Python Questions & Solutions

🔸 1. Variables & Input

Q1: Write a program that takes a user’s name and age, then prints them.

name = input("Enter your name: ")

age = input("Enter your age: ")

print("Your name is", name, "and you are", age, "years old.")

Q2: Create two variables x = 15 and y = 4. Print their sum, difference, multiplication, and division.

x = 15

y=4

print("Sum:", x + y)

print("Difference:", x - y)

print("Product:", x * y)

print("Division:", x / y)

🔸 2. Conditions (if, elif, else)

Q3: Write a program that checks if a number is positive, negative, or zero.

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num > 0:

print("Positive")

elif num < 0:

print("Negative")

else:

print("Zero")

Q4: Ask a user for their age and print whether they are eligible to vote (age ≥ 18).

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

if age >= 18:

print("You can vote.")

else:

print("You cannot vote.")

🔸 3. Loops (for, while)

Q5: Print numbers from 1 to 10 using a loop.

for i in range(1, 11):

print(i)

Q6: Write a program using a while loop to sum numbers from 1 to 5.

sum = 0

i=1

while i <= 5:

sum += i

i += 1

print("Sum =", sum)

🔸 4. Lists

Q7: Create a list of 5 fruits. Print the first and last fruit.

fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Mango", "Orange", "Grapes"]

print("First fruit:", fruits[0])

print("Last fruit:", fruits[-1])

Q8: Create a list of 3 numbers, then add a new number at the end and print the list.

numbers = [10, 20, 30]

[Link](40)
print(numbers)

🔸 5. Functions

Q9: Create a function that prints "Welcome to Python!"

def welcome():

print("Welcome to Python!")

welcome()

Q10: Create a function that takes a number and returns its square.

def square(num):

return num * num

print(square(5))

Q11: Create a function that takes two numbers and returns their sum.

def add(a, b):

return a + b

print(add(3, 7))

🏁 Bonus Challenge

Q12: Write a function that checks if a number is even or odd.

def check(num):

if num % 2 == 0:

return "Even"

else:

return "Odd"

print(check(9))
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1–10: Variables & Input/Output

1. Print "Hello, World!".

Solution

print("Hello, World!")

Explanation: print() outputs text to the console. Strings are quoted.

2. Assign x = 10, y = 3. Print both values on one line separated by a space.

Solution

x = 10

y=3
print(x, y)

Explanation: print with multiple arguments prints them with spaces by default.

3. Read a name from input and greet the user: Hello, <name>!.
Solution

name = input("Enter your name: ")

print("Hello, " + name + "!")

Explanation: input() returns a string. Use + to concatenate strings.

4. Read two integers and print their sum.

Solution

a = int(input("First integer: "))

b = int(input("Second integer: "))

print("Sum =", a + b)

Explanation: input() returns string; convert with int() before arithmetic.

5. Read float radius and print area of circle (use 3.14159).

Solution

r = float(input("Radius: "))

area = 3.14159 * r * r

print("Area:", area)

Explanation: Use float() for decimal input; area formula πr².

6. Swap two variables a and b using Python tuple unpacking.

Solution

a=5

b = 10

a, b = b, a

print("a =", a, "b =", b)

Explanation: Python supports simultaneous assignment to swap without temp var.

7. Read a number and print it three times as n n n (same line).

Solution
n = input("Enter something: ")

print(n, n, n)

Explanation: print with multiple args prints them separated by spaces.

8. Read an integer and print whether it's even or odd.

Solution

n = int(input("Enter integer: "))

if n % 2 == 0:

print("Even")

else:

print("Odd")

Explanation: % gives remainder; even when remainder 0.

9. Read first name and last name and print full name with capitalized initials.
Solution

first = input("First name: ").strip()

last = input("Last name: ").strip()

full = [Link]() + " " + [Link]()

print("Full name:", full)

Explanation: strip() removes extra spaces, capitalize() makes first letter uppercase.

10. Read a string and print its length.

Solution

s = input("Enter text: ")

print("Length:", len(s))

Explanation: len() returns number of characters.

11–25: Operators & Simple Arithmetic

11. Compute average of three numbers.

Solution

a = float(input("a: "))

b = float(input("b: "))
c = float(input("c: "))

avg = (a + b + c) / 3

print("Average:", avg)

Explanation: Sum then divide by 3. Use float to accept decimals.

12. Convert minutes to hours and minutes (e.g., 130 → 2 hours 10 minutes).
Solution

total = int(input("Minutes: "))

hours = total // 60

minutes = total % 60

print(f"{hours} hours {minutes} minutes")

Explanation: // integer division for hours, % remainder for minutes.

13. Given length and width, print perimeter and area of rectangle.
Solution

l = float(input("Length: "))

w = float(input("Width: "))

perimeter = 2 * (l + w)

area = l * w

print("Perimeter:", perimeter)

print("Area:", area)

Explanation: Basic geometry formulas.

14. Calculate compound interest: A = P * (1 + r/n)^(n*t).

Solution

P = float(input("Principal P: "))

r = float(input("Annual rate (as decimal): "))

n = int(input("Times per year n: "))

t = float(input("Years t: "))

A = P * (1 + r / n) ** (n * t)

print("Amount:", A)

Explanation: ** is power. Ensure r is decimal (e.g., 0.05).

15. Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion.
Solution

c = float(input("Celsius: "))

f = (c * 9/5) + 32

print("Fahrenheit:", f)

Explanation: Standard conversion formula.

16. Fahrenheit to Celsius.

Solution

f = float(input("Fahrenheit: "))

c = (f - 32) * 5/9

print("Celsius:", c)

Explanation: Inverse formula.

17. Calculate factorial of a small positive integer using a loop.

Solution

n = int(input("Enter n (>=0): "))

fact = 1

for i in range(2, n + 1):

fact *= i

print("Factorial:", fact)

Explanation: Multiply numbers from 2 to n.

18. Check if a number is prime (simple trial division).

Solution

n = int(input("Enter integer >=2: "))

if n <= 1:

print("Not prime")

else:

is_prime = True

i=2
 while i * i <= n:

if n % i == 0:

is_prime = False

break

i += 1

print("Prime" if is_prime else "Not prime")

Explanation: Check divisors up to √n.

19. Compute GCD of two numbers using Euclid’s algorithm.

Solution

a = int(input("a: "))

b = int(input("b: "))

while b:

a, b = b, a % b

print("GCD:", abs(a))

Explanation: Repeated remainder step; abs handles negatives.

20. Compute LCM of two integers using GCD.

Solution

a = int(input("a: "))

b = int(input("b: "))

def gcd(x, y):

while y:

x, y = y, x % y

return abs(x)

g = gcd(a, b)

lcm = abs(a * b) // g if g != 0 else 0

print("LCM:", lcm)

Explanation: lcm = |a*b| / gcd.

21. Given a 4-digit number, reverse it.

Solution
n = input("4-digit number: ").strip()

rev = n[::-1]

print("Reversed:", rev)

Explanation: String slicing with step -1 reverses string.

22. Sum digits of a positive integer.

Solution

n = int(input("Enter positive integer: "))

s=0

while n > 0:

s += n % 10

n //= 10

print("Sum of digits:", s)

Explanation: Extract last digit with % 10, drop it with // 10.

23. Check Armstrong number for 3-digit number (sum of cubes of digits equals number).
Solution

n = int(input("3-digit number: "))

temp = n

s=0

while temp > 0:

digit = temp % 10

s += digit ** 3

temp //= 10

print("Armstrong" if s == n else "Not Armstrong")

Explanation: For 3-digit Armstrong, cube digits and compare.

24. Compute the sum of first n natural numbers (formula and loop versions).
Solution (formula)

n = int(input("n: "))

sum_formula = n * (n + 1) // 2

print("Sum (formula):", sum_formula)

Explanation: Use arithmetic series formula to be efficient.

25. Read price and discount percent, print discounted price.

Solution

price = float(input("Price: "))

disc = float(input("Discount %: "))

final = price * (1 - disc / 100)

print("Final price:", final)

Explanation: Subtract percentage of price.

26–40: Conditions & Branching

26. Check sign of a number: positive, negative, zero.

Solution

n = float(input("Number: "))

if n > 0:

print("Positive")

elif n < 0:

print("Negative")

else:

print("Zero")

Explanation: elif handles the middle case.

27. Grading system: A (>=90), B (80–89), C (70–79), D (60–69), F (<60).

Solution

score = float(input("Score (0-100): "))

if score >= 90:

grade = "A"

elif score >= 80:

grade = "B"

elif score >= 70:

grade = "C"

elif score >= 60:

 grade = "D"

else:

grade = "F"

print("Grade:", grade)

Explanation: Check highest range first to avoid overlap.

28. Find maximum of three numbers.

Solution

a = float(input("a: "))

b = float(input("b: "))

c = float(input("c: "))

mx = a

if b > mx:

mx = b

if c > mx:

mx = c

print("Maximum:", mx)

Explanation: Keep current max and update.

29. Check if a year is leap year (Gregorian rule).

Solution

year = int(input("Year: "))

is_leap = (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0)

print("Leap year" if is_leap else "Not a leap year")

Explanation: Leap years: divisible by 4 but not by 100 unless divisible by 400.

30. Check if a character is vowel or consonant (English).

Solution

ch = input("Enter a character: ").strip().lower()

if len(ch) != 1 or not [Link]():

print("Please enter a single alphabetic character.")

else:
 if ch in "aeiou":

print("Vowel")

else:

print("Consonant")

Explanation: Validate input and test membership in vowel string.

31. Check whether three lengths can form a triangle.

Solution

a = float(input("a: "))

b = float(input("b: "))

c = float(input("c: "))

if a + b > c and a + c > b and b + c > a:

print("Valid triangle")

else:

print("Not a triangle")

Explanation: Triangle inequality must hold for all pairs.

32. Find whether a character is digit, letter, or other.

Solution

ch = input("Char: ")

if [Link]():

print("Digit")

elif [Link]():

print("Letter")

else:

print("Other")

Explanation: Use string methods isdigit() and isalpha().

33. Given temperature, print clothing suggestion (e.g., <0: heavy coat, 0–15: coat, 16–25: light, >25:
t-shirt).
Solution

t = float(input("Temperature (°C): "))

if t < 0:

suggestion = "Wear a heavy coat"

elif t <= 15:

suggestion = "Wear a coat"

elif t <= 25:

suggestion = "Light clothing"

else:

suggestion = "T-shirt is fine"

print(suggestion)

Explanation: Range checks with elif.

34. Check whether an integer is multiple of 3 and 5.

Solution

n = int(input("n: "))

if n % 3 == 0 and n % 5 == 0:

print("Multiple of both 3 and 5")

elif n % 3 == 0:

print("Multiple of 3")

elif n % 5 == 0:

print("Multiple of 5")

else:

print("Neither")

Explanation: Logical and and or patterns manage combinations.

35. Check if two strings are anagrams (case-insensitive, ignore spaces).

Solution

s1 = input("First string: ").replace(" ", "").lower()

s2 = input("Second string: ").replace(" ", "").lower()

if sorted(s1) == sorted(s2):

print("Anagrams")

else:

print("Not anagrams")
Explanation: Sorted characters equal → anagram.

36. Given a 2-digit number, check if both digits are same.

Solution

n = input("2-digit number: ").strip()

if len(n) == 2 and [Link]():

print("Digits are same" if n[0] == n[1] else "Digits are different")

else:

print("Invalid input")

Explanation: Treat as string to compare digits directly.

37. Check if a point (x,y) lies in the first quadrant (both positive).
Solution

x = float(input("x: "))

y = float(input("y: "))

if x > 0 and y > 0:

print("First quadrant")

else:

print("Not in first quadrant")

Explanation: Simple sign checks.

38. Determine if a triangle is equilateral, isosceles, or scalene.

Solution

a = float(input("a: "))

b = float(input("b: "))

c = float(input("c: "))

if not (a + b > c and a + c > b and b + c > a):

print("Not a triangle")

else:

if a == b == c:

print("Equilateral")

elif a == b or b == c or a == c:
 print("Isosceles")

else:

print("Scalene")

Explanation: First validate triangle, then compare sides.

39. Check if input year is in 21st century (2001–2100).

Solution

year = int(input("Year: "))

if 2001 <= year <= 2100:

print("21st century")

else:

print("Not 21st century")

Explanation: Range check with chained comparisons.

40. Simple password check: read password and confirm (two inputs), print match or not.
Solution

p1 = input("Enter password: ")

p2 = input("Confirm password: ")

if p1 == p2:

print("Passwords match")

else:

print("Passwords do not match")

Explanation: Use equality == for strings.

41–60: Loops (for & while), sequences, patterns

41. Print numbers 1–20 using a for loop.

Solution

for i in range(1, 21):

print(i)

Explanation: range(1,21) yields 1..20.

42. Print even numbers from 2 to 20.
Solution

for i in range(2, 21, 2):

print(i)

Explanation: range(start, stop, step).

43. Sum numbers from 1 to n using for loop.

Solution

n = int(input("n: "))

total = 0

for i in range(1, n + 1):

total += i

print("Sum:", total)

Explanation: Iterative addition.

44. Print multiplication table of a number n up to 10.

Solution

n = int(input("n: "))

for i in range(1, 11):

print(f"{n} x {i} = {n * i}")

Explanation: Loop multiplies n by 1..10.

45. Print first n Fibonacci numbers (starting 0,1).

Solution

n = int(input("How many Fibonacci numbers? "))

a, b = 0, 1

count = 0

while count < n:

print(a)

a, b = b, a + b

count += 1

Explanation: Iteratively update two vars to generate sequence.

46. Print pattern:

**

***

for n = 3.
Solution

n = int(input("n: "))

for i in range(1, n + 1):

print("*" * i)

Explanation: String repetition * operator prints stars.

47. Print numbers 1–50 but skip multiples of 7.

Solution

for i in range(1, 51):

if i % 7 == 0:

continue

print(i)

Explanation: continue skips current iteration.

48. Read numbers until user enters 0; print sum of entered numbers (excluding 0).
Solution

s=0

while True:

n = float(input("Enter number (0 to stop): "))

if n == 0:

break

s += n

print("Sum:", s)

Explanation: break exits loop when sentinel reached.

49. Count digits in an integer (without converting to string).
Solution

n = abs(int(input("Enter integer: ")))

if n == 0:

print(1)

else:

count = 0

while n > 0:

n //= 10

count += 1

print("Digits:", count)

Explanation: Repeated integer division removes digits.

50. Print the unique numbers from a list (preserve first occurrence).
Solution

lst = [int(x) for x in input("Numbers (space separated): ").split()]

unique = []

for x in lst:

if x not in unique:

[Link](x)

print("Unique:", unique)

Explanation: Build new list and check membership to avoid repeats.

51. Reverse a list without using .reverse() or reversed().

Solution

lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

rev = []

for x in lst:

rev = [x] + rev # prepend

print(rev)

Explanation: Prepending builds reversed list; O(n²) for lists but fine for small sizes.
52. Find max in a list using loop (no max() builtin).
Solution

lst = [3, 7, 2, 9, 4]

mx = lst[0]

for x in lst[1:]:

if x > mx:

mx = x

print("Max:", mx)

Explanation: Track the current maximum and update.

53. Count frequency of each character in a string.

Solution

s = input("String: ")

freq = {}

for ch in s:

freq[ch] = [Link](ch, 0) + 1

print("Frequencies:", freq)

Explanation: Use a dictionary and get() default value.

54. Print prime numbers between 2 and n.

Solution

n = int(input("n >= 2: "))

for num in range(2, n + 1):

is_prime = True

i=2

while i * i <= num:

if num % i == 0:

is_prime = False

break

i += 1

if is_prime:

print(num)
Explanation: Check primes individually using sqrt bound.

55. Flatten a 2D list (list of lists) into a single list.

Solution

matrix = [[1,2],[3,4],[5]]

flat = []

for row in matrix:

for item in row:

[Link](item)

print(flat)

Explanation: Nested loops append each element.

56. Read n numbers and print number of positive, negative, and zeros.
Solution

n = int(input("How many numbers: "))

pos = neg = zeros = 0

for _ in range(n):

x = float(input("Number: "))

if x > 0:

pos += 1

elif x < 0:

neg += 1

else:

zeros += 1

print("Positive:", pos, "Negative:", neg, "Zeros:", zeros)

Explanation: Simple counters.

57. Print cumulative sums of a list [1,2,3] → [1,3,6].

Solution

lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]

cum = []

running = 0
for x in lst:

running += x

[Link](running)

print(cum)

Explanation: Keep running total and append.

58. Remove duplicates from a list (order not important) using a set.
Solution

lst = [1, 2, 2, 3, 1]

unique = list(set(lst))

print(unique)

Explanation: set removes duplicates but does not preserve order.

59. Implement while loop to print n asterisks on one line.

Solution

n = int(input("n: "))

i=0

s = ""

while i < n:

s += "*"

i += 1

print(s)

Explanation: Build string via repetition; * * n would be shorter but this shows while loop.

60. Use nested loops to print multiplication table from 1 to 5.

Solution

for i in range(1, 6):

for j in range(1, 6):

print(f"{i*j:3}", end=" ")

print()

Explanation: Nested loops; end=" " avoids newline; formatting aligns columns.
61–80: Strings (manipulation & parsing)

61. Convert a sentence to title case (capitalize each word).

Solution

s = input("Sentence: ")

print([Link]())

Explanation: title() capitalizes words; simple and fast.

62. Check if a string is palindrome (ignore case and spaces).

Solution

s = input("Text: ").replace(" ", "").lower()

if s == s[::-1]:

print("Palindrome")

else:

print("Not palindrome")

Explanation: Normalize then compare with reverse.

63. Find first occurrence of substring "ab" in a string and print index or -1.
Solution

s = input("String: ")

print([Link]("ab"))

Explanation: find() returns first index or -1 if not present.

64. Replace all spaces in a string with underscores.

Solution

s = input("String: ")

print([Link](" ", "_"))

Explanation: replace() swaps substrings.

65. Count words in a sentence (simple split by whitespace).

Solution

s = input("Sentence: ").strip()

words = [Link]()

print("Word count:", len(words))

Explanation: split() defaults to whitespace and collapses multiple spaces.

66. Extract file extension from filename (e.g. [Link] → pdf).

Solution

filename = input("Filename: ").strip()

if "." in filename:

ext = [Link](".")[-1]

print("Extension:", ext)

else:

print("No extension")

Explanation: Splitting by . and taking last piece gives extension.

67. Capitalize first letter of each sentence (assuming . separates sentences).

Solution

text = input("Text: ")

sentences = [Link](". ")

sentences = [[Link]() for s in sentences]

print(". ".join(sentences))

Explanation: Split, apply capitalize() to each, then join back.

68. Remove vowels from a string.

Solution

s = input("String: ")

result = "".join(ch for ch in s if [Link]() not in "aeiou")

print(result)

Explanation: Use comprehension and join() to filter characters.

69. Find all indices of a character in a string.

Solution

s = input("String: ")

ch = input("Character: ")

indices = [i for i, c in enumerate(s) if c == ch]

print(indices)

Explanation: enumerate() gives index and char; comprehension collects matching indices.

70. Count occurrences of each word (case-insensitive).

Solution

s = input("Text: ").lower()

words = [Link]()

freq = {}

for w in words:

freq[w] = [Link](w, 0) + 1

print(freq)

Explanation: Normalize case, split, then dictionary counting.

71. Check if string contains only digits.

Solution

s = input("String: ")

print("Only digits" if [Link]() else "Contains non-digits")

Explanation: isdigit() checks all characters are digits and string not empty.

72. Pad a number with zeros to 5 digits (e.g., 42 → 00042).

Solution

n = int(input("Number: "))

print(str(n).zfill(5))

Explanation: zfill pads left with zeros to desired length.

73. Swap first and last character of a string (if length >= 2).
Solution

s = input("String: ")

if len(s) < 2:

print(s)

else:

s = s[-1] + s[1:-1] + s[0]

 print(s)

Explanation: Rebuild string with swapped ends.

74. Split comma-separated numbers and compute their average.

Solution

s = input("Numbers (comma separated): ")

nums = [float(x) for x in [Link](",") if [Link]() != ""]

avg = sum(nums) / len(nums) if nums else 0

print("Average:", avg)

Explanation: Split, convert to floats, handle empty input.

75. Check string contains both letters and digits.

Solution

s = input("String: ")

has_alpha = any([Link]() for ch in s)

has_digit = any([Link]() for ch in s)

print("Has letters and digits" if has_alpha and has_digit else "Does not")

Explanation: any() stops early when condition met.

76. Convert snake_case to camelCase (my_variable → myVariable).

Solution

s = input("snake_case: ")

parts = [Link]("_")

camel = parts[0] + "".join([Link]() for p in parts[1:])

print(camel)

Explanation: First part stays lowercase; subsequent parts capitalized.

77. Find longest word in a sentence.

Solution

s = input("Sentence: ").split()

longest = max(s, key=len) if s else ""

print("Longest word:", longest)

Explanation: max with key=len finds longest item.

78. Remove duplicate words and preserve order.

Solution

s = input("Sentence: ").split()

seen = set()

result = []

for w in s:

if w not in seen:

[Link](w)

[Link](w)

print("Result:", " ".join(result))

Explanation: Use set to test seen words and list to preserve order.

79. Check if two strings differ only in case (i.e., same ignoring case).
Solution

a = input("First: ")

b = input("Second: ")

print("Same ignoring case" if [Link]() == [Link]() else "Different")

Explanation: Lower both and compare.

80. Extract numbers from a string like "a1b2c3" → [1,2,3].

Solution

s = input("String: ")

nums = [int(ch) for ch in s if [Link]()]

print(nums)

Explanation: Filter digits and convert to ints.

81–95: Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries & Comprehensions

81. Sum elements of a list using sum().

Solution

lst = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print("Sum:", sum(lst))

Explanation: Built-in sum is simple and efficient.

82. Create list of squares for numbers 1–10 using list comprehension.
Solution

squares = [i*i for i in range(1, 11)]

print(squares)

Explanation: Comprehensions are concise and readable.

83. Filter even numbers from a list.

Solution

lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

evens = [x for x in lst if x % 2 == 0]

print(evens)

Explanation: Conditional comprehension filters items.

84. Merge two lists element-wise into list of tuples.

Solution

a = [1, 2, 3]

b = ['a', 'b', 'c']

merged = list(zip(a, b))

print(merged)

Explanation: zip pairs elements; list() makes a list of tuples.

85. Convert two lists keys and values to a dictionary.

Solution

keys = ['a', 'b', 'c']

values = [1, 2, 3]

d = dict(zip(keys, values))

print(d)

Explanation: zip + dict makes a mapping.

86. In a list of dictionaries, find dictionary with max value for a key.
Solution

students = [{"name":"Ali","score":80},{"name":"Zara","score":92}]

top = max(students, key=lambda s: s["score"])

print(top)

Explanation: max with key picks dict with largest score.

87. Reverse keys and values of a dictionary (values unique).

Solution

d = {"a":1,"b":2}

inv = {v:k for k,v in [Link]()}

print(inv)

Explanation: Dict comprehension swaps items.

88. Count how many lists of lengths [len(lst) for lst in list_of_lists] using comprehension.
Solution

list_of_lists = [[1,2],[3],[4,5,6]]

lengths = [len(lst) for lst in list_of_lists]

print(lengths)

Explanation: Comprehension applied to nested lists.

89. Flatten nested list using comprehension (single level).

Solution

matrix = [[1,2],[3,4],[5]]

flat = [x for row in matrix for x in row]

print(flat)

Explanation: Double for in comprehension flattens one level.

90. Group words by their starting letter into a dictionary.

Solution

words = ["apple", "ant", "ball", "bat"]

groups = {}

for w in words:
 key = w[0]

[Link](key, []).append(w)

print(groups)

Explanation: setdefault simplifies grouping into lists.

91. Remove None values from a list.

Solution

lst = [1, None, 2, None, 3]

filtered = [x for x in lst if x is not None]

print(filtered)

Explanation: Use is not None because == may differ for falsy values.

92. Rotate a list right by k positions.

Solution

lst = [1,2,3,4,5]

k = int(input("k: ")) % len(lst)

rotated = lst[-k:] + lst[:-k] if k else lst[:]

print(rotated)

Explanation: Use slicing with modulo to handle k > len.

93. Create dictionary counting lengths of words in a list.

Solution

words = ["hi","hello","bye"]

lengths = {w: len(w) for w in words}

print(lengths)

Explanation: Dict comprehension maps word to its length.

94. Find second largest unique number in a list.

Solution

lst = [4, 1, 6, 6, 3]

unique = sorted(set(lst), reverse=True)

second = unique[1] if len(unique) >= 2 else None

print("Second largest:", second)

Explanation: Use set to remove duplicates, sort descending.

95. Merge two dictionaries (Python 3.9+ using | operator; show compatible way too).
Solution

d1 = {"a":1}

d2 = {"b":2}

merged = {**d1, **d2} # compatible

print(merged)

# Python 3.9+: merged = d1 | d2

Explanation: Unpack dictionaries into new dict or use | in modern Python.

96–100: Functions, Modules & Small Projects

96. Write function is_palindrome(s) that returns True/False.

Solution

def is_palindrome(s):

s = ''.join([Link]() for ch in s if [Link]())

return s == s[::-1]

print(is_palindrome("A man, a plan, a canal: Panama"))

Explanation: Normalize by keeping alphanumeric, lowercase; compare with reverse.

97. Write function fibonacci(n) that returns list of first n Fibonacci numbers.
Solution

def fibonacci(n):

result = []

a, b = 0, 1

for _ in range(n):

[Link](a)

a, b = b, a + b

return result
print(fibonacci(7))

Explanation: Returns list; loop n times.

98. Write a function factorial(n) recursively.

Solution

def factorial(n):

if n < 0:

raise ValueError("Negative not allowed")

if n == 0 or n == 1:

return 1

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5))

Explanation: Base case at 0/1; recursion multiplies downwards.

99. Function that returns a dictionary with counts of vowels in a string.

Solution

def vowel_counts(s):

s = [Link]()

counts = {v: 0 for v in "aeiou"}

for ch in s:

if ch in counts:

counts[ch] += 1

return counts

print(vowel_counts("Hello World"))

Explanation: Initialize counts then iterate to increment.

100. Mini-project: Simple todo list CLI with functions to add, view, and remove tasks (in-memory).
Solution

def show_menu():

print("\n1. Add task\n2. View tasks\n3. Remove task\n4. Exit")

def add_task(tasks):

task = input("Task: ").strip()

if task:

[Link](task)

print("Added.")

else:

print("Empty task not added.")

def view_tasks(tasks):

if not tasks:

print("No tasks.")

else:

for i, t in enumerate(tasks, 1):

print(f"{i}. {t}")

def remove_task(tasks):

view_tasks(tasks)

if tasks:

idx = int(input("Remove which number? "))

if 1 <= idx <= len(tasks):

removed = [Link](idx - 1)

print("Removed:", removed)

else:

print("Invalid number.")

def main():

tasks = []

while True:

show_menu()

choice = input("Choice: ").strip()

 if choice == "1":

add_task(tasks)

elif choice == "2":

view_tasks(tasks)

elif choice == "3":

remove_task(tasks)

elif choice == "4":

print("Goodbye!")

break

else:

print("Invalid choice.")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Explanation: Small interactive loop storing tasks in a list; functions keep code organized.