1.Define cloud computing. Give an example.

Ans:- Cloud computing is a technology that allows users to access and use
computing resources like servers, storage, databases, software, and networking over
the internet, instead of using local computers or servers.
Examples:- . Google Drive, Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Netflix.
2. Write the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing.

Ans:- Advantages of Cloud Computing:

1. Cost-effective:
o No need to buy expensive hardware or maintain servers.
o Pay only for the resources you use.
2. Scalability:
o Easily increase or decrease resources based on demand.
3. Accessibility:
o Access data and applications from anywhere with an internet
connection.
4. Automatic Updates:
o Software and security updates are handled by the cloud provider.
5. Data Backup and Recovery:
o Data is automatically backed up and can be recovered in case of loss.
6. Collaboration:
o Multiple users can work on the same files and applications in real time
(e.g., Google Docs).

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing:

1. Internet Dependency:
o Requires a stable internet connection. No access if offline.
2. Security & Privacy Risks:
o Data is stored on third-party servers, which could be vulnerable to
breaches.
3. Limited Control:
o Users have less control over hardware and software management.
4. Downtime:
o Cloud services can experience outages or technical failures.
5. Hidden Costs:
o While basic services may seem cheap, costs can add up with
increased usage.

3. What are the benefits of cloud computing?

Ans:- Benefits of Cloud Computing:

1. Cost Savings
o No need to buy or maintain physical hardware.
o You only pay for what you use (pay-as-you-go model).
2. Flexibility & Scalability
 o Easily scale resources up or down based on your needs.
o Great for businesses with changing workloads.
3. Accessibility
o Access your data and applications from anywhere using the internet.
o Supports remote work and collaboration.
4. Automatic Updates
o Cloud providers handle system and software updates.
o Ensures better performance and security without manual work.
5. Data Backup & Recovery
o Automatic backups reduce the risk of data loss.
o Quick recovery in case of system failure or disaster.
6. Collaboration
o Multiple users can work on the same file or application in real time.
o Ideal for team projects (e.g., using Google Docs or Microsoft 365).
7. Security
o Cloud providers offer advanced security features like encryption and multi-
factor authentication.
8. Environmentally Friendly
o Reduces energy consumption by using shared data centres.

4. Define the public cloud with an example.

Ans:- A public cloud is a type of cloud computing where services and

infrastructure are provided by third-party providers over the internet and shared
among multiple users (also called "tenants").

Example of Public Cloud: Google Cloud Platform (GCP) – It offers services like
data storage, machine learning tools, and virtual servers that are accessible to
anyone over the internet.

5.Define cloud migration and mention its types.

Cloud migration is the process of moving data, applications, and other business
elements from an organization's on-premises infrastructure (or another cloud) to a
cloud computing environment.It can also refer to moving from one cloud provider
to another (called cloud-to-cloud migration).

Types of Cloud Migration: Rehosting (Lift and Shift), Replatforming,

Repurchasing, Retiring, Retaining (Revisiting).

6.What is a real time example of the cloud.

Ans:- Real-Time Example of Cloud Computing:

 Example: Google Drive:-Google Drive is a popular real-time cloud-based
storage service provided by Google.

Zoom / Google Meet – Video conferencing over the cloud.

Netflix – Streams movies using cloud servers (uses AWS).

 Microsoft 365 – Cloud-based Office apps (Word, Excel, etc.).

6. Explain the characteristics of cloud computing

Ans:- There are many characteristics of Cloud Computing here are few of them :
1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require any
human administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and
manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over
standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are
able to scale out and in quickly and on a need basis. Whenever the user require
services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its requirement gets
over.
4. Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) present are shared across multiple applications and
occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided service from
a same physical resource.
5. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application and
occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider with an account
of what has been used. This is done for various reasons like monitoring billing
and effective use of resource.
6. Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants (users
or organizations) on a single set of shared resources.
7. Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to
abstract underlying hardware resources and present them as logical resources
to users.
8. Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed with
redundancy and fault tolerance in mind, which ensures high availability and
reliability.
9. Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models,
including pay-per-use, subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users to
choose the option that best suits their needs.
10. Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect their
users' data and ensure the privacy of sensitive information.
11. Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated, allowing
users to deploy and manage resources with minimal manual intervention.
12. Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable
practices, such as energy-efficient data centers and the use of renewable
energy sources, to reduce their environmental impact.

8.Explain the types of cloud with an example.

Types of Cloud Computing:
1. Public Cloud

 Description: Services are offered over the internet and shared among
multiple users or organizations.
 Managed by: Third-party providers.
  Example:
o Amazon Web Services (AWS) – Offers storage, servers, and
databases accessible by anyone online.

2. Private Cloud

 Description: Cloud infrastructure is used exclusively by one organization. It

can be hosted on-premises or by a third party.
 Managed by: The organization or a service provider.
 Example:
o A company sets up its own private cloud to store sensitive data
securely and control all resources.

3. Hybrid Cloud

 Description: A combination of public and private clouds, allowing data and

applications to be shared between them.
 Advantage: Flexibility and better security.
 Example:
o A business keeps sensitive data in a private cloud but uses a public
cloud like Google Cloud for less critical operations.

4. Community Cloud

 Description: A cloud shared by several organizations with common concerns

(e.g., security, compliance).
 Managed by: One or more organizations or a third party.
 Example:
o Several universities sharing a cloud infrastructure for collaborative
research projects.

9. Explain the types of cloud migration.

1.Rehosting (Lift and Shift)

 Move applications and data to the cloud without changing anything.

 Quick and simple.
 Example: Moving a website from on-premises servers to AWS virtual servers
as-is.

2. Replatforming

 Move applications to the cloud with minor optimizations.

 No major code changes, but some cloud features are used.
 Example: Moving a database to a managed cloud database service to
improve performance.
3. Refactoring (Re-architecting)

 Rewrite or redesign applications to fully utilize cloud features.

 More effort, but benefits like scalability and flexibility increase.
 Example: Redesigning a legacy app to a microservices architecture using
cloud-native tools.

4. Repurchasing

 Replace existing applications with a new cloud-based product (usually SaaS).

 Example: Switching from a self-hosted CRM system to Salesforce.

5. Retiring

 Identify and remove unused or outdated applications during migration.

 Helps reduce costs and complexity.

6. Retaining (Revisiting)

 Keep some applications on-premises instead of moving them to the cloud.

 Usually due to compliance, latency, or other constraints.

10. Explain the applications of cloud computing in detail.

Applications of Cloud Computing:

1. Data Storage and Backup

 Cloud computing allows users and businesses to store large amounts of data
remotely.
 Services like Google Drive, Dropbox, and OneDrive enable easy access
and backup of files from anywhere.
 Automatic backups reduce data loss risk.

2. Web Hosting

 Websites and web applications are hosted on cloud servers.

 Services like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google
Cloud provide scalable hosting solutions.
 Cloud hosting is cost-effective and handles traffic spikes smoothly.

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

 Cloud allows software to be accessed via a web browser without installation.

 Examples: Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Gmail), Microsoft 365,
Salesforce.
 Users always get the latest version without manual updates.
4. Disaster Recovery

 Cloud provides affordable and reliable disaster recovery solutions.

 Data and applications can be quickly restored in case of hardware failure or
natural disasters.
 Helps businesses maintain continuity.

5. Big Data Analytics

 Cloud platforms offer powerful tools for analyzing large datasets.

 Companies use cloud services to process, analyze, and visualize big data for
insights.
 Examples: Using AWS Redshift or Google BigQuery.

6. Development and Testing

 Developers use cloud environments to build, test, and deploy applications.

 Cloud platforms provide virtual machines and services to simulate real-world
environments.
 Enables faster and more flexible development cycles.

7. Streaming Services

 Media streaming platforms like Netflix, Spotify, and YouTube rely on cloud
infrastructure.
 Cloud enables efficient delivery of audio and video content globally.

8. Internet of Things (IoT)

 IoT devices generate huge data streams processed and managed via cloud
services.
 Cloud provides storage, processing power, and analytics for IoT applications.
 Examples: Smart homes, wearable devices, connected cars.

9. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

 Cloud providers offer AI and ML services like image recognition, language

translation, and predictive analytics.
 Developers can build intelligent apps without extensive infrastructure.
 Examples: Google AI Platform, AWS SageMaker.

10. Collaboration Tools

 Cloud-based tools allow teams to work together in real time.

 Examples: Slack, Microsoft Teams, Google Meet.
 Facilitates communication and file sharing among remote teams.

11. Explain the evolutions of cloud computing.

Ans:- Evolution of Cloud Computing:

1. 1960s – The Concept of Time-Sharing

 The idea of time-sharing was introduced, allowing multiple users to share

computing resources simultaneously.
 Mainframe computers were expensive, so time-sharing made them accessible
to multiple users.
 This laid the foundation for modern cloud computing.

2. 1990s – Virtualization and the Internet

 Virtualization technology emerged, allowing multiple virtual machines to run

on a single physical machine.
 The growth of the internet made it possible to access remote servers.
 Companies began offering Application Service Providers (ASPs) which
hosted software remotely.

3. Early 2000s – Web 2.0 and SaaS

 The rise of Web 2.0 enabled interactive web applications.

 Software as a Service (SaaS) became popular, allowing users to access
applications online without installation.
 Examples: Salesforce (CRM software), Google Apps.

4. 2006 – The Launch of Amazon Web Services (AWS)

 AWS introduced its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Simple Storage
Service (S3).
 This marked the beginning of the modern cloud era, providing scalable, on-
demand infrastructure services.

5. 2010s – Growth of Public, Private, and Hybrid Clouds

 Major providers like Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform entered
the market.
 Private clouds and hybrid clouds (combining public and private) gained
popularity to meet diverse business needs.

6. Present Day – Advanced Cloud Services

 Cloud computing now includes AI, machine learning, IoT, big data analytics,
and serverless computing.
 Focus on multi-cloud strategies and edge computing for better performance
and flexibility.