BARANGAY PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICER:A REVIEW ON ITS KEY

ROLE IN MAINTAINING PEACE AND ORDER

_______________________

A Research Presented to the Faculty of College of Criminal Justice

Education Urdaneta City University

_______________________

In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of

Science in Criminology

_______________________

By

Angel A. Caguiat
Joseph Gabriel N. Pimentel
Prince Christian O. Nachor
Trixor Vincent B. Rafanan
John Leinard O. Duqueza
Michael Jhon G. Morden
Jefferson F. Segundo
Danilo N. Godoy Jr.
Edwin G. Parcasio
Jorjina P. Paragas

APRIL 2025
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

The Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs), or barangay

tanods, are the front-line peacekeepers in Philippine communities.

They maintain peace and order by enforcing local laws, preventing

crime, and mediating minor disputes. Working closely with the

Philippine National Police (PNP), they assist in law enforcement

and ensure public safety during emergencies and disasters. By

implementing barangay ordinances and promoting discipline,

BPSOs strengthen community cooperation and help create a safer

and more peaceful environment.

Around the world, Community policing model has been

hailed by many police organizations as a major paradigm shift

from the ‘professional’ model of policing. Traditional crime-

fighting and enforcement-oriented policing with its accompanying

centralized, bureaucratic command structure has apparently given

way to an inclusive philosophy based on encouraging partnerships

between the police and communities in a collaborative effort to

solve crime and disorder (see Williamson 2008).

Likewise, in California, Community-oriented policing (COP)

represents a strategic shift in law enforcement. A study by Aguirre

(2021) aimed at fostering stronger relationships between

neighborhood residents and public safety officers. Since the

inception of law enforcement agencies in 18th-century American

society, opinions have been divided, with some citizens supporting

law enforcement and others contesting their authority due to

perceived injustices, excessive force, and brutality. The societal

movement "Black Lives Matter" and the counter-movement "Blue

Lives Matter" underscore this discord. This lack of cohesion,

particularly within black and brown communities, has spurred a

nationwide reevaluation of law enforcement tactics. To address

this, law enforcement agencies across the United States have

adopted COP, emphasizing community partnerships and crime

reduction strategies. This research study will analyze the factors

that have driven the transition from traditional policing methods

to the more contemporary, community-oriented approach.

However, Community policing, which focuses on

partnership between police and citizens, has been promoted as a

way to improve police effectiveness and reduce fear of crime,

especially in democratic countries. A study by Deniz (2018), it has

also become a part of international development efforts. However,

when international donors try to implement community policing in

developing countries through short training programs based on

Western models, it often doesn't work well. These programs often

ignore the actual social and political issues in those countries and

lack a clear understanding of what community policing should be.

Because of these issues, international police reform efforts aimed

at establishing community policing in developing countries have

not been very successful.

 In Nigeria , community policing is a collaborative effort

between police and community members to protect lives and

property at the local level, enhancing public safety and

awareness(2017). Effective community policing recognizes that

both victims and offenders are community members, and that

police, as both community members and state agents, are

concerned with crime prevention and control. This approach

enables police to identify and address societal problems with

community support through partnerships, information sharing,

and involvement in community affairs. In other hand, challenges

such as corruption, human rights abuses, loss of public trust,

political interference, lack of visionary schemes, and coercive

enforcement tactics have undermined police-public cooperation,

which is essential for effective community policing. The article

concludes that it is crucial for the Nigerian police and local

residents to embrace rectitude, social justice, and ethical reform

to foster the understanding and mutual support needed for

proactive community policing in the country.

In the United States, community policing programs have

proven effective in crime prevention and public trust. Gaines and

Kappeler (2020) reported that community policing in major cities

such as Chicago and Los Angeles reduced violent crimes by about

7% between 2018 and 2020. These officers are trained not only in

law enforcement but also in conflict resolution and community

engagement, allowing them to respond quickly to local issues and

build better relationships with citizens. In the United Kingdom,

neighborhood policing has also shown success in reducing crime

and anti-social behavior. Innes (2019) found that active

neighborhood policing teams helped reduce anti-social behavior

by 12% in areas where police officers worked closely with the

public. This approach strengthens cooperation between law

enforcers and residents, which is essential for long-term peace

and order.

Similarly, Japan’s Koban system—a network of small police

stations spread throughout cities—has been recognized as one of

the most successful community policing models. According to

Nishiyama (2021), the Koban system contributed to Japan’s very

low crime rate of 0.25 per 100,000 people. Police officers assigned

to these stations are always visible in their areas, which creates

trust and allows for quick response during emergencies.

Other countries have also adopted their own versions of

local policing. In Brazil, officers face difficulties such as limited

training and lack of equipment, which reduce their effectiveness

(Silva & Ribeiro, 2020). In South Africa, Community Policing

Forums help bridge the gap between police and citizens,

especially in high-crime areas (Burger, 2019).

In the Philippines, community policing exists through the

Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs) and Barangay

Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPATs). These officers play a key role

in maintaining peace and order at the grassroots level. According to

Dizon and Javier (2021), BPSOs help enforce local ordinances,

manage small disputes, and assist the Philippine National Police

(PNP) in crime prevention. They are the frontliners in community law

enforcement and serve as the first responders during conflicts and

emergencies.

However, many studies have also shown that BPSOs face

several challenges. Garcia (2020) found that in Metro Manila, BPSOs

help reduce petty crimes such as theft and vandalism through

regular patrols, yet they often lack formal training in handling

complex law enforcement situations. Manahan (2021) emphasized

that in rural areas, BPSOs receive less support and fewer resources

compared to urban barangays. Many officers lack basic equipment

like radios, flashlights, and uniforms, which affects their

performance and safety.

To address these issues, several scholars suggest improving

the training and support systems for BPSOs. Reyes (2022) proposed

that officers should undergo standardized training in conflict

resolution, crisis management, and human rights. Dela Cruz (2019)

also recommended that local governments should allocate sufficient

budgets for communication tools, vehicles, and protective

equipment. Bautista (2021) highlighted the importance of involving

the community through peace and order councils that encourage

cooperation and trust between residents and local enforcers.

In various regions across the Philippines, BPSOs have shown

different levels of success. For example, in Lucena City (Quezon

Province), Santos (2020) found that BPSOs effectively enforced

curfews and helped reduce neighborhood disputes. In Mandaue City,

Cebu, BPSOs who received regular drills were found to be more

prepared and trusted by the community (Alcordo & Rivera, 2019).

In Davao del Sur, BPSOs helped enforce public health

measures during the pandemic (Navarro, 2021), while in La

Trinidad, Benguet, they acted as bridges between police and

indigenous communities (Cruz, 2018). In Cagayan de Oro (Misamis

Oriental), Villaruel and Tiamzon (2020) emphasized that funding and

proper tools directly improved BPSO performance.

Studies in Iloilo, Nueva Ecija, and Zamboanga del Norte also

show that BPSOs contribute to peacekeeping, community events,

and youth crime prevention (Jimenez, 2020; Castillo, 2022;

Evangelista, 2022). In Pangasinan, especially in Urdaneta City,

Barangay Public Safety Officers play a vital role in maintaining

peace and enforcing local laws. Due to population growth and

increasing urban activity, barangays like Sta. Lucia face rising

security challenges. Mendoza (2020) noted that BPSOs in Urdaneta

City help reduce petty crimes through regular patrols, yet they still

need more training in crisis management and community relations.

Bautista (2022) further explained that BPSOs in commercial

areas face heavier workloads and require better resources to meet

growing public safety demands. Given these conditions, it is

important to study and assess the role of Barangay Public Safety

Officers in maintaining peace and order, especially in fast-

developing communities like Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta City.

Peace and order are essential foundations for achieving

sustainable community development and progress. At the

grassroots level, the barangay serves as the basic political unit

where the implementation of local laws, ordinances, and safety

measures begins. Ensuring the security and well-being of residents

is one of the primary responsibilities of Barangay Public Safety

Officers (BPSOs), commonly known as Barangay Tanods. These

officers play an important role in maintaining peace and order by

helping prevent crimes, responding to emergencies, and enforcing

barangay ordinances (Department of the Interior and Local

Government (DILG), 2025.

BPSOs act as the front liners in promoting public safety and

supporting law enforcement agencies in maintaining justice within

the community. Their duties are not limited to patrolling or

peacekeeping; they also help settle disputes, maintain community

discipline, and respond immediately to emergencies and disasters,

whether natural or man-made (Micren, n.d.) Despite their

dedication, many BPSOs continue to face challenges such as limited

resources, lack of formal training, and the growing demands of the

community, all of which affect their overall performance and

effectiveness (Villafuerte, 2025)

In Barangay Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan, the

importance of BPSOs has become even more evident in recent

years. The barangay has experienced several incidents of crime and

frequent flooding, according to reports from the Urdaneta City

Municipal Office and the Philippine National Police. These events

highlight how crucial the role of local safety officers is in ensuring

public safety and managing community crises. Because of these

conditions, Barangay Sta. Lucia serves as an appropriate setting to

evaluate the preparedness, efficiency, and performance of BPSOs in

fulfilling their duties.

This study aims to examine the key role of Barangay Public

Safety Officers in maintaining peace and order in Barangay Sta.

Lucia. Specifically, it seeks to determine their level of effectiveness,

identify the challenges they face, and suggest measures that can

further enhance their performance. The findings of this research are

expected to serve as a valuable reference for local government

units and policymakers in improving training, providing resources,

and strengthening the overall support system for BPSOs to promote

a safer and more resilient community.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored in Routine Activities Theory by Cohen &

Felson (1979) as cited by Wilcox, P. (2021). It explains how the role

is to provide a local, visible presence to determine crime by acting

as capable guardians in the absence of a motivated offender and a

suitable target. It also proves how the BPSOs are effective in

preventing crime by increasing community vigilance, fostering a

sense of security, and coordinating with residents and law

enforcement to address local issues.

In addition to this, the routine activities theory states that a

crime is committed when three factors are present: an appropriate

target, a motivated perpetrator, and the lack of a capable guardian.

The probability of a criminal event rises when these factors occur at

the same time and location. According to routine activities theory

(RAT), three factors happen simultaneously and in the same location

when a crime is committed: a suitable target is available. The

absence of an appropriate guardian to stop the crime from occurring

is the problem. There is a motivated and likely criminal present.

Moreover, this Routine Activities Theory was in line with the study

since it provides crime prevention by focusing on how to disrupt the

convergence of three necessary elements for a crime: a motivated

offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian.

By increasing guardianship with security, lighting, or monitored

cameras that help decrease the target suitability making a house

less appealing to burglars or reducing opportunities for offenders,

crime can be prevented.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1 shows the Input Process Output model. As you can see

in the figure, the input contains the main goal which is to determine

the determine the level of effectiveness of Barangay Public Safety

Officers (BPSOS) in maintaining peace and order. In addition, it aims

to find out the significant difference in the level of effectiveness of

Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOS) in maintaining peace and

order among the group of respondents. Also, it sought to know the

degree of seriousness on the challenges encountered by Barangay

Public and Safety Officers (BPSOs) in maintain peace and order.

Lastly, it aims to know the measures can be proposed to address

the problems encountered by the Barangay Public Safety Officers

(BPSOs) in maintaining peace and order. The process agreed on by

the researchers was used as a series of survey-questionnaire which

is also the instrument used by the researchers in gathering data.

The output that the researchers intended was determined the level

of effectiveness of Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOS) in

maintaining peace and order. The intended output would help the

students, community, Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOS) and

future researchers to know on identifying the problems present and

deal with it accordingly. The researchers propose many ideas that

generally aimed to give improvements and awareness towards the

impact and benefits to the people.

 Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, population and

locale of the study, data gathering Instrument, data gathering

procedure and statistical treatment that will be used in the study.

Research Design

This research study used the quantitative survey method.

Quantitative research, According to Aggarwal, Y. P. (2008). devoted

to acquiring data on current circumstances or events for

characterization and Analysis. This form of research methodology

includes accurate analysis, interpretation, comparisons, trend and

relationship discovery, and more than just gathering and tabulating

facts. The respondents to the study were selected using purposive

Sampling is the technique of selecting the sample size of the

participants based on the judgment of the survey. The data would

be treated using statistical tools. The mean and standard deviation

are used in determining the level of performance. Frequency and

percentage used in identifying challenges. The result of the

statistical analysis used in proposing interventions. There is no

significance difference between the respondents BPSO, Barangay

officials, and Residents in the perception of the performance of

Barangay Police Security Officers in terms of their duties and

responsibilities.
 Moreover, quantitative research aims to draw evidence-based

conclusions that can be generalized to a broader population beyond

the Sample studied.

Quantitative review of Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs)

shows their vital role in community peacekeeping, but highlights

key challenges such as inadequate training, insufficient equipment

(like patrol vehicles and gear), and operational issues like lack of

support. Studies indicate that improving BPSO performance requires

comprehensive interventions, including training on areas like crime

prevention, public safety operations, and emergency response, to

better address their complex roles and challenges. Quantitative

research, devoted to acquiring data on current circumstances or

events for characterization and analysis. This form of research

methodology includes accurate analysis, interpretation,

comparisons, trend and relationship discovery, and more than just

gathering and tabulating facts.

Since the investigation dealt on the effectiveness of Barangay

Tanods in keeping the chosen barangay in St. Lucia in peace and

order, the researchers believed that it is appropriate to use

descriptive survey method because it provides proper analysis,

adequate and accurate interpretation of data which is important in

attaining reliable findings.

Population and Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted in Barangay Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta

City. We chose Sta. Lucia because of the BPSOs active involvement

in maintaining peace and order, such as by addressing issues like

illegal drag racing.

The respondents will include 10 BPSOs and 100 community

members from different areas within Sta. Lucia. For the community

members, a random sampling method will be applied, with criteria

requiring respondents to be registered residents of Sta. Lucia for a

minimum of one year and at least 18 years of age. For the BPSOs, a

purposive sampling technique will be used, with selection criteria

focusing on currently active officers who have direct community

engagement.

Data Gathering Instrument

In this study, the researchers will employ a structured survey

questionnaire as the primary tool for gathering data. The survey is

intended to obtain relevant information directly from community

members regarding their perceptions of the performance and

challenges of Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs). This

instrument will ensure that the data collected is both systematic and

measurable, thereby addressing the research objectives.

The survey questionnaire will be divided into two main sections.

The first section will measure the perceived effectiveness of BPSOs

in carrying out their duties and responsibilities. Respondents will be

asked to evaluate the BPSOs’ performance across key indicators

such as visibility in the community, conflict resolution, law

enforcement, and responsiveness to community concerns. Each

item will be rated using a 4-point Like scale, specifically: “Very

Effective,” “Effective,” “Slightly Effective,” and “Not Effective.” This

approach avoids neutral answers and encourages respondents to

provide more precise evaluations.

The second section of the questionnaire will focus on identifying

the challenges that BPSOs encounter in maintaining peace and

order. Indicators in this part will include issues such as inadequate

resources, lack of formal training, insufficient logistical support, and

limited cooperation from community members. To capture the

seriousness of these challenges, a 4-point Likert scale will be used:

“Very Serious,” “Serious,” “Slightly Serious,” and “Not Serious.”

Using this structured approach, the survey will provide

quantifiable data that can be analyzed to assess both the level of

effectiveness of BPSOs and the gravity of the obstacles they face.

The results will not only highlight areas where BPSOs excel but also

reveal aspects that require improvement. By reflecting the

operational realities of BPSOs in Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta City, the

instrument will enable the researchers to formulate evidence-based

recommendations that may assist in strengthening community

safety initiatives and enhancing the role of BPSOs in local

governance.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers will begin by submitting their research

proposal, including the title and statement of the problem, for

approval by the panel members. Once the panel approves the

research title and the survey questionnaire, the researchers will

incorporate all comments, suggestions, and recommendations

provided by the panel to refine the questionnaire.

After completing the survey questionnaire, the researchers

will seek approval from the appropriate authorities before

proceeding with data collection. They will provide a letter to the

residents and barangay officials of Barangay Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta

City, requesting permission to conduct the survey. Subsequently,

the researchers will distribute the survey questionnaires to the

respondents informing them of the purpose and objectives of the

study and ensuring their voluntary participation.

In order to facilitate the data collection phase of the study,

the researchers will proceed to Barangay Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta City.

Upon arrival, they will personally administer the survey

questionnaires distributing directly to the Barangay Public Safety

Officers. These officers are entrusted with the critical responsibility

of maintaining the safety and security of the residents within

Barangay Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta City, and their participation is

integral to the research endeavor. Before distributing the

questionnaires, the researchers will formally request authorization

from each respondents to participate in the study.

Once all surveys are completed, the researchers will tabulate,

analyze, and interpret the collected data. A statistician will then

assess the data to ensure that the analysis is accurate and valid.

Finally, the results will be used to generate insights into the

effectiveness of Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs) in 27

maintaining peace and order and provide evidence-based

recommendations for improving their performance in Sta. Lucia,

Urdaneta City.
 Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

PROCESS OUTPUT
INPUT

To determine the level

of effectiveness of
Barangay Public Safety
Officers (BPSOS) in
maintaining peace and
order. The researchers
will use survey- Determined
To find out the questionnaire the level of
significant difference in that will serves as effectivenes
the level of the data s of
effectiveness of gathering Barangay
Barangay Public Safety procedure of the Public Safety
Officers (BPSOS) in study. Officers
maintaining peace and (BPSOS) in
order among the group maintaining
of respondents. peace and
order.
To know the degree of
seriousness on the
challenges encountered
by Barangay Public and
Safety Officers (BPSOs)
in maintain peace and
order.

To know the measures

can be proposed to
address the problems
encountered by the
Barangay Public Safety
Officers (BPSOs) in
maintaining peace and
order. Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to assess the level of effectiveness

of Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs) in maintaining peace and

order.

Specifically,it seeks to answer the following questions:

 1. What is the level of effectiveness of Barangay Public

Safety Officers (BPSOs) in maintaining peace and order?

2. Is there a significant difference in the level of

effectiveness of Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs) in

maintaining peace and order among the group of respondents?

3. What is the degree of seriousness on the challenges

encountered by Barangay Public and Safety Officers (BPSOs) in

maintain peace and order?

4. What measures can be proposed to address the

problems encountered by the Barangay Public Safety Officers

(BPSOs) in maintaining peace and order?

Hypothesis

The hypothesis will be tested in null format 0.05 level of

significance.

1. There is no significant difference In the level of

effectiveness of Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs) in

maintaining peace and order among the group of respondents.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The scope of this study focuses on the role of Barangay Public

Safety Officers (BPSOs) in maintaining peace and order in Barangay

Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan. It aims to understand how

BPSOs perform their duties and how they help in promoting safety,

discipline, and security within the community. The study will also

describe their daily responsibilities and how they assist in enforcing

barangay rules and regulations.

 It will further explore the involvement of BPSOs in different

activities such as crime prevention, traffic management, disaster

response, and conflict resolution. Their teamwork and coordination

with the barangay council and the Philippine National Police (PNP)

will also be included to show how they contribute to keeping the

community peaceful and orderly.

The study will gather information from BPSOs, barangay officials,

and residents of Barangay Sta. Lucia who can share their opinions

and experiences. The research will focus only on the present year,

2025, and will be based on the current conditions and practices in

the barangay during this period.

The delimitation of this study is limited to examining the roles,

challenges, and effectiveness of BPSOs in maintaining peace and

order in Barangay Sta. Lucia. It does not include other barangay

programs that are not related to safety and security, such as health,

education, or livelihood projects. The main concern of this research

is how BPSOs help ensure peace, safety, and cooperation among

residents.

The research is also limited to Barangay Sta. Lucia and will not

cover other Barangay in Urdaneta City. It does not compare the

BPSOs with other law enforcement groups but only focuses on their

specific role in the barangay. Because of limited time and resources,

the findings of this study may not represent all Barangay in the

Philippines but may serve as a helpful reference for understanding

the duties and importance of BPSOs in local communities.

Significance of the Study

Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs) - this study

will identify their needs and challenges like lack of training,

equipment's and support, which will help them do their job more

effectively.

Community Members- this study will give them a better

understanding of the importance of BPSOs in maintaining peace

and order in the community. It will also lead to a safer community

for everyone.

Local Government Units (LGUs)- this study will provide

LGUs a better understanding of the needs and challenges faced by

the BPSOs allowing them to provide better resources and training.

Researchers - This study will help us better understand

the important work and challenges faced by BPSOs in keeping our

communities safe, providing helpful insights for others working in

community safety and local leadership.

 Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, population and

locale of the study, data gathering Instrument, data gathering

procedure and statistical treatment that will be used in the study

Research Design

Furthermore, a quantitative research approach is described by

the quantitative research design. It aims to determine the

magnitude of The population for a specific action, belief, or emotion.

Quantitative research focuses on the volume of replies rather than

the deeper or More emotional understanding that qualitative

research aims to elicit; large sample sizes are frequently used in

these kinds of studies.

In a quantitative research design, the same questions are often

asked of each respondent to guarantee that the entire data sample

can be thoroughly investigated. Moreover, the information is

displayed quantitatively, which makes quantitative statistical

analysis easier.

Moreover, quantitative research aims to draw evidence-based

conclusions that can be generalized to a broader population beyond

the Sample studied.

Qualitative review of Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs)

shows their vital role in community peacekeeping, but highlights

key challenges such as inadequate training, insufficient equipment

(like patrol vehicles and gear), and operational issues like lack of
support. Studies indicate that improving BPSO performance requires

comprehensive interventions, including training on areas like crime

prevention, public safety operations, and emergency response, to

better address their complex roles and challenges. Quantitative

research, devoted to acquiring data on current circumstances or

events for characterization and analysis. This form of research

methodology includes accurate analysis, interpretation,

comparisons, trend and relationship discovery, and more than just

gathering and tabulating facts.

Similarly, the importance of this technique is that it is focused

on more than just the but with the traits of the entire sample rather

than the traits of the individuals. Furthermore, it offers data that can

be used to address regional problems.

Since the investigation dealt on the effectiveness of Barangay

Tanods in keeping the chosen barangay in Sta. Lucia in peace and

order, the researchers believed that it is appropriate to use

descriptive survey method because it provides proper analysis,

adequate and accurate interpretation of data which is important in

attaining reliable findings.

Population and Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted in Barangay Sta. Lucia,

Urdaneta City. We chose Sta. Lucia because of the BPSOs active

involvement in maintaining peace and order, such as by addressing

issues like illegal drag racing.

 The respondents will include 10 BPSOs and 100 community

members from different areas within Sta. Lucia. For the community

members, a random sampling method will be applied, with criteria

requiring respondents to be registered residents of Sta. Lucia for a

minimum of one year and at least 18 years of age. For the BPSOs, a

purposive sampling technique will be used, with selection criteria

focusing on currently active officers who have direct community

engagement.

Data Gathering Instrument

In this study, the researchers will employ a structured survey

questionnaire as the primary tool for gathering data. The survey is

intended to obtain relevant information directly from community

members regarding their perceptions of the performance and

challenges of Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs). This

instrument will ensure that the data collected is both systematic and

measurable, thereby addressing the research objectives.

The survey questionnaire will be divided into two main

sections. The first section will measure the perceived effectiveness

of BPSOs in carrying out their duties and responsibilities.

Respondents will be asked to evaluate the BPSOs’ performance

across key indicators such as visibility in the community, conflict

resolution, law enforcement, and responsiveness to community

concerns. Each item will be rated using a 4-point Likert scale,

specifically: “Very Effective,” “Effective,” “Slightly Effective,” and

“Not Effective.” This approach avoids neutral answers and

encourages respondents to provide more precise evaluations.

The second section of the questionnaire will focus on

identifying the challenges that BPSOs encounter in maintaining

peace and order. Indicators in this part will include issues such as

inadequate resources, lack of formal training, insufficient logistical

support, and limited cooperation from community members. To

capture the seriousness of these challenges, a 4-point Likert scale

will be used: “Very Serious,” “Serious,” “Slightly Serious,” and “Not

Serious.”

Using this structured approach, the survey will provide

quantifiable data that can be analyzed to assess both the level of

effectiveness of BPSOs and the gravity of the obstacles they face.

The results will not only highlight areas where BPSOs excel but also

reveal aspects that require improvement. By reflecting the

operational realities of BPSOs in Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta City, the

instrument will enable the researchers to formulate evidence-based

recommendations that may assist in strengthening community

safety initiatives and enhancing the role of BPSOs in local

governance.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers will begin by submitting their research

proposal, including the title and statement of the problem, for

approval by the panel members. Once the panel approves the

research title and the survey questionnaire, the researchers will

incorporate all comments, suggestions, and recommendations

provided by the panel to refine the questionnaire.

After completing the survey questionnaire, the researchers

will seek approval from the appropriate authorities before

proceeding with data collection. They will provide a letter to the

residents and barangay officials of Barangay Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta

City, requesting permission to conduct the survey. Subsequently,

the researchers will distribute the survey questionnaires to the

respondents informing them of the purpose and objectives of the

study and ensuring their voluntary participation.

In order to facilitate the data collection phase of the study,

the researchers will proceed to Barangay Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta City.

Upon arrival, they will personally administer the survey

questionnaires distributing directly to the Barangay Public Safety

Officers. These officers are entrusted with the critical responsibility

of maintaining the safety and security of the residents within

Barangay Sta. Lucia, Urdaneta City, and their participation is

integral to the research endeavor. Before distributing the

questionnaires, the researchers will formally request authorization

from each respondents to participate in the study.

Once all surveys are completed, the researchers will tabulate,

analyze, and interpret the collected data. A statistician will then

assess the data to ensure that the analysis is accurate and valid.

Finally, the results will be used to generate insights into the

effectiveness of Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSOs) in 27

maintaining peace and order and provide evidence-based

recommendations for improving their performance in Sta. Lucia,

Urdaneta City.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The appropriate statistical treatment shall use to come up

with an accurate interpretation of the data gathered in this study.

To answer the problem number 1 and 3 an average weighted

mean will be used:

The weighted formula shall use as: WM =

∑f x
n

Where: WM – means equivalent to each category

F – number of respondents that fall into each classification

x – point value classification of a response

n – total number of respondents

To interpret and evaluate the data it will be aided by 4-point

Likert scale.

For purposes of interpreting the scores of the respondents.

The following

scales will be used:

Point Value Classification Mean Rating Descriptive

Equivalent

4 3.25 - 4.00 Very Effective

Very Serious
3 2.50 - 3.24 Effective
Serious
2 1.75 - 2.49 Slightly Effective
Slightly Serious
 1 1.00 - 1.74 Not Effective
Not Serious
To answer problem number 2 an analysis of variance will be.

Formula:

F - Value=
∑f x
n

Where:

MSBG - the mean squares between the groups

MSWG - the mean squares within the groups

Ethical Consideration

This study will consider certain ethical issues. It was believed

that ethics is the keystone to enunciate the quantitative research.

Definitely, one of the most important part s in conducting research

with human subjects is to obtain the informed consent. Through

this, the participants will be fully informed regarding the study and

the given informed consent form.

On the other hand, their response will be treated as

confidential and will use only on academic purposes. Also, it is

integral that the participants should be protected from harm and

that vulnerable population will not be exploited.

In addition, to avoid plagiarism and copyright, the data and

the existing data that will be gathered from the internet must be

cited on the references and will be used only for the purposes of the

particular research study or topic.

Lastly, all the data that will be collected such as the consent

form, survey form, names of the participants, analyze data and

other confidential information will be kept in a secure place and will

be disposed over time. The privacy of the participants and respect

for them and the place will be the main concern and priority of the

researchers during the whole study.