J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.

3 (1), 103-107 (2012)

Kannan’s Theorem in Generalised Quasi Metric

Spaces
P. SUMATI KUMARI

Department of Mathematics, FED – I, K L University.

Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, A.P, 522502, India.

(Received on: 23rd January, 2012)

ABSTRACT

Quasi metrics have been used in several places in the literature on

domain theory and the formal semantics of programming
languages1,5.The notion of a generalized dislocated quasi metric
space( gq space) is introduced and an analogue of Kannan’s
fixed point theorem4 is obtained from which existence and
uniqueness of fixed points for self maps that satisfy the metric
analogues of contractive conditions mentioned in4 can be derived.

Keywords: Generalised Quasi metric, fixed point, β -property.

AMS Subject classification: 47H10.

1. INTRODUCTION We denote the set of non-negative real

+
numbers by R and set of natural numbers
Rhoades4 collected a large number
by N.
of variants of Banach’s Contractive
conditions on self maps on a metric space 1.13 Let binary operation ◊ : R + × R + → R +
and proved various implications or satisfies the following conditions:
otherwise among them. We pick up a good (I) ◊ is Associative and Commutative,
number of these conditions which ultimately (II) ◊ is continuous w.r.t to the usual
imply Kannan condition4. We prove that metric R +
these implications hold good for self maps A few typical examples are a ◊ b = max{
on a gq metric space and prove the gq a , b }, a ◊ b = a + b , a ◊ b = a b , a ◊ b
metric version of Kannan’s result then by = a b + a + b and
deriving the gq analogue’s of fixed point
ab
theorems of Hardy and Rogers, Bianchini, a ◊ b= for each a , b ∈ R + .
Reich, Ciric and others. max{a, b,1}

Journal of Computer and Mathematical Sciences Vol. 3, Issue 1, 29 February, 2012 Pages (1-130)
104 P. Sumati Kumari, J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.3 (1), 103-107 (2012)

In what follows we fix a binary operation ◊ Definition 1.4: We say that a net
that satisfies (l) and (ll) { xα / α ∈ ∆ } in X converges to x in(X, gq )
and write lim{ xα / α ∈ ∆} = x if
Definition 1.23 A binary operation ◊ on α

R + is said to satisfy β -property if there lim gq( xα , x) = 0 and lim gq( x , xα ) = 0.

exists a positive real number β such that
a ◊ b ≤ β max{ a , b } for every a , b ∈ Definition 1.5 : A sequence ( x ) in a gq
+ n
R . metric space is a Cauchy sequence if, for all
Definition 1.3: Let X be a non empty ∈ >0, there corresponds nε ∈ N such that
set. A generalized quasi (simply gq ) for all n ≥ m ≥ nε we have gq ( xn , xm )<
metric on X is a function ∈ .The gq metric space is said to be
gq : X 2 → R + that satisfies the complete if every Cauchy sequence is
following conditions: convergent.
Now we prove the gq metric version of
(1) gq ( x , x ) = 0 Kannan’s theorem

(2) gq( x , y ) = gq( y , x ) = 0 implies x = y.

Theorem 1.6: Let X be a gq complete
metric space such that ◊ satisfies β -
property with β ≤ 1 .If f is continous and
(3) gq( x , z ) ≤ gq(x, y)◊ gq( y, z) for all x, y, z ∈ X. gq ( f ( x), f ( y )) < a{gq ( x, f ( x))◊gq( y, f ( y ))}
1
for each x, y ∈ X , where 0<a< .
The pair (X, gq ) is called a generalized 2
quasi metric space. Then f has a unique fixed point.

Proof: Consider

gq( f ( x), f 2 ( x)) < a{gq( x, f ( x))◊gq( f ( x), f 2 ( x))}

< aβ max{gq ( x, f ( x)), gq( f ( x), f 2 ( x))}
< a{gq( x, f ( x)) + gq( f ( x), f 2 ( x))}
a
Thus gq ( f ( x), f 2 ( x)) < γ gq( x, f ( x)) where γ = <1
1− a

If m > n then

Journal of Computer and Mathematical Sciences Vol. 3, Issue 1, 29 February, 2012 Pages (1-130)
 P. Sumati Kumari, J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.3 (1), 103-107 (2012) 105

gq ( f n ( x ), f m ( x )) ≤ gq ( f n ( x ), f n +1 ( x )) ◊ gq ( f n +1 ( x ), f n + 2 ( x )) ◊...... ◊ gq ( f m −1 ( x ), f m ( x ))
≤ β max{ gq ( f n ( x ), f n +1 ( x )), gq ( f n +1 ( x ), f n + 2 ( x )),......, gq ( f m −1 ( x ), f m ( x ))}
≤ gq ( f n ( x ), f n +1 ( x )) + gq ( f n +1 ( x ), f n + 2 ( x )) + ...... + gq ( f m −1 ( x ), f m ( x ))
γn
≤ γ n (1 + γ + γ 2 + ..... + γ m − n − 1 ) gq ( x , f ( x )) < gq ( x , f ( x ))
1− γ

n
Hence { f (x) } is Cauchy’s sequence in (X, gq ) ,hence convergent.

Let ξ = lim f
n
( x ) . Then f n+1 (x ) is Cauchy and f ( ξ )= lim f n+1 (x )
n n

gq(ξ , f (ξ )) ≤ gq(ξ , f n ( x))◊gq( f n ( x), f n+1 ( x))◊gq( f n +1 ( x), f (ξ ))

≤ β max{gq(ξ , f n ( x)), gq( f n ( x), f n +1 ( x)), gq( f n+1 ( x), f (ξ ))}
≤ gq(ξ , f n ( x)) + gq( f n ( x), f n+1 ( x)) + gq( f n+1 ( x), f (ξ ))
< gq( f n ( x), f n+1 ( x)) < γ n gq( x, f ( x))
Since 0< γ < 1 ; lim γ gq ( x, f ( x) ) =0 Hence gq ( ξ , f ( ξ ) )=0,
n

Similarly gq ( f (ξ ), ξ ) = 0
⇒ f ( ξ )= ξ

Uniqueness: Suppose f ( ξ )= ξ and f (η )=η

d (ξ ,η ) = lim d ( f n ( x ),η ) = lim d ( f n+1 ( x ),η ) =0
Similarly, d (η , ξ ) = 0 Hence ξ =η

B.E Rhodes4 presented a list of number of contractive conditions imply

definitions of contractive type conditions for Kannan’s condition .These implications also
a self map on a metric space ( X , d ) and hold good in the present context as well. We
established implications and nonimplications state the gq metric version of some of the
among them ,there by facilitating to check contractive conditions mentioned in4 and
the implication of any new contractive derive various implications and non
condition through any one of the condition implications and deduced fixed point
mentioned in4 so as to derive a fixed point theorem for gq metric version of Kannan’s
theorem. Among the conditions in4 theorem.
Kannan’s condition is significant as a good

Journal of Computer and Mathematical Sciences Vol. 3, Issue 1, 29 February, 2012 Pages (1-130)
106 P. Sumati Kumari, J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.3 (1), 103-107 (2012)

Let (X, gq ) be a gq metric space with a ◊ f : X → X be a mapping and x , y be any

b = a + b for each a , b ∈ R and + elements of X.

1
1. (Kannan) :there exists a number α , 0 < α < such that
2
gq ( f ( x ) , f ( y )) < α [ gq ( x , f ( x )) ◊ gq ( y, f ( y ))]
1
2. (Bianchini): there exists a number h ,0 ≤ h < such that
2
gq ( f ( x ), f ( y )) ≤ h max{ gq ( x , f ( x )) , gq ( y , f ( y ))}
3. (Reich) : there exist nonnegative numbers a, b, c satisfying a + b + c < 1 such that
gq ( f ( x ), f ( y )) ≤ a gq ( x , f ( x )) ◊ b gq ( y , f ( y )) ◊ c gq ( x , y )
4. there exist nonnegative functions a, b, c satisfying sup a( x , y )+b ( x , y )+c ( x , y )
x , y∈X

< 1 such that gq ( f ( x ), f ( y )) ≤ a(t) gq ( x , f ( x ))◊b(t) gq ( y , f ( y ))◊ c(t) gq (t)

where t=( x , y )

5. (Hardy and Rogers):

gq( f ( x ), f ( y )) ≤ a1 gq ( x, y )◊a 2 gq( x, f ( x))◊a 3 gq ( y , f ( y ))◊a 4 gq ( x, f ( y ))◊a 5 gq( y, f ( x ))

Where
sup { ∑ ai ( x, y ) } < 1 For every x ≠ y
x , y∈ X i

6. (Ciric): For each x, y ∈ X

gq ( f ( x ), f ( y )) ≤ q ( x, y ) gq ( x , y ) ◊ r ( x, y ) gq ( x , f ( x )) ◊ s ( x, y ) gq
( y , f ( y )) ◊
t ( x, y ) [ gq ( x, f ( y )) ◊ gq ( y, f ( x))]
sup {q ( x, y ) + r ( x, y ) + s ( x, y ) + 2t ( x, y )} ≤ λ < 1
x , y∈ X

Theorem 1.7:Let X be a gq complete metric Proof: It now follows from Theorem 1.6 that
space such that ◊ satisfies β -property with f has a unique fixed point.
β ≤1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
If f is continuous and satisfies any The author is grateful to Dr. I.
one of the conditions 2 through 6. Then f has Ramabhadra Sarma for his valuable
a unique fixed point. comments and suggestions.

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 P. Sumati Kumari, J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.3 (1), 103-107 (2012) 107
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Journal of Computer and Mathematical Sciences Vol. 3, Issue 1, 29 February, 2012 Pages (1-130)