (2013)................................................................................... 15
ANTROPOMETRI & STATUS GIZI
ESTIMASI TINGGI BADAN
a. Chumlea (1994)
Pria = (2,02 x Tinggi Lutut) – (0,004 x Usia) + 64,19
Wanita = (1,83 x Tinggi Lutut) –(0,24 x Usia) + 84,88
Rekomendasi : Usia 18 - 60 tahun, Pasien critical ill, menggunakan PAWPER XL tape
Referensi : Guo, S. S., Roche, A. F., Chumlea, W. C., Gardner, J. D., & Siervogel, R. M. (1994). The predictive value
of childhood body mass index values for overweight at age 35 y. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 59(4), 810-
819.
Berger, M. M., Cayeux, M. C., Schaller, M. D., Soguel, L., Piazza, G., & Chioléro, R. L. (2008). Stature estimation
using the knee height determination in critically ill patients. e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and
Metabolism, 3(2), e84-e88.

b. Yamanaka (2010)
59,1 + 2,1 × Tinggi Lutut

(69.8 + 2.0 × Tinggi Lutut ) - 0.13 × Usia

Rekomendasi : Pasien wanita lansia
Referensi : Yamanaka, K., Ishida, S., Susaki, H., Kojima, C., Omine, N., Itoh, Y., ... & Toba, M. (2010). Estimating
stature from knee height for elderly females aged 60-80 years old in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Annual Report, 4.

c. Mulyasari – Purbowati (2018)

Pria = (2,525 x Panjang Ulna) + 99,384
Wanita = {(2,525 Panjang Ulna) – 5,828 } + 99,384

Rekomendasi : Negara Indonesia, usia 19 – 28 tahun

Referensi : Mulyasari, I., & Purbowati, P. (2018). Lingkar lengan atas dan panjang ulna sebagai parameter
antropometri untuk memperkirakan berat badan dan tinggi badan orang dewasa. Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The
Indonesian Journal of Nutrition), 7(1), 30-36.

d. Ilayperuma (2010)
Pria = 97,252 + (2,645 x Panjang Ulna)
Wanita = 68,777 + (3,536 x Panjang Ulna)

Rekomendasi : Usia 20 – 23 tahun

Referensi : Ilayperuma, I., Nanayakkara, G., & Palahepitiya, N. (2010). A model for the estimation of personal stature
from the length of forearm. Int J Morphol, 28(4), 1081-1086.

e. Miyazawa (2005)
Pria = (2,12 x Tinggi Lutut) - (0,07 x Usia) + 64.02
Wanita = (1,77 x Tinggi Lutut) - (0,10 x Usia) + 77.88
Rekomendasi : Usia dewasa - lansia
Referensi : Miyazawa, Y., Yamane, S., Guo, X., & Yamagata, T. (2005). Ensemble forecast of the Kuroshio
meandering. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 110 (C10).
 f. Nestle Nutrition Institute (2018)
Pria = (1,38 x Tinggi Lutut) - (0,08 x Usia) + 96.50
Wanita = (2,12 x Tinggi Lutut) - (0,07 x Usia) + 64.02

Rekomendasi : Untuk penduduk negara filipina dan asia tenggara

Referensi: Cirillo, D. M., & Mason, T. M. (2018). Height Measures. Clinical journal of oncology nursing, 22(5), 529-533.
Nestle Nutrition Instutute. (2016). A guide to Completing the Mini Nutrition Assessment MNA. Measurement of Knee
Height.

g. Bassey EJ (2010)
Pria = (1,40 x Rentang Lengan) + 57.8
Wanita = (1.35 x Rentang Lengan) + 57.8

Rekomendasi : Untuk penduduk negara inggris, dan lansia negara Malaysia

Referensi : Hirani, V., Tabassum, F., Aresu, M., & Mindell, J. (2010). Development of new demi-span equations from a
nationally representative sample of adults to estimate maximal adult height. The Journal of nutrition, 140(8), 1475-
1480.

h. Prabiningtyas (2010)
Pria = 118,24 + (0,28 x Rentang Lengan) – (0,07 x Usia)
Wanita = 63,18 + (0,63 x Rentang Lengan) – (0,17 x Usia)

Rekomendasi :Untuk lansia

Referensi :Prabaningtyas, H. R. (2010). Reliabilitas rentang lengan sebagai pengganti tinggi badan dalam
menentukan indeks massa tubuh pada lansia di Kelurahan Wonokarto, Wonogiri.

i. Arisman (2009)
Pria = 53,4 + (0,67 x Rentang Lengan)
Wanita = 81,0 + (0,48 x Rentang Lengan)

Rekomendasi :Untuk dewasa, Indonesia

Referensi : Arisman, M. B. (2009). Buku ajar ilmu gizi: Gizi dalam daur kehidupan. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran
EGC, 2, 275.

ESTIMASI BERAT BADAN

a. Cattermole (2010)
(4 x Lingkar Lengan Atas) – 50

Rekomendasi :
Untuk Keadaan Darurat, Usia anak - dewasa
Referensi :
Cattermole, G. N., Graham, C. A., & Rainer, T. H. (2017). Mid-arm circumference can be used to estimate weight of
adult and adolescent patients. Emergency Medicine Journal, 34(4), 231-236.
Cattermole, G. N., Leung, P. Y. M., Mak, P. S. K., Graham, C. A., & Rainer, T. H. (2010). Mid-arm circumference can
be used to estimate children's weights. Resuscitation, 81(9), 1105-1110.
Opdam, M. H., Koekkoek, K. W., Boeije, T., Mullaart, N., & van Zanten, A. R. (2019). Mid-arm circumference method
is invalid to estimate the body weight of elderly Emergency Department patients in the Netherlands. Medicine, 98(32).

b. Mulyasari – Purbowati (2018)

Pria = (2,863 x Lingkar Lengan Atas) – 14,533
Wanita = (2,863 x Lingkar Lengan Atas) – (4,019 x 1) - 14,533

Rekomendasi : Negara Indonesia, usia 19 – 28 tahun

Referensi :
Mulyasari, I., & Purbowati, P. (2018). Lingkar lengan atas dan panjang ulna sebagai parameter antropometri untuk
memperkirakan berat badan dan tinggi badan orang dewasa. Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of
Nutrition), 7(1), 30-36.

c. Utih Arupah (2018)

Pria = (2,592 x Lingkar Lengan Atas) – 12,902
Wanita = (2,001 x Lingkar Lengan Atas) –1,223

Rekomendasi : Negara Indonesia

Referensi :
Arupah, U. (2018). Model prediksi berat badan menggunakan prediktor lingkar lengan atas, lingkar pinggang, lingkar
paha, lingkar betis, dan panjang badan= Weight prediction models using upper arm circumference predictor, waist
circumference, thigh circumference, calf circumference and body length.

d. Ross (2005)
Pria = (2,81 x Lingkar Lengan Atas) + (1,24 x Tinggi Lutut) – 66,04
Wanita = (3,14 x Lingkar Lengan Atas) + (1,09 x Tinggi Lutut) – 83,72

Rekomendasi : Usia 19 – 59 tahun. Pria dengan ras berkulit hitam, wanita dengan ras berkulit putih
Referensi : Berkley, J., Mwangi, I., Griffiths, K., Ahmed, I., Mithwani, S., English, M., ... & Maitland, K. (2005).
Assessment of severe malnutrition among hospitalized children in rural Kenya: comparison of weight for height and
mid upper arm circumference. Jama, 294(5), 591-597.

e. Jung (2004)
Pria = (3,07 x Lingkar Lengan Atas) + (1,10 x Tinggi Lutut) – 75.81
Wanita = (2,81 x Lingkar Lengan Atas) + (1,01 x Tinggi Lutut) – 66,04

Rekomendasi : Lansia Usia 60 – 80 tahun

Referensi : Jung, M. Y., Chan, M. S., Chow, V., Chan, Y. T. T., Leung, P. F., Leung, E. M. F., ... & Wong, E. M. C.
(2004). Estimating geriatric patient's body weight using the knee height caliper and mid-arm circumference in Hong
Kong Chinese. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 13(3), 261.

f. Rabito (2006)
Pria= (0,5759 x Lingkar Lengan Kanan Atas) + (0,5263 x Lingkar Perut) +
(1,2452 x Lingkar Betis) – (4.8689 x 1) – 32.9241)
 Wanita = (0,5759 x Lingkar Lengan Kanan Atas) + (0,5263 x Lingkar Perut)
+ (1,2452 x Lingkar Betis) – (4.8689 x 2) – 32.9241)

Rekomendasi : Lansia Usia 45 – 51 tahun

Referensi : Rabito, E. I., Vannucchi, G. B., Suen, V. M. M., Castilho Neto, L. L., & Marchini, J. S. (2006). Estimativa de
peso e altura de pacientes hospitalizados e imobilizados. Rev Nutr, 19(6), 655-61.
Lahner, C. R. (2019). Adult weight measurement: decoding the terminology used in literature. South African Journal of
Clinical Nutrition, 32(2), 28-31.

Daftar Terjemahan
• Berat badan (weight) • Lingkar pinggang (waist
• Tinggi badan (height) circumference)
• Panjang Badan (recumbent length) • Lingkar pinggul (hip circumference)
• Tinggi lutut (knee height) • Rasio lingkar pinggang-pinggul (waist-
• Panjang ulna (ulna length) hip ratio)
• Rentang lengan / panjang depa (Arm • Lingkar lengan atas atau LILA (mid-
span) upper-arm circumference)
• Rentang demi (demi span) • Bioelectrical Impedance analysis
• Lingkar kepala (Head Circumference) (BIA)
• Lebar Siku (Elbow Breadth) • Berat badan Relatif (Relative Body
• Umur kehamilan ( gestational age) Weight)
• Tebal lemak (skinfold thickness) • Indeks jenis kekuatan (Power-types
indices)
BERAT BADAN AKTUAL (BBA)

𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑖

%Berat badan aktual = x 100
𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎

Rekomendasi : Pasien rumah sakit, untuk perbandingan dengan berat badan saat sehat
Referensi : Balda et al (2019) OtBook petunjuk diet, laboratorium klinis, interaksi obat dengan makanan

BERAT BADAN IDEAL (BBI)

a. DeBruyne – Pinna (2014)
𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
%Berat badan ideal = x 100
𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙

Rekomendasi : -
Referensi : DeBruyne, L. K., & Pinna, K. (2018). Nutrition for health and health care. Cengage Learning.
Marmi, J. (2013). Gizi dalam Kesehatan Reproduksi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar.
Piland, C., & Adams, K. (2009). Pocket Resource for Nutrition Assessment.

Interpretasi
• >200% = Obesitas abnormal
• >130% = Obesitas
• 110 – 129% = Berat badan berlebih
• 100 – 109% = Normal
• 80 – 99% = Pre Gizi kurang
• 70 – 79% = Gizi Kurang
• <69% = Gizi buruk

b. Brocca I (1978)
Berat badan ideal = 90% x (Tinggi badan – 100)

c. Brocca II (1978)
Wanita dengan TB >150 cm atau Pria <160cm

Tinggi badan – 100

d. Brocca Modifikasi (2018)

Wanita dengan TB >150 cm atau Pria <160cm

Pria = 90% x (Tinggi badan – 100) x 1 kg

Wanita = 85% x (Tinggi badan – 100) x 1 kg
• Rekomendasi : -
• Referensi : Alejandro, W. S., Sofía, V. O., & Pablo, W. Á. (2018). Validation of the Broca index as the most
practical method to calculate the ideal body weight. J Clin Invest, 1(1), 1-4.

e. Nelson Desirable Body Weight (DBW) Anak

𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑎 (𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑛)
DBW 0-12 bulan = +4
2
DBW 1 – 5 tahun = Usia (tahun) x 2) +8

• Rekomendasi : Anak usia 0 – 5 tahun

• Referensi : Nelson, R. C. Maintaining Desirable Body Weight. REPORT NO PUB DATE, 271.

BERAT BADAN ADJUSTED (AIBW)

Berat badan adjusted = BBI + 0,25 (BBA – BBI)

• Rekomendasi : AIBW (Adjusted Ideal Body Weight) digunakan karena BBA klien lebih besar 120% dari BBI
• Referensi : Krenitsky, J. (2005). Adjusted body weight, pro: evidence to support the use of adjusted body
weight in calculating calorie requirements. Nutrition in clinical practice, 20(4), 468-473.

BERAT BADAN RELATIF (BBR)

𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 (𝑘𝑔)
Berat badan relatif = x 100
𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 (𝑘𝑔)

• Rekomendasi : Alternatif IMT

• Referensi : Wahyuningsih, R. (2013). Penatalaksanaan diet pada pasien.

LINGKAR LENGAN ATAS

a. National Center for Health Statistics NCHS (2008)
 𝐿𝐼𝐿𝐴 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑘𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 𝐺𝑖𝑧𝑖 (%) = 𝑥 100 %
𝐿𝐼𝐿𝐴 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙

Pria Wanita
Kelompok umur Persentil 50% Kelompok umur Persentil 50%
1 – 1,9 15,9 1 – 1,9 15,6
2 – 2,9 16,2 2 – 2,9 16,0
3 – 3,9 16,7 3 – 3,9 16,7
4 – 4,9 17,1 4 – 4,9 16,9
5 – 5,9 17,5 5 – 5,9 17,5
6 – 6,9 17,9 6 – 6,9 17,6
7 – 7,9 18,7 7 – 7,9 18,3
8 – 8,9 19,0 8 – 8,9 19,5
9 – 9,9 20,0 9 – 9,9 21,1
10 – 10,9 21,0 10 – 10,9 21,0
11 – 11,9 22,3 11 – 11,9 22,4
12 – 12,9 23,1 12 – 12,9 23,7
13 – 13,9 24,7 13 – 13,9 24,3
14 – 14,9 25,3 14 – 14,9 25,2
15 – 15,9 26,4 15 – 15,9 25,4
16 – 16,9 27,8 16 – 16,9 25,8
17 – 17,9 28,5 17 – 17,9 26,4
18 – 18,9 29,7 18 – 18,9 25,8
19 – 24,9 30,8 19 – 24,9 26,5
25 – 34,9 31,9 25 – 34,9 27,7
35 – 44,9 32,6 35 – 44,9 29,0
45 – 54,9 32,2 45 – 54,9 29,9
55 – 64,9 31,2 55 – 64,9 30,3
65 – 74,9 30,7 65 – 74,9 29,9

Interpretasi
• Obesitas: >120%
• Gemuk : 110-120%
• Normal : 90-110%
• Kurus : < 90%

• Rekomendasi : Usia 1 – 75 tahun, Mengetahui resiko Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK) pada Ibu hamil dan resiko
malnutrisi anak. Selain itu digunakan untuk pasien yang tidak ditimbang berat badannya
• Referensi :
McDowell, M. A., Fryar, C. D., Ogden, C. L., & Flegal, K. M. (2008). Anthropometric reference data for
children and adults: United States, 2003–2006. National health statistics reports, 10(1-45), 5.

b. Almatsier (2004)
 𝐿𝐼𝐿𝐴 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑘𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 𝐺𝑖𝑧𝑖 (%) = 𝑥 100 %
𝐿𝐼𝐿𝐴 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟

Pria Wanita
Kelompok umur Standar Kelompok umur Standar
18 – 24 30,9 18 – 24 27,0
25 – 34 32,3 25 – 34 28,6
35 – 44 32,7 35 – 44 30,0
45 – 54 32,1 45 – 54 30,7
55 – 64 31,5 55 – 64 30,7
65 – 74 30,5 65 – 74 30,1
Interpretasi
• >85% = Gizi baik
• 70-85% = Gizi kurang
• <70% = Gizi buruk
• Rekomendasi : Usia 6 – 17 tahun
• Referensi : Almatsier, S. (2004). Penuntun diet. EGC.

c. LILA Lansia (Goswami, 2018)

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 𝐺𝑖𝑧𝑖 = 𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑖 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

Cut Off (cm) Sensitifitas (%) Spesifisitas (%)

Gizi kurang
Pria < 25.7 80.2 78.6
Wanita < 24.3 79.0 79.0
Gizi Lebih
Pria ≥ 28.5 69.2 66.5
Wanita ≥ 27.5 77.4 74.6
• Rekomendasi : Usia 60 – >75 tahun
• Referensi : Goswami, A. K., Kalaivani, M., Gupta, S. K., Nongkynrih, B., & Pandav, C. S. (2018). Usefulness
of mid-upper arm circumference in assessment of nutritional status of elderly persons in Urban India.
International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 8(1).

LINGKAR BETIS, STATUS GIZI LANSIA

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 𝐺𝑖𝑧𝑖 = 𝑆𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑖 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑘𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
Indikator malnutrisi Sensitifitas (%) Spesifisitas (%) Kondisi
tambahan
Pria Lingkar betis < 31 cm 87.1 50 IMT <21
Wanita Lingkar betis < 27.3
Protein energy malnutrition (weight, 96 26 -
triceps skin fold, arm
circumference, albumin &
transthyretin
Hasil PS SGA beresiko malnutrisi 97 54 -
• Rekomendasi : Usia >60 tahun
• Referensi :
• Guigoz, Y., & Vellas, B. (2021). Nutritional assessment in older adults: MNA® 25 years of a screening tool & a
reference standard for care and research; what next?. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 25, 528-583.
 • Christensson, L., Unosson, M., & Ek, A. C. (2002). Evaluation of nutritional assessment techniques in elderly
people newly admitted to municipal care. European journal of clinical nutrition, 56(9), 810-818.
• Read, J. A., Crockett, N., Volker, D. H., MacLennan, P., Choy, S. B., Beale, P., & Clarke, S. J. (2005).
Nutritional assessment in cancer: comparing the mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) with the scored patient-
generated subjective global assessment (PGSGA). Nutrition and cancer, 53(1), 51-56.

INDEKS MASSA TUBUH (IMT)

a. Permenkes RI (2014)
𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 (𝑐𝑚)
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 𝐺𝑖𝑧𝑖 =
𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑖 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 (𝑚)𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑖 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 (𝑚)
Kategori
• <18.5 = Berat badan kurang
• 18.5 - 25.0 = Berat badan normal
• 25.1 – 27.0 = Berat badan berlebih
• >27.0 = Obesitas

• Rekomendasi : 17 – 65 Tahun, Indonesia

• Referensi : Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pedoman Gizi
Seimbang

b. WHO Asia (2000)

𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 (𝑐𝑚)
𝐾𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑖 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 𝐺𝑖𝑧𝑖 =
𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑖 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 (𝑚)𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑖 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 (𝑚)
Kategori
• <18.5 = Berat badan kurang
• 18.5 - 22.9 = Berat badan normal
• >23 = Pre overweight
• 23.0 – 24.9 = Berat badan berlebih
• 25.0 – 29.9 = Obesitas I
• >30 = Obesitas II

• Rekomendasi : 17 – 65 Tahun, Asia Pasifik

• Referensi : World Health Organization. (2000). The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its
treatment.

c. IMT Geriatri (2014)

𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 (𝑐𝑚)
𝐾𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑖 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠 𝐺𝑖𝑧𝑖 =
𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑖 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 (𝑚)𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑖 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 (𝑚)
Kategori
• <23 = Berat badan kurang
• 23.0 - 22.9 = Berat badan normal
• >30 = Berat badan berlebih

• Rekomendasi : >65 Tahun, Amerika - Eropa

• Referensi :
Starr, K. N. P., & Bales, C. W. (2015). Excessive body weight in older adults. Clinics in geriatric medicine,
31(3), 311-326.
Winter, J. E., MacInnis, R. J., Wattanapenpaiboon, N., & Nowson, C. A. (2014). BMI and all-cause mortality in
older adults: a meta-analysis. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 99(4), 875–890.
[Link]
 d. Powell Tuck - Hernessy (2003)
Pria = (1,1 x LILA) − 4,7
IMT Wanita = (1,1 x LILA) − 6,7
Kategori
• <18.5 = Berat badan kurang
• 18.5 - 22.9 = Berat badan normal
• >23 = Pre overweight
• 23.0 – 24.9 = Berat badan berlebih
• 25.0 – 29.9 = Obesitas I
• >30 = Obesitas II

• Rekomendasi : 17 – 65 Tahun
• Referensi : Powell-Tuck, J., & Hennessy, E. M. (2003). A comparison of mid upper arm circumference, body
mass index and weight loss as indices of undernutrition in acutely hospitalized patients. Clinical Nutrition,
22(3), 307-312.

LINGKAR OTOT LENGAN ATAS (LOLA)

𝐿𝑂𝐿𝐴 = 𝐿𝐼𝐿𝐴 − (3,14 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑝)

Kategori
• Pria : Obesitas jika >18,6 mm
• Wanita: Obesitas jika >25,1 mm

PERUBAHAN BERAT BADAN (PBB)

𝐵𝐵 𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎 − 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝐵𝐵 % =
𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑎
• Rekomendasi : Digunakan untuk asesmen perubahan berat badan sebelum dan setelah masuk rumah sakit
>7 hari rawat inap
• Referensi: Kasim, D. A., Harikedua, V. T., & Paruntu, O. L. (2016). Asupan makanan, status gizi dan lama
hari rawat inap pada pasien penyakit dalam di rumah sakit advent Manado. Jurnal GIZIDO, 8(2), 22-34.

BIOKIMIA
Indikator Pemeriksaan Nilai Normal Satuan
Pria Wanita
Pemeriksaan Hematologi
Hemoglobin dewasa 14 - 18 12 -16 gr/dL
Hemoglobin anak 12 - 14 12 - 14 gr/dL
Hemoglobin new born 14,5 – 24,5 14,5 – 24,5 gr/dL
Leukosit 5.000 - 10.000 5.000 - 10.000 /mm3
Eritrosit 4,5 - 5,5 4,0 - 4,5 Juta
Trombosit 15.000 - 40.000 15.000 - 40.000 /mm3
Hematokrit 40 - 48 37 - 43 %
Retikulosit 0,5 -2 0,5 -2 %
LED 0 - 10 0 - 15 mm
MCV 82 - 92 82 - 92 fL
MCH 27 - 31 27 - 31 pg
MCHC 32 - 36 32 - 36 %
Waktu Perdarahan 2,0 - 6,0 2,0 - 6,0 menit
PT 10,0 - 13,60 10,0 - 13,60 detik
APTT 29,20 - 39,40 29,20 - 39,40 detik
INR 1,2 1,2
Fibrinogen 146 - 380 146 - 380 mg/dL
D-Dimmer < 0,5 < 0,5 mg/dL
Rumple-Leede < 10 Ptekiae < 10 Ptekiae
Malaria Negatif Negatif
Mikrofilaria Negatif Negatif
Hitung Jenis
a. Basofil 0 - 1,0 0 - 1,0 %
b. Eosinofil 1,0 - 3,0 1,0 - 3,0 %
c. N. Batang 2,0 - 6,0 2,0 - 6,0 %
d. N. Segmen 50 - 70 50 - 70 %
e. Limfosit 20 - 40 20 - 40 %
f. Monosit 2,0 - 8,0 2,0 - 8,0 %
Pemeriksaan Kimia Klinik
Gula darah puasa 70 - 126 70 - 126 mg/dL
Gula sewaktu < 200 < 200 mg/dL
Urine Reduksi Negatif Negatif
Total Kolesterol < 200 < 200 mg/dL
HDL - Kolesterol > 55 > 65 mg/dL
LDL - Kolesterol < 150 < 150 mg/dL
Trigliserida < 150 < 150 mg/dL
Ureum Darah 10,0 - 50,0 10,0 - 50,0 mg/dL
Kreatinin Darah 0,6 - 1,1 0,6 - 1,1 mg/dL
Kreatinin Klirens 98 - 156 95 - 160 ml/menit
Asam Urat 3,5 – 7,0 2,4 - 5,7 mg/dL
Kalsium 8,1 - 10,4 8,1 - 10,4 mg/dL
Natrium 136 - 145 136 - 145 mmol/L
Kalium 3,5 - 5,1 3,5 - 5,1 mmol/L
Klorida Serum 97 - 111 97 - 111 mmol/L
Total Protein 6,6 - 8,7 6,6 - 8,7 gr/dL
Albumin 3,8 - 5,0 3,8 - 5,0 gr/dL
Globulin 1,3 - 2,7 1,3 - 2,7 gr/dL
Bilirubin total 0,3 - 1,0 0,3 - 1,0 mg/dL
Bilirubin direk < 0,20 < 0,20 mg/dL
Bilirubin indirek < 0,60 < 0,60 mg/dL
SGOT < 38 < 32 u/l
SGPT < 41 < 31 u/l
Alkali Fosfatase < 270 < 240 u/l
Acid Fosfatase < 6,6 < 6,6 u/l
Gama - GT 8,0 - 61 5,0 - 36 u/l
HBDH 72 - 182 72 - 182 u/l
LDH 240 - 480 240 - 480 u/l
Asam Laktat 4,5 - 19,8 4,5 - 19,8 mg/dL
Magnesium 1,9 - 2,5 1,9 - 2,5 mg/dL
CK - NAC < 170 < 145 u/l
CK - MB < 24 < 24 u/l
Serum Iron 59 - 158 37 - 145 mg/dL
TIBC 171 - 504 149 - 491 mg/dL
UIBC 112 - 346 112 - 346 mg/dL
HbA 1 c 4,8 - 6,8 4,8 - 6,8 %
Mikroalbuminaria < 30 < 30 mg/ml
Kholinesterase 5,32 - 12,92 5,32 - 12,92 u/l
Pemeriksaan Analisa Gas Darah
pH Darah 7,35 - 7,45 7,35 - 7,45
Pa. CO2 35 - 45 35 - 45 mmHg
Pa. O2 75 - 100 75 - 100 mmHg
Sa. O2 95 - 100 95 - 100 %
HCO3 22 26 mEq/L
BE -4 -4 mEq/L

• Rekomendasi : Dewasa, tidak digunakan untuk bayi baru lahir, balita dan anak-anak
• Referensi :
• Herawati, F., Andrajati, R., & Umar, F. (2011). Pedoman interpretasi data klinik. Jakarta: Kementerian
Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
• Kee, J. L. (1979). Clinical implications of laboratory studies in critical care. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly,
2(3), 1-18.
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . (2015). Investigation operation manual blood serum normal values.
Washington (US)
• SELALU UTAMAKAN RENTANG NILAI NORMAL UJI BIOKIMIA SETIAP RUMAH SAKIT, KARENA ALAT
UJI YANG DIGUNAKAN BERBEDA-BEDA

KLINIK
Tekanan Darah
Kategori Sistolik Diastolik Satuan
Normal <120 <80 mmHg
Pre-Hipertensi 120 – 139 80 – 89 mmHg
Hipertensi I 140 – 159 90 - 99 mmHg
Hipertensi II >160 >100 mmHg

• Rekomendasi : Dewasa. Rentang usia 40 – 70 tahun memiliki selisih sistolik dan diastolik 20 mmHg. Selisih
10mmHg saja menandakan rasiko penyakit jantung.
• Referensi : Schwartz, A. R., Haas, D. C., Gerin, W., & Pickering, T. G. (2003). Accurate Measurement of
Blood Pressure—Reply. JAMA, 289(21), 2792-2794.
• Mancia, G., & Grassi, G. (Eds.). (2014). Manual of hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. Crc
Press.
 Frekuensi/ Denyut Nadi
Kelompok Usia Nilai Normal
Baru lahir atau new born 140
1 – 2 tahun 110 – 120
>2 – 5 tahun 96 – 100
>5 – 10 tahun 80 – 90
Dewasa 60 – 80

• Rekomendasi : -
• Referensi : Evelyn, C. P. (2009). Anatomi dan Fisiologi untuk Medis. Jakarta: PT. Gremedia Pustaka Utama.

Laju Pernafasan / Respiratory Rate

Kelompok Usia Nilai Normal
Baru lahir atau new born 30 - 60
1- 11 bulan 23
1 - 2 tahun 21
3 -4 tahun 20
5 -8 tahun 19
9 – 10 tahun 15 - 20
11 – 12 tahun 17
13 – 14 tahun 18
15 – 16 tahun 17
17 – 18 tahun `16 – 18
19 – 60 tahun 12 - 20

• Rekomendasi : -
• Referensi : Evelyn, C. P. (2009). Anatomi dan Fisiologi untuk Medis. Jakarta: PT. Gremedia Pustaka Utama.

Suhu / thermal
a) Kategori Usia
Kelompok Usia Nilai Normal
0 – 10 tahun 36,4 – 37,8
11 – 65 tahun 36.8 – 37.9
>65 tahun 35.9 – 37.1

• Rekomendasi : -
Referensi : Jones, C. R., Taylor, K., Poston, L., & Shennan, A. H. (2001). Validation of the Welch Allyn ‘Vital Signs’
oscillometric blood pressure monitor. Journal of human hypertension, 15(3), 191-195.
Quast, S., & Kimberger, O. (2014). The Significance of Core Temperature—Pathophysiology and Measurement
Methods. Dräger Medical GmbH: Lübeck, Germany.

b) Status Suhu
Nilai suhu Makna
<28 ͦ c Hipotermia berat
28 ͦ c - 32 ͦc Hipotermia sedang
33 ͦ c - 36 ͦc Hipotermia ringan
36.5 ͦ c – 37.2 ͦc Normal
37.8 ͦ c – 38.5 ͦc Demam sedang
39 ͦ c – 39.9 ͦ c Demam tinggi
40 ͦ c – 42 ͦ c Demam sangat tinggi
 • Rekomendasi : Pengukuran armpit atau dubur. Termometer inframerah dapat ditolerensi hasilnya
• Referensi : Quast, S., & Kimberger, O. (2014). The Significance of Core Temperature—Pathophysiology and
Measurement Methods. Dräger Medical GmbH: Lübeck, Germany.

DIETARY
Tingkat Asupan Gizi – Depkes (1999)
𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑧𝑖
𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑧𝑖 % = 𝑥 100%
𝑘𝑒𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑧𝑖

Kategori Tingkat asupan gizi

Berlebih <120%
Normal 90 – 119%
Defisiensi ringan 80 – 89%
Defisiensi sedang 70 – 79 %
Defisiensi berat <70%
• Rekomendasi : -
• Referensi : Hardinsyah, H. R., & Napitupulu, V. (2013). Kecukupan Energi. Protein, Lemak, dan Karbohidrat.

Tingkat Asupan Gizi – WNPG (2004)

𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑧𝑖
𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑧𝑖 % = 𝑥 100%
𝑘𝑒𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑧𝑖

Kategori Tingkat asupan gizi

Berlebih <110%
Baik 80 – 110%
Kurang <80%
• Rekomendasi : -
• Referensi : Widyakarya Nasional Pangan & Gizi (WNPG). 2004. Jakarta: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan
Indonesia.

Mutu Gizi Konsumsi Pangan – Perdana (2013)

𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑧𝑖
𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑎𝑡 𝑘𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑘𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑧𝑖 % = 𝑥 100%
𝑘𝑒𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑧𝑖

Kategori Tingkat asupan gizi%

Sangat kurang <55
kurang 55 - 70
cukup 70 - 85
baik >85

• Rekomendasi : -
• Referensi : Perdana, F., & Hardinsyah, H. (2013). Analisis jenis, jumlah, dan mutu gizi konsumsi sarapan
anak Indonesia. Jurnal gizi dan Pangan, 8(1), 39-46.
• Hardinsyah. (1996). Measurement and determinants of food diversity: implications for Indonesia's food and
nutrition policy. University of Queensland.