GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD,

PAKISTAN

Scheme of Studies

BS –MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY (MLT)

8 Semesters/4 Years Degree Program for the year
2025-29

College of Allied Health Professionals

Faculty of Medical Sciences
 SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR BS MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
SESSION Fall 2025-2029
SEMESTER 1 TYPE OF COURSE
AHP-305 Introduction to Allied Health Sciences 2 (2-0) Interdisciplinary

AHP-301 Human Anatomy 4 (3-1) Major

AHP-303 Medical Physiology 4 (3-1) Major

PSY-303 Behavioral Science General
3(3-0)
Education
General
ENG-321 Functional English 3 (3-0)
Education
ISL-321 Islamic Studies*
2 (2-0) General
ETH-302 Ethics for Non-Muslim Students* Education
General
MTH-321 Algebra & Trigonometry 3(3-0)
Education
UHQ-301 Understanding of Holy Quran-I 1(1-0) Audit Course

* Students will opt for any one of these elective subjects

TOTAL 21
SEMESTER 2 TYPE OF COURSE
AHP-304 Introductory Pharmacology 2(2-0) Interdisciplinary

AHP-306 Introductory Biochemistry 3 (2-1) Major

General
QTR-421 Quantitative Reasoning-I 3 (3-0)
Education
General
PST-321 Pakistan Studies 2 (2-0)
Education
General
CSI-321 Introduction to Computing Applications 3(2-1)
Education
General
ICP-321 Ideology and Constitution of Pakistan 2 (2-0)
Education
MLT-304 Clinical Lab Practice-I 2 (0-2) Major

TOTAL 17
SEMESTER 3 TYPE OF COURSE
MLT-507 Biosafety and Hazards 2 (2-0) Interdisciplinary

AHP-403 Introductory Microbiology 3 (2-1) Major

MLT-401 General Hematology 4 (3-1) Major

AHP-405 Pathology 3 (2-1) Major

General
ENG-322 English Comprehensive and Composition 3(3-0)
Education
 General
QTR-422 Quantitative Reasoning-II 3 (3-0)
Education
UHQ-401 Understanding of The Holy Quran–II 1(1-0) Audit Course

TOTAL 18
SEMESTER 4 TYPE OF COURSE
General
ENG-422 Technical Writing 3(3-0)
Education
General
BAM-422 Entrepreneurship 2(2-0)
Education
MLT-404 Clinical Biochemistry 4 (3-1) Major

MLT-408 Histopathology and Histotechnology 4 (3-1) Major

MLT-403 Chemical Pathology 3 (2-1) Major

MLT-410 Clinical Lab Practice-II 2 (0-2) Major

TOTAL 18
SEMESTER 5 TYPE OF COURSE
MLT-501 Clinical Parasitology 3 (2-1) Major
Immunohematology and Transfusion Major
MLT-503 3 (2-1)
Medicine
MLT-505 Clinical Bacteriology 4 (3-1) Major
Medical Instrumentations and Software Major
MLT-509 3 (3-0)
Applications
MLT-406 Immunology and Serology 4 (3-1) Major

TOTAL 17
SEMESTER 6 TYPE OF COURSE
MLT-502 Cytology and Cytotechnology 3 (2-1) Major

BNB-321 Molecular Biology 3 (2-1) Interdisciplinary

MLT-504 Clinical Virology and Mycology 3 (2-1) Major

MLT-506 Advanced Hematology 3 (2-1) Major

MLT-508 Advanced Immunology 3 (2-1) Major

MLT-510 Clinical Enzymology 3 (2-1) Major

TOTAL 18
SEMESTER 7 TYPE OF COURSE
AHP-601 Forensic Medicine 3 (3-0) Interdisciplinary

STA-507 Biostatistics 3 (3-0) Interdisciplinary

AHP-603 Community Medicine and Public Health 3 (2-1) Interdisciplinary

MLT-603 Advanced Clinical Biochemistry*
MLT-613 Clinical Genetics*
4 (3-1)
MLT-605 Advanced Clinical Microbiology* Major

MLT-607 Advanced Molecular Biology*

Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Major
MLT-609 3 (2-1)
Techniques
MLT-611 Quality Assurance Management 2 (2-0) Major

TOTAL 18
* Student will opt any one from these elective subject

SEMESTER 8 TYPE OF COURSE

AHP-602 Epidemiology 3 (3-0) Interdisciplinary
BNB-402 Bioinformatics-I 3 (2-1) Interdisciplinary
MLT-604 Clinical Laboratory Management 3 (3-0) Major
INT-631 Internship 3 (0-3) Field Experience

CAP-630 Capstone Project 3 (0-3) Capstone Project

TOTAL 15

Zia Ashraf Dr. Imtiaz Mahmood Tahir

Lecturer Incharge
College of Allied Health Professionals College of Allied Health Professionals
Government College University, Faisalabad. Government College University,
Faisalabad.
 1st Semester
AHP-305 Introduction to Allied Health Sciences 2 (2+0)

Theory
Introduction to Medical & Health Professions – Overview & Importance. History and
Evolution of Health Professions. Introduction to the Healthcare System: Components and
Functions. Role of Allied Health Professionals in Healthcare. Medical vs. Allied Health
Professions: Key Differences. Overview of Medical Education and Training (MBBS).
Overview of Dental Education and Training (BDS). Nursing and Midwifery: Scope and Career
Pathways. Surgical Technology: Roles, Responsibilities, and Career Outlook. Radiologic
Technology and Imaging Professions. Medical Laboratory Technology: Roles and Functions.
Emergency Medical Services (EMS) & Paramedics. Speech Therapy: Role, Responsibilities,
and Career Outlook. Renal Dialysis Technology: Scope, Functions, and Training.
Radiotherapy: Overview of Technology and Treatment. Psychological Sciences: Role in
Mental Health & Well-being. Orthotics and Prosthetics: Career Pathways and Technologies.
Operation Theater Technology: Roles and Key Responsibilities. Medical Imaging
Technology: Radiology, Ultrasound, and MRI. Hearing Sciences: Audiology and Speech-
Language Pathology. Dental Technology: Scope and Functions in Dental Care. Cardiac
Perfusion: Overview of Cardiovascular Support Systems. Anesthesia Technology: Role in
Surgical Support and Safety. Medical Ethics in Health Professions. Legal and Ethical Issues
in Healthcare. Interprofessional Collaboration in Healthcare. Healthcare Team Dynamics:
Roles and Relationships. Communication Skills for Health Professionals. Patient-Centered
Care: Concepts and Application. Leadership in Health Professions: Traits and Development.
Healthcare Policies, Global Health Systems, and Regulations. Course Review and Final
Assessment.
Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Health Care" by Joyce Mitchell and Lee Haroun
2. Introduction to the Health Professions" by Peggy S. Stanfield, Yiu H. Hui, and Nanna Cross
3. Medical Ethics: A Very Short Introduction" by Michael Dunn and Tony Hope
4. Leadership for Health Professionals: Theory, Skills, and Applications" by Gerald R.
 AHP-301 Human Anatomy 4 (3+1)

Theory
Introduction to human anatomy: Branches, levels of body organization & systems, anatomical
position, region names, planes, sections & body cavities, Cells and its structural components.
Structure and types of different body tissues & membranes. Integumentary system: structures
blood supply & development. Musculoskeletal System: structure, type and function of
muscles, bones & joints. Components of the axial & appendicular skeletal system. The Nervous
System: Central Nervous System. Peripheral Nervous System (Autonomic & somatic). Special
Senses. Reflex arc and reflex action. Cerebrospinal fluid and its circulation. Cranial and spinal
nerves. The Cardiovascular System; blood, Heart, and blood vessels, Pulmonary and systemic
circulation, Lymphatic system & immunity. Respiratory System; The anatomy of the respiratory
passages, lungs and pleural cavity. The Digestive System; organs of digestive tract (mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver and gall bladder, small & large intestine) Blood
supply & lymphatic drainage. Genito-Urinary System; The structure of nephron and organs of
the urinary system and its relations with other organs, Structures of Male & female reproductive
system. Embryonic development.

Practical:

1. Labelling of various planes, sections & regions of human body

2. Identification of bones; compact, spongy, long, short, sesamoid bones
3. Identification of various types of muscles.
4. Identification of various organs of gastrointestinal system
5. Labelling of anatomical and functional regions of nervous system
6. Drawing and labelling of structures of genito- urinary tract system
7. Differentiation between arteries, veins and capillaries
Recommended Books:
5. Waugh A, Grant A. Ross & Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness. Elsevier
Health Sciences; 2014.
6. Principles of Human Anatomy 12th Edition by Garad J. Tortora. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7. General Anatomy by Laiq Hussain Siddiqui.
8. Atlas of Human Anatomy 5th edition by Frank H. Netter
9. Simbryo: An Animated tour of Human development by Phllip M. Ecker, Grant M. Ecker,
Lawrence H. Mathers
 AHP-303 Medical Physiology 4 (3+1)

Theory

Introduction to the human physiology; functional organization, relationship between

structure and function of the human body. Homeostasis, importance negative and
positive feedback mechanism. Integumentary system; Layers of skin and types of
glands, Functions of the skin, hair and glands, diseases related to skin, Body
temperature, t’s types and its regulation. The musculoskeletal system: Physiological
anatomy of muscles and their types., Functional characteristics of skeletal muscle,
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, Properties of muscles. The events of muscle
contraction and relaxation in response to an action potential in a motor neuron,
Neuromuscular junction, Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic muscle
contraction, Muscle hypertrophy and atrophy. The nervous system; functional
anatomy of nervous system, Functions of all the parts of central nervous system.
Functions of various cranial nerves, Division of peripheral nervous system (somatic and
autonomic NS), The classification and function of neurons, neuroglial cells and their
components.
Resting membrane potential and an action potential, Difference between sympathetic
and para sympathetic NS, Difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system.
The types and function of a synapse and reflex arc, Diseases related to nervous system.
The functions of the specialized sense organs; Eye: physiology of site, accommodation,
optic nerve and optic chiasma, Ear: functions of the internal, middle and external ear,
Physiology of the hearing and balance, Smell: physiology of olfactory nerve, Taste:
physiology of taste, Location of the taste buds, Physiology of speech. The endocrine
system; Functions of the endocrine system, Chemical signals, receptors and hormones,
the endocrine glands and their hormones, Other hormones. Blood; Composition of
blood and plasma, Functions of blood, formed elements, Stages of cell development,
Blood grouping, Coagulation mechanism. The cardiovascular system; Functional
anatomy cardiac system, Functions of the heart, Electrical activity of the heart origin
and propagation of cardiac impulse, Phases of the cardiac cycle, Heart sounds,
Regulation of heart functions: intrinsic and extrinsic, Functions of the peripheral
circulation, The physiology of circulation, Pulmonary circulation , Cardiac circulation,
Systemic circulation: arteries , Veins, Local control of blood vessels, Nervous control of
blood vessels , Regulation of arterial blood pressure, The function of lymphatic system,
tonsils, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus. Respiratory system; Functional
anatomy of respiratory system, Functions of the respiratory system beginning at the nose
and ending with the alveoli, Ventilation and lung volumes, Pulmonary function tests, Gas
exchange and gas transport in the blood, Diseases related to respiratory system. The
digestive system; Functions of each organ of the digestive system including major
salivary glands, Movements and secretions in each organ of the digestive system and
their regulation, Physiology of digestion, absorption, and transport, Diseases related
to digestive system. Excretory system; Functional anatomy of urinary system, Tubular
system of kidney, Urine production, urine movement, Regulation of urine
concentration and volume, Body fluid compartments, Regulation of extracellular fluid
composition, Regulation of acid-base balance. Immunity; Define immunity, innate
immunity, adaptive immunity, Antigens and antibodies, Primary and secondary
responses to an antigen, Antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity,
Role of lymphocyte in immunity regulation.

Practical
1. Determination of human pulse rate
2. Determination of blood pressure (by auscultatory and palpatory method)
3. The effect of exercise and posture of B.P
4. Determination of visual acuity for distant vision
5. Determination of visual acuity test for near vision
6. Determination of ABO blood group system.
7. Determination of rh blood group system
8. To study hemocytometer
9. Count the total number of RBCs/mm3 of your own blood
10. Examination of cranial nerves

Recommended Books
1. Essentials of anatomy and physiology by seelay, stephens and tate. 4th edition
2. Ross & wilson anatomy and physiology.
3. Human physiology. Stuart ira fox. 7th edition
4. Text book of medical physiology guyton
5. Essential of medical physiology vol.i & ii by mushtaq ahmad.
6. Lecture notes on human physiology by bray jj, cragg, pa mackni
 PSY-303 Behavioral Science 3 (3+0)

Theory

Introduction to Behavioral Science: Definition, scope, role in healthcare, relevance for allied
health professionals. Relationship Between Behavior and Health: Concepts of health and
illness, biopsychosocial model, behavioral risk factors for diseases. The Role of Psychology
in Patient Care: Importance of psychological understanding, patient-centered care, and its
impact on recovery. Principles of Human Behavior: Motivation theories (Maslow’s
hierarchy), basic human needs, role of emotion in decision-making. Theories of Personality:
Overview of personality theories (Freud, Jung, Big Five), implications for patient-provider
interaction. Psychological Development Across Lifespan: Stages of development (Erikson’s
theory), psychological changes in childhood, adulthood, and old age. Cognitive Functions:
Processes of memory, types of learning, perception in interpreting health information.
Stress and Coping Mechanisms: Definition of stress, physiological and psychological
responses, stress management strategies for healthcare providers. Communication Skills in
Healthcare: Verbal and non-verbal communication, active listening, and the importance of
empathy. Barriers to Effective Communication: Cultural, linguistic, and psychological
barriers; techniques to overcome these barriers. Cultural Sensitivity in Healthcare:
Understanding cultural diversity, respecting beliefs, and practices in patient care. Social
Determinants of Health: Influence of socioeconomic status, education, and environment on
patient behavior and outcomes. Introduction to Mental Health and Well-being: Definition
of mental health, common mental health disorders, stigma in healthcare. Common
Psychiatric Disorders: Overview of depression, anxiety, and psychosis; impact on patient
care. Patient-Doctor Relationship: Building trust, demonstrating empathy, and maintaining
professionalism. Ethical Issues in Healthcare Behavior: Privacy, consent, and confidentiality
in patient interactions. Teamwork and Collaboration: Role of behavioral science in
enhancing teamwork, importance of shared goals in healthcare teams. Leadership Styles in
Healthcare: Overview of leadership styles (authoritative, participative), and their impact on
team dynamics. Conflict Management in Healthcare: Identifying sources of conflict, conflict
resolution strategies, and maintaining professionalism. Stress Management Techniques:
Self-care for healthcare professionals, relaxation methods, and time management.
Psychological Aspects of Chronic Illness: Coping with chronic disease, patient and family
perspectives, role of counseling. Patient Education and Behavior Change: Models for
behavior change (Health Belief Model, Transtheoretical Model), patient engagement
techniques. Behavioral Science and Pain Management: Psychological impact of pain, role of
distraction and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Health Belief Model: Components of the
model, application in patient compliance, and preventive care. Communication with
Pediatric Patients: Strategies to engage children, building trust with families, and managing
fear or anxiety. Communication with Geriatric Patients: Understanding aging-related
challenges, maintaining dignity, and addressing memory or hearing impairments.
Psychological Reactions to Illness: Anxiety, depression, and denial; providing emotional
 support to patients. Behavioral Science in Palliative Care: Providing psychological support
for terminally ill patients and their families. Substance Abuse and Addiction: Psychological
understanding of addiction, approaches to counseling and rehabilitation. Impact of
Technology on Behavior: Role of telemedicine, impact of digital health tools, and ethical
considerations. Behavioral Science in Rehabilitation: Supporting patients during physical or
psychological recovery; motivation techniques. Behavioral Change Strategies: Techniques
to encourage lifestyle changes for preventive healthcare (diet, exercise). Psychosomatic
Disorders: Understanding conditions influenced by psychological factors (e.g., IBS, tension
headaches). Social Support Systems in Patient Recovery: Importance of family, friends, and
community in healing and rehabilitation. Dealing with Grief and Loss: Stages of grief,
providing emotional support, and managing healthcare provider emotions. Psychological
Assessment Tools: Overview of commonly used tools (e.g., MMPI, Beck Depression
Inventory) and their application. Behavioral Science Research: Key research methods in
behavioral science; importance in healthcare innovations. Emergency and Critical Care
Settings: Psychological challenges in emergency settings, providing emotional support to
patients and families. Enhancing Interpersonal Skills: Role of self-awareness and feedback
in improving patient-provider relationships. Emotional Intelligence in Healthcare:
Understanding emotions in self and others, role in conflict resolution and patient care.
Patient Safety and Quality Improvement: Behavioral strategies to minimize errors,
promoting safety culture. Cultural Competence: Approaches to providing culturally
appropriate care for diverse populations. Psychological Impact of Medical Errors: Effects on
healthcare providers, patients, and strategies for managing aftermath. Health Promotion
and Disease Prevention: Role of behavioral science in promoting healthy lifestyles and
preventive care. Professionalism in Healthcare: Ethical behavior, accountability, and
maintaining patient trust. Revision and Course Wrap-Up: Recap of major topics, addressing
student queries, and discussing practical applications.

Recommended Books:
1. "Behavioral Science in Medicine" by Barbara Fadem
2. "Essentials of Behavioral Science" by Frank J. Landy and Jeffrey M. Conte
3. "Health Psychology: A Textbook" by Jane Ogden
 ENG-321 Functional English 3 (3+0)

Theory
Part 1: Grammar in context
Basics of Grammar, Parts of speech and use of articles, Sentence structure, active and
passive voice, Practice in unified sentence(synthesis), Analysis of phrase, clause and
sentence structure, Transformation, Inversion of sentences, Analysis of Complex sentences,
Subject, Predicate, Complements, direct & indirect objects, Direct and Indirect speech.

Part 2: Functional English in use

Making introductions; Making effective self and peer introductions, Taking useful
introductory notes, Expressing requests and enquiries; Forming appropriate requests and
enquiries, Responding to enquiries, Requests versus commands, Greetings; Greeting friends
and family on different occasions and for different reasons, Responding to a positive event,
Using formal greeting expressions appropriately, Gratitude; Using formal and informal
expressions of gratitude appropriately, Invitations; Demonstrating the use of formal and
informal expressions of invitation, Developing verbal and written skills for invitations,
Responding to invitation requests by accepting or declining, Regrets; Expressing regrets
orally and in writing appropriately, Saying sorry and accepting apologies, Following and
giving directions; Following directions from a map, Giving directions to a location in oral and
narrative and imaginative texts by composing stories and sharing them in written and oral
form, Sharing narratives; Reading short stories, Reading excerpts, comic strips, interviews,
and other common texts, Sharing unique experiences; Summarizing and narrating true
stories, Solving word puzzles to develop language awareness, Reading short stories and
completing exercises to test comprehension, Converting an event into a short story, using
pictures as stimuli for narrative creation.-------------------------------------------------------------------

Recommended Books:
1. Eastwood, J. (2005). Oxford Practice Grammar. UK: Oxford.
2. Wren & Martin. (2007). High School, English Grammar & Composition. New Delhi: S
Chand & Company Limited.
3. Thomson & Martinent. (1992). A practical English Grammar. UK: Oxford.
4. Swan, M. (2005). Practical English Usage. UK: Oxford University Press.
5. Shah, S. (2006). Exploring the world of English. Lahore: Ilmi Kitab Khana
 ISL-321 Islamic Studies 2 (2+0)

Theory
Introduction to Quranic Studies: Basic Concepts of Quran, History of Quran, Uloom-ul -
Quran

Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran

• Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith (Verse No-284-286)
• Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi (Verse No-1-18)
• Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful (Verse No-1-11)
• Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
• Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
• Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse No.6, 21, 40, 56, 57, 58.)
• Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of Judgment
• Verses of Surah As-Saf Related to Tafakar, Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I: Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah (Before Prophet Hood),
Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah, Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy
Prophet in Makkah Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II: Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina,
Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina, Important Lessons Derived from the
life of Holy Prophet in Madina Introduction to Sunnah; Basic Concepts of Hadith, History
of Hadith, Kinds of Hadith, Uloom –ul- Hadith, Sunnah & Hadith, Legal Position of Sunnah,
Selected Study from Text of Hadith Introduction to Islamic Law & Jurisprudence: Basic
Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence, History & Importance of Islamic Law &
Jurisprudence, Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence, Nature of Differences in Islamic
Law, Islam and Sectarianism, Islamic Culture & Civilization: Basic Concepts of Islamic
Culture & Civilization, Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization,
Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization, Islamic Culture & Civilization and
Contemporary Issues, Islam & Science: Basic Concepts of Islam & Science, Contributions of
Muslims in the Development of Science, Quranic & Science, Islamic Economic System:
Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System, Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic
Economics, Islamic Concept of Riba, Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce, Political
System of Islam: Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System, Islamic Concept of Sovereignty,
Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam, Islamic History: Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida, Period
of Ummayyads, Period of Abbasids, Social System of Islam: Basic Concepts of Social
System of Islam, Elements of Family, Ethical Values of Islam

Recommended Books
1. Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam”, IRI, Islamabad
2. Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law” leaf
Publication, Islamabad, Pakistan.
3. Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia” Allama Iqbal
Open University, Islamabad (2001)
 ETH-302 Ethics for Non-Muslim Students 2 (2+0)

Theory
I Relation of ethics to psychology, metaphysics and religion. A brief review of major theories
of the moral standard, The standard as law, The standard as Happiness, The standard as
Perfection. Promotion of moral values in society through family & various educational and
cultural institutions, concept of good and evil, freedom and responsibility, Various theories of
punishment. Ethical teachings of world religions with special reference to Hinduism,
Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism and Ethical teachings of Islam. Ethical precepts from Quranic
sayings of the Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him). Islam's attitude towards minorities.
Recommended Books
1. J.S Mackenzio! A Manual of Ethics.
2. Herol H.Titus! Ethics for To-day.
3. B.A Dar! Quranic Ethics.
4. Proceeding of the Islamic Colloquium, Lahore 1957.
5. Islamic state: Abu-ul-Ala Madudi.
 MTH-321 Algebra and Trigonometry 3 (3+0)

Theory
Preliminaries: Real-number system, complex numbers, introduction to sets, set operations,
functions, types of functions. Matrices: Introduction to matrices, types, matrix inverse,
determinants, system of linear equations, Cramer’s rule. Quadratic Equations: Solution of
quadratic equations, qualitative analysis of roots of a quadratic equation, equations
reducible to quadratic equations, cube roots of unity, relation between roots and
coefficients of quadratic equations. Sequences and series: Arithmetic progression,
geometric progression, harmonic progression. Binomial Theorem: Introduction to
mathematical induction, binomial theorem with rational and irrational indices.
Trigonometry: Fundamentals of trigonometry, trigonometric identities.

Recommended Books
1. N. Khalid, Mathematics-I Algebra and Trigonometry, Discover Mathematics Series,
3rd Edition, 2021.
2. Boston (suggested text) Kaufmann JE, College Algebra and Trigonometry,
PWSKent Company, Boston, 1987.
3. E.W. Swokowski, Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry (6th edition), 1986.
4. M.P. Dolciani, W. Wooton, E.F. Beckenback, & S. Sharron, Algebra 2 and
Trigonometry, Houghton & Mifflin, 1978

UHQ-301 Understanding of Holy Quran-I 3 (0+1)

Course Title: Understanding of Quran 1

Course Book: Muallim ul Quran (Volume 1 - 3)
Credit Hour: 3
Weeks: 16 (48 hours)

Course Learning Outcomes:

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

1. Develop the ability to understand basic words of the Quran, phrases and sentences
that do not contain verbs.
2. Acquire a strong foundation for understanding long verses of the Quran with clarity.
3. Comprehend Quranic vocabulary, particles (operative & non operative particles) ,
compounds (Adjective & Possessive compound), pronouns (singular & plural) and
types of plural through hundreds of Quranic sentences.
 4. Recognize and understand different styles of Quranic sentences, including nominal
sentence, emphatic sentence, double emphatic sentence, negative sentence,
interrogative sentence, oath –based sentences.
5. Strengthen understanding of fundamental Quranic linguistic styles, expressions and
idioms.
6. Understand at least 30 to 40 % of each page of the holy Quran.

Provision of material, content and books:

• Paper book: All volumes are available in printed book form.

• Tutorial videos: Teaching video of each lesson available on YouTube.
• Confirmation Videos: A complete series of confirmation videos of all lessons is
available in which the student can confirm his answers.
• A flipbook: A flipbook edition is also accessible.
• Helping material: Helping material for the teachers like quizzes, question papers and
images is available on website.

Course Outline:
Weeks Lectures Units Lessons Assignments/Home Linguistic Rules
(1.5 hrs) Task
1. 1. 1 1-6 Writing the meaning of Proper Noun Masculine &
Quranic words Feminine
Lesson 1-8
2. 1 9-14 Writing the meaning of Two kinds of plural
Quranic words 9- Concept of (‫“ )و‬And”
14 Common Noun
2. 1. 1 15-17 Writing the meaning of Demonstrative Noun (This &
Quranic words, phrases That for Masculine (‫ هذه‬-‫)هذا‬
& translation of Demonstrative Noun (This &
Sentences That for Feminine)
15-17 (‫ تلك‬-‫)ذلك‬
2. 1 18-19 Writing the meaning of Laam for emphasis (‫)الم التأكيد‬
& Quranic words , Superlative Degree like ‫أكبر‬
Revision phrases & translation Revision of all Quranic
(Unit 1) of Sentences Sentences
17-19
Quiz
3. 1. Unit 2 1-3 Writing the meaning of Emphatic Particle ‫إ ن‬
Quranic words, phrases Preposition “For” ( ‫)الالم‬
& translation of Preposition (‫)في‬
Sentences
1-3
2. 2 4-6 Writing the meaning of
Quranic words, phrases Preposition (‫ إلى‬-‫ من‬-‫)على‬
& translation of
Sentences
4-6
4. 1. 2 7- 9 Writing the meaning of Preposition (‫)الباء‬
Quranic words & Absolute Negation Particle
translation of )‫ (إال‬Exceptive Particle ( ‫ال النافية‬
Sentences 7- ‫(ما النافية )(للجنس‬
9
2. 2 10-13 Writing the meaning of Subordinating
& Quranic words, phrases Conjunction(‫)أن‬, Was (‫)كا ن‬,
Revision & translation of Vocative Particle(‫)حرف النداء‬
(Unit 2) Sentences
10-13
Quiz
9. 1. 4 9-12 Writing the meaning of Personal Pronoun She( ‫هي‬
Quranic phrases & ‫)المنفصل‬
sentences Possessive Pronoun Her ‫ها‬
9-12 ‫(المتصل‬
Possessive Pronoun with
prepositions like ‫في بيتها‬
Pronoun “Her” with
prepositions like ،‫لها‬

2. 4 13-16 Writing the meaning of Personal Pronoun I ( ‫أنا‬

Quranic phrases & ‫)المنفصل‬
sentences Possessive Pronoun Her ‫ي‬
13-16 ‫(المتصل‬
Possessive Pronoun with
prepositions
like ‫في بيتي‬Pronoun “My” with
prepositions like ‫لي‬
10. 1 4 17 Revision of all Quranic Adverb (‫)حال‬
& sentences of Unit 4
Revision Quiz
Unit 4
2. Unit 5 1-2 Writing the meaning of Masculine
Quranic phrases & ‫جمع المذكر السالم و جمع‬Plural
sentences ‫المذكر السالم المسبوق بحرف‬
1-2 ‫الج ر‬
11. 1. 5 3-4 Writing the meaning of Possessive Construction with
Quranic phrases & Plurals ‫جمع المذكر السالم المسبوق‬
sentences ‫باإلضاف ة‬
3-4
2. 5 5-6 Writing the meaning of Personal Pronoun They ( ‫هم‬
Quranic phrases, ‫)المنفصل‬
sentences & verses Possessive Pronoun Their ‫هم‬
5-6 ‫)المتصل‬
12. 1. 5 7-8 Writing the meaning of Possessive Pronoun with
Quranic phrases, prepositions
sentences & verses 7- like ‫في بيتهم‬Pronoun “Their”
8 with prepositions like ‫لهم‬
2. 5 9-11 Writing the meaning of Personal Pronoun You ( ‫أنتم‬
Quranic phrases, ‫)المنفصل‬
sentences & verses Possessive Pronoun Your ‫كم‬
9-11 ‫(المتصل‬
Possessive Pronoun with
prepositions
like ‫في بيتكم‬
13. 1. 5 12-14 Writing the meaning of Pronoun “Your” with
Quranic phrases & prepositions like ‫لك م‬
sentences & verses Personal Pronoun We ( ‫نحن‬
12-14 ‫)المنفصل‬
Possessive Pronoun Our ‫نا‬
‫)المتصل‬
2. 5 15-16 Writing the meaning Possessive Pronoun with
of Quranic sentences & prepositions like ‫في بيتنا‬
verses Pronoun “Our” with
15-16 prepositions like ‫لن ا‬

14. 1. 5 17-18 Writing the meaning of Demonstrative Pronoun

Quranic sentences & These, Those ( ‫ أولئك‬-‫)هؤالء‬
Verses
17-18
2. 5 19-23 Writing the meaning of ) ،‫ ما‬،‫ ليس‬،‫ إنما‬،‫ إال‬/ ‫إن‬، ‫ إال‬/ ‫ما‬
Quranic sentences & ‫ كأن‬،‫ بل‬،‫ أن‬،‫أم‬/‫(أ‬
Verses ،‫ سبحان‬،‫ يومئذ‬،‫ اليوم‬،‫ أليس‬،‫) أال‬
19-23 ‫ ما‬،‫ كال‬،‫ نعم‬،‫ بئس‬،‫ إذن‬،‫ قل‬،‫مابينهما‬
، ‫ مصير‬،‫ أعلم ب‬،‫ حسب‬،‫أدراك‬
(‫ دينا)تمييز‬،‫مرجع‬
15. 1. 5 Revision Quiz
Unit 5
2. 5 1-3 (till Writing the meaning of Introduction of Present
Page 16) Quranic Verbs Tense(‫& (فعل مضارع‬
&Translation of Verbal Sentence ( ‫)جملة فعلية‬
Quranic Sentences & Present Tense
Verses ‫الفعل المضارع صيغة المفرد يعلم‬
(1-3)

16. 1. 6 3 (From Translation of Quranic Present Tense

Page 17) Sentences & Verses 3- ‫الفعل المضارع صيغة المفرد يعلم‬
& 4 -5 5
2. 6 6 Translation of Quranic Present Tense
Sentences & Verses ‫الفعل المضارع صيغة الجمع‬
‫يعلمون‬
 nd
2 Semester
AHP-304 Introductory Pharmacology 2 (2+0)

Theory:

Introduction to Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics: (Absorption, distribution, metabolism,

excretion) Variable affecting the pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics. Legal Policies and
Responsibilities for Drug handling, Math Skills and Drug Calculations; (Addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division), decimals, percentages, ratio, proportions. System of
Measurements; metric system, international units, unit conversion, Calculations; ration
system vs. formulas for drug calculations, calculation of solution strength (weight / volume
and volume / volume, calculation of dosage by weight, Drug Label information; Drug
identification, Rights of Medication Administration, Medicine Devices: syringes, needles, drug
containers, Routes of medicine / drug administration; General Classification of drugs;
Analeptics, analgesics, anesthetics, antibiotics, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, antidiuretics,
antiemetics, cardiac medications, CNS stimulants, coagulants, contrast media, diuretics, dyes,
Emetics, gastric medications, Hemostatic agents, Hormones, irrigation solutions, narcotics
antagonists, narcotics, neuromuscular blocking agents, obstetrical agents, ophthalmic
medications, sedative / hypnotics agents and tranquilizers. Diagnostic Imaging agents.
Recommended Books:

1. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews Pharmacology 5th Edition. Lippincott’s Williams &

Wilkins
2. Chemical Calculations at a Glance by Paul Yates Blackwell Publishing
3. Medical Pharmacology at a Glance by Michael J. Neal. 4th Edition. Blackwell
publishing
AHP-306 Introductory Biochemistry 3 (2+1)

Theory:

Foundation of Biochemistry; cellular foundation, isolation of eukaryotic cell, chemical

foundation, Structure and function of cell membrane, movement of materials across
cell membrane Carbohydrates; classification of carbohydrates. Regulation of blood
glucose level, Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, Glycogenolysis, Glycogenosis, Gluconeogenesis.
Proteins and Amino Acids; Introduction, importance, classification and properties of
proteins, Entry of amino acids into cells and peptide linkage, Special sources of
proteins. Lipids; Introduction, Classification and Function of lipids, Biosynthesis of fatty
acids, natural fats or triglycerides, Fatty acid oxidation. Vitamins and Minerals;
Introduction, classification, Deficiency effects. Enzymes; Introduction, Classification,
properties, the mechanism of enzyme reactions, Factors affecting the enzyme activity,
Important coenzymes and their actions, Enzyme inhibitors and Regulatory enzymes.
Nutrition and Dietetics; Balanced diet, Role of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, their
dietary sources and uses in the body, Quantitative and qualitative daily requirements
of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Physiochemical Principles;
Acidity & Alkalinity, Osmosis & Osmotic pressure, Hydrogen ion conc. and pH notation,
Indicators & Buffer solutions, pH.

Practical:
1. Measurement of pH of various biological fluids
2. Estimation of serum albumin
3. Estimation of blood glucose
4. Measurement of serum total protein level and A / G ratio
5. Measurement of blood cholesterol
6. Measurement of Triglycerides
7. Measurement of Urea
8. Measurement of serum Creatinine

Recommended Books:
1. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th Edition MC Graw Hill.
2. Boyer RF. Modern experimental biochemistry. Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. 3rd
 Edition
3. Harvey RA, Ferrier DR. Lippincott's illustrated reviews: Biochemistry. 6th Edition
by Kluwer, New York. 2011.
4. Nelson DL, Lehninger AL, Cox MM. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. 6th
Edition Macmillan;

QTR-421 Quantitative Reasoning-I 3 (3+0)

Theory:
Numerical Literacy: Number system and basic arithmetic operations, Units and their
conversions, dimensions, area, perimeter and volume, Rates, ratios, proportions and
percentages, Types and sources of data, Measurement scales, Tabular and graphical
presentation of data, Quantitative reasoning exercises using number knowledge.
Fundamental Mathematical Concepts: Basics of geometry (lines, angles, circles, polygons
etc.), Sets and their operations, Relations, functions, and their graphs Exponents, factoring
and simplifying algebraic expressions, Algebraic and graphical solutions of linear and
quadratic equations and inequalities, Quantitative reasoning exercises using fundamental
mathematical concepts. Fundamental Statistical Concepts: Population and sample, Measures
of central tendency, dispersion and data interpretation, Rules of counting (multiplicative,
permutation and combination), Basic probability theory, Introduction to random variables
and their probability distributions, Quantitative reasoning exercises using fundamental
statistical concepts.

Recommended Books:
1. Quantitative Reasoning: Tools for Today's Inforlned Citizen" by Bernard L.
Madison, Lynn and Arthur Steen.
2. 'Quantitative Reasoning for the Information Age" by Bernard L. Madison and
David M. Bressoud.
3. 'Fundamentals of Mathematics" by Wade Ellis.
4. "Quantitative Reasoning: Thinking in Nunnbers" by Eric Zaslow.
5. "Thinking Clearly with Data: A Guide to Quantitative Reasoning and Analysis" by
Ethan Bueno de Mesquita and Anthony Fowler.
6. "Using and Understanding Mathematics: A Quantitative Reasoning Approach" by
Bennett, J. 0., Briggs, W. L., & Badalamenti, A.
7. "Discrete Mathematics and its Applications" by Kenneth H. Rosen.
8. "Statistics for Technology: A Course in Applied Statistics" by Chatfield, C.
9. "Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data" by Robin H. Lock, Patti Frazer Lock, Kari
Lock Morgan, and Eric F. Lock
 PST-321 Pakistan Studies 2 (2+0)

Theory:
Historical Perspective: Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,
Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Factors leading to Muslim
separatism. People and Land; Indus Civilization, Muslim advent, Location and geo-physical
features
Government and Politics in Pakistan: Political and constitutional phases; 1947-58, 1958-71,
1971-77, 1977-88, 1988-99.
Contemporary Pakistan: Society and social structure, Ethnicity, Foreign policy of Pakistan and
challenges, Futuristic outlook of Pakistan

Books Recommended
1. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
2. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical analysis.
Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
3. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
CSI-321 Introduction to Computing Applications 3 (2+1)

Theory:
Number Systems, Binary numbers, Boolean logic, History computer system, basic machine
organization, Von Neumann Architecture, Algorithm definition, design, and
implementation, Programming paradigms and languages, Graphical programming,
Overview of Software Engineering and Information Communication Technology, Operating
system, Compiler, DBMS, Computer networks and internet, WWW, web mail applications,
Computer graphics, AI, Viruses and Anti-Viruses, Use of office productivity tools, such as
word processors, spreadsheets, presentation applications, etc., Social, Ethical, Professional
and Legal Issues, and overview of the complete program of studies in computing and its
structure.
Practical:
1. Microsoft Office
2. MS Word
3. MS Excel
4. MS Power Point

Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Computers by Peter Norton, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill SiE, ISBN 0-07-
059374-4.
2. Computers: Information Technology in Perspective, 9/e by Larry Long and Nancy
Long, Prentice Hall, 2002/ISBN: 0130929891.
3. An Invitation to Computer Science, Schneider and Gersting, Brooks/Cole Thomson
Learning, 2000.
 ICP-321 Ideology and Constitution of Pakistan 2 (2+0)

Theory:
Introduction to the ideology of Pakistan: Definition and Significance of ideology, Historical
context of the creation of Pakistan (with emphasis on socio-political, religious, and cultural
dynamics of British India between 1857 till 1947). Contributions of founding fathers of
Pakistan in the freedom movement including but not limited to Allama Muhammad Iqbal,
Muhammad Ali Jinnah... etc. Contributions of women and students in the freedom movement
for separate homeland for Muslims of British India. Two-Nation Theory: Evolution of the Two-
Nation Theory (Urdu-Hindi controversy, Partition of Bengal, Simla deputation 1906, Allama
Iqbal's Presidential Address 1930, Congress Ministries 1937, Lahore Resolution 1940). Role of
communalism and religious differences. Introduction to the Constitution of Pakistan:
Definition and importance of a constitution, Ideological factors that shaped the
Constitution(s) of Pakistan (Objectives Resolution 1949). Overview of constitutional
development in Pakistan. Constitution and State Structure: Structure of Government
(executive, legislature and judiciary). Distribution of powers between federal and provincial
governments. 18th Amendment and its impact on federalism. Fundamental Rights, Principles
of Policy and Responsibilities: Overview of fundamental rights guaranteed to citizens by the
Constitution of Pakistan 1973 (Articles 8-28). Overview of Principles of Policy (Articles 29-40),
Responsibilities of the Pakistani citizens (Article 5). Constitutional Amendments: Procedures
for amending the constitution. Notable constitutional amendments and their implications.

Recommended Books:
1. "The idea of Pakistan" by Stephen P. Cohen.
2. "Ideology of Pakistan" by Javed Iqbal.
3. "The Struggle for Pakistan" by I.H. Qureshi
4. "Pakistan the Formative Phase" by Khalid Bin Sayeed.
5. "Pakistan Political Roots and Development" by Safdar Mahmood
6. "Ideology of Pakistan" by Sharif-ul-Mujahid
7. "The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics" by Ayesha Jalal.
8. "Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The search for saladin" by Akbar S. Ahmed.
9. “The Making of Pakistan: A Study in Nationalism" by K.K Aziz.
 10. "Pakistan: A New History" by Ian Talbot.
11. "Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History" by Lawrence Ziring.
12. "The Constitution of Pakistan 1973" Original.
13. "Constitutional and Political Development of Pakistan" by Hamid Khan.
14. "The Parliament of Pakistan" by Mehmoob Hussain.
15. "Constitutional Development in Pakistan" by G. W. Choudhury
16. "Constitution Making in Pakistan: The Dynamics of Political Order" by G. W.
Choudhury.

MLT-304 Clinical Lab Practice-I 2 (0+2)

Practical:
Preparation of solutions and drug calculations (weight/volume, volume/volume).
Measurement of pH in biological fluids. Estimation of serum albumin. Estimation of blood
glucose. Measurement of serum total protein level and A/G ratio. Measurement of blood
cholesterol. Measurement of triglycerides. Measurement of urea. Measurement of serum
creatinine. Handling and usage of syringes, needles, and medication devices. Drug
administration techniques for different routes.

Recommended Books:
1. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology (5th Edition) – Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins
2. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry (30th Edition) – McGraw Hill
3. Nelson DL, Lehninger AL, Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (6th Edition)
– Macmillan
4. Chemical Calculations at a Glance by Paul Yates – Blackwell Publishing
5. Boyer RF. Modern Experimental Biochemistry (3rd Edition) – Benjamin/Cummings
Pub. Co.
 rd
3 Semester
MLT-507 Biosafety and Hazards 2 (2+0)

Theory:
Introduction to biosafety and biohazards. Hazard Criteria and Categorization of Microbes.
Classification Systems, general and specific containment principles, Biosafety level I-I
laboratories, designs and specialized features. Personal Protective equipment (PPE); Routes
of microbial entry and types and use of PPE, Disinfection and Decontamination; including
physical (Heat, radiation) and chemical disinfection/decontamination, factors affecting
disinfection/decontamination. Fumigation of spaces; process and practices validation, post
fumigation steps. Risk Assessment Procedures; timings, qualitative risk assessments and
systematic documentation. Biosafety and biosecurity: Biological risk management plan,
physical security and access control, biological waste management. Transfer of biological
material. Biohazards; history modern day biological risks, bioterrorism, biohazards
accidents and incidents, biological safety programs management.

Recommended Books:
1. Fleming DO, Hunt DL. Biological safety: principles and practices. 4th edition ASM
Press Washington, USA
2. Wilson DE, Chosewood LC. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories.
6th Edition. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
3. Grady SM, Tabak J. Biohazards: Humanity's battle with Infectious Disease (Science
and Technology in Focus) Facts on File, Inc. Infobase Publishing, New York
 AHP-403 Introductory Microbiology 3 (2+1)

Theory:
Fundamentals of microbiology. Microorganisms and their respective places in the
living world. Differentiation between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, Historical
development of Microbiology and its scope. Microscopy: An outline of the principles
and applications of light and electron microscope. Morphology, arrangement and
detailed anatomy of bacterial cells. Bacterial taxonomy and nomenclature, basis of
classification of bacteria. Growth, nutrition (physical and nutritional requirement and
nutritional types; sources of energy, C, N, H, O, S, P, trace elements, growth factors) and
reproduction. General methods of studying microorganisms: cultivation, isolation,
purification and characterization. Control of microorganisms by physical and chemical
methods. Chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics. Modes of action of antibiotics on
microorganisms. Basic properties of fungi, Sterilization and disinfection; physical
methods– (sunlight, Drying, Dry heat, moist heat, filtration, Radiation, Ultrasonic and
sonic vibration). Chemical- (Alcohols, Aldehydes, Dyes, Halogens, Phenols, Gases).

Practical:
Laboratory safety: Containment and decontamination. Equipment / Materials /
Glassware etc. used in microbiology, Inoculation techniques. Pour plate, spread plate
& streak plate methods, An introduction to microscopy, Gram stain technique, Acid fast
staining, Study of motility of bacteria, Hanging drop preparation. Preparation and use
of different culture media; Blood Agar, Chocolate Agar, MacConkey Agar, Mannitol Salt
Agar, TCBS Agar, SDA Agar, Antibiotic Susceptibility testing by disc diffusion method,
Estimation of minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) by broth and agar dilution
methods, Anaerobic culture methods.

Recommended Books:
1. Kathleen P. T., and Arthur, T. 2001. Foundations in Microbiology: Basic Principles
 McGraw- Hill Companies
2. Tortora, G. J., Christine, L. Case, C. L., Funke, B. R., Funke, B., Case, C., 2006.
Microbiology: An Introduction, Publisher: Pearson Education.
3. Alcamo, I. E., 2001. Fundamentals of Microbiology published by Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, USA.
4. Black, J. G., 2005. Microbiology: principles and explorations, by 6th Edition, J.
Wiley & Sons, USA.

MLT-401 General Hematology 4 (3+1)

Theory:
Blood and its constituents, Origin, Development, maturation and fate of blood cells.
Collection of blood; capillary and venous blood collection, various anticoagulants and
their uses, advantages and disadvantages. Different types of hemo-cytometers, their
ruling and uses. Erythrocytes: morphology of RBC in health and disease, functions of RBC,
RBC counting, diluting fluids used, erythrocyte indices. Leucocytes; structure, count,
absolute eosinophil count, variation in WBC count. Platelets: Structure and function
counting of platelets, diluting fluids, causes of thrombocytopenia/ thrombocytosis.
Principles of staining- Romanowsky stains, Preparation of blood smear; Thin smear, thick
smear, wet preparation and buffy coat preparation, Leishman staining differential
leukocyte count (DLL) with recognition of abnormal blood cells. Quality control
methods in cell counts. Automatic blood cell counter. Bone marrow aspiration;
indications, aspiration, preparation of bone marrow smears, morphologic study of bone
marrow films and its differential count. Identification of parasites in blood and bone
marrow films. Supra-vital staining technique- principle and uses, demonstration and
counting of reticulocytes, Principles and different methods of determining ESR and PCV,
advantages and disadvantages, Clinical significance of ESR and PCV normal values.
Hemoglobin; Structure and function, Estimation of hemoglobin principles, techniques,
advantages and disadvantages methods of identification of abnormal hemoglobin, HB
electrophoresis, Alkali denaturation tests and sickling phenomenon HB-F and its
demonstration.

Practical:
1. Different methods of blood collection & Preparation of anticoagulant bottles.
2. CBC (Hemoglobin, TLC, RBC count, Platelet count, PCV)
3. ESR
4. Differential leukocyte count
5. Absolute eosinophil count
 6. Reticulocyte count.
7. ABO grouping-Cell and serum grouping, Rh Grouping
8. Rh grouping
9. Test for Du antigen
10. Compatibility test-Major and Minor cross matching & Coombs cross matching
Recommended Books:

1. Ciesla B. Hematology in practice. FA Davis; 2011.

2. Mehta A, Hoffbrand V. Haematology at a Glance. John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
3. Mazza JJ, Manual of clinical hematology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
4. Hoffbrand V, Moss P. Essential haematology. John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
AHP-405 Pathology 3 (2+1)

Theory:

Cell Injury and adaptation; Cell Injury, Reversible and Irreversible Injury, Fatty change,
Pigmentation, Pathologic calcification, Necrosis and Gangrene. Cellular adaptation; Atrophy,
Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Aplasia. Inflammation; Acute inflammation, vascular
changes, Chemotaxis, Opsonization and Phagocytosis, cellular components and chemical
mediators of acute inflammation, exudates and transudate, Chronic inflammation, Etiological
factors, Granuloma. Cell repair and wound healing; Regeneration and Repair, Healing- steps
of wound healing by first and second intention, Factors affecting healing, complications of
wound healing. Hemodynamic disorders; Edema, Hemorrhage, Thrombosis, Embolism,
Infarction & Hyperemia, Shock and its causes, compensatory mechanisms involved in shock,
possible consequences of thrombosis, difference between arterial and venous emboli.
Neoplasia; Dysplasia and Neoplasia, differences between benign and malignant neoplasms,
common etiological factors for neoplasia, different modes of metastasis.

Practical:

Types of Microscopes. Necrosis and its types, Histopathological techniques, Study of

inflammation, acute and chronic inflammation, coagulative necrosis, diagnostic laboratory
tests, Liver function tests, Renal function tests, Complete Blood counts.

Recommended Books:

1. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins basic pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences;
2012.
2. Strasinger SK, Di Lorenzo MS. Urinalysis and body fluids. FA Davis; 2014
3. Rosto E, editor. Pathophysiology Made Incredibly Easy! Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 2009.
4. Goljan EF. Rapid review pathology: with student consult online access. Elsevier
Health Sciences; 2013 Jun 7.
 ENG-322 English Comprehensive and Composition 3 (3+0)

Theory:
Reading Comprehension Skills; identifying main idea/topic sentences, find specific
information quickly, distinguishing between relevant and irrelevant information according to
purpose for reading, recognizing and interpreting cohesive devices, distinguishing between
fact and opinion. Reading techniques; applying Skimming, Scanning, SQ3R, SPRE. Vocabulary
Building Skills; guessing the meanings of unfamiliar words using context clues, using word
formation rules for enhancing vocabulary, using the dictionary for finding out meanings and
use of unfamiliar words. Pre-writing Techniques; Brainstorming, making a list, Mind mapping.
Writing Techniques; Plan writing: identify audience, purpose and message, Collect
information in various forms such as mind maps, tables, charts, lists. Order information such
as: Chronology for a narrative, Stages of a process, from general to specific and vice versa,
From most important to least important, Advantages and disadvantages, Comparison and
contrast, Problem solution pattern, write argumentative and descriptive forms of writing
using different methods of developing ideas like listing, comparison, and contrast, cause and
effect, for and against. Paragraph Writing: Structure & Development of Paragraph, Write and
Identify good topic and supporting sentences and effective conclusions, Use appropriate
cohesive devices such as reference words and signal markers. Types of Writing; Narrative,
Descriptive: describing a place, character description, Expository, Argumentative. Essay
writing techniques; Structure and outline of an essay, Writing Introductions and conclusions
of an essay, Unity and coherence in an essay. Paraphrasing: What is Paraphrase?
Paraphrasing Techniques and how to apply. Précis writing; What is Précis? Uses of précis
writing, Essentials of a good précis, Method of procedure, How to find the title, Précis of a
phrase or clause, Précis of a Sentence, Précis of a Paragraph, Summarizing an article, Writing
an assignment summary. Expansion; Expansion of a sentence into paragraph, Method of
Expansion.

Suggested Books:
1. Exploring the World of English by Saadat Ali Shah
2. College Writing: From paragraph to Essay: Zemach & Rumisek
3. Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis.
4. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992.
5. Glencoe Writer’s Choice: Grammar and Composition. McGraw Hill Glencoe
6. College writing skills by John Langan. McGraw Hill Publishers, 2004
7. Reading upper intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford supplementary
skills. Third impression 1992

QTR-422 Quantitative Reasoning-II 3 (3+0)

Theory:
Logic, Logical and Critical Reasoning: Introduction and importance of logic; Inductive,
deductive and abductive approaches of reasoning; Propositions, arguments (valid; invalid),
logical connectives, truth tables and propositional equivalences; Logical fallacies; Venn
Diagrams, Predicates and quantifiers; Quantitative reasoning exercises using logical
reasoning concepts and techniques. Mathematical Modeling and Analyses: Introduction
to deterministic models; Use of linear functions for modeling in real-world situations;
Modeling with the system of linear equations and their solutions; Elementary introduction
to derivatives in mathematical modeling; Linear and exponential growth and decay models;
Quantitative reasoning exercises using mathematical modeling. Statistical Modeling and
Analyses: Introduction to probabilistic models, Bivariate analysis, scatter plots; Simple
linear regression model and correlation analysis; Basics of estimation and confidence
interval; Testing of hypothesis (z-test; t-test); Statistical inference in decision making;
Quantitative reasoning exercises using statistical modeling.

Recommended Books:

1. "Using and Understanding Mathematics: A Quantitative Reasoning Approach" by

Bennett, J 0., Briggs, W. L., & Badalamenti, A.
2. "Discrete Mathematics and its Applications" by Kenneth H. Rosen.
3. 'Discrete Mathematics with Applications" by Susanna S. Epp.
4. "Applied Mathematics for Business, Economics and Social Sciences" by Frank S
Budnick.
5. "Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach" by Allan Bluman.
6. "Introductory Statistics" by Prem S. Mann.
7. "Applied Statistical Modeling" by Salvatore Babones.

8. "Barrons SAT" by Sharvon Weiner Green, M.A and Ira K.Wolf.

 UHQ-401 Understanding of Holy Quran-II 1 (1+0)
Course Title: Understanding of Quran 2
Course Book: Muallim ul Quran (Volume 3 - 5)
Credit Hour: 3
Weeks: 16 (48 hours)

Course Learning Outcomes:

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

1. Directly comprehend hundreds of Quranic sentences & verses.

2. Understand at least 80 to 85 % of each page of the holy Quran.
3. Understand common verses across different Quranic topics.
4. Achieve proficiency in the basic and advance linguistic aspects of the Arabic
language.

Weeks Lectures Units Lessons Assignments/Home

Task
1. 1. 6 6 Understanding & Present Tense
Translation of Verses ‫صيغة جمع مذكر غائب مثل يعبدون‬
2. 6 7-8 Understanding & Present Tense
‫صيغة جمع مذكر غائب مثل يعبدون‬
Translation of Verses
2. 1. 6 9-10 Understanding & Present
‫صيغة مفرد مذكر مخاطب‬Tense
Translation of Verses
) ‫)تعبد( وجمع مذكر مخاطب‬
(‫تعبدون‬
2. 6 11-12 Understanding & Present
Translation of Verses ) ‫صيغة جمع مذكر مخاطب‬Tense
(‫تعبدون( صيغة المتكلم )أعبد‬
5. Understand the difference between Quranic verbs in various forms, such as
present, past and imperative.
6. Develop the ability to understand long verses of the holy Quran independently
and then comprehend their interpretation.
Provision of material, content and books:

• Paper book: All volumes are available in printed book form.

• Tutorial videos: Teaching video of each lesson available on YouTube.
• Confirmation Videos: A complete series of confirmation videos of all lessons is
available in which the student can confirm his answers.
• A flipbook: A flipbook edition is also accessible.
• Helping material: Helping material for the teachers like quizzes, question papers and
images is available on website.

Course Outline:

3. 1. 6 13 Understanding & Present

Translation of Verses (‫صيغة جمع المتكلم )نعبد‬Tense
2. 6 14-15 Understanding & Negative Imperative
Translation of Verses ،ْ‫ ال تعبد‬, ‫صيغة المفرد وصيغة الجمع‬
‫ال تعبدوا‬
4. 1. 6 16-17 Understanding & Conditional Sentences &
Translation of Verses masdar moawal ( ‫مصدر‬
‫)موؤل‬
2. 6 18-19 Understanding & Laam uttaleel
Translation of Verses )‫& (الم التعليل‬
Laam ul jhood(‫)الم الجحود‬
5. 1. 6 20-21 Understanding & Present with object
Translation of Verses pronouns &
Passive Voice
2. 6 Revision Quiz
(Unit 6)
6. 1. Unit 7 1 Understanding Past
(sec 1-3) & Translation of Verses ‫صيغة المفرد الغائب‬Tense

2. 6 1 Understanding Past
(Sec 4-5) & Translation of Verses ‫صيغة المفرد للغائب‬Tense

7. 1. 6 1 Understanding Past
(Sec 5-6) & Translation of Verses ‫صيغة المفرد للغائب‬Tense

2. 6 1 Understanding Past
(Sec 7-9) & Translation of ‫صيغة المفرد للغائب‬Tense
Verses
8. 1. 7 Revision Understanding Past
& Translation of Verses ‫صيغة المفرد للغائب‬Tense

QUIZ
2. MID TERM
9. 1. 7 2 Understanding & Past
(sec 1-2) Translation of Verses ‫صيغة الجمع للغائب عبدو ا‬Tense
2. 7 2 Understanding & Past
(sec 3) Translation of Verses ‫صيغة الجمع للغائب عبدو ا‬Tense
10. 1. 7 2 Understanding & Past
(sec 4-5) Translation of Verses ‫صيغة الجمع للغائب عبدو ا‬Tense

2. 7 2 Understanding & Past

(sec 6-7) Translation of Verses ‫صيغة الجمع للغائب عبدو ا‬Tense

11. 1. 7 3 Understanding & Past

(sec 1-2) Translation of Verses ‫صيغة الجمع للمتكلم عبدن ا‬Tense
2. 7 3 Understanding & Past Tense
(sec 2-3) Translation of Verses ‫صيغة الجمع للمتكلم عبدن ا‬
12. 1. 7 3 Understanding & Past
(sec 3-4) Translation of Verses ‫صيغة الجمع للمتكلم عبدن ا‬Tense
2. 7 3 Understanding & Past
(sec 4-5) Translation of Verses ‫صيغة الجمع للمتكلم عبدن ا‬Tense
13. 1. 7 4 Understanding & Past
(sec 1-2-3) Translation of Verses ‫صيغة الجمع للمخاطب عبدت‬Tense
‫م‬
2. 7 4 Understanding & Past
(sec 4-5) Translation of Verses ‫صيغة الجمع للمخاطب عبدت‬Tense
‫م‬
14. 1. 7 5-6 Understanding & Past
Translation of Verses ‫صيغة المتكلم والمخاطب عبد‬Tense
Quiz ‫ عبد ت‬، ‫ت‬
2. 7 7 Understanding & Past
Translation of Verses ْ ‫صيغة المؤنث للغائب عب‬Tense
‫دت‬
15. 1. 7 8 Understanding & Passive Voice (Past Tense)
Translation of Verses ‫فعل مجهول للمفرد‬
2. 7 9 Understanding & Passive Voice (Past Tense) ‫فعل‬
Translation of Verses ‫مجهول الجمع‬
16. 1. 8 1-4 Understanding & Imperative Verb for singular
Translation of Verses ‫فعل األمر للمفرد‬
2. 7 5-8 Understanding & Imperative Verb for plural ‫فعل‬
Translation of Verses ‫األمر للجمع‬
4th Semester
ENG-422 Technical Writing 3 (3+0)

Theory

1. Model effective scientific and technical communication in the workplace by actively

participating in writing activities, both individually and collaboratively.
2. Apply technical information and knowledge in practical documents for a variety of a.)
professional audiences (including peers and colleagues or management) and b.) public
audiences.
3. Write documents that demonstrate professional style: concise, clear, accurate, honest,
economical, and unambiguous.
4. Use professional writing strategies: Direct order organization, objective voice, unbiased
analysis and summary, and use of transitional devices to create coherence.
5. Recognize, explain, and use the rhetorical strategies and the formal elements of specific
genres of technical communication, such as technical abstracts, database research reports,
instructional manuals, technical descriptions, web pages, wikis, and correspondence.
6. Collect, analyze, document, and report research clearly, concisely, logically, and ethically;
understand the standards for legitimate interpretations of research data within scientific and
technical communities.
7. Recognize and develop professional format features in print, html, and multimedia modes,
as well as use appropriate nonverbal cues and visual aids.
8. Revise and edit effectively in all assignments, including informal media (such as email to
the instructor).
9. Demonstrate professional work habits, including those necessary for effective
collaboration and cooperation with other students, instructors, and, if applicable, Service-
Learning contact representatives.

Focus Areas
The core of this course consists of the following four skill areas.
• Research Skills (using primary and library research to discover information)
• Correspondence Skills (learning the generic conventions of each)
• Explanatory or Demonstrative Writing Skills (to disseminate technical information to either
nontechnical or technical readers, such as descriptions, instructions, informational handouts,
FAQs, etc.
• Visual Communication Skills (may appear as separate assignments or as components of
other assignments).

It further focuses on more advanced skills like:

1. At least one analytical report, white paper or proposal written for specific audience(s) and
that is based on significant and in-depth primary and/or secondary research, which aims to
analyze a problem, make recommendations, promote a new technology, or propose a
solution.
2. An abstract which effectively condenses technical research into a condensed format. Note:
The abstract assignment can be used as either a stand-alone assignment or related to the
report assignment.
3. A set of written instructions about a technical process that readers might perform in a
technical, medical, or scientific setting.
4. A precise description of an object, mechanism, or process included in a set of instructions,
short report, webpage, wiki, data sheet, or other informational document.
5. Several brief assignments to demonstrate genre knowledge of correspondence protocols,
including at minimum professional letters, memoranda, email messages, and/or discussion
forum posts and blogs.
Grading Student evaluations will be based on a series of written reports, class participation,
and an end of term report.

Course Schedule
Week 1: Introduction to Technical Writing Review of Technical Writing. What is research/How
do you structure a research paper
Week 2: Basic Principles in Technical Writing: Audience, Purpose, Organization, Flow, Style,
Presentation
Week 3: Introduction to text analysis tools (1): analyzing research paper biographies-part 1
Week 4: Introduction to text analysis tools (2): analyzing research paper biographies-part 2
Week 5: First steps in text analysis (1): building a corpus of research papers
Week 6: First steps in text analysis (2): creating vocabulary lists, searching for words, phrases,
and grammar patterns
Week 7: Writing a research paper proposal: brainstorming topics, narrowing the scope,
finalizing the decision
Week 8: Writing a research paper title: keywords, noun phrases, and prepositions
Week 9: Writing a research paper introduction (1): characteristic features and structure of
introductions
Week 10: Writing a research paper introduction (2): explaining the situation, describing
problems/limitations, describing the response
Week 11: Writing a research paper methods section: explaining methods and processes
Week 12: Writing a research paper results section: deciding the type of visual aid, explaining
figures and tables
Week 13: Writing a research paper discussion/conclusion section: summarizing results,
adjusting the strength of interpretations using hedging
Week 14: Writing a research paper abstract: choosing between indicative and informative
abstracts
Week 15: Wrap-up: Summary of course Final report submission details

Recommended Books:
L. Anthony (2011). "Writing Up Research in Science and Engineering : Developments," DTP
Publishing
 BAM-422 Entrepreneurship 2 (2+0)

Theory:
What is Business? Role of business in Economic Progress of the country. Initial ethical and
legal issues facing a new firm. Obtaining business licenses and permits. Forms of business
Organizations. Formation of partnership firm, Formation of Company. 2 Introduction to.
Entrepreneurship. Explain entrepreneurship and discuss its importance. Describe corporate
entrepreneurship and its use in. established firms. Discuss three main reasons people decide
to become. entrepreneurs. Identify four main characteristics of successful entrepreneurs.
Explain the five common myths regarding entrepreneurship. Explain how entrepreneurial
firms differ from salary-. substitute and lifestyle firms. Discuss the changing demographics of
entrepreneurs. Discuss the impact of entrepreneurial firms on economies. and societies.
Identify ways in which large firms benefit from their presence. of smaller entrepreneurial
firms. Explain the entrepreneurial process. Behavior and Personality Traits of Entrepreneurs:
Conduct. an interview of a local businessman. Reading assignment. 3. Introduction to
Entrepreneurship. Islamic perspective of Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship in Pakistan.
SMEs and Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Vs. Intrapreneurship, Creativity and the
Business Idea, Innovation, Invention & Creativity. Discuss external enablers of
entrepreneurship, Explain the entrepreneurship during times of crisis. 4. Recognizing.
Opportunities and. Generating Ideas. Explain why it’s important to start a new firm when its
“window of opportunity” is open. Explain the difference between an opportunity and an. idea.
Describe the three general approaches entrepreneurs use. to identify opportunities. Identify
the four environmental trends that are most. instrumental in creating business opportunities.
List the personal characteristics that make some people. better at recognizing business
opportunities than others. Identify the five steps in the creative process. Describe the purpose
of brainstorming and its use as an. idea generator. • Describe how to use library and Internet
research to. generate new business ideas. Explain the purpose of maintaining an idea bank.
Describe three steps for protecting ideas from being lost or. stolen. Class Activity. 5 & 6.
Feasibility. Analysis. Explain what a feasibility analysis is and why it’s. important. Discuss the
proper time to complete a feasibility analysis. when developing an entrepreneurial venture.
Describe the purpose of a product/service feasibility. analysis and the two primary issues that
a proposed. business should be considered in this area.. Explain a concept statement and its
contents. Describe the purpose of industry/market feasibility. analysis and the two primary
issues to consider in this. area. Discuss the characteristics of an attractive industry. Describe
the purpose of organizational feasibility analysis. and list the two primary issues to consider
in this area. Explain the importance of financial feasibility analysis. and list the most critical
issues to consider in this area.
Quiz-I. Writing a Business. Plan. Business Model Canvas. Reasons for Writing a Business Plan.
Who Reads the Business Plan. Guidelines for Writing a Business Plan. Exploring Each Section
of the Plan. Presenting the Business Plan. How to pitch your idea?
Class activity of pitching your idea. Mid-Term Examination.
Case Study FAVARR.COM: Launching an online platform. Industry and. Competitor. Analysis.
Explain the purpose of an industry analysis. Identify the five competitive forces that
determine. industry profitability. Explain the role of “barriers to entry” in creating.
disincentives for firms to enter an industry. Identify the nontraditional barriers to entry that
are. especially associated with entrepreneurial firms. List the four industry-related questions
to ask before. pursuing the idea for a firm. Identify the five primary industry types and the.
opportunities they offer. Explain the purpose of a competitor analysis. Identify the three
groups of competitors a new firm will face. Describe ways a firm can ethically obtain
information. about its competitors. Describe the reasons for completing a competitive
analysis grid.
Class Activity. Intellectual. Property Rights. Discuss the four major forms of intellectual
property: patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. Describe the six-step process
for obtaining a patent. Identify the four types of trademarks. Identify the types of material
that are eligible for. copyright protection. Discuss the legal environment that facilitates trade
secret. protection. Guest Lecture by an Entrepreneur. 13. Getting Financing. or Funding.
Explain why most entrepreneurial ventures need to raise. money during their early life.
Identify the three sources of personal financing available. to entrepreneurs. Provide examples
of how entrepreneurs bootstrap to raise. money or cut costs. Identify the three steps involved
in properly preparing to. raise debt or equity financing. Discuss the difference between equity
funding and debt. financing. Explain the role of an elevator speech in attracting. financing for
an entrepreneurial venture. Describe the difference between a business angel and a. venture
capitalist. Explain why an initial public offering (IPO) is an. important milestone in an
entrepreneurial venture. Describe the concept of ICO (Initial Coin Offerings). Explain the
advantages of leasing for an entrepreneurial venture.
Class Activity: Why Successful Crowdfunding Requires a. Social-Media Mind-Set. Harvard
Business Review, December 03, 2012. HBSP. 14 Going Global. How Entrepreneurial Ventures
Go Global? Import. Export. Licensing. Franchising. Strategic Alliance. Joint Venture. Foreign
Subsidiary. Understanding the Global Environment. 15& 16 Class Discussion.
Entrepreneurship in Pakistan as tool of Economic. Development. Women entrepreneurship
development in Pakistan. Importance of SMEs for the economic development of a. country.
Final Project Submission & Presentations.
Recommended Books:
1. Robert D. Hisrich, Michael P. Peters, And Dean A. Shepherd, Entrepreneurship 10th
edition
2. William Bygrave and Andrew Zacharakis, Entrepreneurship, second edition
3. Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Global Insights from 24 Leaders, Rothman
Institute of Entrepreneurship
Journals/Periodicals: (Title, Publisher)
1. Davidsson, P., Recker, J., & von Briel, F. (2021). COVID-19 as External Enabler of
entrepreneurship practice and research. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 24(3),
214-223.
2. Feng ZhuMarco Iansiti: Why Some Platforms Thrive and Others Don’t. Harvard
Business Review, January– February 2019 Issue.
3. HBSP Roger L. Martin and Sally R. Osberg: How Social Entrepreneurs Make Change
Happen. Harvard Business Review, October 14, 2015. HBSP
4. Guy Clapperton: Why Successful Crowdfunding Requires a Social-Media Mind-Set.
Harvard Business Review, December 03, 2012. HBSP.
5. Diane Mulcahy. Universities should be preparing students for the gig economy.
Harvard Business Review, October 03, 2019. HBSP
 MLT-404 Clinical Biochemistry 4 (3+1)

Theory:
Carbohydrates; Blood sugar and its types, diabetes mellitus, complications of diabetes
mellitus, test for blood sugar carbohydrates digestion and absorption. Lipids: Digestion
and absorption, Metabolism- synthesis of fatty acids, oxidation of fatty acids, cholesterol
biosynthesis and regulation, biologically important compounds synthesized from
cholesterol, lipotropic factor and laboratory tests for cholesterol. Proteins; Digestion
and absorption metabolism, synthesis and degradation of amino acids. Liver function
tests; Bile pigment metabolism, jaundice and its type, tests for liver function. Renal
function tests; Functions of Kidney, disease of kidney, Renal Function Tests. Gastric
function tests; Functions of stomach, tests for gastric function. Hormones;
Introduction, classification, chemistry and function. Hemoglobin; Chemistry, properties
and synthesis, metabolism of pigments Hb- derivatives – abnormal hemoglobin, Hb
electrophoresis Porphyrins and disorders of porphyrins metabolism, chemistry of
porphyrins metabolism, chemistry of porphyrins, primary disorders of haem synthesis,
secondary disorders, Analytical procedures. Water and mineral metabolism; General
consideration, Regulation of water. Phenomenon of thirst, mineral Metabolism (Ca, Na, Cl,
K, P). Cardiac profile tests; Introduction, Heart diseases, Laboratory tests for heart
diseases. Troponin TM, qualitative and quantitative. Urinalysis; 24-hour urine sample
collection and assays for proteins, Sodium, Ca, P, urea, creatinine, uric acid.
Practical:
1. Estimation of bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, ALP, GGT, Uric acid, Serum sodium &
potassium, calcium, acid phosphatases, Amylase.
Recommended Books:
1. Harper's illustrated biochemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2012.
2. Harvey RA, Ferrier DR. Lippincott's illustrated reviews: Biochemistry. Edition by
Kluwer, New York. 2011.
3. Ahmad N, Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Press, UK, 2011.
 MLT-408 Histopathology and Histotechnology 4 (3+1)

Theory:
Introduction to Basic Histology, Classification of Tissue, Epithelium, Connective tissue,
Muscular tissue, Nervous tissue. Introduction to surgical specimens and biopsy, Merits
and demerits of different types of biopsies, Fixation methods with salient gross and
microscopic morphological changes in common diseases of Gastrointestinal Tract,
Genitourinary System (Male and Female), Respiratory tract, Brain and spinal cord, Skin
and subcutaneous tissues, Heart and blood vessels, Lymphatic system including tonsils,
lymph nodes, the spleen and thymus. Histological Techniques: General organization and
basic requirements of histopathological lab. Supravital staining. Fixation, Tissue
Processing Basic steps, fixation, dehydration, clearing (Aim of cleaning, different
cleaning agents), impregnation, embedding, and techniques of casting Blocking,
microtomy, staining, and mounting of histological preparations. Mounting- Different
mounting media and mounting techniques. Fixation and fixatives- Aim of fixation,
classification of fixation, classification of fixatives, Different fixatives used for the
histological techniques, their advantages and disadvantages. Advantages and
disadvantages of the paraffin method. Infiltration with paraffin. Paraffin block making.
Section cutting with a rotary microtome. Microtome and Microtome Knives: Principles,
operation, parts and use of automatic tissue processors. Types of microtomes. Frozen
sections- Principles, methods used, staining of frozen sections and application of frozen
sections advantages and disadvantages and common techniques. Decalcification-
techniques, aim, agents used. Museum techniques- organization of museum, Mounting of
museum specimens in preservative fluids like Kaiserling Solution I, II &
III. Stains: Principles, Classification, Acids and basic dyes, Basophilic and acidophilic
tissue components. Routine Hematoxylin-Eosin staining of paraffin Sections. Special
Staining Techniques, GMS, Mucicarmine and Alcian Blue, Mallory’s connective tissue stain,
Toluidine blue staining of mast cells, Von- Gieson, Masson’s Trichome, Nissel Stain for
Nervous Tissues. Staining for frozen section, The PAS Technique and staining.
Immunohistochemistry: Introduction, significance, Methods - Direct and Indirect, PAP /
Avidin Biotin method, Steps involved, Antigen retrieval methods, Types of fixatives,
buffering media, enzyme labels and chromogens used in Immunohistochemistry. List
of commonly used tumor markers in different diseases and their clinical utility.

Practical:
1. Basic steps of tissue processing.
2. Preparation of fixatives and fixation.
3. Embedding.
4. Microtomy
5. Staining. (H & E)
6. Mounting.
7. Various methods of preparation of tissue sections (Grossing).
 8. Paraffin section, celloidin embedding, frozen section.
9. Decalcification
10. Demonstration of an Automated Tissue processing.

Recommended Books:
1. Culling, Charles Frederick Albert. Handbook of histopathological and histochemical
techniques: including museum techniques. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013.

2. Suvarna, S. Kim, Christopher Layton, and John D. Bancroft. Bancroft's Theory and
Practice of Histological Techniques, Expert Consult: Online and Print

3. Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. Elsevier Health Sciences,

2013.

MLT-403 Chemical Pathology 3 (2+1)

Theory:
Urinalysis; Collection of urine and its preservation, 24-hour urine collection for protein.
Physical examination of urine – examination of urine for colors, cloudiness, specific
gravity, reaction and pH. Chemical examination of urine. Microscopic examination of
urine- Urine sediment preparation, types of sediments and its examination. Feces;
Collection and preservation, examination of stool for color, mucus, consistency, ova,
ameba, cysts, parasites, pus cells, RBC and crystals. Detection of occult blood in stool,
concentration techniques. Sputum; Method of collection for various purposes including
AFB fugal, malignant cells and others. Microscopic examination of sputum, sputum for
AFB. Semen: method of collection examination of semen for time for liquefaction,
volume, color, reaction pH, motility of spam, sperm count and other findings staining
and morphological study of spermatozoa, semen fructose determination, anti-sperm
antibodies CSF; General introduction method of CSF collection, Transport of CSF,
examination of CSF, color, turbidity and fibrin clot (Cobweb), total and differential
leukocyte count. CSF examination by gram’s staining and acid-fast staining, biochemical
tests, clinical significance of CSF analysis in various meningitis and encephalitis and
interpretations. Other body fluids; Methods of collection, transport and macroscopic and
microscopic examination of ascetic fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid and synovial fluid.
Pregnancy tests; Different methods of testing and chronic gonadotropin assay with
urine

Practical:
1. Urine-collection, processing, physical, chemical and microscopic examination.
 2. Collection, preservation and examination of stool
3. Sputum collection and microscopic examination of sputum for AFB.
4. Physical, chemistry and microscopic examination of semen
5. Analysis of CSF, microscopic and chemical examination of CSF.
6. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of ascitic fluid, Pleural fluid, pericardial
fluid and synovial fluid

Recommended Books:
1. McPherson RA, Pincus MR. Henry's clinical diagnosis and management by
laboratory methods. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011.
2. Drew, P. and Andrew, K., Oxford handbook of clinical and laboratory investigation;
2010.
3. Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge
university press; 2006.
4. Ravel, R., Clinical laboratory medicine: clinical applications of laboratory data.
Mosby Elsevier 6th Edition1995.
MLT-410 Clinical Lab Practice-II 3 (0+3)

Practical
Estimation of bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, ALP, GGT, uric acid, serum sodium, potassium, calcium,
acid phosphatases, and amylase. Basic steps of tissue processing (fixation, dehydration,
clearing, embedding). Preparation of fixatives and tissue fixation techniques. Microtomy:
Section cutting of paraffin blocks and frozen sections. Routine and special staining
techniques, including H&E and PAS techniques. Mounting of histological sections.
Urinalysis: Collection, preservation, physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of
urine. Stool examination: Physical and microscopic examination for ova, cysts, parasites,
and occult blood. Sputum collection and microscopic examination for AFB. Physical,
chemical, and microscopic examination of semen, including sperm morphology. Analysis of
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including microscopic and biochemical examination. Macroscopic
and microscopic examination of ascitic fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, and synovial
fluid.
Recommended Books:

1. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry – McGraw Hill Medical, 2012.

2. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods – McPherson

RA, Pincus MR, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2011.

3. Culling, Charles Frederick Albert: Handbook of Histopathological and Histochemical

Techniques – Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013.

4. Cheesbrough M.: District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries – Cambridge

University Press, 2006.

5. Ravel R.: Clinical Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Applications of Laboratory Data –

 Mosby Elsevier, 6th Edition, 1995.

6. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry – Kluwer, New York, 2011.

7. Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques – Elsevier Health

Sciences, 2013.

5th Semester
MLT-501 Clinical Parasitology 3 (2+1)

Theory:
Introduction to parasitology, Taxonomy and classification of parasites, Quality control of
Stool examination, Entameba histolytica, Other Entamoeba species (comparative study),
Giardia lamblia, (Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba), Trichomonas vaginalis,
Cryptosporidium, Blood Flagellates; Trypanosomiasis; African Trypanosomiasis, American
Trypanosomiasis, Leishmania: Introduction and classification, Cutaneous, mucocutaneous
and Visceral leishmaniasis, Blood Sporozoa: Plasmodium Species, Pathology and
Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Tissue Sporozoa: Toxoplasma gondii, Intestinal helminthic
infections; Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma
duodenale, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Blood and tissue
helminthic infections; Schistosoma species, Taenia solium, Echinococcus Granulosus.
Practical:
1. Identification of Equipment used in parasitology laboratory - Principles, Uses,
maintenance
2. Demonstration & visual presentation of protozoan
3. Stool examination
4. Detection and identification of Entamoeba histolytica
5. Detection and identification of other Entamoeba species (Microscopy and visual
presentation)
6. Detection and identification of Giardia lamblia
7. Detection and identification of malarial parasites
Recommended Books:
1. Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg. Medical Microbiology. 26th edition. Mc Graw Hill
Medical, New York.
 2. Levinson, W. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 12th Edition, Mc
Graw Hill Medical, New York.

MLT-503 Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine 3 (2+1)

Theory:
General Introduction to Immunohematology & blood banking, Antigen-Antibody Concept,
precipitation, flocculation, General management and essential components of blood bank.
ABO blood group system, Inheritance, distribution antibodies in ABO system, Subgroups,
ABO grouping methods and factors influencing RH Blood group system, Inheritance and
distribution, antibodies, Hemolytic disease of newborn, RH typing methods. Other blood
group systems NS blood group, P Blood Group Lutheran Blood group, Kell blood group,
Lewis’s blood group, Duffy blood group, Kid blood group, Bombay blood group, Blood
transfusion, Donor screening, collection of blood. Screening of blood, Anticoagulants used
in blood bank, storage of blood. Transfusion reaction, Principles and methods of
investigating Transfusion reactions, diseases transmitted by blood transfusion, Component
therapy – preparation and transfusion of leucocytes poor blood, RBC concentrate platelet
rich plasma, platelet concentrate factor VIII, Transfusion of plasma, components and
preparation of cryoprecipitate, its use and advantages.
Practical:
1. ABO grouping-Cell and serum grouping
2. Rh grouping
3. Test for Du antigen
4. Compatibility test-Major and Minor cross matching & Coombs cross matching
5. Coombs test-Direct and Indirect.
6. Screening of blood for infectious agents-HIV test, HBV, HCV, V.D.R.L, malaria etc
Recommended Books:
1. Quinley. Immunohematology: principles and practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1998
Jan.
2. Klein HG, Anstee DJ. Mollison's blood transfusion in clinical medicine. John Wiley &
Sons; 2008.
3. Harmening DM. Modern blood banking and transfusion practices. FA Davis; 2012.
4. Hillyer C, Hillyer KL, Strobl F, Jefferies L, Silberstein L, editors. Handbook of transfusion
medicine. Academic Press; 2001.
 MLT-505 Clinical Bacteriology 4 (3+1)

Theory:
Pathogenicity, Clinical features and Laboratory diagnosis of Medically Important Bacteria
including Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Beta-hemolytic
Streptococci, Alphahemolytic Streptococcus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococci,
Bacillus Species (B. anthracis, B. cereus), Clostridium species (C. tetani, C. botulinum, C.
perfringens. C. difficile) Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria
species (N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter
species, Citrobacter species, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Campylobacter, Helicobacter,
Vibrio, Hemophilus, Bordetella, Legionella, Brucella, Francisella, Pasteurella, Pseudomonas,
Rickettsia, Chlamydia trachomatis Bacteroides, Mycobacteria, Treponema pallidum,
Leptospira, Borrelia and Mycoplasma. Molecular and Immunological Methods to study
bacteria and bacterial infections. Antibacterial drugs; mode of action. Antimicrobial
resistance.
Practical:
1. A dentification of unknown microorganisms, Identification of Staphylococci,
Streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Vibrio.
2. Biochemical tests include Catalase, Coagulate, DNAse, Citrate Utilization, Glucose
fermentation, Lactose and Sucrose fermentation, methyl red, urease, Voges
Proskauer.
3. Multiple Test Systems including 20E.
Recommended Books:
1. Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge university
press; 2006
2. Crocker J, Burnett D, The Science of laboratory diagnosis. John Wiley & Sons; 2005.
3. Ridley J. Essentials of Clinical Laboratory Science. Delmar Cengage Learning; 2010.
4. Gillespie S, Hawkey PM, editors. Principles and practice of clinical bacteriology. John
Wiley
5. & Sons; 2006.
6. Leboffe MJ, Pierce BE. Microbiology: laboratory theory and application. Morton
Publishing Company; 2012.
 MLT-509 Medical Instrumentation and Software Applications 3 (3+0)

Theory:
Fundamentals of medical instrumentation systems, sensors, biomedical signal processing
and electrical safety requirements. Example instruments for hematology, clinical chemistry
and immunochemistry. Clinical laboratory measurements, POCT devices, chemical
biosensors. Demonstration of common analytical instruments; the theory and applications
of various analytical instruments including various types of Microscopes, incubators,
electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, chromatography, and centrifugation; and lab safety
practice. Manual and automated methods for the biochemical analysis of blood and body
fluids; principles of operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of laboratory
instruments. Various aspects of the medical laboratory including disciplines, automation,
use of computers and software and Lab information system. Safe work practices, quality
assurance features and the analytical principles of common clinical laboratory methods.
Fundamentals of Software interface applications, user defined functions, user input from
keyboard and mouse, text inputs, use of bar codes. Statistics and quality
control/assessment in clinical chemistry, Routine operation and daily maintenance of
automated equipment and supervised evaluation and reporting of results.
Recommended Books:
1. Tietz, Norbert W., ed. Textbook of clinical chemistry. Vol. 486. Philadelphia et al.:
Saunders, 1986.
2. Webster, John. Medical instrumentation: application and design. John Wiley & Sons,
2009.
 MLT-406 Immunology & Serology 4 (3-1)

Theory:
Immunity-definition, innate immunity, acquired immunity (humoral and Cell mediated
immunity). Active and passive immunity and vaccination. Antigens and immunogens;
types, characteristics, adjuvants. Cellular basis of immune response; T-cells and
subtypes, B cells, antigen presenting cells, Activation of T-cells and B-cells, memory cells.
Immunoglobulin; Structure, types, classes, isotypes, allotypes, idiotypes, monoclonal
antibodies and Hybridoma technology. Humoral immune response, primary and
secondary immune response, Major Histocompatibility Complex and its types and role in
transplantation and allograft rejection. Complement; pathways and activation,
biological effects and clinical manifestations. Antigen-antibody reactions;
precipitations, agglutination, Radioimmunoassay, ELISA, Complement Fixation assays,
hem agglutination, neutralization assays, antiglobulin (Coombs) test. ABO, Rh antigen
and antibodies. Hypersensitivity (Allergy), Types of hypersensitivity reactions,
tolerance; B-cell and T-cell tolerance. Autoimmune disorders and its associated
factors. Immunodeficiency; congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies.
Practical:
1. Serological diagnosis of microbial diseases
2. Widal test
3. ASO titer
4. CRP titer
5. RA factor
6. VDRL
7. RPR
8. ELISA for HBV and HCV

Recommended Books:

1. Owen, Judith A., Jenni Punt, and Sharon A. Stranford. Kuby immunology. New York: WH

Freeman, 2013.
2. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 12th Edition, Mc Graw Hill Medical,

New York
Theory:6th Semester
MLT-502 Cytology and Cytotechnology 3 (2+1)

Theory:
Cell morphology and physiology, Cell structure and functions –lining membrane epithelia,
stratified squamous epithelia, columnar epithelia, epithelia serving reproductive function
and miscellaneous epithelia. Various cells are seen in cytological preparations. Body fluids:
method of collection transport and macroscopic and microscopic of Ascitic fluid, pleural
fluid, and synovial fluid with special reference to cytology. Genitourinary cytology (including
normal and abnormal) Histology and cytology of epithelia of female genital tract during the
childbearing age. Cells originating from the normal squamous epithelium of cervix vagina.
Squamocolumnar junction/Transformation zone. Endocervical epithelium ciliary tuft. Cells
originating from normal Endometrial, cells other than epithelia in normal smears, normal
vaginal floras. Cyclic changes in vaginal smears. Various devices and techniques for Vaginal
smear. Excretory system: Cytology in the absence of cancer, cytology of normal urine voided
urine and catheterized urine. Inflammatory process with in the lower urinary tract. Bacterial
fungal (Monilia) and viral infections and associated changes. Cytology of urinary tract in
inflammation and malignancy. Respiratory Tract: Cytology in the absence of cancer. The
squamous epithelium and Respiratory epithelium and their cytology, non – epithelial cells
of respiratory tract. Foreign materials in sputum. Benign abnormalities of respiratory
epithelium, squamous epithelium and squamous metaplasia cytology in malignant
condition. Cancer cells: Morphologic characteristics of cancer cells. Morphological
difference between normal cells and cancer cells. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC).
Clinical procedures: Preparation and fixation of smears and fluid specimens. Collection,
fixation and transport of cervical smears and vaginal smears for hormonal studies.
Standards of adequacy of cytology examination of female genital tract. Collection of urine,
bladder irrigation, urine collection after prostatic massage, screening of urinary sediment,
GIT Brushing and lavage, Cytological sampling from esophagus, stomach and duodenum.
Occult blood in stool. Collection of body fluids and anticoagulants used.
Practical:
1. Collection of samples and processing.
2. Cytological fixatives and fixation.
3. Collection and preparation of fluid sediment for cytological examination.
4. Preparation and fixation of sputum smears for cytology and preparation.
5. Preparation and fixation of vaginal and cervical smears for cytology.
6. Hormonal evaluation of vaginal smears.
7. Papanicolaou staining principles and staining procedures.
8. Maygrunwarld staining-principles and staining procedures.
9. Identification of cells.
10. Differentiation between malignant and benign cells
Recommended Books:
 1. Diagnostic cytology and its Histopathological Basis-Vol-1-E.G. Koss.

2. Suvarna SK, Layton C, Bancroft JD. Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological
Techniques, Expert Consult: Online and Print, 7: Bancroft's Theory and Practice of
Histological Techniques. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013

BNB-321 Molecular Biology 3 (2+1)

Theory:
Overview of molecular biology, Advances in molecular biology, Central dogma of molecular
biology, important definitions related to central dogma, Chemical structures of the major
classes of macromolecules. DNA replication, Transcription, RNA processing, Genetic code,
Translation, post-translational modifications. Gene regulation in prokaryotes, Gene
regulation in eukaryotes. Phages. Transposable elements and its mechanism, DNA damage
(Mutations) and DNA repair mechanisms (Nucleotide and base excision repair, mismatch
repair, double strand break repair, Translation DNA synthesis). Genetic engineering.
Practical:
1. Isolation and purification of DNA, Detection and quantitative determination of
chromosomal DNA and RNA.
2. Simple cloning experiments using Escherichia coli as a host, Isolation and
qualitative and quantitative detection of plasmid DNA (mini prep).
3. Digestion of DNA with restriction enzymes and separation of different sized
fragments on agarose gel.
4. Study of transformed bacteria based on antibiotic resistance
Recommended Books:
1. Molecular Biology of the Cell by Alberts, 2002. Garland Science, New York.
2. Molecular Biology by David Clark, 2005. ELSEVIER Academic Press.
3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry by Nelson and Cox, Freeman Publishers.
4. Molecular Biology of Gene by Watson, Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press.
5. Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction by T.A. Brown, Blackwell Science
Publishers.
6. Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press.
7. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Publishers.
8. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments by Gerald Karp, 2010. 6th
Edition, John Wiley and Sons.
9. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL. Molecular cell biology. 5th edition. WH Freeman and
company, New York.
 MLT-504 Clinical Virology and Mycology 3 (2+1)

Theory:
Virus; structure, classification, Replication of viruses (RNA & DNA), Principles of viral
diagnostic procedures. Bacterial viruses, Prion and viroid. DNA Enveloped Viruses; Herpes
simplex virus, Varicella Zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), small pox
virus, DNA nonenveloped Viruses; Adeno virus, Human papillomavirus; RNA Enveloped
Viruses: Influenza virus, Measles virus, Rubella virus, Rabies virus, RNA non-enveloped
Viruses; polio virus, Rota virus, Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus,
Hepatitis C viruses, Hepatitis D virus, Hepatitis E virus, Tumor Viruses, Slow Viruses & Prions,
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Introduction to mycology, structure, growth.
Pathogenesis, fungal toxins and allergies, laboratory diagnosis, pathogenesis, clinical
finding, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, and
opportunistic mycosis. Antifungal therapy.
Practical:
1. Hemagglutination assays for viral diseases.
2. ELISA for HBsAg and Anti-HCV
3. Molecular methods for diction of viral infections
4. Sample collection for fungal diseases.
5. Fungal culture media.
6. Determination of antifungal activity of (nystatin, amphotericin B etc.)
Recommended Books:
1. Levinson, W. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 12th Edition, Mc Graw
Hill Medical, New York.
2. Cann, A. J., 2001. Principles of Molecular Virology Academic Press
3. Griffin, R., Martin, M. A, Straus, H., Griffin, D. E., Robert, G., LMICRO, A., Howley, P. M.,
Roizman, B., Straus, S. E., David, M., 2001. Fundamental Virology Lippincott Williams
and Wilkins.
4. Flint, S. J., Racaniello, V. R., Enquist, L. W. and Skalka, A. M. 2003. Principles of Virology:
Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses. CMICROridge
University Press.
5. Zuckerman, A. J., Banatvala, J. E., Pattison, J. R., Griffiths, P., Schoub, B., 2004.
Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology, 5th Edition. John Wiley and Sons Limited.
 MLT-506 Advanced Hematology 3 (2+1)

Theory:
Mechanism of blood coagulation, laboratory tests used in investigation of coagulation
disorders Assay of coagulation factors, Hemophilia and its laboratory parameters,
Measurement of life span of platelets. Cytochemistry – Peroxidase, Sudan block, and
Esterases, Perl’s staining and estimation of Iron content in bone marrow smears and its
significance. Thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies (in brief) Definition, Classification,
Laboratory diagnosis of various types of anemia, polycythemia Vera, leukocytosis,
leucopenia, lymphopenia, monocytosis, neutropenia and Agranulocytosis, infectious mono
nucleosis. Definition and FAB/ WHO-2008 classification of leukemia, Acute and Chronic
leukemia blood and bone marrow findings in acute myeloid Leukemia (AML), acute
lymphoid leukemia (ALL) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic lymphatic leukemia
(CLL), Erythroleukemia, Eosinophilic Leukemia, megakaryocytic leukemia, Leukemoid blood
reactions, FAB classification, Multiple Myeloma (in brief) Systemic methods of examination
of blood film (blood Picture) and reporting, LE cell phenomenon and demonstration of LE
cells, principle, method and significance of osmotic fragility test, Acid hemolysis (ham’s
test), G6PD estimation and its significance. Automation and recent advances in
hematological techniques.
Practical:
1. PT, APTT
2. D Dimer
3. Hb Electrophoresis / Determination of fetal hemoglobin
4. Osmotic fragility test
5. Malarial Parasite Identification and reporting
6. LE cell phenomenon
7. Heinz body preparation
8. Determination of G-6-PD
9. Demonstration of slides of various disorders of anemia and leukemia
Recommended Books:
1. Blann A, Ahmed N. Blood Science: Principles and Pathology. John Wiley & Sons; 2014
Jan 2.
2. Hoffbrand AV, Catovsky D, Tuddenham EG, editors. Postgraduate hematology. John
Wiley & Sons; 2008 Apr 15.
3. Ciesla B. Hematology in practice. FA Davis; 2011 Aug 11.

MLT-508 Advanced Immunology 3 (2+1)

Theory:
 Introduction to the immune response, Specific immune response, Recognition by antibody
– antigens and epitopes, Antibody structure, various classes of antibodies. T lymphocyte
subsets, structure of T- cell receptor, major histocompatibility complex (MHC), class 1 and
2 MHC molecules. Antigen recognition, processing and presentation by MHC molecules,
Gene and protein structure of immunoglobulin and T cell receptors, Rearrangement of
receptor genes in B and T cells, Additional mechanisms for the generation of immune
diversity, somatic mutations antibodies class switching. Autoimmune disease, Classification
of autoimmune diseases, genetic and environmental features of immunological disorders.
Immunological memory, Vaccines, Properties of an ideal vaccine, current available vaccines,
Recombinant vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, Peptide vaccines. Transplantation,
Transplantation antigens, the immune response against transplants, Immunosuppressive
drugs. Tumor immunology, Immunological approaches for cancer therapy, tumor vaccines.
Practical:
1. Immunofluorescence Assays
2. ELISA technique for the estimation of viral antigens and antiviral antibodies
3. ELISpot
4. Immuno-blotting
5. Nephelometry for the estimation of serum complements (C3, C4) and
immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE
6. Flow cytometry; technique and applications in immunology
7. Enumeration of lymphocytes substets using Flow cytometry
8. HLA Typing (Serological and Molecular)
Recommended Books:
1. Owen, Judith A., Jenni Punt, and Sharon A. Stranford. Kuby immunology. New
York: WH Freeman, 2013.
2. Wood, Peter. Understanding Immunology 2nd edition. Benjamin Cummings, 2006.
3. Rabson, Arthur, Ivan Maurice Roitt, and Peter J. Delves. Really essential medical
immunology. Blackwell Pub., 2005.
4. Abbas AK, Lichtman AHH, Pillai S. Cellular and Molecular Immunology Elsevier
Health Sciences, 2014

MLT-510 Clinical Enzymology 3 (2+1)

Theory:
Introduction: Endocrine Glands, Functional anatomy of different endocrine glands, General
 account of chemical nature and biosynthesis of hormones, Transport of hormones to the
site of action. Mechanism of Hormone Action: Hormonal signaling and its role in
coordination of molecular, cellular and tissue functions; conceptual account of different
types of signaling and transductions, Hormone Functions: physiological actions of the
hormones of hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenal
cortex, adrenal medulla, gonads, corpus luteum, pineal, thymus. Endocrine secretions of
heart, kidney and adipose tissue. Invertebrate hormones. Hormones involved in molting
and metamorphosis. Control of Hormonal Secretion: Negative and positive feedback
regulation.
Practical:
1. To demonstrate the position of various endocrine glands
2. Experiments to reveal the roles of endocrine glands and their hormones in
physiological functions
3. The effect of insulin on glycemic level.
4. To determine the random and fasting blood glucose level.
5. To perform oral glucose tolerance test in human/animals.
6. To determine the effect of cortisol on biochemical parameters (glucose/protein)
7. To determine the effect of MSH on skin pigmentation.
Recommended Books:
1. Greenspan, F. S. and Strewler, G. J. Basic and Clinical Endocrinology. Prentice-Hall,
New York, 2004.
2. Guyton, A. C. and Hall, J. E. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th ed. W. B
Saunder, 2005.
3. Molina, P. E. Endocrine Physiology. McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2003.
4. Kacsoh, B. Endocrine Physiology. McGraw-Hill, Boston. 2000.
5. Wilson, J. D., Foster, D. W., Larsen, P. R and Kronenberg, H. Williams Textbook of
Endocrinology. W.
6. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. 2002.
7. Ganong, W. F. Review of Medical Physiology. 24th ed. McGraw-Hill. 2005.
8. Gerald D. Tharp, David A. Woodman Experiments in physiology. 10th Edition.
 7th Semester
AHP-601 Forensic Medicine 3 (3+0)

Theory:
Introduction to forensic toxicology; Medical Jurisprudence, Legal prudence, Inquest, Courts,
Procedure in court, Role of Consent in medical practice. Death: definition, phases of death,
Signs of death; cadaveric lividly, Rigor Mortis, Putrefaction, Saponification, Mummification,
Cadaveric spasm, Manners of death; Natural (causes of sudden natural death), accidental,
suicidal, Intraoperative, homicidal & undetermined. Factors used in estimating time of
death. Evidence; Evidence and type of evidence, dying declaration and dying deposition,
Physical evidence & types, recovery and preservation of physical evidence, procedure for
collection of biological and non-biological evidence. Asphyxia: suffocation, strangulation,
chemical asphyxiant & neck holds Injuries & Wounds; blunt force, sharps, gunshot, burns,
Autopsy; External and Internal examination; microscopic examination, findings, opinion &
reporting Forensic Toxicology: Poison & their Classification, Routes of Administration and
Elimination of Poison, Factors modifying the effects/action of poison, Diagnosis, tissue &
specimen collection, routine testing, drug screening; methods of analysis.
Recommended Books:
1. DiMaio VJ, Dana SE. Handbook of forensic pathology. CRC Press; 2006.
2. Adelman HC. Forensic Medicine. Infobase Publishing; 2007.
3. Sharma RK. Concise textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology. Global
Education Consultants. 2005
4. McLay WD. Clinical forensic medicine. Cambridge University Press; 2009 Mar 12.

STA-507 Biostatistics 3 (3+0)

Course Outline:
Looking at the data: Types of Data, Tables and Graphs, Central tendency and Dispersion.
Probability: Bayes Theorem, Sensitivity and Specificity, Odds Ratio and Relative Risk.
Probability Distributions: Binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, Normal distribution, Central
Limit Theorem, Standard scores/z-scores. Statistical inference: Samples and populations, Power,
Confidence intervals, p-values, Type I & II error. Hypothesis testing: One-sample population mean,
Paired sample t-test, Independent samples t-test, One-way ANOVA and Two-way ANOVA for
comparing more than two groups. Chi-square test, McNemar’s test, Odds ratio, Relative risk.
Correlation, Simple Linear Regression, Multiple Linear regression, Logistic regression. Non-
parametric Tests: Sign test, Wilcoxon test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Rank correlation.
 Recommended Books:
2. Sullivan, L. M. (2023). Essentials of biostatistics in public health. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
3. Daniel, W. W., & Cross, C. L. (2018). Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health
Sciences. John Wiley & Sons.
4. Burt, B. (2013). Basic Biostatistics: Statistics For Public Health Practice. Jones & Bartlett
Learning.
5. Motulsky, H. (2014). Intuitive biostatistics: a nonmathematical guide to statistical thinking.
Oxford University Press, USA.
6. Glantz, S. A. (2012). Primer of Biostatistics. McGraw-Hill Education
7. Norman, G. R., & Streiner, D. L. (2008). Biostatistics: The Bare Essentials. PMPH USA (BC
Decker).
8. Zar, J. H. (2009). Biostatistical Analysis. 5th Ed Pearson Education India.

AHP-603 Community Medicine and Public Health 3 (2+1)

Theory:
General concepts of health and diseases with reference to natural history of disease
with pre- pathogenic and pathogenic phase. The role of socio-economic and cultural
environment in health and diseases-Epidemiology and scope. Public health
administration-An overall view of the health administration set up at center and state
level. The National Health Programs- National Health programs including tuberculosis,
malaria, MCH and HIV/AIDS. Health problems in vulnerable groups-Pregnant and
lactating women and infants and school going children-occupational groups, geriatrics.
Occupational Health- Definition, scope-Occupational diseases, prevention of occupational
diseases and hazards. Social security and other measures for the protection of
occupational hazards, accidents and disease. Details of compensation acts. Family
planning objectives of National family planning methods. A general idea of advantages
and disadvantages of the method. Mental Health- community aspects of mental health;
role of physiotherapists, therapists in mental health problems such as mental
retardation etc. Communicable disease; An overall view of communicable disease.
Classification according to the principal mode of transmission. Role of insects and their
vectors. International health agencies.
Practical:
Contraceptive methods; intra-uterine devices, hormonal contraceptives, demographic
studies and data collection, communication for health education, Human nutrition, Hospital
and biomedical waste management, Arthropods of medical importance. Air pollution and
 fumigation. Extended Program for Immunization (EPI).

Recommended Books:
1. Park K. Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine. 2007.
2. Maxcy-Rosenau. Public health and preventive medicine. Appleton-century-crofts,
1986. Ansari, IS, Public health and community medicine

MLT-603 Advanced Clinical Biochemistry 4 (3+1)

Theory:
Biochemical investigations and quality control, Modern clinical biochemistry laboratories,
Evaluation of a clinical method, Quality control and audit, General automated chemistry
systems, automated immunochemistry analyzers. Clinical enzymology and biomarkers;
Biomarkers, Cardiac biomarkers in clinical practice. Abnormalities of lipid metabolism;
Hypercholesterolemia, Hypocholesterolemia, Hypertriglyceridemia, Measurement of lipids
in clinical samples, Assessment of cardiovascular risk. Endocrine system and hormone
analysis, Disorders of pituitary function, Disorders of thyroid function, Insulin, glucagon, and
the counter-regulatory hormones; diabetes mellitus, Specific protein markers; Plasma
proteins, albumin, Alpha 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, Caeruloplasmin, transferrin, C-reactive
protein, Cancer biochemistry and tumor markers, The present and future of clinical
biochemistry in cancer diagnostics. Drug administration, distribution, and elimination:
Types of poisons and poisoning, Biochemical features of poisoning, Laboratory investigation
of poisoning, Toxicology of specific compounds.
Practical:
1. Measurement of plasma proteins.
2. Methods for the measurement of tumor markers.
3. Measurement of Thyroid function (T3, T4, and TSH)
4. Measurement of FSH, LH and Prolactin.
5. Measurement of immunosuppressive drugs in the body.
6. Measurement of cardiac biomarkers
Recommended Books:
1. Ahmad N, Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Press, UK, 2011.
2. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular
diagnostics. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012
3. Tietz NW, editor. Textbook of clinical chemistry. Philadelphia et al.: Saunders; 1986.
 MLT-613 Clinical Genetics 4 (3+1)

Theory:
Genetics and genomics in medicines, The human genome and chromosomal basis of
Heredity, Medical relevance of mitosis and meiosis, Karyotype and chromosome analysis,
common chromosomal disorders, Molecular basis of mutations and methods of mutation
detection, Mendelian inheritance in man, Mitochondrial disorders, Inherited disorders
running in families, Pedigree analysis, risk assessment in Mendelian disorders,
Polymorphism, LOH assay, Tools of clinical genetics: analysis of individual DNA and RNA
sequences, Methods of nucleic acid analysis, The polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot
Analysis of Proteins, cytogenetic analysis in cancer, prenatal diagnosis, personalized genetic
medicines, genetic screening in population, Screening of genetic susceptibility to disease,
Ethical issues in Medical Genetics.
Practical:
1. DNA extraction from blood and Saliva and Quantification
2. RNA extraction from human blood
3. Pedigree drawing and Haplotype analysis for carrier status
4. Internet and Human Genetics
5. Primer Designing and PCR
6. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
7. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
8. Gene expression analysis
Recommended Books:
1. Nussbaum R, McInnes RR, Willard HF. Thompson & Thompson genetics in
medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences; 8th Edition
2. Read AP, Donnai D. New clinical genetics. Bloxham/Oxfordshire: Scion; 2007. 3rd
Edition
3. Strachan T, Read A, Human Molecular Genetics 4th Edition

MLT-605 Advanced Clinical Microbiology 4 (3+1)

Theory:
 Classification and pathogenicity of microbes, factors affecting the virulence and spread of
microbes. Use of microbiological laboratory-principles, collection of clinically relevant
specimens, provision of essential clinical information. Collection of good quality specimens,
transport and processing of specimens, Applications of molecular biology to clinical
microbiology and infectious diseases. Antimicrobial chemotherapy; spectrum of activity,
factors affecting antimicrobial chemotherapy, antibiotic prophylaxis, resistance to
antimicrobial drugs, antibiotic policies. Septicemia; clinical features, microbiological
investigations and treatment. Infections of Central Nervous System; meningitis,
encephalitis, Rabies, cerebral abscesses. ENT and eye infections, Infections of the lower
respiratory tract; acute and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, parainfluenza, cystic
fibrosis, lungs abscess, empyema. Infections of the gastrointestinal tract; enteric fever,
gastroenteritis and food poisoning, diarrhea and dysentery, Cholera. Infections of the
urinary tract; significant bacteriuria, pathogenesis and predisposing features. Sexually
transmitted diseases; bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoa infections. Nosocomial infections.
Practical:
1. Species level identification of staphylococci
2. Species level identification of streptococci
3. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae
4. API 20E, API 20NE, API AUX
5. Media and reagent for the isolation and identification of bacterial pathogen from
clinical specimens.
6. Instrumented Blood Culture Systems (BACTEC)
7. Automated Microbiology Systems
Recommended Books:
1. Ryan KJ, Ray CG. Sherris medical microbiology: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing.
6th Edition. 2014
2. Shanson DC. Microbiology in clinical practice. Butterworth-Heinemann; 3rd Edition
1999
3. Lee G, Bishop P. Microbiology and infection control for health professionals.
Pearson Higher Education. 5th Edition. 2013
4. Engelkirk PG, Duben-Engelkirk JL, Burton GR. Burton's microbiology for the health
sciences. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.

MLT-607 Advanced Molecular Biology 4 (3+1)

Theory:
Introduction; central dogma of biology, Prokaryotic & eukaryotic gene organization, Review
of DNA cloning techniques, plasmid biology, vectors, bacterial genetics related to DNA
cloning methods, Clone verification and blotting methods, DNA sequencing and PCR,
Agarose gel electrophoresis safety, principles & practice , Restriction endonucleases, other
 molecular biology enzymes, Nucleic acid purification, quantification methods, Polymerase
Chain Reaction and other DNA amplification methods, Animal genetic engineering and
cloning, Hormones, receptors and signal transduction, Detection and Identification of
Microorganisms; specimen collection, sample preparation, Selection of Sequence Targets
for Detection of Microorganisms, Molecular Detection of Bacteria, Molecular mechanisms
of resistance to Antimicrobial Agents, Molecular Detection of Resistance, Molecular Strain
Typing Methods for Epidemiological Studies. Molecular basis of cancer, analytical targets of
molecular testing, Gene and Chromosomal Mutations in Solid Tumors, Microsatellite
Instability, Loss of Heterozygosity, Quality Assurance and Quality Control in the Molecular
Laboratory.
Practical:
1. Safety, basic techniques: pipetting, sterile technique, bacterial culture
2. Agarose gel electrophoresis
3. SDS-PAGE
4. PCR
5. PCR-RFLP
6. Purification and Characterization of Plasmid DNA
Recommended Books:
1. Lodish H. Molecular cell biology. Macmillan; 7th Edition. 2013.
2. Buckingham L. Molecular diagnostics: fundamentals, methods and clinical
applications. FA Davis; 2011.
3. Clark DP, Pazdernik NJ, Molecular Biology, Elsevier, 2013 Science
4. Ream W, Field KG. Molecular biology techniques: an intensive laboratory course.
Academic Press; 1998

MLT-609 Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Techniques 3 (2+1)

Theory:
Methods of qualitative analysis, Principles of automated blood cell counters; Introduction,
Hb measurement, red cell measurements, Reticulocyte and nucleated RBC measurement,
White cell measurements. Ion-selective electrodes; Introduction, Specificity---how
electrodes are made selective, Electrochemical reactions, Glucose electrodes,
Electrochemical detectors, Complex electrodes, other complex enzyme-mediated
electrodes. Light absorption, scatter and luminescence techniques in clinical biochemistry:
Light absorption techniques, Turbidimetry and nephelometry, Luminescence. Analytical
atomic spectrometry; Introduction, Principles, Instrumentation and Applications. Dry
 reagent chemistry techniques; Introduction and Principles of Methodology. Separation
techniques in clinical laboratory; Chromatography, Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), High-
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Gas chromatography (GC), Electrophoresis,
Realtime PCR chemistries; TaqMan PCR chemistry, TaqMan primer and probe design,
Amplicon detection, TaqMan real-time detection, Absolute and Relative quantitation.
Background to CGH and array CGH, Overview of comparative genomic hybridization,
Microarrays, Clinical applications. DNA sequencing, Chemical sequencing of DNA, The
dideoxy method of DNA sequencing, Application of DNA sequencing. Fluorescence in situ
hybridization, Choice of probe, Labelling of probes, Hybridization, Detection of hybridized
probe, Applications in basic research, Applications in medical genetics, Applications in
cancer diagnosis and research.
Practical:
1. Automated blood cell counters; principle and procedures
2. Ion selective electrodes; principle and procedures
3. Principle and procedure of SDS-PAGE
4. Western blotting for the detection of proteins
5. Southern blotting: principle and procedures
Recommended Books:
1. Ream W, Field KG. Molecular biology techniques: an intensive laboratory course.
Academic Press; 1998 Nov 17.
2. Crocker J, Burnett D, The Science of laboratory diagnosis. John Wiley & Sons; 2005.
3. Bishop ML, Fody EP, Schoeff LE, editors. Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques,
and Correlations. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013 Feb 20.

MLT-611 Quality Assurance Management 2 (2+0)

Theory:
Introduction to Quality management, Quality Assurance in the Medical Laboratory,
Personnel Qualifications and Proficiency Testing. Quality Improvement and Effective
Quality Assurance Programs; internal and external quality controls. Spectrophotometry for
QC, QC Terminology, Quality Control Concepts. Random Error, Standard Deviation (SD),
Spread of Data on the Scale, calculation of Variance, Standard Deviation, Equation for
Calculating a Standard Deviation and a Coefficient of Variation. Analyzing Quality Control
Results. Out of Range results management. Sequential Steps for Out-of-Range Controls,
Rejection and acceptance of tests/controls. Comparison of Precision, Reproducibility and
Accuracy, Normal Reference Ranges and associated problems. Erroneous Samples, Effects
of Position on Laboratory Values, Factors Affecting Laboratory Values, Types and
Characteristics of Samples, Categories of Errors Pre-analytical, Analytical, Post-analytical,
Interpretation of Results, Clinical versus Statistical Significance, Specificity and Sensitivity,
 Efficiency, Reporting of Results, Computer Processes within the Clinical Laboratory, Central
Computer Memory, Software for Mechanical Functions and Calculation of Results,
Administrative Functions and Related Personnel Tasks.
Recommended Books:
1. Crocker J, Burnett D, The Science of laboratory diagnosis. John Wiley & Sons; 2005.
2. Bishop ML, Fody EP, Schoeff LE, editors. Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and
Correlations.
3. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013 Feb

8th Semester
AHP-602 Epidemiology 3 (3+0)

Theory:
Epidemiology, the historical contest, definition and scope of epidemiology, Measuring
health and disease; definition of health and disease, measurement of disease frequency,
prevalence and incidence rate, cumulative incidence rate, case fatality, use of available
information, mortality, mortality before or after birth, life expectancy, morbidity, disability.
Types of epidemiological studies; Observational studies including descriptive, ecological,
cross sectional, case control, and cohort studies. Experimental epidemiology including
randomized clinical trials, field trails, community trials. Potential errors and bias in
epidemiological studies. Ethical issues in epidemiological studies. Epidemiology and
prevention; levels of prevention including primordial, primary, secondary and tertiary.
Diseases screening programs. Communicable disease epidemiology; epidemic and endemic
diseases, the infection chain, investigation and control of communicable disease epidemics,
clinical epidemiology, normality and abnormality, diagnostic and prognostic tests.
Prevention. Environmental and occupational epidemiology, health services and health
policy.
Recommended Books:
1. C Bonita R, Beaglehole R, Kjellström T. Basic epidemiology. World Health Organization;
2006.
2. Salyers, A. A. and Whitt, D. D., 2002. Microbiology: Diversity, Disease, and the
Environment. JohnWiley and Son Limited.
3. Ziegler, A., and Koenig, I. R., 2006. A Statistical Approach to Genetic Epidemiology:
Concepts and Applications. John-Wiley and Son Limited.
4. Haines, J. L., Pericak-Vance, M. A., 2006. Genetic Analysis of Complex disease. Wiley,
John and Sons Incorporated.
5. Adami, H.O., Hunter, D., Trichopoulos D., 2002. Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology.
Oxford Press.
6. Seedhouse, D., 2003. Health Promotion: Philosophy, Prejudice and Practice, 2nd
Edition. John Wiley and Sons limited.

BNB-402 Bioinformatics-I 3 (2+1)

Theory:
Introduction and Importance of Bioinformatics; Internet Basics; World Wide Web and Web
Browsers; Important Glossary of Bioinformatics; Biological Databases; Data Annotation and
Redundancy; Entrez; Introduction to National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI);
GENBANK Sequence Database; European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI); DNA Data Bank of
Japan (DDBJ); Protein Sequence Primary Databases; Secondary Databases; Protein Pattern
Databases; Structure Classification Databases; Analysis of Protein Sequences; Genome
Organization and Resources; Genome Maps; Genome Projects; Human Genome Project.
Practical:
1. Internet browsers and bioinformatics, Primary databases for literature survey,
Primary databases for DNA and Protein sequences
2. Searching and retrieval of DNA and Protein sequences, navigating genome
browsers for assessing and interpreting the data, Databases of online tools for
DNA and Protein sequence analysis
3. DNA and Protein sequence analysis using online tools, Primer designing and
calculation of primer parameters.
Recommended Books:
1. Baxevanis, A. D. and Ouellette, B.F.F. (2004) Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the
Analysis of Genes and Proteins. A John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Publication, New York.
2. Baxevanis, A. D. et al., (2013) Current Protocols in Bioinformatics. Wiley Publishers
(Online Library).
3. Claverie, J.M. and Notredame, C. (2007) Bioinformatics for Dummies. Wiley Publishing
Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana.
4. Ye, S.Q. (2008) Bioinformatics: A practical Approach. Chapman and Hall/CRC Publishers,
Taylor and Francis Group, London, UK.
5. Xiong, J. (2006) Essential Bioinformatics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
6. Orengo, C.A., Jones, D.T. and Thornton, J.M. (2007) Bioinformatics: Genes, Proteins,
and Computers. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd, Oxford, UK.
7. Ignacimuthu, S. (2005) Basic Bioinformatics. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
8. Srinivas, V.R. (2005) Bioinformatics - A Modern Approach. Pentice Hall of India (PHI),
New Delhi, India.

MLT-604 Clinical Laboratory Management 3 (3+0)

Theory:
Early History and Birth of a Profession, Timeline for Evolution of the Clinical Laboratory,
Recognition of MLT as a Profession, Official Regulation of Medical Laboratories and
Workers, Credentialing and Certification of Medical Laboratory Technical Workers. Clinical
and Anatomic Pathologist/Director, Doctor of Laboratory Medicine (D.L.M.), Clinical
Sciences Specialist, Laboratory Manager, Clinical Laboratory Scientist/Medical
Technologist, Technician-Level Medical Laboratory Worker, Phlebotomists. Laboratory
Accreditation, Facility and Departmental Licensure and Accreditation, Personnel
Certification or Licensure, Specialty Designation for Categories of Clinical Laboratory
Scientists. Legal, Moral, and Ethical Concerns. Patient Expectations and Rights. Medical Law
and Privacy of medical information. Hospital and Laboratory Organization. Departments
including Hematology, Coagulation, Immunohematology (Blood Banking), Clinical
Chemistry, Serology (Immunology), Microbiology. Laboratory Design Laboratory-Specific
Economics, Reference Laboratories, Elements Involved in Calculating the Costs of
Performing Tests, Screening Tests, Contracts for Services, Equipment, and Supplies,
Laboratory safety and hazards. Infection control. Laboratory management; business plan,
technology, staff, services, threats, cost analysis. Laboratory Information system; from
sample collection to reporting. Total quality management and accreditation. Laboratory
 management training. Management of laboratory Resources; Management of time, space,
equipment and supplies.
Recommended Books:
1. C Ridley J. Essentials of Clinical Laboratory Science. Delmar Cengage Learning; 2010.
2. De Kieviet W, Frank E, Stekel H. Essentials of clinical laboratory management in
developing regions. IFCC Series. 2009.
3. Mekonnen E. Health Laboratory Management and Quality Assurance.
4.
INT-631 Internship 3 (0+3)

• As per HEC Guidelines, following the Undergraduate Policy 2023.

CAP-630 Capstone Project 3 (0+3)

• As per HEC Guidelines, following the Undergraduate Policy 2023.