DOSAGE CHAPTER 11 DOSAGE

11.3.3.2. Jiménez Montoya method, based on the EHE

1) The 1heThe next step is to choose the A/C ratio, based on the materials that are going to be used and the

design resistance. Table 11.11 includes maximum reference values for the A/C ratio, in
function of the resistance of Hº, the type of aggregate, and the class of cement, for certain conditions
good execution. European standards recommend limiting the A/C ratio and the content
in cement to the values indicated in table 11.12, in order to protect the Hº against the
physical actions and chemical attack, as well as to prevent the corrosion of the armor.

TABLE 11.11 MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED VALUES OF THE A/C RATIO BASED ON

CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 28 DAYS
Concrete strength (MPa) Áridos rodados (*) Crushed aggregates (*)
characteristicck media fcm † CEM-I/32.5‡ CEM-I/42.5§ CEM-I/32.5‡ CEM-I/42.5§
20 28 0.55 0.60 0.65
25 33 0.50 0.55 0,60 0.65
30 39 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
35 44 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
40 50 - 0,40 0.45 0.50
Concrete without additives
† Value obtained from the relationship in table 11.4
These values can be taken for Type I-30 cements produced in our environment.
These values can be taken for Type I-40 cements produced in our region.
Source: Reference 5

TABLE 11.12 MAXIMUM A/C RATIO AND MINIMUM CEMENT CONTENT IN KG/M3EN
FUNCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Maximum Minimum content of
Environmental conditions of the structure relationship cement
water/cement. H. en masse H. armed
Interior of buildings
I 0.65 200 250
Exterior with low humidity
II
Interior of buildings with high humidity 0.60 275
without frost
Normal exteriors
Elements in contact with water II-h 200
0.55 300
normal with frosts
Elements in contact with land II-f
ordinary. with frosts and 0.50 300
funders
III*
0.55 300
without frost
Elements in aggressive industrial atmosphere
III-h*
Elements in the marine atmosphere 0.50 200 300
with frosts
Elements in contact with saline waters
or slightly acidic. III-f*
with frost and 0.50 325
founding(1)
IV-a*
0.50 225 325
... slow
Environments with substance content
IV-b*
chemicals capable of causing alterations 0.50 250 350
... media
with concrete at speed...
IV-c*
0.45 250 350
... high
(1)
With de-icing salts, the concrete must contain a minimum of 4.5% entrained air.
concretes subjected to environments III and IV must be checked for waterproofing
Source: Reference 3

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2) Selection of the aggregate to be used

Maximum Size of Aggregate.-According to the EHE, the aggregate used must not be greater than:

0.8 of the free horizontal distance between pods or frames that do not form a group, or between a
edge of the piece and a sheath or armor that forms an angle greater than 45º with the direction of
concrete pouring.
1.25 of the distance between one edge of the piece and a sheath or armor that forms a non-angle
mayor que 45º con la dirección de hormigonado.
0.25 of the minimum dimension of the piece, except in the following cases:
Upper layer of the slabs, where the maximum size of the aggregate will be less than 0.4
sometimes the minimum thickness.

Carefully executed pieces (in the case of prefabrication in the workshop) and those elements
in which the wall effect of the formwork is reduced (slabs that are formworked by a
single face), in which case it will be less than 0.33 times the minimum thickness.

Grain size composition of aggregates.-This method proposes the use of the curves of
Fuller and Bolomey (section 2.5.5.2), for the grading of total aggregate, observing those that are
they approach the maximum density grading and minimum void content.

It is not necessary to adhere exactly to the theoretical curves of Fuller or Bolomey; it is enough that the
the modulus of fineness of the composite curve should be the same as that of the theoretical one. This is also valid,

according to Hummel and Abrams, for the case of discontinuous granulometry.

The fineness module corresponding to the Fuller parabola is shown, in table 11.13, as a function of
of the maximum size of the aggregate. In a more precise manner and also considering the variable
"cement content", the recommended values of the fineness modulus can be used for
Abrams, which are listed in table 11.14.

TABLE 11.13 FINENESS MODULE OF AGGREGATES FOLLOWING FULLER'S PARABOLA

Maximum aggregate size in mm 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Fineness modulus 5,21 5,45 5,64 5.82 6,00 6,16 6,29 6,40 6.51 6.60
Source: Reference 5

TABLE 11.14 OPTIMAL VALUES OF FINENESS MODULUS

ACCORDING TO ABRAMS FOR ORDINARY CONCRETES

Content in cement Maximum aggregate size (mm)

(kg/m3)
10 15 20 25 30 40 60
275 4,05 4,45 4,85 5,25 5,60 5,80 6,00
300 4,20 4,60 5,00 5,40 5,65 5,85 6,20
350 4,30 4,70 5,10 5,50 5,73 5,88 6,30
400 4,40 4,80 5.20 5,60 5,80 5,90 6,40
Source: Reference 5

Once the theoretical fineness module to be worked with is chosen, it is easy to determine the
proportions in which the aggregates must be mixed, based on their own fineness modules. If, as

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It occurs commonly, there is sand and gravel whose fineness modules are MFAand my fatherG, and
being MFATThe fineness modulus of the chosen theoretical total aggregate is used to deduce the percentages P.Ay PG, en
weight, in which sand and gravel must be mixed, solving the equations:

MFA*PAMFG *P G
MFarido _ total
(E 11.7) 100 100
PAP100
G

So, the percentage of PAit will be:

MFmixMFG
PA 100
(E 11.8) MFAMFG

3) Consistency and amount of water. - Then, taking into account the method of compaction, it is established
the consistency, and the amount of water per cubic meter of concrete is determined, according to the
values of table 11.15.

TABLE 11.15 LITERS OF WATER PER CUBIC METER*

Settlement Broken stone and sand
Consistency Shape of Rounded aggregates
in the cone of of grinding
of concrete. compaction
Abrams (cm) 80mm 40 mm 20 mm 80 mm 40 mm 20 mm
Energetic vibration
Dry 0-2 135 155 175 155 175 195
in workshop
Energetic vibration
Plastic 3-5 150 170 190 170 190 210
in work
Vibrated or
Blend 6-9 165 185 205 185 205 225
rammed
Fluid Chopped with a bar 10-15 180 200 220 200 220 240
Concretes without additives
Source: Own elaboration based on Reference 5

4) Amount of cement.-Once the amount of water is fixed and the A/C ratio is known
determine the amount of cement per cubic meter of concrete. This content should not be
lower than the values indicated in table 11.12, nor higher than 400 kg except in special cases. This
the last limitation is indicative and aims to prevent high values of hydration heat and
retraction in early ages, factors that depend on ambient temperature, class and
fineness of the cement, etc.

5) Mixture proportions. - When determining the necessary quantities of the different

materials to obtain a cubic meter of concrete, this method considers that the contraction
What fresh concrete experiences can be considered as 2.5%, because the water evaporates.
in one part; in another part it is absorbed by the aggregate; and the rest forms a paste with the cement
which retracts appreciably before setting.

Therefore, the sum of the volumes of the different materials must be 1.025 m.3, to obtain a
cubic meter of concrete

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C GG 1 2
(E 11.9) A 1,025_m3
pcp1p2

WhereA[m3] C[kg], G1[kg]yG2[kg] are the calculated quantities of water, cement, sand and
gravel, respectively, per cubic meter of concrete ypc, p1yp2their respective densities.

Density must be determined directly. In the absence of this data, the values can be adopted.c
= 3150;p1=p2= 2650 kg/m3the density of the aggregate is equal to the specific gravity Gs
multiplied by the density of water, the latter equal to 1000 kg/m3)

The relationship between G1and G2it is determined based on the grain size curve adopted for the total aggregate,
or alternatively, through the fineness modulus method. In table 11.16, some indicative values are provided
from the relationship G2/G1,para distintos tipos de áridos y consistencias, que pueden ser de utilidad, bien
for measurements, or for dosing concrete for less important projects.

TABLE 11.16 VALUES OF THE GRAVEL/SAND RATIO2/G1

G2y G1 G2crushed and G2y G1
rounds G1round smashed
Very plastic concrete,
1.5 to 1.7 1.4 to 1.6 1.3 to 1.5
rich in mortar.

Normal concrete. 1.8 to 2.0 1.7 to 1.9 1.6 to 1.8

Compact concrete,
2.0 to 2.2 1.9 to 2.1 1.8 to 2.0
rather dry.
Source: Reference 5

In all that has been said, it has been assumed that the aggregates are dry. If this is not the case, it is necessary to determine their

water content and subtract the one that corresponds to the weightsG1yG2from the amount "A" of water that is
pour directly into the concrete mixer. This effect, which can be very important in the case of the
the arena practically invalidates the volume dosing methods, with which they can
to make noticeable mistakes (see section 2.8.1).

Finally, in table 11.10, just like the ACI method, some estimated values are given for the
specific mass of fresh concrete, depending on the maximum size of the aggregate, which can be very
tools to evaluate the proportions of the mixtures.

6) Corrections and tests. - Once the proportions of the mixture have been established, they must be carried out.

laboratory tests to verify that the desired characteristics are obtained,

strength and workability, introducing the necessary corrections.

In light of the results of the tests (settlement in the Abrams cone, unit weight of
concrete and resistance) the doses of the different components will be adjusted, taking into account the
following observations:

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a. With crushed aggregates, it is advisable to increase the fine aggregate a bit.

b. For vibrated concrete, the coarse aggregate can be slightly increased.

with cement doses exceeding 300 kg/m3the fine aggregate can be reduced somewhat, and to the
opposite with lower doses.
With pozzolanic cement, the amount of water should be slightly increased.

In concretes with entrained air, the sand must be reduced by a volume equal to that of the air.
included (in general, 0.04 m3by m3concrete), while also being able to reduce the water, by
m3of concrete, at the rate of 3kg for every 1% of air included.
The increase of a bag of cement (50 kg) per cubic meter of concrete results in
in this an increase in resistance of 2.5 MPa.

Example 2.

Now we will solve the exercise from example 1 using the Jiménez-Montoya method, with some
modifications to comply with the EHE.

The data is:

Foundation of a bridge exposed to fresh water in a severe climate.

f’ck21MPa at 28 days.
Return of 25 to 50mm (plastic consistency, consolidation by vibration)
Maximum size of 25mm (1”).
According to laboratory tests on the aggregate, the following results were obtained:

ARENA GRAVEL
Fineness modulus 2.8 7.32
Unit Weight of Reinforcement (kg/m)3) - 1522
Specific Gravity 2.64 2.68
% Absorption 0.7 0.5
Type I cement with a specific gravity of 3.15 will be used.

Amounts of water and cement

Parafck= 21 MPa, interpolating A/C equal to 0.59 (table 11.11)

A/C equal to 0.6 (table 11.12). The lower value is adopted, therefore A/C = 0.59
For a plastic consistency, and rolled aggregates of maximum size 25 mm, interpolating we
obtains 185 liters of water (table 11.15).

The cement content is 185/0.59 = 314 kg/m3.

Grain size of the total aggregate

In principle, from table 11.14, the fineness modulus of the total aggregate MF = 5.43 is taken, interpolating.

for a cement content of 314kg/m3.

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Percentages of sand and gravel, xe and:

5.43 7.32
PA 100 41.8
2.8 7.32
PB100 41.8 58.2

Provisional dosing

C G1G2 314 G1 G2
A 1.025_m3 0.185 1.025_m3
pcp1p 2 3150 2640 2680 G1828kg of sand per m3 de_H
G258 G258 G21143kg of gravel per m3 de_H
G142 G142

From the absolute volume equation, it follows:

Water..................................185 kg per m3of Hº
Cement............................314 kg “
Arena.................................828 kg “
Records ..............................1143 kg “
Total 2470 kg

Corrections and essays

This dosage will need to be adjusted according to the moisture provided by the aggregates.
all the quantities of water and sand.
The relevant tests must be carried out to verify that the characteristics of the mixture and
the hardened concrete conforms to those of the project.
These corrections, due to humidity and laboratory checks, can be made from the
same way as described in steps 8 and 9 of the method given by the ACI 211.1 standard that is
described above.

11.3.3.3. Examples of other dosing methods (see ANNEX 10)

As is to be expected, there are several other methods of dosing concrete. For simple purposes
comparatives will be developed below examples of two methods, whose theory is found
developed in Annex 10.

Example 3.- According to the García Balado Method

This method consists of choosing the A/C ratio that produces concrete with strength and durability.
required, and the most convenient determination of the aggregates that provide workability
necessary when mixed with cement and water, through analytical relationships.

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