Class 12 – Java Programming (IT 802) Complete Theory Notes (With Questions & Answers)

---------------------------------------- 1. BASIC QUESTIONS ----------------------------------------

Q14. What is Java? Answer: Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed
by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems in 1995. It is platform-independent and used to create
desktop, web, and mobile applications.
Q15. Write any five features of Java. Answer: 1. Object-Oriented 2. Platform Independent 3. Secure
4. Robust 5. Multithreaded
Q16. What is JVM, JRE, and JDK? Answer: • JVM (Java Virtual Machine): Runs the compiled Java
bytecode. • JRE (Java Runtime Environment): Provides libraries and JVM to run Java programs. •
JDK (Java Development Kit): Includes JRE, compiler, and tools for developing programs.
Q17. What is the difference between compiler and interpreter? Answer: Compiler translates the
entire program at once, while Interpreter translates line by line. Java uses both (javac and JVM).
Q18. What do you mean by platform independence in Java? Answer: Java programs run on any
system having JVM. Once compiled, bytecode can be executed anywhere.
Q19. What is bytecode? Answer: Bytecode is the intermediate code generated by Java compiler
(.class file) which is executed by JVM.
Q20. What are variables and data types in Java? Answer: Variables are names for memory
locations. Data types define the type of data stored (int, float, char, etc.).
Q21. What is the difference between primitive and non-primitive data types? Answer: Primitive:
Predefined (int, char, boolean). Non-primitive: User-defined (String, Array, Class).
Q22. What are operators in Java? Answer: Operators perform operations on data. Types include
arithmetic (+,-,*), relational (>,<), logical (&&,||), assignment (=).
Q23. Define identifier and literals. Answer: Identifier: User-defined name (e.g., sum). Literal: Fixed
values (e.g., 10, "Java").
---------------------------------------- 2. CONTROL STATEMENTS ----------------------------------------
Q1. What are conditional statements? Answer: Conditional statements control program flow based
on conditions (if, if-else, switch).
Q2. Explain if, if-else, and nested if with example. Answer: if – Executes code when condition is
true. if-else – Executes one block if true, another if false. nested if – Multiple conditions inside one
another.
Example: if(a>0){System.out.println("Positive");}
Q3. What is a switch statement? Answer: Used for multiple conditions. Syntax:
switch(variable){case 1: ...; break; default: ...;}
Q4. What are loops? Answer: Loops execute code repeatedly. Types: for, while, do-while.
Q5. Difference between break and continue. Answer: break – exits loop. continue – skips current
iteration.
Q6. Entry vs Exit Controlled Loops: Entry: Condition checked first (for, while) Exit: Condition
checked after execution (do-while).
---------------------------------------- 3. ARRAYS AND STRINGS ----------------------------------------
Q1. What is an array? Answer: Collection of similar data stored under one name.
Q2. Declaration & Initialization: int[] a = {1,2,3};
Q3. 1D vs 2D arrays: 1D – Single row; 2D – rows and columns.
Q4. What is a String? Answer: Sequence of characters. Example: String s="Java";
Q5. String vs StringBuffer: String is immutable, StringBuffer is mutable.
Q6. Two String methods: length() – returns length. toUpperCase() – converts to uppercase.
---------------------------------------- 4. FUNCTIONS / METHODS ----------------------------------------
Q1. What is a method? Answer: Block of code executed when called.
Q2. Call by value vs call by reference: Value – copy of data sent. Reference – actual reference
sent.
Q3. What is method overloading? Answer: Same method name, different parameters.
Q4. Why use return statement? Answer: To return value from method.
Q5. What is recursion? Answer: Method calling itself. Example: factorial(n){ if(n==1) return 1; else
return n*factorial(n-1); }
---------------------------------------- 5. CLASSES AND OBJECTS ----------------------------------------
Q1. Define class and object. Class – Blueprint of objects. Object – instance of class.
Q2. Difference: Class is logical; Object is physical entity.
Q3. Constructor: Special method to initialize objects.
Q4. Default vs Parameterized: Default – no parameters. Parameterized – parameters given.
Q5. this keyword: Refers to current object.
Q6. Encapsulation: Binding data and code together (using classes).
Q7. Inheritance: Acquiring properties from another class. Types: single, multilevel, hierarchical.
Q8. Polymorphism: Ability of same function to act differently (overloading/overriding).
Q9. Data abstraction: Hiding internal details, showing only essentials.
Q10. Access specifiers: public, private, protected, default.
---------------------------------------- 6. EXCEPTION HANDLING ----------------------------------------
Q1. What is exception handling? Mechanism to handle runtime errors.
Q2. What is an exception? An event that disrupts normal program flow.
Q3. Types: Checked (IOException), Unchecked (ArithmeticException).
Q4. Checked vs Unchecked: Checked – compile-time, Unchecked – runtime.
Q5. try, catch, finally, throw, throws: try – risky code, catch – handle, finally – always executes,
throw – raise exception, throws – declare exception.
Q6. Runtime errors: Errors that occur during execution (e.g., divide by zero).
---------------------------------------- 7. FILE HANDLING ----------------------------------------
Q1. What is file handling? Reading/writing data to a file (java.io package).
Q2. Open and close file: FileReader fr = new FileReader("a.txt"); fr.close();
Q3. Streams: Input – reads data; Output – writes data.
Q4. FileReader vs BufferedReader: FileReader reads char by char; BufferedReader reads line by
line (faster).
Q5. Read line example: BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("data.txt"));
String line = br.readLine();
---------------------------------------- 8. GENERAL / SHORT QUESTIONS ----------------------------------------
Q1. Who developed Java and when? James Gosling, 1995, at Sun Microsystems.
Q2. Extension of Java file: .java
Q3. Purpose of main(): Entry point of program.
Q4. Default values: int = 0, boolean = false.
Q5. Keywords vs Identifiers: Keywords – reserved words (class, int). Identifiers – user-defined (age,
name).
Q6. Compiler vs Interpreter: Compiler translates entire code, Interpreter line by line.
Q7. Platform Independence: Bytecode runs on any OS using JVM.