VAAGDEVI DEGREE COLLEGE-MANCHERIAL

FIT UNIT-I NOTES

1. What is Digital Transformation?

Digital Transformation in Business is the use of digital technologies to change how a business
operates, delivers value to customers, and competes in the market.

It involves replacing manual or traditional methods with modern digital solutions.

Key Aspects:

1. Technology Integration
o Using tools like cloud computing, AI, IoT, automation, big data, etc.
2. Improved Customer Experience
o Personalized services, mobile apps, chatbots, faster service.
3. Business Process Automation
o Streamlining workflows, reducing errors, and saving time/costs.
4. Organizational Change
o New ways of working, digital skills training, and innovation culture.
5. Data-Driven Decisions
o Collecting and analyzing data to make smart business choices.

Examples by Industry:

Industry Digital Transformation Example

Retail Online shopping, digital payments, mobile apps
Banking Mobile banking, AI chatbots, paperless processes
Healthcare Telemedicine, online appointments, digital records
Education Online classes, digital exams, e-learning tools
Manufacturing Smart factories, IoT sensors, automation

Benefits:

 Better customer satisfaction

 Increased efficiency and speed
 Cost savings
 Competitive edge
 Innovation and adaptability

Challenges:

 High cost of new technology

 Employee resistance to change
 Cybersecurity risks
 Need for digital skills and training

2. Explain the Role of IT in Business?

1. Finance
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 Role of IT:
o Automates accounting and bookkeeping (e.g., software like QuickBooks).
o Enables real-time financial reporting and analysis.
o Supports budgeting, forecasting, and risk management.
o Facilitates secure online payments and transactions.
o Helps in compliance with tax laws and regulations.
 Benefits:
o Faster and more accurate financial processes.
o Better decision-making with up-to-date data.
o Reduced errors and fraud.

2. Marketing

 Role of IT:
o Supports digital marketing (social media, email campaigns, SEO).
o Uses Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software to track customer info.
o Enables data analytics to understand customer behavior and market trends.
o Supports online advertising and e-commerce platforms.
o Allows personalized marketing and targeted promotions.
 Benefits:
o Improved customer engagement and satisfaction.
o Better targeting and increased sales.
o Cost-effective marketing strategies.

3. Human Resources (HR)

 Role of IT:
o Automates recruitment and employee onboarding.
o Manages employee records and payroll with HR Management Systems (HRMS).
o Supports performance appraisals and training programs online.
o Facilitates communication through internal portals.
o Helps in compliance with labor laws and employee benefits management.
 Benefits:
o Saves time on administrative tasks.
o Improves employee management and development.
o Enhances communication and engagement.

4. Supply Chain Management (SCM)

 Role of IT:
o Tracks inventory and manages orders with ERP systems.
o Enables real-time monitoring of goods from suppliers to customers.
o Improves coordination between suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors.
o Uses data analytics to forecast demand and optimize supply chain.
o Supports logistics and transportation management.
 Benefits:
o Reduces costs and delivery times.
o Improves inventory accuracy and reduces stockouts.
o Enhances overall supply chain efficiency.
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3. . Explain the Components of computer system?

1. Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer that you can touch and see.

a) CPU (Central Processing Unit)

 Known as the “brain” of the computer.

 It processes instructions and performs calculations.
 Consists of:
o Control Unit (CU): Directs operations inside the computer.
o Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logic operations.

b) RAM (Random Access Memory)

 Temporary working memory of the computer.

 Stores data and instructions that the CPU needs while running programs.
 Volatile memory: Data is lost when the computer is turned off.
 Affects how fast a computer can run multiple programs at once.

c) ROM (Read-Only Memory)

 Permanent memory that stores essential instructions (like startup processes).

 Non-volatile memory: Data remains even when the computer is off.
 Contains firmware like the BIOS (Basic Input Output System).

2. Software

Software refers to the programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do.

a) System Software

 Controls and manages the hardware.

 Examples:
o Operating System (OS): Manages hardware, files, and applications (e.g., Windows,
macOS, Linux).
o Utility Programs: Help with maintenance tasks like virus scanning and disk cleanup.

b) Application Software

 Programs designed for users to perform specific tasks.

 Examples:
o Word processors (e.g., Microsoft Word)
o Web browsers (e.g., Google Chrome)
o Games, media players, spreadsheets, etc.

4. What are Input and Output Devices?

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 Input Devices: Hardware used to send data and commands to the computer.
 Output Devices: Hardware used to receive and display data from the computer.

2. Input Devices

Devices that allow users to enter data or control signals into the computer.

Device Description Example/Use

Keyboard Types letters, numbers, commands Writing documents, entering data
Mouse Pointing and clicking tool Navigating and selecting items
Converts physical documents to
Scanner Copying text/images to computer
digital
Microphone Captures sound input Voice recording, video calls
Webcam Captures live video Video conferencing, streaming
Biometric Uses biological traits to identify Fingerprint scanners, facial recognition for
Devices users security

3. Output Devices

Devices that display or produce data from the computer.

Device Description Example/Use

Monitor Displays visual output Viewing programs, videos, websites
Printer Produces hard copies of documents Printing reports, photos
Speakers Produce sound output Listening to music, alerts
Projector Displays computer screen on large surface Presentations, classrooms

4. Special Types: IoT Devices

 Internet of Things (IoT) devices are smart devices connected to the internet.
 Can be input, output, or both.
 Examples:
o Smart thermostats (input: temperature data, output: adjusts heating)
o Wearable fitness trackers (input: heart rate, output: display stats)
o Smart home devices like smart lights or security cameras.

5 . What is a Bit?

 Bit = Binary Digit

 The smallest unit of data in a computer.
 Can have only two values: 0 or 1 (off or on).
 Used to represent basic information.
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6. . What is a Byte?

 A Byte = 8 bits.
 Represents a larger unit of data.
 Can store 256 different values (2⁸ = 256).
 Commonly used to represent one character (like a letter, number, or symbol).

7. Data Representation

Computers use bits and bytes to represent different types of data:

Data Type Representation Example

Numbers Binary numbers (e.g., decimal 5 = 0101)
Text/Characters ASCII code: Letter 'A' = 65 decimal = 01000001 binary
Images Pixels represented by bits (colors in binary)
Sound Sampled and converted into binary values

4. Example of Bits & Bytes

 Letter ‘A’ in binary:

ASCII code for ‘A’ = 65 decimal
Binary (8 bits) = 01000001
 Number 13 in binary (using 8 bits):
00001101

5. Units of Data Storage

Unit Size in Bytes

1 Byte 8 bits
1 Kilobyte (KB) 1024 Bytes
1 Megabyte (MB) 1024 Kilobytes
1 Gigabyte (GB) 1024 Megabytes

8. What is Digital Privacy?

 Digital privacy means protecting personal information online.

 It involves controlling who can access, use, and share your data.
 Important because data misuse can lead to identity theft, fraud, and loss of trust.

2. Key Privacy Laws

a) GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)

 Where: European Union (EU)

 Purpose: Protects the privacy of EU citizens’ data.
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 Key Points:
o Businesses must get clear consent before collecting data.
o People have the right to access, correct, or delete their data.
o Companies must report data breaches quickly.
o Heavy fines for non-compliance (up to 4% of global turnover).
 Impact: Sets a global standard for data protection.

b) India’s DPDPA (Digital Personal Data Protection Act) 2023

 Where: India
 Purpose: Protects personal data of Indian citizens online.
 Key Points:
o Requires organizations to get consent before collecting data.
o Provides individuals rights over their personal data.
o Establishes a Data Protection Authority to enforce the law.
o Organizations must ensure data security and privacy.
 Status: India’s first comprehensive data privacy law.

 Prevents misuse of personal info like passwords, health records, financial data.
 Builds trust between users and companies.
 Encourages ethical handling of data by organizations.
 Protects freedom and rights in a digital world.

4. Ethical Considerations

 Respect for user consent and transparency.

 Avoid collecting unnecessary data (data minimization).
 Securely store and process data to prevent leaks.
 Ensure data is not shared or sold without permission.

11.What is Digital Divide?

 The Digital Divide refers to the gap between individuals, groups, or regions who have
access to modern digital technology (like the internet, computers, smartphones) and those who
do not.
 It highlights the inequality in access to digital resources and the skills to use them.

Causes of Digital Divide:

 Economic factors: Low income limits ability to buy devices or internet.

 Geographical factors: Rural or remote areas often have poor or no internet infrastructure.
 Education and skills: Lack of digital literacy or training.
 Social factors: Age, disability, or social exclusion.

examples:
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With Access Without Access
Online learning and courses No access to digital education
Remote work opportunities Limited job options
E-commerce and digital payments Only cash transactions
Access to government e-services Difficult to access services

How to Reduce the Digital Divide?

 Improve internet infrastructure in underserved areas.

 Provide affordable devices and internet plans.
 Offer digital literacy training.
 Promote inclusive policies for equal digital access.

12. What is Intellectual Property?

 Intellectual Property (IP) refers to creations of the mind that people or companies own.
 It includes things like inventions, designs, brand names, artistic works, and ideas.
 IP gives the creator legal rights to protect and control how their creation is used.

Types of Intellectual Property:

Type What it Protects Example

Patents : Inventions and new processes New medicine, technology device
Copyrights: Original creative works (books, music, art) A novel, a song, a painting
Trademarks: Brand names, logos, slogans Nike’s swoosh logo, brand name
Trade Secrets: Confidential business info Recipe for Coca-Cola, algorithms

Why is IP Important?

 Encourages innovation and creativity.

 Protects creators from others copying or stealing their work.
 Helps businesses build brand identity.
 Allows creators to earn money from their creations.

13. Explain Emerging Technologies AI, ML, IoT, Block chain, RPA (conceptual)

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Definition: Technology that enables machines to perform tasks that normally require human
intelligence.
 Examples: Speech recognition, self-driving cars, chatbots.
 Key Idea: Machines simulate human thinking, learning, and decision-making.

2. Machine Learning (ML)

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 Definition: A subset of AI where computers learn from data to improve performance without
being explicitly programmed.
 Examples: Email spam filters, recommendation systems (Netflix, YouTube).
 Key Idea: Machines learn patterns and make predictions based on data.

3. Internet of Things (IoT)

 Definition: Network of physical devices connected to the internet, exchanging data.

 Examples: Smart home devices (thermostats, lights), wearable fitness trackers.
 Key Idea: Everyday objects become “smart” and communicate online.

4. Blockchain

 Definition: A secure, decentralized digital ledger that records transactions across many
computers.
 Examples: Cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin), supply chain tracking.
 Key Idea: Data is stored transparently and cannot be easily altered.

5. Robotic Process Automation (RPA)

 Definition: Software robots that automate repetitive, rule-based business tasks.

 Examples: Automating invoice processing, customer service chatbots.
 Key Idea: Increases efficiency by handling routine tasks without human intervention.