January 2020

VOLUME 36, NUMBER 1

INSIDE
Waterborne, 1K Wood
Coating Technology
REACH-Compliant Ketamine
Epoxy Curing Agents

Paint Coatings Industry Pelletized Aluminum Pigments

for Powder Coatings

Globally Serving Liquid and Powder Formulators and Manufacturers

Icephobic
Coatings

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 20 32 35

CONTENTS
ONLINE FEATURES
www.pcimag.com

Track and Protect Vital Industrial

Equipment with Print-Yourself Asset Tags,
Avery Products Corp.
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY Volume 36, Number 1
When Waste Becomes Value, Henkel
January 2020 Franklin Tower Re-Clad in Glass and Metal
with Wood Grain Finishes, Linetec

Advanced Coating Reduces Fingerprints

and Smudging by 70 Percent, MetaShield

FEATURES
20 Spectroscopic Analysis of Architectural COLUMNS/
Coatings for Improved Weathering, EPS DEPARTMENTS
26 A New Generation of REACH-Compliant 6 Viewpoint

Ketamine Epoxy Curing Agents, Bitrez Ltd. 8 Industry News

12 Calendar of Events
29 What Drives Color Forecasting? PCI Interview
12 Names in the News
with Color Marketing Group®
14 Company News

32 High-Performance Waterborne Wood Floor 18 Moody’s Coatings Conundrums

Coatings, Covestro LLC 19 TiO2 Insider

46 Products
35 Solving Two Key Powder Coatings Challenges
with Pelletized Aluminum, Sun Chemical 46 Advertiser Index

47 Classifieds
38 A Study of Icephobic Coatings - Part I,
Flora Coatings ON THE COVER:
Cover photo courtesy of
gettyimages.com.
44 Helping Asia Meet its Environmental Goals,
PCI Interview with Ship & Shore
Environmental, Inc.

PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY (ISSN: Print 0884-3848 and Digital 2328-8329) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP
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information or service, please contact Customer Service at: Phone: (800) 952-6643 Fax: (847) 763-9538.
 VIEWPOINT

Paint Coatings Industry

Automotive Colors of the Future
In December I was invited by Nancy Lockhart, vehicles with LiDAR or Radar technol- –PUBLISHING/SALES STAFF–
Global Product Manager, Color, at Axalta ogy to detect other vehicles. Autonomous Senior Group Publisher Tom A. Esposito
Coating Systems, to tour the company’s Color driving and fuel economy will influence Group Publisher/ Thomas Fowler
East Coast Sales Tel: 248/786.1717 • Fax: 248/502.1091
Viewing Room and Color Studio in Clinton color choices in this category, as high- E-mail: [email protected]
Township, Michigan. Each year, Axalta intro- tech vehicles will require color spaces to Midwest/ Lisa Guldan
West Coast Sales Tel: 248/786.1271
duces a new set of automotive colors as well be optimized for coatings detection and E-mail: [email protected]
as a trend book, and here, designers can see transmission. Axalta colors Optimized China Media Rep. Chris Yin
[email protected]
these latest colors and themes firsthand. Wisdom and Common Sense make up the
Europe Regional Manager Uwe Riemeyer
Nancy refers to the Color Viewing Room Smart Duo, combining luxury, style, and Tel: 49-(0)-202-271690
as a “designer’s crayon box.” Customers can practicality in their black color tones. E-mail: [email protected]
Inside Sales Manager Andrea Kropp
select from Axalta’s latest colors and look at • Topnotch Duo – Here, familiar colors are Tel: 810/688.4847
them both digitally (showing how the color updated with new technology. The colors E-mail: [email protected]
Production Manager Brian Biddle
would look on a total vehicle) and physically in this duo demand attention with new Tel: 847/405.4104 • Fax: 248/244.3915
on panels. Nancy stated that most designers technology that offers premium effects. E-mail: [email protected]
go right to the real panels (which are avail- The duo pairs colors with worldwide –EDITORIAL STAFF–
able in both flat and curved designs), so that appeal alongside colors designed for a Editor-in-Chief Kristin Johansson
they can see the finish up close and view how luxurious finish. The pairing of Signature Tel: 248/641.0592 • Fax: 248/502.2094
E-mail: [email protected]
the color travels. Visitors can also observe Bliss and Facelift Delight features deep, rich
Associate Editor Karen Parker
the panels underneath a variety of lighting reds that evoke emotion. & E-News Editor Tel: 248/229.2681
options, such as daylight and fluorescent. • Power Duo – The colors in this duo have E-mail: [email protected]
Art Director Clare L. Johnson
Adjacent to this room is the Color Studio, surprising characteristics of highly chro-
featuring a spectrum of automotive colors matic colors and uniquely muted color –EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD–
designed for the future of automobiles. This spaces. These colors are specifically designed John Boisseau
Applications Research Scientist, Eastman Chemical Co.
year’s theme is “Color Combo”. Nancy stated for smaller vehicles and offer shades Anthony Carignano
that color combinations are trending in the that are both playful and sporty. Bright Technical Director of Marketing, Crystal Division,
automotive industry, such as two-toning, dif- Lagoon and Muted Bay are teal hues that ACTEGA North America Technologies
Stephanie Chai
ferent color roofs, stripes, and solid and metal- appeal to a wide variety of audiences.
Sr. Development Engineer, Bemis Inc.
lic combinations. Axalta introduced six dif- I found the Smart Duo category very inter- Jennifer L. Cogar
ferent “color duo” families, which were devel- esting. Coatings solutions are being developed Retired Global Applications Technology Leader, Architectural Ctgs.,
Eastman Chemical Company
oped using the combined relationship of color to use on vehicles that will use autonomous
John N. Cox Senior, Ph.D.
trends, color formulation, color technology vehicle detection systems, such as LiDAR Senior R&D Scientist, Military, The Sherwin Williams Co.
and forecasted color popularity. and Radar. For LiDAR, reflective coatings Dave Fasano, Ph.D.
• Comeback Duo – This group plays with sol- serve as a key enabler for detection. And President, David M. Fasano Consulting LLC
Christopher J. Karwowski
ids and effects, and was while darker colors, includ-
President, Karwowski & Associates
designed in response to ing black, remain popular Nancy Lockhart
the increasing demand in the global automotive Product & Technology, Color Marketing Manager, Axalta Coating Systems
of colors inspired from vehicle market, they are Vijay Mannari, Ph.D.
Distinguished Professor, Polymers and Coatings Tech.,
the past. For example, typically made with carbon Eastern Michigan University
Solid Luck and Effect black and thus have low Steven J. Nerlfi
Fortune are sage green reflectivity. Axalta is devel- Managing Director, Kusumgar, Nerlfi & Growney, Inc.
versions of Axalta col- oping dark colors without Gary Spilman, Ph.D.
Research Fellow, Resinate Materials Group
ors and offer unique carbon black to ensure bet-
hues in both light and ter reflectivity. The use of –OPERATIONS STAFF–
dark versions. radar units behind plastic Single Copy Sales www.pcimag.com/scs
Reprint Manager Stacey Hurley
• Contrast Duo – These fascias will require coat- 248/786.1662
high-contrast shades ings to have high transmis- E-mail: [email protected]
are available in light sive properties. Color for- –LIST RENTAL–
and fashionable metal- mulations with high alu- Please contact your sales rep.
lics, or dark, luxurious minum content will not be
–CORPORATE–
colors, such as Dark sufficiently transmissive.
Chief Experience Officer Darrell Dal Pozzo
Horizon and Light Sky- In one example, Axalta uti-
Human Resources & Rita M. Foumia
line shades of blue. lized a combination of alu- Information Technology Director
• Popular Duo – These colors explore how minum and pearlescent pigments into a silver Production Director Vincent M. Miconi
mainstream color spaces are developed metallic effect to develop the color Optimized Finance Director Lisa L. Paulus
for mass consumer acceptance and mass Whiz for optimum radar performance. Creative Director Michael T. Powell
customization options. This duo represents I thoroughly enjoyed my time at Axalta’s Clear Seas Research Director Beth A. Surowiec
worldwide favorites with high usage rates beautiful, colorful office. Thank you Nancy for Chief Event Officer Scott Wolters
on cross-vehicle types. Individual Sun- an interesting and enlightening tour. I look
light and Traditional Sunrise are yellow and forward to visiting again!
beige concepts in this duo family. For subscription information or service,
please contact Customer Service at:
• Smart Duo – This color duo showcases the Tel: 800/952.6643 or Fax: 847/763.9538 or e-mail [email protected]

differing color spaces that can be used for By Kristin Johansson, Editor-in-Chief | PCI

6 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 INDUSTRY NEWS

Automotive Industry to Fuel Pigments Market,

APAC to Emerge as Strong Growth Sector
By Pankaj Singh
SELBYVILLE, DE – The continuous upturn ensure improved performance and also to coating operations are also impacted,
in construction spending has fueled the comply with tightening emission standards with manufacturers using multi-sub-
expansion of the pigments market share worldwide. For instance, Pigment Red 254 strate vehicle bodies to enhance effi-
globally, with increased demand for paint, is among the most extensively deployed red ciency. In addition, mounting pressure
plastic components and other materi- pigments for vehicle exterior coatings. to lower carbon footprints will spur the
als. Benefits of various types of pigments, Clariant recently unveiled the first bio- development of coatings containing bio-
including titanium dioxide, carbon black as based version of Pigment Red 254 and based raw materials, which will impact
well as numerous organic products across other pigments for transport and machin- pigments market trends.
different application areas, have outlined ery applications. Similar efforts are expect- The automotive sector is on the way to
the industry trends. Consistent technologi- ed throughout the pigments industry, eliminate direct human intervention in
cal evolution and growth of the automotive which will transform the manufacturing driving through the development of fully
sector have driven pigment consumption of coatings for the automotive, construc- automated driving cars. Although not
substantially over the years, increasing the tion and other applications as well, push- mainstream yet, the technology is poised
need for high-performance coatings and ing towards an eco-friendlier approach. to bring about numerous challenges for all
plastic components. Sun Chemical has introduced the new the stakeholders involved in auto produc-
According to the OICA, more than 95.6 Palomar Blue 15 248-4848 pigment made tion, including the coatings industry.
million vehicles were manufactured in specifically for automobile OEM applica- Exterior paints will be important for
2018, which is indicative of the tremen- tions. Developed through its patented tech- ensuring an autonomous car operates
dous utilization of paints and coatings nology, the product is expected to help without any error, since the efficiency
across the sector. Rapid urbanization, replace the retiring Blue 15:1 pigments. of cameras or sensor technology used to
growing economies in developing nations The coatings application segment is detect objects and other cars on the roads
along with a fast-growing world popula- anticipated to account for a significant may be affected. LiDAR is being commonly
tion have increased the demand for pack- percentage of the global pigments market deployed in self-driving vehicles to help
aged food and consumer products. This, in size by 2026, with the automobile sec- them see their surroundings and enable the
turn, has offered notable opportunities for tor contributing significantly towards the continuous gathering of data from detec-
pigment suppliers for printing ink applica- overall share. Growing adoption of electric tion systems necessary to run the cars.
tions, as packaging requirements for food, vehicles (EVs) and self-driving technology Undoubtedly, suppliers will be eager to
beverages, electronics and other products will further augment the development of develop suitable coating raw materials to
grow every year. It has been projected suitable coating ingredients. meet the ever-changing demand trends
that the global pigments market size will from the automotive industry, reinforc-
exceed $20 billion by 2026. ing the pigments market forecast over
The proliferation of the global pigments the coming years. BASF, for example, is
industry can be observed through the focused on offering LiDAR-detectable coat-
upsurge in investments and growth activi- ings based on functional pigments to help
ties undertaken by leading market players automakers reduce the absorption of near
like BASF, Clariant, LANXESS, Merck, DIC infrared wavelength and improve perfor-
Corp. and many others. In August 2019, it mance of the detection system.
was confirmed that DIC Corp. was enter- Reports indicate that the Asia-Pacific
ing into a deal to acquire the global pig- (APAC) construction sector was valued at
ments business of BASF SE to expand its nearly $1.5 trillion in 2017, with experts
portfolio catering to the cosmetics, display, predicting the valuation to reach over
automotive and other industries. $2 trillion by 2025. Higher disposable
Automobile coatings not only deliver a incomes in the region driven by rapid
superior aesthetic appearance, but also pro- Increasing deployment of EVs on the road industrialization in countries like China,
tect components and underlying metal from has certainly led to technological changes India, Indonesia, Japan and Malaysia have
harsh environmental conditions. A major across different industrial domains; it is also considerably boosted public, private and
factor bolstering the global pigments mar- fueling changes in the plastics, chemicals commercial infrastructure spending.
ket outlook has been the higher demand for and coatings sectors. It is expected that auto- Suitable pigments are required to meet
passenger cars and commercial vehicles. In makers may look to distinguish between EVs high-quality demand for durability and
fact, considerable advancements in pigment and conventional IC engine cars through appearance of construction materials. As
production or investment in product R&D colors, including different interiors, for residential construction across emerging
can be attributed to the booming automo- upcoming autonomous vehicles. economies speeds up, the APAC pigments
bile industry. This includes the develop- As lighter components are used to market is expected to record significant
ment of organic or bio-based pigments to lower the overall weight of cars, OEM gains over the coming years.

8 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 PCI Webinar
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 INDUSTRY NEWS

are no negative effects in wear rate, ther-

OBITUARIES mal resistance or bonding strength of the
nanotube coating, which is important for
Brian Falder us and for our customers,” added Melina
HMG Paints Chairman Brian Falder died Sept. 19, 2019, at Remers from Material Design Engineering
the age of 88. Falder was born in 1931 to Herbert and Ellen at Lufthansa Technik Intercoat.
Falder. Just seven months before his birth, his father and As stressed by experts, a number of ben-
a partner founded H Marcel Guest Ltd. (HMG), and by the efits result from the very low loading level
time of Falder’s birth, his father had taken over the strug- of graphene nanotubes that are tens or
gling and fledgling company in its entirety. Falder worked even hundreds of times lower than those
for HMG his entire working career, starting at the age of 14. of the nearest analogues.
It was a source of immense pride to Falder that both his Improving mechanical performance
sons, John and Stephen, chose to build careers with the with graphene nanotubes is likely to be
Falder the next focus for technological devel-
company. They now have over 40 years at the family busi-
ness and are building on their father’s values and passion for paint. opments. LEHVOSS Group sees a lot of
Falder was laid to rest on Oct. 4, 2019, exactly 89 years to the day that HMG Paints potential in enhancing car bodies with
was founded. graphene nanotubes, leading to weight
reduction. Marco Burth, Product Devel-
David John Beamish opment Manager, added, “We are scal-
David John Beamish, President of DeFelsko Corp., died on ing up our in situ process polymeriza-
Nov. 4, 2019, after a 32-month battle with cancer. Beamish tion production for PA6 with single-wall
was 63. Born and raised in Ottawa, Canada, Beamish studied nanotubes, developing different master-
civil engineering at Carleton University where he earned his batches for aerospace, automotive and
Bachelor of Engineering. industrial applications.”
It was while volunteering as a gliding instructor that Materials should go beyond being stron-
he met his wife of 32 years, Linda. After marrying, they left ger to being smarter. Arrival Chief of Mate-
their respective professional careers to join DeFelsko, a rials Rob Thompson shared, “When we
small distributor and manufacturer of testing instrumenta- talk about vehicle crash performance or
Beamish embedding sensors into coatings, single-
tion with fewer than 10 employees started by Beamish’s
father-in-law, Frank Koch. wall carbon nanotubes play an important
During Beamish’s time at DeFelsko, he was responsible for its worldwide sales and role there. We want to integrate function-
distribution channels, while contributing significantly to new product development alities into the materials without adding
and associated marketing initiatives. He chaired and participated in many industry processes. And using single-wall nano-
committees, including ASTM, SSPC and NACE, and actively worked to improve the tubes could help us with that.”
standards and processes of the industry for the benefit of all stakeholders. “We’ve made an aluminum reinforced
During Beamish’s 31-year tenure at DeFelsko, the company has grown significant- with nanotubes for a premium OEM,”
ly, and today DeFelsko employs over 90 employees, has distribution in nearly every said Ivica Kolaric, Fraunhofer IPA Head
country, and is a leader in the inspection equipment industry. of Department. Furthermore, with single-
Linda Beamish, David’s wife, and DeFelsko founder Frank Koch’s daughter, has wall carbon nanotubes, Fraunhofer is able
assumed the role as President after 31 years working alongside her husband in her to turn more than 16 square meters of car
previous role as Vice President. David’s son Michael assumes responsibilities as Vice surface into an artificial smart skin for
President and General Manager. connected cars with sensors and that can
change color on demand.
The Japanese companies Nagase
Experts Discuss the Benefits nanotubes, are currently the most effec- ChemteX and Dynic Corp. shared their
of Graphene Nanotubes tive advanced anti-static additives. “TUB- results in developing transparent con-
at NAUM’19 ALL nanotubes, produced by OCSiAl, ductive films with TUBALL nanotubes.
KYOTO, Japan – Graphene nanotubes grant appear to have a much stronger effect on “We investigated most of the types of con-
engineers the ability to produce totally the conductivity and very homogeneous ductive additives, including graphite and
new, highly innovative and competitive dispersion compared with standard car- multi-wall carbon nanotubes, but we’ve
products. At the 2019 Nanoaugmented bon black, which demonstrated a number chosen single-wall carbon nanotubes as
Materials Industry Summit (NAUM’19) of disadvantages like hot spots,” said Faris the most suitable solution,” said Shingo
held Nov. 5-6, 2019, in Kyoto, Japan, 450 Ustamujic, Airbus Defence and Space Shinohara from Nagase ChemteX. “We
experts from 31 countries discussed the Senior Engineer. “When carrying out believe that these nanotubes can effec-
combination of conductivity, strength and repairs, single-wall carbon nanotubes, tively replace expensive ITO in touch
the greater control over color that is now thanks to their conductivity properties, panels and solar cells,” added Dynic Chief
possible thanks to these tiny tubes. enable us to create a new life for aircraft Developer Ryo Asano.
Experts concurred that graphene nano- components, where the insulating proper- Graphene nanotubes are finding their
tubes, also known as single-wall carbon ties of epoxy resins are not allowed. There way into a growing number of specific

10 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 INDUSTRY NEWS

applications, and are also continuing to development of the epoxy resin industry about new developments in composites use,
be widely adopted as standard in mass- and its applied technologies in Africa. The new applications, current innovations in
produced applications such as tank lin- conference will allow companies to present the industry, and the future challenges in
ing coatings, powder coatings, conductive their products, as well as better understand epoxy and resins technology.
primers, flexible foam polyurethane, fast- the African market and meet potential cus- For more information, e-mail info@
curing cast polyurethane for printing, and tomers and suppliers. Delegates will learn sjgcapital.com. z
flexographic printing.

Call for Abstracts Now Open

for FOCUS Conference
PLYMOUTH, MI – The Detroit Society for
Coatings Technology (DSCT) has issued a
call for abstracts for its 45th annual Future of
Coatings Under Study (FOCUS) conference,
which is taking place May 7, 2020, at the
Inn at St. John’s in Plymouth, Michigan.
The DSCT is seeking experts to address
the latest challenges and developments in
the following topics: Autonomy, Dispers-
ibility, Sustainability, Improved Processes
for Two-Tone, Advances in Application
Technology, and the Factory of the Future:
Industry 4.0 and the Digital World.
Interested speakers should submit an
abstract of less than 500 words to dsct-
focus.org. The deadline for submission is
Jan. 31, 2020.

Powder Coating Summit and

Coatings Trends & Technologies
Issue Call for Speakers
TROY, MI – The Powder Coating Summit
(PCS) and Coatings Trends & Technologies
(CTT), events organized by Paint & Coat-
ings Industry magazine, have both issued
their call for speakers.
CTT focuses on the latest raw material
and equipment technology available for
formulators of liquid paints and coatings,
and will be held Sept. 9-10 in Lombard, IL.
The PCS, which covers the latest technol-
ogy in the powder coating industry, will be
held Sept. 24-25 in Columbus, OH.
For more information on both confer-
ences, and to submit your abstract, visit
the event websites at www.pcimag.com/
coatings-conference and www.pcimag.
com/powder-coating-summit.

Epoxy and Resins

Technology Conference
Takes Place in March
JOHANNESBURG – The Epoxy and Res-
ins Technology Africa 2020 Conference,
Exhibition & Workshop will take place
March 25-27, 2020, at the Emperors Pal-
ace Hotel in Johannesburg.
For the first time in Africa, SJG Capital
will be hosting the event to promote the

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 11

 NAMES IN THE NEWS
 The American Composites Manufacturers  Tim Knavish and Rebecca Liebert are now
Association named Scott Becker, President and Executive Vice Presidents for PPG and have
CEO of Chromaflo Technologies, the recipient of joined the company’s Executive Committee.
its 2019 Chairman’s Award. Ram Vadlamannati, PPG Senior Vice President,
Protective and Marine Coatings, has added
 Palmer Holland added Julue Duplechian and regional oversight responsibilities as President,
David Le Pagne its CASE sales team. Le Pagne PPG EMEA. Steve Pocock is the new Vice Presi-
will cover Southern California, Colorado and dent, Architectural Coatings, Europe, Middle
Utah. Duplechian is responsible for Houston, East and Africa North and East.
Austin and San Antonio, El Paso, southern Duplechian Knavish
Texas, and Louisiana.  The National Association of Chemical Dis-
tributors named John L. Logue, CEO of Royale
 Klaus Gast, Business Director for Powder Pigments and Chemicals Inc., the 2019 Dis-
Coatings in Europe for Axalta, was elected to tributor of the Year.
the board of the European Council of the Paint,
Printing Ink and Artists’ Colours Industry.  Greif appointed Matteo Morelli as Sales
Director for Italy.
 Kenta Kanaida was appointed Sirrus Inc.’s new
President and Chief Executive Officer, effective  Natalie Palagonia joined Maroon Group
the first quarter of 2020 and subject to board LLC’s Southern California sales team. Andrew
approval. Jeff Uhrig, President and CEO since LePagne Liebert Kubitschek relocated to Minneapolis and will
2013, resigned to pursue other opportunities. be responsible for the company’s CASE Midwest
accounts in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Cambrian Solutions, a
 Elcometer Ltd. appointed Paul King as its new Research and Maroon Group company, added Tony Csaba as an Industrial Tech-
Development Director. nical Development Manager covering the CASE industry. z

CALENDAR

Meetings, Shows and Educational Programs

25-26 MAY 6-8
2020 Surface Finishing Mexico Coatings for Africa
Guadalajara, Mexico Johannesburg
FEB. 3-7 surfacefinishingmexico.com coatings-group.com/cfa
Polymers and Coatings Short Course
San Luis Obispo, California 25-27 6-8
wctc.calpoly.edu Epoxy and Resins Technology Africa 2020 Women in Finishing FORUM
Johannesburg South Bend, Indiana
16-21 Sjgcapital.com
Waterborne Symposium ccaiweb.com/page/WiF
New Orleans
31-April 2 7
waterbornesymposium.com
American Coatings Show and Conference DSCT FOCUS
26-28 Indianapolis Plymouth, Michigan
Smart Coatings american-coatings-show.com
dsctfocus.org
Orlando, Florida
smartcoatings.org APRIL 20-22
World Adhesive Sealant Conference 18-20
MARCH 8-11 Chicago Hybrid Latex Systems
RadTech 2020 UV+EB Technology Expo wac2020.org Portland, Maine
Orlando [email protected]
radtech.org 20-23
Scale-up and Commercial Production of JUNE 2-3
9-11 Sink or Swim Symposium
Middle East Coatings Show Emulsion Polymers
Atlanta Cleveland
Dubai, UAE clevelandcoatingssociety.org
coatings-group.com/mecs/dubai [email protected]

19-21 21-24 7-10

Paintistanbul & Turkcoat 2020 Paint Expo SSCT Annual Meeting
Istanbul, Turkey Karlsruhe, Germany St. Petersburg, Florida
turkcoat-paintistanbul.com paintexpo.de/en ssct.org

12 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 P R O D U C E D B Y:

September 9-10, 2020

The Westin Chicago Lombard | Lombard, IL

Deadline: April 1, 2020

CALL FOR
SPEAKERS

Paint & Coatings Industry (PCI) magazine invites you to submit

an abstract to share your latest technology and research with the
coatings chemists, formulators and R&D personnel who attend
our event.
• NEW TECHNOLOGIES:
We are looking for things that are truly new (commercialized
or not), have been significantly tested, and can help coatings
manufacturers with their formulation challenges.
• INNOVATIVE NEW USES OF EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES:
We also are interested in seeing creative new applications of
existing technologies that have been discovered.
• INFORMATION ON THE LATEST COATINGS TRENDS:
Reports on the latest market trends, drivers or forecasts for the
future of the coatings industry.
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 COMPANY NEWS

Emerald Kalama Chemical Opens European

Central Office
ROTTERDAM, Netherlands – Emerald already has a major
Emerald Kalama Chemical, a stake in the Rotterdam region,
business group of Emerald Per- with its manufacturing facility
formance Materials, celebrated located in Rotterdam Botlek. As
the grand opening of a new office a result, the new office in Rotter-
in Rotterdam, Netherlands, that dam provides a strategic location
will serve as the company’s cen- that is also convenient to one of
tral hub for European opera- Emerald’s key European manu-
tions. Among other functions, facturing operations.
the office will house Emerald’s The Rotterdam Botlek facility is
growing team for order fulfill- one of the largest and most efficient
ment and technical service, facilities of its kind, and Emerald
focused on serving customers has executed a number of capacity
around the world for products Emerald Kalama Chemical employees celebrated the grand opening of the and product line expansions at the
company’s new European office in Rotterdam on October 23, 2019. Pictured
manufactured at Emerald’s oper- cutting the ribbon (L-R) are Dana Lukens, Director, Global Order Fulfillment; site over the last decade. Emerald
ations in Europe. Cherri Bocci, Sr Project Manager; Karel van der Wijngaart, EU Financial Con- also has a European operation in
“As we continue to grow as troller; and Jan Eland, Vice President, Manufacturing and R&D. Widnes, United Kingdom, where
a global organization, we real- the company has made recent
ized the need for a centralized EMEA to ensure continuity and excellent ser- expansions to increase production and add
hub that will create alignment with our vice for our customers, as well as provide new chemistries. The new European Cen-
global headquarters in Vancouver. Our space for the growth of our team,” said Ed tral Office will serve customers of products
new European Central Office will help us Gotch, Chief Executive Officer. manufactured at these two facilities.

EFSEN Restructures Into Two Business Units Brenntag North America’s Technology & Innovation Hub, which
HOLTE, Denmark – Because of significant growth in recent years, also includes centers for the Food & Nutrition, Personal Care and
EFSEN announced that it will divide the company into two busi- Home Care industries.
ness units: ICAD® Technology and UV & EB Technology. The The new center is run by a team of industry experts and chem-
move will help to maintain a fast and agile response to customer ists, and is equipped to handle the industry’s latest formulation
demands in each area. challenges and new application development in the adhesives, coat-
The UV & EB Technology business unit is the old EFSEN com- ings, construction, elastomers and sealants market segments. In
pany, known for distributing to the UV and EB markets leading addition, the center will provide raw material evaluations, product
technologies from Heraeus, EIT, Excelitas, Vela UV, and PCTebi in performance testing, and physical, subjective and visual testing.
Scandinavia, the Baltics and Poland.
With almost seven years of experience at the company, Flem- Auburn University Honors MFG Chemical’s
ming Madsen has been promoted to General Manager for EFSEN’s Gavin Family
UV & EB Technology business unit. Flemming will focus on DALTON, GA – MFG Chemical founder Charles E. Gavin III and
expanding the company’s UV and EB activities by developing rela- the Gavin family have received multiple honors from Auburn
tionships with customers and suppliers. University, a nationally ranked land grant institution located
The ICAD business unit will focus on developing applications in Auburn, Alabama.
and technology that include the company’s inline UV controlled In a special ceremony, Auburn University’s Harbert Business Col-
system – called ICAD – for applications that require a higher level lege officially named the rooftop terrace of its new business building
of process control and documentation. Thomas Efsen will focus the Gavin Terrace in memory of Charles (Chuck) Gavin IV, who
on developing the proprietary ICAD Technology unit as well as became CEO of the company his father founded, MFG Chemical.
overall sales responsibility for both units. Auburn University’s Engineering College also remembered and
honored the memory of Carol Ann Gavin, mother of Chuck Gavin
Brenntag North America Opens New and wife of MFG Chemical founder and former CEO Charles E.
Innovation Center Gavin III. The Auburn Engineering Department created and dedi-
READING, PA – Brenntag North America Inc., part of the cated the Carol Ann Gavin Garden, covering 44,000 square feet of
Brenntag Group, announced the grand opening of its new Coat- build-out space. This open area provides students, faculty and staff
ings & Construction Technology & Innovation Center in Allen- with a tranquil spot to study, eat lunch or relax right in the heart
town, Pennsylvania. of the engineering campus.
The new center will further support customers in the United
States and Canada who face coatings and construction formula- Maroon Group Expands Global Sourcing
tion opportunities with technical solutions and inventive ideas. AVON, OH – Specialty chemicals distributor Maroon Group, Avon,
The Coatings & Construction Center is the latest addition to Ohio, has expanded its global sourcing capabilities. The com-

14 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 COMPANY NEWS

pany has added several members of dedicated sourcing experts, inventory management of Pinova Solutions’ portfolio of polyter-
deployed in multiple countries throughout the world, including pene resins, terpene phenolic resins, hydrogenated resins, rosin
the United States, Brazil, Canada and Asia. The teams interact esters and derivatives, tall oil fatty acids, and distilled tall oil.
closely with the company’s commercial leadership to support the These products are used primarily in the adhesives and sealants,
technical and formulating needs of its customers. coatings, and lubricants markets.
“As an organization that has sourced products globally for more
than 40 years, investments in dedicated experts embedded in key Silberline Unveils New Logo and Tagline
sourcing regions was a strategic priority for us. In light of the TAMAQUA, PA – Silberline, a global leader in aluminum effect
current trade wars and challenging global economic climate, cus- pigments, is changing its company logo and tagline. The new tag-
tomers rely on us to mitigate their risk and identify new sources of line, “From Science to Shine,” is the cornerstone of the evolution
sustainable products from world-class manufacturers,” said Mike of Silberline’s brand.
McKenna, Maroon Group’s President and COO. “This vibrant, exciting
new look and feel of Sil-
Perstorp to Boost Penta Business berline signals much more
MALMO, Sweden – Perstorp unveiled plans to invest in the con- than a new logo. It signals
struction of a new pentaerythritol (penta) production facility in our evolution into a global leader in aluminum pigments with the
Gujarat, India. The world- expertise needed to help our customers excel,” said Lisa Scheller,
scale, green-field Gujarat Chairman and President of Silberline. “It is a natural progression
plant will produce penta, from our first 75 years in business to the next 75 and beyond.”
including the renewable “Our pigments are used in countless products that people inter-
grades of Voxtar™, provid- act with every day. In order to make this connection, we have
ing up to a 60% reduced created the Silber ‘line,’” said Scheller.
carbon footprint.
Construction of the Guja- IMCD Establishes U.S. Footprint With
rat plant started in October this year, with commercial production HORN Integration
planned to start in the first quarter of 2022. When fully operational, ROTTERDAM, the Netherlands – Specialty chemicals distribu-
the site will employ 120 people. The investment will significantly tor IMCD N.V. announced that it has completed the integration
expand Perstorp’s penta production capacity, designed to produce of HORN into its IMCD US operations. IMCD acquired HORN in
40 KT of penta per annum from 2022. August 2018, and HORN’s integration completes the company’s
transition into one IMCD US organization with dedicated market
PT Mowilex Becomes Indonesia’s First focus. Operating coast-to-coast, the IMCD US technical sales
Carbon-Neutral Manufacturer team offers a robust product portfolio with representation of
JAKARTA – Leading Indonesian coatings company PT Mowilex leading global suppliers.
Indonesia (PT Mowilex) announced that it has achieved carbon As part of HORN’s integration, IMCD has made major invest-
neutrality. The achievement is a first by any manufacturing com- ments in digitalization, application laboratory expansion, recruit-
pany in Indonesia. ment of additional technical personnel, and the implementation of
PT Mowilex, with over 1,000 employees across Indonesia, has IMCD’s global IT platforms to further secure and uphold the com-
offset emissions stemming from its business operations in 11 pany’s commitment in delivering excellence and value through
facilities, including its factory. To achieve carbon neutrality, the expertise. The former headquarters of HORN now serves as the
company engaged in a series of internal operational measures western U.S. regional hub for IMCD.
to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, such as upgrading its
HVAC systems, changing transportation vendors to ones with Ship & Shore Environmental Expands
more efficient vehicles, and planned conversion of diesel forklifts Into Thailand
to propane. To offset the remainder of its footprint, PT Mowilex LONG BEACH, CA/BANGKOK – Ship & Shore Environmental
purchased carbon offsets from Natural Capital Partners, and a Inc. (S&SE), an environmental pollution abatement and energy
subsidiary of Canadian firm Just Energy. solutions firm, has expanded its manufacturing operations in
Bangkok, Thailand. The new Ship & Shore Thailand effort offers
Sensory Analytics Announces Relocation the same solution planning and fulfillment capabilities as its U.S.
GREENSBORO, NC – Sensory Analytics has relocated into a larger and Chinese counterpart locations. The move into Thailand arose
facility in Greensboro, North Carolina, to help meet rising demand from both customer demand and an urgent need in the region for
for its SpecMetrix® measurement solutions. The new headquarters immediate improvement in pollution conditions, a situation that
and technical center include an assembly and test area along with S&SE finds pervasive throughout developed Southeast Asia.
expanded R&D, prototype development, inventory management,
and shipping and receiving areas. The additional office, meet- Evonik Expands Organic Dispersions Capacity
ing and training facilities enable the company to accommodate ESSEN, Germany – Evonik Industries is expanding its capacities
its growing team and meet increased demand for customer and for organic dispersions for heat-sealing applications in Darmstadt,
partner training sessions. Germany. The plant expansion is scheduled for completion by the
second half of 2021. Organic dispersions for heat-sealing applica-
Pinova Solutions Appoints Palmer Holland tions, which Evonik markets under the brand name DEGALAN®,
CLEVELAND – Pinova Solutions, a subsidiary of DRT, appointed are ideally suited for formulating high-quality heat-seal lacquers
Palmer Holland as exclusive distributor in the United States and and ensure secure sealing in combination with smooth peeling
Canada. Palmer Holland is responsible for the promotion and properties for food and beverage packaging.
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 15
 COMPANY NEWS

Chemetall Completes Expansion of ogy with Birla Carbon’s expertise in commercialization and
Site in Germany manufacturing. In so doing, the companies anticipate jointly
LANGELSHEIM, Germany – The Surface Treatment global developing novel carbon nanomaterials tailored for performance
business unit of BASF’s Coatings division, operating under the in a wide variety of applications.
Chemetall brand, has inaugurated a new laboratory and office
building in Langelsheim, Germany. This completes the expan- Safic-Alcan Publishes First Sustainability Report
sion of the production site in Lower Saxony, which focuses on the PARIS-LA DEFENSE, France – Safic-Alcan, a global specialty
development and production of aerospace technologies. To cover chemicals distributor, has published its first sustainability report:
the increasing requirements of the market, the production of Naf- “The Durable Link.” The report is centered on the company’s com-
toseal® aircraft sealants was also expanded. mitment to enhance the long-lasting link, “The Durable Link,”
connecting chemical manufacturers and chemical users with
Birla Carbon and CHASM Advanced Materials complete distribution solutions as well as individual chemical
Enter Development Agreement products. The report is available at www.safic-alcan.com/sustain-
MUMBAI, India/MARIETTA, GA – Birla Carbon, a manufacturer ability/sustainability-governance.html.
and supplier of carbon black, and CHASM Advanced Materials
Inc., a developer and manufacturer of printed electronics materi- Evonik’s Crosslinker Business Appoints
als and battery materials based on proprietary carbon nanotube Cambrian Solutions
and ink/coating technologies, are joining forces to accelerate the AVON, OH – Evonik Corp.’s Crosslinker Business Line has appoint-
discovery and development of novel nanomaterials to benefit vari- ed Cambrian Solutions, a Maroon Group company, as its Canadian
ous market segments including novel coatings. distributor for its aliphatic isocyanates and polycarbamide cross-
Through this joint development agreement, the two compa- linkers sold under the VESTANAT®, VESTAGON® and AMICURE ®
nies will share research and engineering resources to develop IC brand names. Cambrian Solutions offers a broad portfolio of
and manufacture hybrid nanomaterials based on carbon sub- specialty ingredients and chemicals to customers in the Canadian
strates and carbon nanotubes. These hybrid nanomaterials will market. Cambrian’s leadership team will continue to actively
combine CHASM’s nanotube enhanced carbon (NTeC) technol- manage the business on a day-to-day basis while leveraging
Maroon Group’s global network of resources.

BYK Wins Henkel Supplier Award

WESEL, Germany – Henkel Adhesive Technologies has awarded
BYK, a supplier of additives and measuring instruments, with its
annual Supplier Award in the Innovation category. In presenting
the awards, Henkel honors the close and successful cooperation
with its suppliers across the value chain.
Henkel particularly commended BYK for its open exchange,
strong customer orientation and excellent technical customer
service. BYK was able to stand out with its digital training, and
exclusive tools and channels that have helped to increase the
interconnectivity of the global R&D teams of both companies.
te:
Visit ou
r websi
ing.com
Gabriel Performance Products
cmcmill
Announces Acquisition
AKRON, OH – Gabriel Performance Products (Gabriel), a U.S.-based
specialty chemicals company, announced the acquisition of a select
portfolio of alkyd resins from Deltech Resin Co. (Deltech). Gabriel
Custom Milling & Consulting, Inc. will produce these products in its Harrison City, Pennsylvania, facil-
manufactures a full line of milling and mixing ity, home of its Ranbar® alkyd resin technology. The products are
equipment that will meet your needs. All of complementary to Gabriel’s current offering of alkyd resins.
Deltech remains an active producer of specialty alkyds and
our equipment is 100% made in the USA and other products for the coatings market and expects no changes to
can be fully customized. We also provide its New Cumberland, West Virginia, facility.
a full range of toll processing services for
particle size reduction and dispersion. Chromaflo Technologies Acquires RCPI
ASHTABULA, OH – Chromaflo Technologies Corp. has acquired
Rolfes Colour Pigments International (RCPI) of South Africa. The
acquisition of RCPI includes the liquid dispersion business and the
Custom Milling & Consulting, Inc. pigment trading business. The purchase price was not disclosed.
www.cmcmilling.com ∙ [email protected] In line with Chromaflo’s core focus and competence, Chromaflo
completed the simultaneous sale of the RCPI pigment trading divi-
610-926-0984 sion to Chemipol Solutions (Pty) Limited. z

16 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 March 9-11, 2020
Disney Coronado Springs - Orlando, Florida

Technical Conference & Exhibition with the Latest In:

UV LED Coatings & Inks Photoinitiators & Raw Materials
Sustainability Low Gloss
Project ROI New UV+EB Products
Electron Beam Dealing with Difficult Substrates
Exterior Coatings Hybrid / Dual-Cure Systems
3D Printing & Additive Manufacturing Wood & Building Products

www.RadTech2020.com
 MOODY’S COATINGS CONUNDRUMS

Answer to Al’s Arrested Alkyd Development

By Keith M. Moody, Training and Consulting, Johnson City, TN

Editor’s note: Following is Keith Moody’s answer to the innovation allowed these resins to be used in a number of
conundrum presented in “Al’s Arrested Alkyd Development” paints, lacquers and varnishes.
in the December 2019 issue of PCI, page 28. Al understood that if he could find an oil with similar dry-
ing properties to linseed oil, he could develop alkyds with
Al Kidd told Polly Mertz a story about developing an similar properties without using linseed oil. He also knew that
the primary way to measure the drying properties of oils was
alkyd coating resin 35 years earlier that matched
determining the amount of unsaturation in the fatty acids of
the performance of a linseed oil alkyd but used a the oil. This unsaturation is measured by iodine values (IV).
different drying oil. After overseeing the production Even though the composition of linseed oil and menhaden oil
of the resin in the plant, Al went directly home, are very different as measured by the amount and types of
where his wife demanded that he take off his fatty acids, the IV values are very similar.
One estimate is that up to one half of the industrial fish landed
clothes before coming into their apartment. Why did
in the United States is menhaden. Menhaden is a bony, oily fish,
Al’s wife, without even looking at Al, insist that he similar to sardine and herring, composed primarily of dark meat
remove his clothes in the hallway? and not popular as human foods, at least not 35 years ago.
This was before the FDA granted GRAS (Generally Regarded
Because as soon as Al Kidd entered the apartment, even as Safe) status to the partially hydrogenated (PHMO) and
though Al’s wife didn’t see him, she could SMELL him and hydrogenated menhaden oils (HMO) for direct use in human
the stench from his clothes after being in the plant most of food ingredients in 1989. Al had used the menhaden oil to
the night. The new alkyd resin he had made had replaced lin- make his alkyd 35 years ago when the oil was cheaper since
seed oil with menhaden oil, a fish oil it had not yet been approved in foods.
with very similar drying properties Today much of the fish oil, which
as linseed oil. contains high amounts of Vitamin
Because Al oversaw the new alkyd E, the Vitamin D group and omega-3
batch in the plant, his clothes were fatty acids, is used in oral dietary sup-
saturated with the odor of fish oil plements and pharmaceutical appli-
coming from the hot alkyd pro- cations in connection with reducing
cessing. Menhaden oil contains a certain cardiovascular disorders. As
plethora of carbonyls, aldehydes, a result, the fish has been depleted
esters, ketones, alcohols and hydro- due to over fishing and is not consid-
carbons responsible for the strong ered a source of sustainable oil.
odor. Because these chemicals are The omega-3 fatty acid unsatura-
low molecular weight and vola- tion makes the fish oil very reac-
tile, many can be detected at very tive in the curing of alkyd paints,
low levels. When Al Kidd first used but unfortunately also gives the fish
the unrefined fish oil, he had been oil high reactivity with oxygen and
slightly sickened by the smell, but as creates instability and formation of
he had used it day after day, over the past several weeks, he secondary products such as volatile aldehydes that impart
had not noticed the strong smell that permeated his cloth- the “fishy” odor. The menhaden oil that Al used in making
ing. He didn’t notice the smell, because his nose had been the alkyd was not steam deodorized. This steam deodoriza-
desensitized to the strong odor of the fish oil. tion, often with vacuum, is now used in fish oil supplements
Kienle, of General Electric, came up with the term to remove over 99% of most aldehydes in the oil, and greatly
“alkyd”, shorthand for the reaction of alcohol and acid. reduce that fishy odor. z
His major contribution in 1927 was to add drying oils
to the previous known reaction products of glycerol and For more information on alkyd resin technology, see the article “Improved
phthalic anhydride. The drying oils introduced unsatu- Saturated Polyester and Alkyd Coatings” in the March 2013 PCI Magazine
rated substituents along the backbone of the polymer that (https://www.pcimag.com/articles/97527-improved-saturated-polyester-
allowed for crosslinking through oxidative drying. This and-alkyd-coatings).

18 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 Share Gain Outside China
1,000 25%

‘000 Tonnes
800 20%

600 15%

TIO2 INSIDER
400 10%

200 5%

0 0%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

% Chinese Share China Exports

Is TiO2 Segmentation Growing?

By Gerald Colamarino, Director, TiPMC Solutions, Wilmington, DE

Is TiO2 a commodity? The answer is generally “no”, as multiple FIGURE 3  India imports – Chinese share
product grades serve the needs of a variety of consumers. Although (‘000 tonnes).
certainly not a specialty, the product has been correctly described as 300 50
a differentiated commodity. Is the differentiation growing? 250

‘000 Tonnes
40
CAGR = 15%
TiPMC has recently studied this question. The differentiation 200

% Share
30
among products is not only growing but impacting supply and 150
20
100
demand. Customers and suppliers alike are recognizing inventories
50 10
and pricing more as “sulfate vs. chloride”, which in reality deals more
0 0
with the quality of products accepted within differential segments – 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

and having their own supply/demand dynamics. % Chinese Share China Exports

TiPMC sees the TiO2 market growing into segments with different Source: Trade Map (or Market Access Map), International Trade
producers and customers (Figure 1). Why is this occurring? TiPMC Centre, www.intracen.org/marketanalysis.
offers these thoughts:
• The increase of emerging markets with large volumes of consumers • On the flipside, some transition may be occurring. Lower-quality
moving into the middle class, lower expectations from coatings and products, once sought as an economic alternative, may be saturat-
plastics products. ing developed markets. Also developing markets are maturing, as
• Multi-national producers focusing on higher-value products vs. con- consumers are recognizing the cost of low quality.
tinual expansion. TiPMC estimates a net reduction of 210 ktpa outside Is there evidence? Although very much in an early stage, import
China in the past decade. export data supports the theory. Although still expanding, the rate
of Chinese export growth is slowing in the last several years. Chinese
FIGURE 1  TiO2 market segments: producers Specialty operators are re-electing to manage inventory and slow operations.
PRICE

Differentiated
and customers.
Multipurpose/ NA
Low Fit for Use Differentiation Although increased costs are minimizing the opportunity to reduce
Quality
export pricing and create margin, TiPMC believes this may also be
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
attributed to product acceptance outside China (Figure 2).
Specialty
PRICE

TONNES Differentiated India serves as an interesting example. Over the past 10 years,
Multipurpose/ NA
Market Emerging Markets Global Developed World
Requirements
Low Fit for Use
Lower Quality Standards
Differentiation
High Quality Standards High Barrier to Entry
India has shown the largest growth in TiO2 imports vs. anywhere
Quality
Compete on Price Compete on Price/Quality Compete on Price/Quality/Service
else in the world. Yet, the Chinese share of imports peaked in
STRATIFICATION
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 2015 (Figure 3).
TONNES Is there counter evidence? From July through October, Chinese
Market Emerging Markets Global Developed World
Requirements Lower Quality Standards High Quality Standards High Barrier to Entry exports have increased 17% vs. the same period in 2018. This
Compete on Price Compete on Price/Quality Compete on Price/Quality/Service
aligns well with the end of the destocking period in 2Q2019. At
STRATIFICATION
first glance, this may appear to counter the theory of differential
Source: Company presentations and TiPMC estimates.
markets. However, considering the material in stock was likely a
great deal of Chinese product, it may lend to the argument that the
FIGURE 2  China exports: share gain in export market is differentiating quality, as exports are only increasing as
markets (‘000 tonnes). specific demand for Chinese product increases, not as replacement
Share Gain Outside

1,000 25% for higher quality MNP product.

As the TiO2 demand recovers from destocking and global economic
‘000 Tonnes ‘000 Tonnes

800 20%

600 15%
influence, this theory of stratified demand will surely be tested. The
400 10%
recent commercial structures promoted by several large producers
Share China

1,000 25% are to a large degree predicated on the market developing in this fash-
200 5%
800 20% ion. It makes for interesting pricing and supplier growth alternative
Gain Outside China

0 0%
600 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 15% for TiO2 in the coming years. 
400 % Chinese Share China Exports 10%

200
Source: 5%
Trade Map (or Market Access Map), International Trade
For more insights into the TiO2 and Mineral Sands markets, visit TiPMCconsulting.com.
Centre,
0 www.intracen.org/marketanalysis. 0% See our ad in this issue for more details.
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

% Chinese Share China Exports PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 19

 Spectroscopic

20 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Analysis
of Architectural Coatings
for Improved Weathering
By Matt Andersson, Chemist, and Karl Booth, R&D Group Leader, EPS, Marengo, IL

N
ew product development or major reformu- This type of approach becomes prohibitively large, namely
lation of high-durability exterior coatings is when multiple bases are tested simultaneously and for
among the highest-risk projects a coatings lab multiple years. For this reason, accelerated methods are
can undertake. This is due to the years-long used to refine formulations and reduce the complexity of
exterior exposure time required to validate a new prod- an exposure series.
uct’s performance, in addition to the standard formulation The most widely used accelerated method is cyclic UVA,
and test cycle time of several months. There are many where samples are placed in weathering cabinets and
attributes associated with the assessment of a coating’s exposed to alternating humidity and UV conditions, such
weatherability, such as grain crack resistance, adhesion, as the ASTM G154 cycle. UVA light emits a wavelength of
chalking, etc. In the architectural semi-gloss to high- 340 nm, which matches the primary wavelength respon-
gloss space, an emphasis has rightly been placed on gloss sible for organic degradation by solar-emitted radiation.
retention as a distinguishing attribute between high- An alternative to cyclic UVA is cyclic UVB, where the
performance and economy product classes. primary irradiation wavelength is 313 nm instead of 340
Loss of gloss from exposure leads to not only a change nm. This higher-energy wavelength is harsher than UVA
in the desired aesthetic, but also provides the first visual but does not match sunlight’s UV profile particularly well.
indication of polymer degradation, and therefore, the ini-
tiation of additional property loss. It is important that the
FIGURE 1  ATR-FTIR scan of WB coating initial (blue) and
formulator utilizes all tools available to build confidence
exposed (red).
in their coatings as early in the formulation screening
stage as possible, to ensure the right samples are selected 0.34 Initial
for long-term, real-world exposure studies. We have 2 Weeks
0.32
employed a spectroscopic technique that differentiates UV 0.30
durability on the order of weeks rather than months or 0.28
years. This method uses time-resolved functional group 0.26
analysis by ATR-FTIR and acts as an indicator of relative 0.24
gloss durability in acrylic coatings. 0.22
0.20
Log (1/R)

Current Gloss Retention Methods 0.18

The gold standard for determining gloss retention is to 0.16
expose a series of coatings to actual exterior conditions for 0.14
a minimal period of 6-24 months. This is an intuitive test 0.12
that involves painting a relevant substrate, putting it out- 0.10
side (preferably in a harsh environment) and measuring 0.08

the gloss over time. While simple, it is a very strong test 0.06

due to its real-world applicability and ability to test many 0.04

different properties at once, such as dirt pickup resistance, 0.02

grain crack and mildew resistance. An ideal exposure 0.00

3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000
would incorporate multiple formula variations, colors,
panel orientations, geographic locations and replicates. Wavenumbers (cm ) -1

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 21

 Spectroscopic Analysis

Initial
0.34 Initial
0.34
2 Weeks
2 Weeks
As a result, UVB is not conventionally used for acrylic ferentiating coatings earlier in the cyclic UVA method has
0.32
0.32
0.30
0.30
coatings and is typically reserved for ultra-high-durability the potential to greatly accelerate development cycle time.
0.28
0.28
chemistries. Xenon Arc is a third approach to accelerated
0.26
0.26 weathering. This UV profile closely matches the full spec- Gloss Retention and Photodegradation
0.24
0.24 trum of sunlight but is a newer approach that is not as In order to create a quicker predictive method, it is impor-
0.22
0.22 widely used as cyclic UVA. In all cases, accelerated weath- tant to understand the processes that occur in a coating
0.20
0.20 ering methods require less time to evaluate compared to when put outside. Many environmental factors influence
(1/R)
Log (1/R)

0.18
0.18 exterior exposure, yet can still take five months or longer how the gloss of a coating changes over time, including
0.16 to differentiate high-performance acrylic systems. Dif- moisture, dirt pickup and temperature. The largest overall
Log

0.16
0.14
0.14 impact is generally caused by UV, especially in southern
0.12
TABLE
0.12 1 v Infrared absorption wavelengths for relevant climates where UV indexes are highest, such as Florida,
0.10
0.10 Texas and Southern California. When UV light irradiates
functionalities.
0.08
0.08 a film it will abstract protons from the polymer, creating
0.06
0.06 radicals. These radicals are highly reactive and read-
Functionality Infrared Absorption Wavelength
0.04
0.04 ily form peroxy radicals, which result in polymer bonds
y-Lactone
0.02
stretch 1,780 cm-1
0.02 breaking and various functional group transformations of
0.00
Ketone stretch
0.00 1,710 cm-1 carbonyl groups – including y-lactones, ketones, carboxy
3,500
3,500 3,000
3,000 2,500 2,000
2,500 -1 2,000 1,500
1,500 1,000
1,000
Carboxy acid stretch 1,705 cm acids or esters. If this scission occurs on the backbone of
Wavenumbers (cm )
-1
-1 the polymer, it creates two lower-molecular-weight prod-
Ester stretch 1,735 cm-1
ucts that more easily erode from the film. These molecular
sp2 Carbon hydrogen stretch 3,000-3,100 cm-1 changes can be seen far earlier than the surface roughness
sp3 Carbon hydrogen stretch 2,850-3,000 cm-1 changes detectable by gloss measurement. FTIR analysis
can observe functional group changes in days or weeks
rather than the months necessary for gloss analysis.
FIGURE 2 v Assignment of onset of failure by photo-
oxidation. ATR-FTIR Characterization
100
100 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a
spectroscopic technique used to determine the infrared
90
90
Onset of
Onset of Failure
Failure absorption spectrum of a sample with the advantage of
80
80 being able to cover a wide range of wavelengths quickly.
70
70
Over the infrared region, the absorbances in a sample
are caused by the infrared light at a specific wavelength,
Units

60
Gloss Units

60 initiating movement in specific chemical bonds within the

50
50 sample. In order to perform FTIR on a dry film sample, the
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) sampling technique
60º Gloss

40
40
is utilized. This technique uses the inherent total internal
30
30 reflection of a sample, allowing for the characterization of
60º

20
20 the surface of solid samples.
The consequence of photo-oxidation of polymers in a
10
10
paint film is the conversion of carbon-hydrogen bonds
0
0 to carbon-oxygen (carbonyl) functionalities. ATR-FTIR
0
0 500
500 1,000
1,000 1,500
1,500 2,000
2,000 2,500
2,500 3,000
3,000 3,500
3,500 is well suited to quantify these functional group changes.
Cyclic UVA Exposure Hours ATR-FTIR is a rapid, non-destructive test, and a single
measurement can be completed in minutes. The technique
FIGURE 3 v Carbonyl index at 1 week exposure vs. onset of has a small penetration depth of 0.5 to 2 micrometers. This
gloss failure. focuses the data acquisition on the coating’s surface, where
changes in surface roughness affecting gloss occur. The
10
10
carbonyl stretch at 1,600-1,800 cm-1 and the sp2 and sp3
hybridized carbon-hydrogen stretches at 2,800-3,050 cm-1
can easily be resolved by this technique (Figure 1).
Index
Carbonyl Index

y=
y = 5.3024e
5.3024e-0.002x
-0.002x The oxidation state of a given film will be referred to
R²
R² =
= 0.9977
0.9977 as the “carbonyl index”. This value is defined as the %
absorbance due to carbonyl stretching, divided by the %
∆ Carbonyl

11
absorbance of the carbon-hydrogen stretch. This unitless
value allows films to be assessed at different exposure
times where a given exposure time can be subtracted
∆

from the initial carbonyl index to give the “delta carbonyl

index” or ΔCI (Equation below).
0.1
0.1 i
0
0 500
500 1,000
1,000 1,500
1,500 2,000
2,000 ∫f 1600-1800cm–1 Change in C=O absorbance
ΔCI= =
i
Cyclic UVA Hours ∫f 2800-3050cm–1 Change in C-H absorbance

22 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 The delta carbonyl index shows how the ratio of car- resulting coatings were exposed to UVA in the method
bonyl content has changed in that period and conse- described above, and the change in carbonyl index delta
quently, how much photo-oxidation has taken place was determined at 24 hrs for each sample. A higher
between measurements (Table 1). carbonyl index delta indicates a higher degree of film
oxidation. A sample showing higher relative values
Method would be expected to show early gloss loss compared
All carbonyl indexes were measured using a Thermo Sci- to a sample with a lower carbonyl index delta. In this
entific Nicolet iS10 FTIR with a Smart iTR attachment and study,0.30
Monomer 1 had the lowest delta and was pre-
a ZnSe crystal. Samples were drawn down at 10 mil wet dicted0.25
have the best long-term gloss performance after

Index ∆ Carbonyl Index

film thickness on 3 in. x 6 in. aluminum panels and cured 24 hrs of cyclic UV exposure, followed by Monomers
overnight. The baseline carbonyl index was measured 0.20
after overnight cure and then the panel was put into a
FIGURE
0.15 4a v D Carbonyl index measured after 24 hrs cyclic
Q-Lab QUV equipped with UVA lightbulbs. The carbonyl
index was taken as the average of three FTIR scans taken UVA exposure.
0.10
at different locations within a panel. The integrated values 0.30
0.05
of all spectra were averaged, and the carbonyl index was
0.30
0.25
calculated. The QUV cycled between 8 hrs of UV exposure, 0.00
with an irradiance of 0.89W/m2 and a temperature of 60 Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Monomer 3 Monomer 4
Index 0.25
0.20
ºC, then 4 hrs of condensation at 50 ºC. Samples were
∆ Carbonyl
0.20
0.15
removed from the QUV for individual measurements, then
60º Gloss Units ∆ Carbonyl

returned to the QUV as required. 0.15

0.10
140
Correlating Carbonyl Index and Cyclic UVA 0.10
0.05
Tracking the carbonyl index of a sample allows an 120
0.05
0.00
understanding of the photodegradation that is taking 100 Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Monomer 3 Monomer 4
place, but it doesn’t necessarily provide the whole answer 0.00
Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Monomer 3 Monomer 4
to gloss changes occurring in a film. Gloss changes can 80
be caused by a variety of other factors such as mechani- FIGURE 4b v Onset of failure of gloss retention by cyclic
60
cal, adhesive or dirt pickup failure modes. Carbonyl
UVA.
140
index is sensitive to only those factors that result in a 40
change in FTIR absorbances. In many cases, however, 140
120
20
photo-oxidation is the primary mechanism of film deg-
120
Units

radation that FTIR is well suited to detect. High-perfor- 100

0
Units

mance architectural coatings are designed to maintain 100

80
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500
Gloss

their gloss, but after a sufficient amount of UV exposure, Hours

80
60
gloss typically will drop quickly. To establish correla-
Gloss

Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Monomer 3 Monomer 4

tion between gloss units as exposed to UV and carbonyl 60
60º60º

40
index, we assign an “onset of failure” point for each sys-
tem, as seen in Figure 2. This failure point is defined as 40
20
the longest exposure time prior to a substantial change 20
0
in slope. In cases where a failure point is ambiguous, it 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500
is usually the case that photo-oxidation is not the only 0
mechanism of failure and other modes need to be consid- 0 500 1,000 Hours
1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500

ered. The onset of failure is observed to correlate with the Monomer 1 MonomerHours
2 Monomer 3 Monomer 4
rate of photodegradation within a sample, where lower
Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Monomer 3 Monomer 4
indexes indicate slower rates of degradation.
To study this, four modifications were made to a base
polymer to intentionally induce a range of photodegrada-
FIGURE 5a v Carbonyl index after 7 days exposure.
tion rates. These polymers were then formulated into a
high-gloss pastel base. Samples were put into cyclic UVA
and had their gloss and carbonyl index measured weekly. 0.6
After 2,750 hrs, the onset of failure was determined for
0.5
each sample. This was compared to the carbonyl index
Index ∆ Carbonyl Index

delta taken after 7 days for each polymer, and then fit with 0.4
an exponential regression. An R2 of 0.9977 was found,
suggesting a good correlation between the onset of failure 0.3

and carbonyl index (Figure 3).

0.2
This work is currently utilized in the EPS lab in order 0.6
to create exterior polymers with market-leading gloss 0.1
retention. In a recent monomer comparison experi- 0.6
0.5
0
ment, a primary monomer was swapped for three 0.5
0.4 EPS 2799 Competitive Polymer
Index

alternatives, adjusting to maintain constant Tg. The

0.4
0.3
PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 23
0.3
0.2
 0.3

0.2

0.1
Spectroscopic Analysis
0
EPS 2799 Competitive Polymer

FIGURE 5b v 168-hr measurement of carbonyl index pre- Formulation can have a strong influence on the car-
dicts relative performance of commercial HG. bonyl index, and so the best interpretations will come
when compositional differences are minimized. As an
120 example, a high-gloss white formulation was tested to
compare EPS® 2799 and another high-performance,
% Retention 60º Gloss

100
high-gloss polymer. Carbonyl indexes were taken at one
80 week (168 hrs), and the difference from the initial was
60
calculated. The low carbonyl index delta of EPS 2799
(Figure 5a) indicates a reduced susceptibility to photo-
40 oxidation compared to the commercial alternative. This
performance conclusion is confirmed after an additional
20
five weeks of testing after onset of failure is seen in both
0 samples (Figure 5b).
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500

Accelerating Development
Hours
Real-world exposure testing will always be required to
EPS 2799 Competitive Polymer
validate exterior performance. The coatings industry
has relied on accelerated methods like cyclic UVA as
2 and 3, respectively. Monomer 4 showed the highest an excellent way to reduce the formula candidate pool
carbonyl index delta, and was predicted to have earlier for long-term testing, though it still requires months of
gloss loss than the other samples in the series (Figure exposure time. We have shown that by incorporating
4a). Gloss was measured weekly for an additional 21 carbonyl indexing using ATR-FTIR, cyclic UVA testing
weeks of cyclic testing. After that time it was found that can provide valuable formula differentiation on gloss
the gloss performance matched the prediction made retention far earlier than direct gloss measurement.
from the 24 hr carbonyl indexes (Figure 4b). ATR-FTIR offers an attractive incentive to gain more
This method also allows for early comparisons to from UVA testing and has the potential to accelerate
be made when screening polymers for a formulation. product development on exterior products. z

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24 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 P O WD ER C OAT IN G ARE YOU PUSHING THE BOUNDARIES
SUMMIT OF POWDER COATING TECHNOLOGY?
The 2020 Powder Coating Summit
September 24-25 2020 is seeking talented speakers with engaging content
to set the agenda for this powerful conference.
Hilton Columbus/Polaris | Columbus, OH

submissions due by: The Powder Coating Summit is a 2-day conference designed
for all technologists seeking the latest innovations in powder
materials and processes. The PC Summit is a forum that

march 23 illuminates the next generation of powder coating technology for

the consummate coatings professional.

2020
We seek presentations of cutting-edge advancements in new
materials and process technology.
Topics may include, but are not limited to:

• Innovation in Additives for • Low-Temperature Cure

Powder Coatings • Toxicity and Handling Issues
• New Developments in • Smart Powder Coatings
Metallics and Effect Pigments
Questions • Powder Coating Binder
Developments
•
•
UV-Curable Powder Coatings
Hyper-Durable Powder

regarding • Sustainable Technology

• Advances in Pretreatment
•
Coating Systems
Functional Powder Coatings

presenting? Technology
• More Efficient Cure
•
•
Aerospace Applications
Architectural Powder
Contact Kevin Biller at Technology Technology
[email protected] or • The Latest Application • Reflective Powder Coatings
Kristin Johansson at Technology • Thermoplastic Powder
[email protected] • Advances in Testing and Coatings
Instrumentation • Trends in Powder Coatings
For sponsorship and exhibiting
opportunities, please contact *We are looking for research-based technical content. Sales pitches
Tom Fowler at [email protected] and/or product-centric presentations will not be considered.

To submit your abstract, visit www.powdersummit.com and

click on the “Speak” button on the home page
current sponsors Presented by
 A NEW GENERATION OF
REACH-Compliant
Epoxy Curing Age
By Paul Jones, Managing Director, Bitrez Ltd, Standish, U.K.

A
new generation of ketamine epoxy hardeners – Ethylene Diamine (EDA)
are technically outperforming their analo- CAS 107-15-3
gous predecessors both during and after cure. – Methyl Iso Butyl Ketone (MIBK)
This article examines why their unique com- CAS 108-10-1
bination of long pot-life, reduced hazard and fast thin-film Liberating 2 moles of water to form the reaction product:
cure speeds make them the ideal curing agents for the – N,N’-bis(1,3-dimethylbutylidene)
paint and coatings industry. ethylenediamine
Traditionally, ethylene amines have been used as epoxy CAS 25707-70-4
curing agents and can cross-link epoxy resins to form an The above ketamine is a former industry standard, but
infusible mass. However, their poor compatibility with was withdrawn due to REACH (Registration, Evalua-
conventional aromatic epoxy, inherent toxicological prop- tion, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) restric-
erties and low active hydrogen equivalent weights with tions. This grade was one of a small series of ketamines
subsequent low stoichiometric loading levels negates their employed in the formulation of high-stability, two-pack
use in modern formulated systems. epoxy systems. These ketamines demonstrate stability, if
Many modification techniques are employed to enhance not exposed to atmospheric moisture. As the reaction is
their performance, including reaction with carboxylic reversible, when combined with the epoxy component and
acids to generate amido-amine and polyamides, mannich applied, the ketamine is hydrolyzed, liberating the func-
bases, association salts, adduction, and for applications tional amine and ketone components. The regenerated
requiring high latency and fast thin film cure, ketamines. ketone is a volatile released from the film, and the original
amine has active hydrogen groups that can react with the
Reversible Reaction epoxy component in a conventional manner.
Ketamines are formed through the dehydration of a pri- The product above is hydrolyzed to liberate ethylene
mary amine group with a ketone, as depicted in Figure 1. diamine, which then in turn reacts with the epoxy. EDA
The process employed in the manufacture of this particu- is a relatively fast curing agent, but by generating the
lar ketamine involves the reaction of 2 moles of MIBK with ketamine the reaction is retarded, requiring the hydroly-
1 mole of EDA. zation to occur before the epoxy-amine reaction proceeds.
Ketamines provide excellent pot-life while also retaining
FIGURE 1  Ketamine formation. fast thin-film cure speeds, making them quite unique.
The homologous series of ethylene amines with terminal
CH3 O primary amine groups, of which EDA is the basic member,
NH2
H 2N + H3C CH3 allows a series of ketamines to be produced. These products
have offered some desirable performance properties, but the
Ethylene Diamine Methyl Iso-Butyl Ketone liberated amines are generally of a low molecular weight
with high vapor pressures. Concern over their toxicity and
-2 H2O the costs attributed to REACH registration of each new
H3C

ketamine species essentially led to the withdrawal of these

conventional ketamines from circulation in Europe.
CH3

CH3

This withdrawal and the resultant void in the mar-

N N ketplace led to Bitrez recently developing a new range of
CH3

REACH-compliant ketamines to satisfy the market demand.

CH3

In addition to generating REACH-compliant products, it

H3C

was opportune to rectify some of the other less-favorable

characteristics and refine the products while maintaining
CURAMINE 33-672
N,N1-bis (1,3-dimethylbutylidene) ethylenediamine
the desirable pot-life/reactivity features associated with
this class of curing agent. The new series of ketamines are

26 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Ketamine
nts
offered as solvent cut or solvent-free materials, although all level is < 0.2%
of them liberate some solvent during the hydrolysis process. as supplied. The
label require-
New Ketamine Grades ments based on
First and foremost, the new series of ketamine grades was free monomers
developed to be REACH compliant and available for use on supply i s
in Europe. Additionally, improvements in the following detailed in Table 1.
properties were targeted; New Ketamine label requirements [context of amine]
• Reduced free amine in supply product, EUH 208: contains 2,2 iminodiethylamine. May produce
• Reduced free amine during application an allergic reaction.
(when hydrolyzed),
• Improved compatibility, Reduced Free Amine During Application
• Improved surface appearance, (when Hydrolyzed)
• Maintain pot-life and cure properties. With exposure to moisture, the reaction liberates further
Looking at these target requirements, and using con- DETA for reaction purposes. The conventional ketamine
ventional grades and regulatory standards as bench- reversal reaction liberates approximately 35% monomeric
marks we can demonstrate the improvements made. DETA. The same grade mentioned above formulated with
an initial free amine level <0.2% as supplied when hydro-
Reduced Free Amine lyzed still liberates <2% monomeric DETA compared with
The conventional grades are processed from EDA and 35% from the conventional grade. The associated hazard
DETA (Di Ethylene Tri Amine), the next grade in the afore- rating is detailed in Table 1 below.
mentioned homologous series.
Following the introduction of GHS, the threshold limits
and reporting requirements for free monomer levels have TABLE 1  New ketamine label requirements
been adjusted, and the escalating hazard rating for free (context of amine).
DETA is as follows:
DETA-Containing Products Labelling Requirements
Conventional ketamine requirements (context of amine)
Pictogram Code(s) /
Lower Upper Hazard Statements
SignalWord
00.00 < 00.10 None None
EUH 208: contains 2,2
00.10 < 00.20 None iminodiethylamine. May
produce an allergic reaction.
• H302 (Harmful if swallowed) EUH 208: contains 2,2
• H330 (Fatal if inhaled) 00.20 < 02.00 None iminodiethylamine. May
• H314 (Causes severe skin burns and eye damage) produce an allergic reaction.
• H317 (May cause an allergic skin reaction) 02.00 < 05.00 H302 (Harmful if swallowed)
• H335 (May cause respiratory irritation) H330 (Fatal if inhaled)
In the case of the conventional DETA-derived ket- H314 (Causes severe skin
amine, the free monomeric DETA on supply generally burns and eye damage)
falls within the 2-5% range, varying slightly based on H317 (May cause an allergic
the specific supplier and their specification, and the sub- GHS 05/GHS06 skin reaction)
sequent storage conditions. H335 (May cause respiratory
One version of the new ketamine epoxy curing agent irritation)
range has been formulated so that the initial free DETA EUH 208: contains 2,2 iminodiethylamine. May produce an allergic reaction.

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 27

A New Generation of REACH-Compliant
Ketamine Epoxy Curing Agents

The fact that the amine is formed during the reversal subsequently form ammonium carbamate by-products.
reaction means consumers and formulators may be left Aside from the negative impact that this has on the aes-
with technical and moral dilemmas regarding label require- thetic appearance of the film, these side reactions can alter
ments/advisory information, as clearly the product supply the formulated stoichiometry, resulting in an imbalance of
label for a conventional ketamine is based on the free amine the desired reaction. This in turn potentially reduces the
as supplied. However, knowing that on application the prod- mechanical properties and chemical resistance.
uct hazard increases (albeit only until such time as crosslink- However, the new generation of ketamine grades offers
ing occurs/completes), the label may warrant explanatory enhanced epoxy compatibility. An added benefit is that
discussions with applicators who may become exposed to a some grades have been modified to enhance thin-film
product listed as potentially being fatal on inhalation. cure rate to further protect against the above problems.
The new ketamine curing agents have low-supply free It is evident that poor compatibility, exudation and
amine levels and low free amine levels following hydration, surface migration of free amine can result in blushing
so they remain more consistent in terms of the hazards and blooming issues, which offer aesthetic concerns, but
associated with corrosive amines. Of course, in either case the cosmetic defect is more an illustration of the fact that
the products liberate the solvent as a volatile component. the intended or desired reaction hasn’t fully occurred.
These problems can also influence overcoatability and
Improved Compatibility and Improved subsequent inter-coat adhesion, which in turn can alter
Surface Appearance mechanical properties and chemical resistance.
Through reaction with atmospheric humidity, this new Comments regarding the surface films following the
generation of ketamine curing agents is less prone to the reactivity evaluation above are detailed in Table 2.
problems associated with humidity during cure. Whereas The new generation of ketamine grades offer enhanced
conventional ketamines, when hydrolyzing, liberate ethyl- compatibility and vary in terms of their surface appear-
ene amines that are prone to compatibility issues with con- ance from a moderate improvement to the surface film
ventional epoxy resins; this can lead to surface migration to a significant advance based on selected grades from
or exudation of free amine to the coating surface. Surface within the range. The new ketamine grades are offered in
migration of amines can cause at best reduced gloss or in several supply forms with some high solid-content grades
some cases tacky/greasy surfaces, which in turn result in diluted with ketone and/or aromatic solvents, or supplied
“amine blush” or “amine bloom”. These two phenomena free from any supplementary solvent – meaning they are
are well documented, but essentially consist of moisture supplied solvent free but acknowledging the solvent inher-
condensing or water-soluble compounds migrating to the ently generated following hydration.
surface of the coating. The moisture can react with CO2 and
Maintain Pot-Life and Cure Properties
From a technical perspective, the new generation of ket-
TABLE 2 v Observations regarding the surface films
amine grades offers significant improvement in perfor-
following the reactivity evaluation. mance while maintaining desirable reactivity characteris-
Grade Comments tics. Again, for illustrative purposes the relative reactivity
of small mass cure and thin-film cure rates are detailed in
DETA Greasy surface – susceptible to blushing issues
Figure 2 using DETA and conventional ketamine as bench-
Conventional grade Greasy surface – susceptible to blushing issues
mark values against one of the new generation grades.
New ketamine Clear, glossy surface
Figure 2 illustrates that the new generation of ketamine
• 100 µm coating weight @25 °C and 50% RH. curing agents offers significant improvement of working
• Stoichiometric mix ratio with liquid epoxy resin EEW 190 (EPILOK 60-600).
time/pot-life while maintaining desirable high thin-film
reactivity. Alteration and extension to pot-life is the main
FIGURE 2 v Reactivity of the new generation of ketamine design driver for this generic product group, and the new
ketamines satisfy that particular aspect as expected. While
curing agents.
they work just as well in this respect and in addition to the
regulatory improvements outlined above, it is their techni-
cal performance, both during and after cure, that really
New Ketamine sets them further apart from their analogous predecessors.
These grades can be used as curing agents in their own
right or combined with other grades to formulate systems
Conventional with bespoke reactivity and other process or cured perfor-
Ketamine mance attributes.

Conclusion
DETA In summary, as the laboratory tests prove, the new
generation of ketamines are unique - not only are they
REACH compliant, but technically they also outperform
their conventional counterparts both during and after
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
cure, as well as offering both long pot-life and reduced
Hours
hazard, making them the ideal curing agents for the paint
Thin film cure Pot-life and coatings industry. z

28 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
What Drives Color
Forecasting?
By Kristin Johansson, Editor-in-Chief, Paint & Coatings Industry, Troy, MI

I
n October of last year, Montaha Hidefi, VP of Color landscaping and architecture, building products, color
Forecasting at the Color Marketing Group® (CMG), and effect pigments, plastics, consumer goods, textiles,
Color Landing Studio, gave the keynote address at flooring and wall coverings, cabinetry, furniture, light-
the Powder Coating Summit. She discussed color, ing, packaging, cosmetics, fashion, graphic design, visual
and whether the powder coatings industry is riding or arts, color products and services, as well as printing.
orbiting the trends. Hidefi noted that color trends are Our mission is to create relevant and accurate color
the manifestation of society development, our identities, and trend forecast directions two years in advance. For
how we interact with each other, and how we deal with example, throughout 2020 we will be working on the
innovation and technology. They measure the pulse of our forecast for 2022, which will be revealed during the CMG
social and generational evolution. Macro, consumer and International Summit in November 2020.
industry trends are constantly converging, overlapping
and impacting each other – and influencing and driving PCI: What is the difference between a fad and a trend?
color forecasting.
I was interested in learning more about CMG, the Hidefi: The term trend is often used to refer to a fad.
industries it serves, how it forecasts color trends, and whatHowever, a trend is a general orientation in which things
the color predictions are for the coming years. Hidefi was will move. Trends have an extended life cycle; they follow
happy to answer my questions. a curve. At the beginning of a trend there
will be early adopters, then the majority
PCI: What does the Color Marketing of people will adopt the new product and
Group do? there will be a peak in sales. Eventually,
other trends will appear and the curve of
Hidefi: Color Marketing Group (CMG) the first trend will start declining but will
is a not-for-profit international associa- grow again with more people adopting
tion of color design professionals. Our the product.
members represent a broad spectrum of A fad is a behavior that develops
people who engage daily with color or towards a product and is followed with
who are directly involved in making color enthusiasm among a large population
decisions for a product range, such as because it is somehow perceived as novel.
designers, marketers, color technicians, We can say, it’s an interest followed with
scientists, consultants, educators and art- exaggeration. A fad, by its nature, is tran-
ists. They typically service a wide range sitory and short-lived.
of market sectors such as paints and pow- Trends are influenced by society,
der coatings, automotive, interior design, Montaha Hidefi while fads are influenced by companies

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 29

What Drives Color Forecasting?

and driven by emotional excitement. Some examples of most influential factors that we take into consideration
fads are the pizza cone, the fidget spinner, diets, hair- when color forecasting are a) the changes in our society,
styles and toys. An example of a trend is the color silver b) the memorable or unforgettable events we are witness-
used in the 2000s in the automotive industry as it rep- ing, c) the technologies that support new product develop-
resented the new tech world. More recently, we saw the ment, d) the political situation and how society interacts
millennial pink color trending in various market sectors with it, e) the economic scene and how it will affect soci-
for over five consecutive years. ety, and f) the consequences of environmental changes.
For instance, when it comes to changes in society,
PCI: How does the CMG forecast color? their influence on trends and colors might not be seen
immediately. The process takes place over time, and the
Hidefi: Every year, CMG forecasts colors for two years influence can be seen in the long term. For example, the
in the future. The color forecasting process starts at the increased number of the seniors’ population as well as
beginning of each year, with unique one- or two-day consumers with limited mobility is leading to the design
workshops called ChromaZones®, color forecasting work- of certain products to meet certain needs in the new
shops. They are held in four geographical areas; North family cell. These new families need convenient products
America, Latin America, Europe and Asia Pacific. to meet their lifestyles. These products would need to be
During a ChromaZone color forecasting workshop, par- designed in new ways, produced with different material
ticipants, who represent various industries share their and showcased in colors and textures that might differ
research of color trend stories and associated color direc- from their old counterparts. The same can be said on
tions. The group then spends time discussing, dissecting global warming, and how it has influenced every single
and narrowing down the information. They examine the facet of design and color. Concerns about the environ-
topics and their ramifications to color. They discuss the ment have moved from being just a tendency to becom-
influences and drivers behind each identified color trend ing a basis for a more responsible, eco-friendly attitude to
story, taking into consideration the timing of the trend eco-design, eco-material and eco-color, thus stimulating
stories, the colors, as well as materials and finishes, and the discovery – or rediscovery – of new materials based
which industries they might impact. This process is a deep on natural resources.
dive into human behaviors, the environment, economy and By deduction, trends, and therefore color trends and
politics, both globally and locally. forecasting, are fundamentally connected to, and influ-
In each workshop, the top three trend stories are deter- enced, by society and everything that surrounds us.
mined, and we develop a forecast of 16 directional colors
that support those stories. Each of the four geographical PCI: What are the key colors for 2021?
regions must then steer and consolidate their regional
workshops, which results into the forecast for that region. Hidefi: CMG introduced the organization’s forecasted
The results of the four regions are then consolidated into key colors at the 2019 International Summit in Tucson,
CMG’s World Color Forecast™ of 64 directional colors, AZ, in late November 2019. The group named a key
which is revealed during the CMG International Summit color for each of the main global regions. The 2021+
that takes place each November in North America. North American key color is “Mist,” a color that exudes
But the process does not end there. Throughout the optimistic confidence and the hopeful resolve to achieve
year, our members are observing the colors emerging in personal and societal goals. Mist’s pale blue hue, touched
the markets around the world and validating against the with a whisper of toned grey and minimal chroma, is
forecasted colors. This process allows us to corroborate spirited in its lightness.
the integrity of the forecast on a global level. Mist will emerge determinedly into the newly estab-
lished decade as it encompasses the mood, desire, and fan-
PCI: What factors influence color forecasting? tasy of new growth. Its lightness reflects an uninhibited
look at the future and it embodies the yearning for ease
Hidefi: Being directionally and contextually driven, and a release from discord. In addition, Mist has a sense of
color trends not only influence how material, product and forward movement to seek carefree moments.
design interact, but they are also influenced by them. The In addition to its freshness, it is also a color of contem-
plation, of setting the record straight, and can suggest an
aura around ideas of renewal and ecology. Mere sustain-
ability is not enough, the goal is for rethinking uses for
products, their waste and byproducts. It is an encouraging
moment for design and Mist is a color that suggests the
transcendence in creating new products. Mist has neither
gender nor age, making it ideal for fashion and consumer
electronics, as well as transportation. With its ability to
take on varying sheen levels and special effects with ease,
Mist is a color easy to embrace.
CMG’s 2021+ European key color, “Raison d’être”
is a mid-range tan with a slight violet undertone that
suggests both the natural and artificial worlds. Rai-
son d’être embodies the directional thought processes,

30 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 KEY COLOR KEY COLOR
Mist
CMG 2021+ NORTH
AMERICAN FORECAST

Renacer

CMG 2021+ LATIN

AMERICAN FORECAST
The emerging mist will offer a
cleansing breath. It will "Reborn" is a complex color that
overcome any sense of steamy has in its DNA several colors
deterioration to redefine this that make it up like red and blue,
pale blue, filling it with which represent femininity and
positivity and light. masculinity in a balanced way.
Within spirituality, your
Industries: Fashion, interiors, generosity has a meaning
paint, consumer electronics, of transmutation that leads us
consumer goods, transportation. to a future composed of pure
energy and inner spirituality.

Industries: Visual
Communication, Fashion.

KEY COLOR KEY COLOR

Raison d’être Uni-Coral

CMG 2020+ ASIA

PACIFIC FORECAST
CMG 2021+ EUROPEAN
FORECAST

Questioning your reason to be Uni Coral harnessing the

and finding your purpose. Giving collective energies globally.
your contribution to the world no This energetic glowing color
matter how big or small. This color
inspires both fun and
is earthy yet synthetic,
representing the duality of our the need for action by
lives. It waivers between the ‘looking at the big picture’.
natural and artificial worlds on The name comes from a playful
different levels such as; animal created by fantasy.
appreciating history, escaping into Futuristic playful – Uni-Coral.
entertainment, discovering new
foods and other cultures and Industries: Fashion, Sporting
beliefs. A mid tan color with a
Equipment, Toys,
purplish undertone.
Decorative Home Products.
Industries: Any industry depending
on the given effect; matte, sparkly,
metallic.

and the color trend, needed for a future of growth and Renacer will appear in graphics, in print and digi-
innovation. It is at once earthy and slightly synthetic in tally with its balanced, yet powerful look. Packaging
appearance. Balancing the natural and synthetic are key and consumer goods will also embrace this hue as a
to having a future in which all can survive. Raison d’être color with a powerful message, but still connecting to
offers a color of balance to see lifestyles and the world on the past, nature and humanity.
its many levels. At one moment there is a great apprecia- And CMG’s 2021+ Asia Pacific key color is “Uni Coral.”
tion of history, during another the driving desire to move This strong hybrid of orange and red is a color of extreme
forward. There are endless moments of discovery, look- happiness that inspires both fun and the need for action.
ing back and forward. Uni Coral exudes motivation and drive, perfect for instant
Raison d’être will be found across all industries, with attention and long-lasting energy. It is the perfect color for
emphasis given to special effects, finishes and textures. a “pop-up” anything, fires the energy of the moment, and
The variation in effects add to the balancing nature of the thrills with the exuberance of vitality.
color and create a “just right” application whether trans- If artificial intelligence was to have a color, it would be
portation, fashion, home décor or anything else. Uni Coral. Warm, electric, powerful, yet familiar, it has the
The 2021+ Latin American key color is “Renacer,” a attributes to take on personal requests and desires. From
highly saturated violet that connects nature and spiritu- everyday appliances to home support devices, Uni Coral
ality. The red and blue core of this color represent feminin- adds a sense of fun to everyday products, and a touch of
ity and masculinity, and its high saturation suggests the global awareness, as well.
energy of forward movement. The strong hue of Uni Coral expresses immediacy and
Latin America is experiencing a rebirth that embraces exhilaration of the moment. It is a trend direction for color
multiple elements, and the complex nature of Renacer that is well-suited to pop-up culture from events to retail
reflects the DNA of several colors in its character. Together to fashion. Pop-up shops can be physical or virtual but are
they create a balanced hue with which to future-think. always energized and of the moment. The color exempli-
Balance is key in a fast and complex world, where there fies a moment of play that brings extreme happiness.
is a constant need for life transformation. Renacer is the In fashion, celebrity bloggers will continue as important
color of that balance on the quest for balance and peace. influencers and role models. They highlight being bright and
The transcendent nature of Renacer’s violet is also fresh, with Uni Coral as a color that identifies and unites their
key, as the future holds new realms of personal energy energy and youthful vigor. The excitement carries from fash-
and inner spirituality. With personal growth comes ion to decorative home as “lifestyle blogging” incorporates all
generosity that will extend to others, and the world, at levels of life from wardrobe to living to cuisine. 
large. A generous attitude creates a better existence for
everything on the planet. For more information, visit www.colormarketing.org.

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 31

 HIGH-PERFORMANCE
Waterborne Wood
An Easy-to-Apply, One-Component Formulation with the Physical

By Eva Tejada Rosales, Covestro SL; Berta Vega Sanchez, Covestro

Deutschland AG; Makoto Nakao, Covestro LLC; Steven Reinstadtler,

Covestro LLC; and Adam Miller (laboratory assistance), Covestro LLC

S
ite-applied polyurethane coat- tive substrates and enhanced aesthetics.
ings for wood flooring are fore- However, their 2K format requires measur-
cast to grow at a 5.5% CAGR ing and mixing at the job site. This type
rate for 2018-2023. This is more of formulation also typically has a limited
than double the estimated U.S. GDP rate pot life, and the recoat window is slightly
during the same time period as reported shorter, which may require the coating to
by ChemQuest’s American Coatings Asso- be scuffed before applying a second coat.
ciation U.S. Market Analysis report. This Unused material from 2K systems adds the
includes the residential and commercial extra task of proper disposal.
market sub-segments, as well as new A new waterborne technology allows
unfinished wood floor installations and a 1K wood floor coating to have similar
restoration of existing wood floors in the properties of a 2K formulation. This new
built environments. technology, which is based on an inno-
These coatings are usually one-compo- vative polyurethane dispersion (PUD),
nent (1K) solventborne or two-component enables the coating to be applied by a less
(2K) waterborne (WB) polyurethane (PUR) experienced crew. Additionally, unused
coatings. In the past, 1K solventborne material can be taken to other job sites as
polyurethane coatings were the premier pot life is no longer an issue.
coating product on wood floors. Polyure-
thane-coated floors are extremely durable The New Dispersion
and have a very desirable, warm look. Bayhydrol® UH 2874 was developed in
However, with the advent of stricter vola- response to the need for a waterborne
tile organic compound (VOC) regulations, resin that can be formulated into a 1K
and the desire for low-odor coatings, 2K polyurethane floor coating while still
waterborne polyurethanes are being used maintaining the properties of a 2K floor
as high-performance coatings on wood. coating. This new PUD gives 1K water-
These coatings provide durability, stain borne floor coatings the physical prop-
resistance, easy cleanability, adjustable erties desirable for a high-performance
gloss levels, improved adhesion to reac- coating, such as excellent black heel mark

TABLE 1  Properties of Bayhydrol UH 2874.

Property Approximate Value

Solids content 40
pH 8
Viscosity, cps 300
Bio-based content, % 40
Tg/MFFT, °C 45 / 40
Film elongation, % 130

32 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Floor Coatings
Properties of a Two-Component Formulation

TABLE 2  Comparison of waterborne flooring formulations.

2K Formulation Matte 1K Formulation Gloss 1K Formulation

Polyisocyanate BAYHYDUR XP 2655 - -
Dispersion BAYHYDROL A 2651 BAYHYDROL UH 2874 BAYHYDROL UH 2874
Hardener solution 80% in PGDA - -
Matting agent No Yes No
Mixing Manual Manual Manual
VOC content, g/L 53 129 125
Bio-based content in paint, % 45 51 46
Dry time, t1 45 45 40
Cure time, t4 8 hrs, 12 min 2 hrs, 10 min 2 hrs
Pendulum hardness, 1 day, RT, (sec.) 70 60 70
Pendulum hardness, 16 hrs, 50 °C, (sec.) 100 70 80
20° gloss 84 - 80
60° gloss 91 40 90
85° gloss - 66 -
Black heel mark resistance - 5 5
Chemical resistance
Water, 16 hrs 5 5 5
Ethanol, 48%, 1 hr 5 4 5
Coffee, 16 hrs 5 5 5
Red wine, 6 hrs 5 5 5

resistance (BHMR), good chemical resistance, sandability, in Table 2. The 2K waterborne formulation makes a glossy
blocking and good physical drying characteristics. coating with excellent chemical resistance properties. The
In addition to the exceptional physical characteristics matte 1K waterborne formulation creates a lower gloss,
of this PUD, it is also innovative in its chemical nature. lower hardness coating, with only a slight lowering of the
Bayhydrol UH 2874 is composed of 40% bio-based mate- chemical resistance properties, which would also occur
rial, and the backbone of the resin contains double bonds in a matte 2K formulation. The gloss 1K waterborne for-
(unsaturation). Air oxidation of the double bonds leads mulation produces a high-gloss, lower hardness coating,
to a crosslinked coating, improving the physical proper- with the same chemical resistance properties as the 2K
ties. The dispersion’s chemical properties and some of the formulation. The dry time is similar for all three formula-
physical properties of a cured film made from the disper- tions. The final cure time for the formulations based on
sion are outlined in Table 1. The cured film of this resin the new dispersion is improved when compared to the 2K
has a relatively high elongation. formulation. BHMR was excellent for all of the coatings.

Comparison of the New Dispersion in 1K Comparison of the New Dispersion in a

Coating Formulations and a Standard 1K Coating Formulation to Standard 1K
2K Polyurethane Formulation and 2K Coatings Available in the Market
The new polyurethane dispersion was benchmarked in A comparison of the properties of the new dispersion in
a matte and a gloss formulation versus a standard 2K a coating formulation against standard 1K and 2K floor
waterborne polyurethane formulation. The formulation coatings available in the market is given in Figure 1. When
components, liquid resin properties, film physical proper- compared to the 2K formulation, the new dispersion for-
ties and chemical properties of the cured film are outlined mulation is faster drying with a longer pot life. Chemical

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 33

High-Performance Waterborne Wood Floor Coatings

TABLE 3 v Comparison of new dispersion to self-crosslinking acrylic resin.

System 1K-WB PAC 2K-WB PU 1K-WB PU

Dispersion, Bayhydrol A 2846 A 2846 A 2846 A 2846 UH 2874
Polyisocyanate, Bayhydur - XP 2547 XP 2547 306-70 -
Appearance Clear gloss Clear matte Pigmented Clear gloss Clear gloss
60° gloss 69 19 15 69 75
1 Day pendulum
48 42 50 54 55
hardness RT, (sec.)
7 Day pendulum
69 60 68 76 89
hardness RT, (sec.)
Taber abrasion, mg 135 115 225 114 63
Chemical Resistance
Ketchup NE NE NE NE NE
Mustard NE NE SLST/ REC NE SLST/ REC
Olive oil NE NE NE NE NE
Vinegar NE NE NE NE NE
Grape juice NE NE NE NE NE
Orange juice NE NE NE NE NE
Detergent NE NE NE NE NE
Coffee NE NE NE NE NE
Water NE NE NE NE NE
100 proof EtOH NE NE NE NE WH/ SW
Lemon juice NE NE NE NE NE
NE = No effect, REC = recovered in 24 hrs, SLST = Slight stain, WH = Whitening, SW = Swelling,

resistance and BHMR are not significantly impacted. The proof ethanol, which caused whitening and some soften-
new dispersion formulation also has the same dry time and ing of the coating (Table 3).
pot life as the 1K formulation. The chemical resistance,
abrasion resistance and BHMR are improved. New Formulations Require Low
Amounts of Cosolvent
Comparison of the New The coatings market continues to work toward achieving
Dispersion to 1K and 2K Acrylic/ ultra-low VOC formulations. Formulators are targeting
Polyurethane Formulations 100 grams per liter, with some proposed targets as low as
The new dispersion was compared to a self-crosslinking 50 grams per liter. This presents a challenge for waterborne
polyacrylic resin (PAC) in a series of experiments in both formulations that require a coalescing agent to form a
1K and 2K coating formulations. The new resin provided continuous film. While the new resin easily achieved 100
a harder, higher gloss coating with similar solvent resis- grams per liter on non-porous substrates, some porous sub-
tance. The only negative result was in exposure to 100- strates create a greater challenge. Low-VOC formulations
were developed using the new dispersion. Even on the most
difficult, porous substrates, good coatings can be prepared
FIGURE 1 v Graph comparing new resin formulations and
with less than 100 grams per liter in the formulation.
standard 1K and 2K coatings.
Conclusions
Fast drying A new dispersion provides 1K, low-VOC floor coatings
with the properties of a 2K floor coating. These 1K coat-
5
ings have excellent solvent resistance, black heal mark
4 resistance, sandability, blocking and good physical drying
3 characteristics. These formulations were compared to a
Pot-life Hardness
2 1K standard floor coating and a 2K standard floor coating
1 UH 2874 present in the market. While the abrasion resistance was
0 Market STD 1K
lower, the 1K dried quicker and had an unlimited pot life
when compared to the 2K formulation. It was also favor-
Market STD 2K
able over several self-crosslinking acrylic coatings.
BHMR Chemical These results point to a minimal tradeoff of ultimate perfor-
resistances mance for the ease of use of a 1K system. The 2K waterborne
polyurethane has the best overall properties, but the 1K
system is quicker to dry and much easier to mix and apply. z
Abrasion
Bayhydrol® and Bayhydur® are registered trademarks of Covestro.

34 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
Solving Two Key Powder Coatings Challenges with

Pelletized
Aluminum
By Jonathan Doll, Effects Pigments Research Leader; Michael Venturini, Marketing Director,

Coatings; and Anthony Rohrer, Effect Pigments Product Specialist, Sun Chemical

I
n addition to their durability and ease of applica- “Chemicals of Interest.” As such, there are specific guidelines
tion, powder coatings offer important environmental to ensure against their misuse, depending on quantities.
benefits to the paint industry. No solvents are used There are also specific guidelines for transportation set
when sprayed and there are minimal volatile organic by the various agencies in North America and Europe.
compounds (VOCs) released. Any material that does not Aluminum powders can be classified as hazardous mate-
adhere to the substrate after spraying can be collected and rials by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT),
used again, resulting in very little waste. or dangerous goods under the European Agreements
Since a solvent-free effect pigment powder must be used Concerning International Carriage of Dangerous Goods
in powder coatings, a large release of dust is caused as it is by Road and Rail (ADR/RID). In China, Decree 591 sets
being processed and handled. For metallic pigments, the guidelines specifying certified warehouses for storage of
dust not only poses an inhalation hazard, but is poten- aluminum powders.
tially explosive if clouds of dust are generated. This risk
increases with the fineness of the pigments and requires The Challenge of Aluminum
special safety precautions to mitigate. Pigments’ Shape
It is widely known across the powder coatings industry Aluminum pigments have a bright, silvery to grey metal-
that aluminum pigments need to be handled with care, as lic appearance that is defined by their brightness (L*)
the coupled effect of small size and reactivity mean that values and gloss. Platelet-shaped aluminum pigments
aluminum pigments have a low minimum ignition energy have excellent hiding power when compared to spherical
(MIE) and high kST value. pigments. Because of their shape, they are very susceptible
The MIE and kST are measures of how much energy is to bending and breakage under high-shear mixing, like
required to ignite a powder or dust, and the strength of that extrusion, and are typically incorporated into powder
explosion, respectively. It is typically a function of the par- coatings in subsequent processing steps.
ticle size of the dust. Dry, powdered aluminum pigments, Metallic pigments can be dry blended into a powder
which can have a d50 as low as 5 µm, have a low MIE (<5 coating. However, because this only makes a physical
mJ) and high kST (>300 bar m/s).1 These hazards increase mixture between two powders, this can cause issues dur-
as the size of the aluminum pigments decrease. ing application of the powder coating, where the pigment
Aluminum pastes, powders and pellets fall into specific and coating particles separate due to electrostatically
categories for transportation and storage in each region of charging differences. This causes the overspray to be
the world, depending on local regulations. Because of their unusable due to inconsistent color.
reactive nature, aluminum powders are classified in the A process known as bonding is often used to incorpo-
United States by the Department of Homeland Security as rate metallic pigments into a powder coating to mitigate

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 35

Pelletized Aluminum

these issues. During bonding, the powder coating is The pelletized aluminum pigments are made using a
heated to just above its softening point and combined fine, leafing corn flake pigment with a D50 particle size
with effect pigments under moderate shear, causing the distribution of 9 microns. They are composed of approxi-
pigments to adhere to the surface of the powder coating. mately 85% aluminum flake and 15% of a polyester resin.
Such a process provides sprayed parts that have excellent The pellets are dry and approximately 5 mm in diameter.
pigment orientation, resulting in the best appearance for A photo of the pellets can be seen in Figure 1.
powder coated articles. For high-shear dry blending, the pellets are added to
a powder coating base at 1.25% total metal loading and
Solving the Dusting Issue mixed at 50% of the speed/time for a typical bonding step.
In other industries where aluminum needs are used in a These samples were compared to a dry blended leafing
solvent-free form, such as a plastic masterbatch, aluminum aluminum (Benda-Lutz Leafing 2081) that was incorpo-
is often combined with a resin, extruded and dried to make rated under the same conditions and at the same loading.
a pelletized product. The pellet mitigates dust, increasing Bonding of the pelletized and unpelletized aluminum
the MIE and decreasing the likelihood of an explosion. was carried out at 1% total metal loading using standard
If this approach could be applied to an aluminum pig- bonding protocols. The pigmented powder coating bases
ment intended for use in powder coatings, it could pro- were applied to stainless steel panels and cured according
vide a benefit to converters who need to work with fine to the parameters of the base.
aluminum pigments. For such a preparation to work, The 60º gloss, brightness (L*) (L*15, measured at 45º
however, the pellet would need to be easily friable and incident light and 15º aspecular) and the flop index (FI),
dispersible in a powder coating while the compounding which is determined by Equation 1:
resin would need to be widely compatible with many dif-
( (L* 15–L* 110)
)
1.11
ferent powder coating types. FI = 2.69 * L* 45 0.86 (1)
A pelletized aluminum preparation for powder coat-
ings has been developed by Sun Chemical that combines Where L*45 and L*110 are brightness measured at
a fine (d50 = 9 µm), leafing aluminum pigment with 45º incident light and 45º and 110º aspecular reflection
a polyester resin. These products have an aluminum angles, respectively. All color measurements were per-
content of 85%, with the remaining fraction being the formed on an X-Rite MA-98 multi-angle spectrophotome-
resin, which allows formulators to use these products ter. Gloss measurements were performed on an Elcometer
without having a dramatic impact on the resin content 6015 Novo-Gloss IQ Glossmeter.
of the base paint. The pellet is highly friable and can be Table 1 shows the minimum ignition energy (MIE) for a
incorporated into most polyester-based powder coatings fine aluminum pigment and a 2 mm diameter pellet made
by either high-shear dry blending or bonding to give an using the same. Modification of the pigment’s physical
appearance that is like a bonded aluminum powder of form is one of the few ways to raise the MIE, as it allows for
equivalent size and composition. a decrease in dust concentration and significantly larger
suspended particles. In standard MIE testing, only particles
less than 75 µm are tested. The pelletized product increased
FIGURE 1 v Pelletized aluminum used as the subject of the MIE of the fine aluminum powder by two orders of mag-
this study
nitude, which is a substantial change. Further increases
in the pellet’s size are expected to yield a larger MIE value.
This data is important as it affects the transportation
and storage requirements for different forms of aluminum
pigments. Pellets designed for powder coatings are exempt
and not regulated as dangerous goods per the applicable
hazardous material transportation regulations. This can
significantly simplify the supply chain and logistics for
using pellets as compared to aluminum powders.

Achieving Industry Bonding Standards

It is important for the new pelletized aluminum pigments to
meet industry standards currently used through bonding.
Figure 2 shows the L*15 (a, d, & g), flop index (b, e, & h)
and brightness (c, f, & i) of the pelletized aluminum and
the leafing aluminum control (2081) after being incorpo-
rated into either a triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC)-cured
(a-c) or a β-hydroxyalkyl-amide (HAA)-cured (d-f) poly-
ester powder coating.
TABLE 1 v Minimum ignition energy for assorted Figure 2g-i shows the results for the aluminum pellet in
aluminum forms. a polyurethane-type of powder coating. In addition to a
comparison of the different forms of aluminum, Figure 2
Sample Type MIE
also shows the different appearances that can be achieved
2081 <3 mJ depending on the incorporation method used, whether it
Pelletized aluminum 350 mJ is high-shear dry blending (red and blue bars) or bonding
(green and yellow bars).

36 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
FIGURE 2 v a) Brightness (L*15), b) flop index and c) Finally, Figure 2g-i shows the incorporation behavior in a
gloss for dry blended and bonded 2081 and a leafing, polyurethane-based powder coating. In this instance, the pellet-
pelletized aluminum pigment dispersed in a TGIC-cured ized aluminum is optically superior to the unpelletized aluminum
polyester system. d) Brightness (L*15), e) flop index, and in every case, even when comparing a dry blended pellet to the
f) gloss for dry blended and bonded 2081 and a leafing, bonded, unpelletized pigment.
pelletized aluminum pigment dispersed in an HAA- While this data shows that the pelletized aluminums are com-
cured polyester system. g) Brightness (L*15), h) flop patible with different powder coating systems, it is likely that
index, and i) gloss for dry blended and bonded 2081 formulators would need to optimize performance of these pellets
and a leafing, pelletized aluminum pigment dispersed for a particular powder coating system.
in a polyurethane-cured system.

a) 130 b) 20 c) 400 Conclusion

While aluminum flakes are widely used in all powder coating
Flop Index

120 15 300
Gloss

TGIC types because of their brightness, opacity, durability and for-

L*15

110 10 200
Polyester
100 5 100 mulation flexibility, they require specific handling and storage
90 0 0 techniques to maximize their appearance and for safe usage.
d) 130 e) 20 f) 400 Aluminum pellets are an alternative delivery form that can be
2081 Dry Blend
Flop Index

HAA
120 15 300
Pellet Dry Blended
incorporated using existing methods of dry blending or bonding
Gloss
L*15

Polyester 110 10 200 to give equal or better appearance in a variety of paint chem-
2081 Bonded
100 5 100
istries. Pellets lower dusting and offer significantly higher MIE
Pellet Bonded
90 0 0
while maintaining the versatility and appearance benefits of
g) 130 h) 20 i) 400
aluminum powder, making them an attractive option in powder
Flop Index

120 15 300
Polyurethane
paint manufacturing. z
Gloss
L*15

110 10 200

100 5 100
To learn more, email [email protected].
90 0 0

References
Focusing on the TGIC examples first (Figure 2a-c) reveals 1. OSHA 3371-08 2009 “Hazard Communication Guidance of Combus-
that the pelletized aluminum pigment has a similar bright- tible Dusts”
ness to the 2081 in this system. More surprising is that, in this
system, the dry blended and bonded pellets are superior in flop
compared to blended or bonded, unpelletized aluminum. The
dry blended and bonded pellets have similar gloss, and both are
less glossy (Figure 2c) than the bonded aluminum. In all cases,
the dry blended leafing pigment is the most inferior in flop and
gloss for the TGIC-cured polyester.
This data shows that the pelletized aluminum can be incorpo-
rated by two different methods to give a bright metallic finish that
is comparable to the bonded, loose aluminum. Moreover, the color
travel data suggest that the pellets have a better overall orienta-
tion in this powder coating compared to unpelletized pigments.
Indeed, the inclusion of the resin may help orient the aluminum
into a flat configuration when the powder coating is cured.
The gloss is best for the bonded aluminum, with the bonded,
pelletized aluminum coming in second. This is not particularly
surprising considering that gloss in powder coatings can be driven
by the resins in the system. Depending on the resin compatibility, "The only thing worse than training your
this could result in a smoother finish that is aided by the superior employees and having them leave is
orientation of the aluminum, increasing the gloss. not training them and having them stay."
If this is the case, then it is not unreasonable to expect that
- Henry Ford, Founder of Ford Motor Company
the pelletized aluminum may exhibit different types of behavior
in different resin systems and classes. The dry blended alu-
minum has the worst gloss, even when compared to the dry KEITH M. MOODY
blended pellet. This suggests that the pelletized aluminum may TRAINING & CONSULTING
be better wetted out by the resin in the powder coating, which Chemicals, Coatings, Polymers and Inks
helps to drive its alignment.
The difference in incorporation behavior is demonstrated for the
P.O. Box 3976
HAA-cured polyester shown in Figure 2d-f. In this instance, the dry Johnson City, TN 37602
blended pellet has the higher L*15 and flop index, while the bonded Phone: 423-956-3030
pellet has the highest gloss. The pelletized pigments outperform the
pigment powders, regardless of their incorporation method. This
could be due to a similar phenomenon above, where the pellet resin E-mail: [email protected]
positively affects the interaction between the aluminum and the Website: www.linkedin.com/in/keithmmoodytraining
powder coating matrix, acting almost like a dispersant.

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 37

 A Study of
Iceph
Part I

By Atul Tiwari, Ph.D., FRSC, Flora Coatings, Phoenix, AZ

I
n snowfall regions, ice accretion/accumulation is in the United States, ice accumulation during the win-
a potential hazard in various industries including ter season caused 135 planes to crash between 1993
transportation, aircraft/aerospace, marine, power and 2004, resulting in 171 casualties.5, 6
transmission (ground wires, phase conductors and In cold climate regions, ice and snow that adhere to
insulators), power production (wind turbines, buildings, structures cause numerous problems. Mechanical failures
electrical distribution, telecommunications and agricul- or insulator flashover can happen due to accumulated ice
ture), automotive, outdoor sports facilities, solar cells, etc. on power transmission and electrical distribution equip-
Due to extreme weather conditions in cold climate ment. Power outages inhibit life normalcy, leading to
regions, utmost care is needed while driving on roads dur- significant socio-economic consequences. Crops are dam-
ing winter months. Icefall and snow accumulation disrupt aged, electric power lines go down, and wind turbines and
day-to-day activities and effectively curtail road transpor- HVAC systems are also severely affected. Serious problems
tation. There is a tremendous amount of research work are also encountered when ice and snow build-up on the
being conducted in cold regions, such as the northern high-voltage overhead power transmission lines and con-
U.S. and Canada, as well as the rest of the cold countries ductors. During this time, even the electrical transporta-
around the globe.1,2 Ice accumulation can cause hazard- tion and telecommunication networks are interrupted.
ous road conditions and stall road transportation. For nor- In the case of power production through wind turbines,
mal traffic flow and safer mobility, measures are needed ice accretion affects energy production performance, and
for de-icing or anti-icing of accumulated ice on roads. both electrical and mechanical failures can occur. Usu-
The term de-icing implies the removal of ice or clearing ally, about 20% of wind turbines are located at sites where
of ice after ice storms occur. On the other hand, anti- icing events are likely to occur in winter. The reason
icing systems are activated before ice storms occur, thus for building wind turbines in this region is because the
preventing significant ice deposition overloads (static wind power is 10% higher than the standard areas due
or dynamic) due to ice weight and wind, particularly to enhanced air density at lower temperatures.7, 8 High
on power lines. Both de-icing and anti-icing operations altitudes are the best sites for installing wind turbines for
are performed using mechanical means (e.g., brooms, energy production. At high altitudes, wind speed gener-
brushes, plows) as well as through the application of ally increases by 0.1 m/s per 100 m of altitude for the first
chemical agents. To clear off the ice and snow on roads, 1,000 m.7, 8 In Switzerland, these wind turbine sites are
a large amount of solid and liquid chemicals, as well as installed at approximately 800 m above the sea level, and
abrasives (e.g., sand) are used for de-icing or anti-icing, these sites often face incredibly harsh conditions.8
collectively known as “de-icers”.3 Compelling methods are demanded to keep wind tur-
The aviation industry is also significantly affected. bines ice-free for efficient energy production. Among oth-
Aircraft engines are stalled, and their fuel efficiency ers, Markus examined various coating methods claiming
and lift diagnostic performance are dramatically icephobic properties for wind turbines.8 These methods
reduced. During the period between 1998 and 2007, include hydrophilic and hydrophobic coatings, sol-gel
there were catastrophic socio-economical losses due coatings containing fluorinated compounds, and vis-
to the damage from ice storms in Eastern Canada and coelastic rubbers, as well as commercially available ice-
Oklahoma. In the United States, between the years phobic products. Investigations on icephobic properties
1959 and 1994, other icing events caused the collapse of different coatings and ice adhesion measurements are
of 140 communication towers (40-2,000 ft tall).4 And commonly performed with a 0° cone test to determine ice

38 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
obic Coatings
adhesion strengths between coating and ice.8 At present, Icephobic Surface Coatings and
conventional anti-icing and de-icing methods are in use Materials of Choice
for the wind turbine industry that utilize an anti-icing There has been a long history of research work on ice
method based on ice-accretion. Also, de-icing methods adhesion testing, dating back to the 1930s. The National
are applied when ice already has built-up on the surfaces Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Langley
of wind turbine rotor blades.7, 8 made qualitative comparisons in an open-plenum icing
The passive method, which is also popularly known as tunnel in 1930.15, 16 Various test methods were utilized to
the surface coating method or permanent surface coating measure the adhesion of ice before 1940.17 The first coat-
method (also termed as “icephobic” coating), is useful for ing materials included greases, oils, soluble compounds,
ice adhesion prevention. Icephobic coatings can protect paints and several others. In early 1918, Lewis, in his
the exposed surfaces and can significantly reduce or U.S. patent, suggested an anti-freezing mixture for the
eliminate ice adhesion strength. The passive protection radiator system of internal combustion engines to prevent
method does not require an external power or energy water freezing in cold climates.18 He proposed a solution
source, such as heating. It utilizes the advantage of inher- of calcium chloride dissolved in water along with caramel,
ited physical surface properties such as low water contact glucose and borax. The purpose of glucose and caramel
angles and reduced friction coefficients to repel ice by its solutions in this mixture was to prevent the crystalliza-
weight. Icephobic coatings are inexpensive, durable and tion of calcium chloride when the compound turns super-
easy to apply on various surfaces. saturated on the evaporation of water. It was suggested
The low adhesion strength between ice and a solid sur- that such technology could be useful for various applica-
face defines the “icephobicity” of a coating material.9, 10 tions and not confined to the radiator system.
It is worth mentioning that no material can completely Later in 1956, Rolle et al. explored de-icing lacquer
prevent ice or snow accumulation on surfaces. The most formulations as a permanent coating material that was
common assumption is that any product having reduced based on nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate
chemical affinity with water should also have weak ice and polybutylene in combination with resins, such as
adhesion strength. However, this theory is not entirely alkyds and vinyls, and/or plasticizers for the aviation
accepted among the researchers.10-14 Saito et al.14 have sector.19 The ice adhesion to various solids was also
shown that an increase in substrate surface roughness studied by Rarty et al. In his findings, a significant
increases ice adhesion. Although snow/ice build-up on
various surfaces is unavoidable, few preventive efforts
have been utilized on hydrophilic, hydrophobic and super-
hydrophobic surfaces for reducing ice adhesion over
the past decades. Ideally, preventing ice accumulation
rather than de-icing is a favorable solution, which can be
achieved through icephobic coatings. For practical appli-
cations, the structural and chemical integrity of icephobic
surfaces must withstand erosion, wear, UV radiation and
other weathering conditions. Whereas, for commercial
adoption of icephobic materials, the engineered surfaces
of these materials must be cost-effective, environmentally
friendly and manufacturing scalable.7
This article summarizes the materials used in surface
coatings or icephobic coatings for preventing ice accretion
on substrates. The complete version of this article can be
found online, and also includes information on the effect
of salts and chemicals used for de-icing and anti-icing,
along with their implications on snow-affected industries.

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 39

A Study of Icephobic Coatings

factor of adhesion was drastically reduced by surface characteristics have been studied both at the laboratory
contaminants on the metals, and this reduction was scale and large-scale for their ice-withstanding capability.
stronger over the areas at the metal coating interface.20 Several classes of epoxies, polyurethanes, silicones, etc.,
The detailed studies on shear stresses developed near are few noted materials.26-28
the interface of ice and substrate demonstrated that The ice adhesion in rubbery materials with controlled
adhesion properties vary based on polymer materials surface properties was examined by Andersson et al.29
and metals in contact. This team conducted critical They developed several compositions of rubber materials
investigations on adhesion of ice to various surfaces and using tertiary butyl-cumyl peroxide as a cross-linking
established a direct relationship between adhesion and agent and pure polymer. The trifolium pretense, a leaf
frictional properties of the ice sliding on similar surfaces. from red clover, was also tested for ice adhesion strength.
Some other studies suggested that adhesion strength of On comparing to natural products, leaf-based surfaces
ice to various surfaces varied significantly, and if left shed water easily. It was also noticed that reinforc-
untouched, bare concrete, wood, steel and aluminum ing a rubber material with carbon black significantly
have high ice adhesion strength.21-25 Parameswaran21,22 enhanced the power of ice adhesion, revealing a correla-
determined through pile push-through tests that the tion between wetability and interfacial shear strengths
order of adhesion from highest to lowest followed a pat- between polymer materials and ice. Also, an increment
tern such as wood > concrete > steel, and that the effect in polymer surface-free energy with an increase in bond
is due to anchoring effect on highly porous surfaces.23 strength was noticed.
Wei et al.24 from fracture tests found that ice adhesion The water contact angle measurements on different
was weaker on steel compared to aluminum due to the types of leaves such as aspen, birch, sallow, raspberry,
lower surface energy of steel relative to aluminum.24,25 lady’s mantle, timothy, white clover and couch, on 30 dif-
A comprehensive literature survey on adhesive materials ferent surfaces have shown low ice adhesion for materials
and few strategies for reducing ice adhesion were outlined with hydrophilicity numbers, “k” values, smaller than
by Sayward.26 He suggested utilizing low-surface-energy approximately 0.2, which correspond to water contact
coating materials to achieve an optimal degree of rough- angles of roughly 90° or higher.29 Few scattered stud-
ness to reduce ice adhesion.26 The presence of air was ies30-32 have reported that ice adhesion decreases with
discovered as an important contaminant in adhesion. increasing water contact angle, whereas others have
The surface roughness and texture played an important found little relation between the two parameters.33-37 The
but secondary role. However, on hydrophobic surfaces, theoretical calculations and experimental observations
enhanced roughness could lead to air entrapment that from the literature have suggested that low ice adhesion is
will impair wetting and adhesion.26 related to low permeability, absorption capacity and high
To reduce the adhesion of ice (an adhesive whose liquid surface hydrophobicity (an elevated water contact angle).
form is water), substrate wettability should be reduced The ice adhesion strength on synthetic polymer coat-
by making it more hydrophobic26 – implying reduction ings was found an order less than on uncoated surfaces.
in surface reactivity and surface forces, making it inert Few commercial polymer coatings displaying adequate
and incompatible with water. The resulting higher water properties have been proven to be effective in reducing ice
contact angle makes it occlude air at the interface. Various adhesive strength over coated surfaces. Coating materials
polymeric materials showing variation in ice adhesion like Teflon-4, organosilicone epoxy ‘G’ and vinyl polymer

40 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
sheets with perfluorinated films were few superior coating cessive de-icing operations. The use of icephobic coatings,
materials.38 Apart from low surface energy, high linear however, could help in reducing the shear forces needed
thermal coefficient of the polymer surface has a profound to remove ice build-up. In such processes, a small amount
effect on ice adhesion strength. of ice is pre-formed on the surface and later removed
Polycarbonate-based ice-releasing block-copolymer films through the use of external forces such as gravity or aero-
were made of poly(dimethyl-siloxane)-bisphenol, as coat- dynamics, which overcome adhesion forces.43
ings for ice adhesion were studied by Le Grand et al.39 and Several coatings formulations along with different
H.H.G. Jellinek et al.40 They mentioned that in addition to combinations of binders such as Braycoote and Rain-X,
the hydrophobic ice adhesion properties of the materials, together with fillers, such as MP-55 and UF-8TA, with
their mechanical and physical properties are also significant. varying filler/binder proportions, were tested to evaluate
Hydrophobic surfaces are essential for superior ablation the ice adhesion in the SILC (Shuttle Ice Liberation Coat-
properties. However, experimental observations28, 9 revealed ing) coatings by Ferrick et al.44 They have also noted that
that good adhesion surface itself is not sufficient, and that the measured contact angles ranged from 81° to 143° for
low glass transition temperature, Tg, which is a measure of the tested surfaces. Coatings made of a mixture of Rain-X
segment mobility, is also important. The dimethyl siloxane and MP-55 resulted in low ice adhesion when compared
content must lie in a specific range of weight percent and to bare metals with static ice-shear tests. A mixture of
chain length. Adhesion strength varies based on the silox- urethane and PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) particles
ane content and its block-chain lengths, and as well as on called advanced icephobic surface (AIS) coatings were
glass transition temperature. If the weight content, Tg and tested for the prevention of icing on airfoils in an icing
block-chain length are outside the favorable range, then the wind tunnel.45 These test substrates were made on two
rheological-mechanical properties of the films become simi- different airfoils; one airfoil was coated with AIS and the
lar to that of ice, and adhesion is reduced.28,39 However, the other airfoil with polyurethane. The tested AIS coatings
rheological properties of ice and polymers must be different were transparent, water repellent with a contact angle
for better results. Polysiloxane(amide-ureide) is an alterna- of 150°, and characterized by hardness 2H (pencil hard-
tive material of choice for long-lasting anti-ice coatings. The ness). An electrical heater was inserted in the airfoils
bonding between the substrate and the polysiloxane(amide- to simulate an anti-icing system. It was noticed that on
ureide) coating disrupts the hydrogen bonding between the entering an electrical heater in the airfoils, relatively less
accumulated ice and the coated substrate. The ability of ice was accumulated on AIS-coated airfoil compared to
adhesion of polymer coating to the substrate and its capacity the polyurethane-coated airfoil. The effect of the AIS coat-
of the coating to inhibit the formation of ice on a coated sur- ing was even more in glaze icing conditions, as ice accre-
face make it a suitable material for inhibiting ice formation tion on the polyurethane-coated airfoil was not observed
on aircraft or other vehicles.40 on the AIS coated airfoil.45 C. Antonini et al.46 on the
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), an extremely adher- other hand, proposed an alternative approach based on
ent coating on under layer Al2O3 substrates produced superhydrophobic coatings. Likewise, it was observed that
by anodizing in an oxalic acid electrolyte, drastically the isolated ice accreted surfaces form on the superhy-
improved both hydrophobic and icephobic properties.41,42 drophobic surface was different from that of compact ice
To avoid PTFE degradation, its impregnation could be accretion on the hydrophilic surface. These characteristic
carried out at low temperature (320 °C), which ultimately approaches facilitate ice braking and enhance ice removal
minimizes the Al alloy structural modification.41, 42 The from the substrate surface effectively and safely.46
PTFE impregnation within anodic films prepared in phos-
phoric acid can also yield good results. These highly The Environmental and Economic
hydrophobic coatings are 1.15 times better than flat Impact of De-Icing Salts and Chemicals
Teflon, and they reduced ice adhesion by almost 2.5 times De-icing salts and chemicals have both an economic and
and remained active for several-ice shedding events.41, 42 an environmental impact, so continued research and
Caroline Laforte et al.13 suggested two different cat- development in the field of improved icephobic coatings
egories (commercial and industry) of surface protective is important. Several studies have been conducted to
coatings. Commercially available protective surface coat- research the effects of these materials in the soil, water
ing products are easy to apply, which are readily available table, lakes and streams, and wastewater. To learn more
in the market for purchase at an average price of around about these studies, the best practices employed in avia-
$65/L. These commercial products include a few with a tion industry de-icing operations, and the impact of de-
rigid finish somewhat like paint, others that have a finish icing agents in contaminated waste-water and the cost
with visco-elastic properties like rubber and highly com- involved in the recovery process, you can read the full
pacted dried powder on the aluminum surface. Industrial article at www.pcimag.com. z
category protective coatings are comprised of a protec-
tive wax for metals, lithium grease and a Teflon coating Acknowledgement
applied to aluminum surfaces. These coatings were also Flora Coatings would like to thank Dr. Venkata Sreenivas and Dr.
useful for protection against corrosion. However, stud- Natarajan Ganesan for their help in preparing this article.
ies confirmed that any such two categories studied do
not hold the exact icephobic material properties: high References
effect of reducing ice adhesion and long-lasting life. Such 1 Salt Institute (1999) Highway Deicing for Safety and Mobil-
icephobic coatings are not a permanent solution because ity, (http:// www.saltinstitute.org/30.html (accessed June
of the gradual degradation of the surface caused by suc- 18, 1999).

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 41

A Study of Icephobic Coatings

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and Anticorrosive Plasma Polymer Coating, Cold Regions Sci- Tamura, K.; Haruta, N. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1994, 54,
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Colloid Interface Science, vol. 25, 1967, pp. 231-244. 15-18 (1976).
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Reduce the Adhesion of Ice on a Structure, IWAIS (2009). lymers of Dimethylsiloxane and Bisphenol-A Carbonate in
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De-icing of Airplanes, 1939. NACA-TN-723. 43 Antonini, C.; Innocenti, M.; Horn, T.; Marengo, M.; Amir-
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42 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
 Helping Asia
Meet its Environmental Goals

I
n Fall 2019, Ship & Shore Envi- cies are going after one industry at a
ronmental, Inc. (SSE), a multi- time, where industrial plants are not
national environmental pollution permitted to operate unless there is
abatement and energy solutions an environmental plan in place.
firm, announced that it has opened a Especially with major chemical or
new manufacturing facility in Shang- petrochemical plants, environmental
hai, China. The company’s President impact studies are being requested
and CEO, Anoosheh Oskouian, has from everyone, along with a proposed
been advising the Chinese EPA and and implemented environmental plan
equipping Chinese companies with of action. Without these environmen-
the company’s solutions since the tal plans and studies, facilities cannot
firm’s entry into China in 2016. PCI expand their process operations.
recently caught up with Oskouian
to learn more about SSE’s expansion PCI: How has SSE been working
and the current pollution conditions with/advising the Chinese EPA and
in Asia. Chinese companies on pollution
Oskouian abatement? How have these efforts
PCI: Why did SSE decide to expand been received?
in China? Oskouian: The Chinese EPA consists of different bod-
Oskouian: SSE has had ongoing projects in China ies based on the regions – SSE works more closely with
since 2016. We already have two installations of our the one surrounding Shanghai. Based on our years of
pollution control equipment there. Our new Ship & experience we have had advising with rule-making and
Shore China fabrication facility officially began operat- determining what is feasible for industry, they have taken
ing at the end of 2019. We made the decision to expand the same approach to pollution abatement as SCAQMD
to China a few years ago because of the demand for rules and regulations. The China EPA have been very open
pollution control equipment and the overall increase to adopting some of these rules – as soon as they see some-
of stringent air quality regulations in the area. It is no thing that is achievable, they make it a rule. They mean
secret that China is one of the most polluted countries, business here, and based on personal observations within
so in an effort to clean the air, we began to pursue the the last few years – fewer people are walking around with
China market. masks as the air quality is progressing.

PCI: Can you discuss China’s pollution crisis and what PCI: Can you discuss the current tariffs with China and
the Chinese government is currently doing to improve the how they are affecting your industry?
air quality in the country? Oskouian: Naturally the current tariffs with China
Oskouian: China did not have strong air quality reg- drive up the overall costs to do business with our main
ulations in place until recently, and now that these regula- manufacturing site in the U.S. Rather than using this as
tions are being adopted by local China agencies, the rules an excuse to stay away from the China market, we took
and regulations are more stringent than ever. At least in it as an opportunity for growth in the industry. With the
Shanghai where our operations are, the regulatory agen- opening of our Asian market manufacturing site, we are

44 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
able to offer competitive pollution abate- rently involved with, but it seems as platform to introduce pollution control
ment technologies while helping improve though the environmentally conscious technologies and engineering solutions.
the air quality. organizations want to do something; As of now, the market is mainly aware
however, the industrial population over- of carbon units as the main form of pol-
PCI: Are there other countries that SSE all is not even fully aware of the proper lution control. Our team here is letting
is working with and expanding into? solutions available. As a result, our vis- them know there are much more sus-
Oskouian: Yes, we have ventured its to Thailand companies have been tainable, economical and efficient tech-
into the Bangkok, Thailand, market, and very eye-opening, which gives SSE a nologies out there. z
have just received our first project for
the area. This will hopefully open even

Ti Observer™
more doors for the surrounding Southeast
Asian countries that may need our pollu-

Insights
tion solutions.

PCI: What were the drivers that led to

this expansion?
Oskouian: Over the years we have
had a couple of inquiries from the Thai-
land market, but after a recent increase in
requests from numerous companies look-
ing to implement air pollution control pro-
grams, plus a few visits to the country, we
realized that the need for our technology Publications for Decision-Makers in the TiO2 and Financial Industries
is much greater than we had anticipated.

PCI: How does Thailand’s air quality com-

pare with China’s? Subscribe to TiPMC Publications for
Oskouian: Being that the Thailand
regulatory agencies are not as aggressive
the latest on TiO2 Trends and Insider News
as China, air quality has a lot of room for
improvement. They only respond to odor • Ti Observer Insights
problems and local complaints, but do not
have overall rules and regulations for all Monthly Industry Report focused on timely opportunities,
industries that contribute to the pollution analytics, and perspectives in TiO2, pigments, minerals,
issue. They have also banned burning and chemical industries. We take a look at effects
incense at temples or lighting candles,
but are not coming down on industries as globally as well as the China impact. Includes the TiO2
they should. I have included a snapshot of value chain HeatMap and optional VIP extras.
the Bangkok city view from my recent stay
in Thailand.
• TiO2 and Feedstock Forecasts
Quarterly TiO2 forecasts, pricing reports and outlook,
Semi-annual Mineral Sands forecasts, pricing reports,
outlook, and comparisons. Stay informed and ahead.

For more info or to subscribe:

tipmcconsulting.com
Gerald Colamarino +1 610.274.1603
[email protected]
MENTION PCI FOR A SPECIAL OFFER

PCI: What has been the response in

Thailand as a result of SSE’s presence TiPMC Consulting
there? Consultants to the Financial, Chemical and Minerals Industries
Oskouian: We can only share with
respect to companies that we are cur-

PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY • 45

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600-gallon ROSS VersaMix Model VM-600 increase. Visit chromaflo.com.
is capable of high-speed subsurface pow-  Coalescent
der induction with propri- OXITENO  Silicone Resin
etary ROSS Solids/Liquid Suitable for all major latexes used in archi- EVONIK
Injection Manifold, which tectural paint formulations, ULTRAFILM® Developed for waterborne coatings,
incorporates powder or 5000 ensures continuous and homoge- SILIKOFTAL® HTW 3 is a heat-resistant
liquid phases directly into neous paint film formation under vari- silicone resin free of organic solvents and
the rotor-stator mix head. ous temperature and humidity conditions. has a significantly reduced VOC content.
The anchor agitator moves It enables the development of low-odor, It is suitable for food contact as part of
product from the high- low-VOC formulations and is highly effi- the external coating. By eliminating criti-
shear rotor stator head to a high-speed cient in reducing MFFT. Visit oxiteno.com. cal ingredients, the silicone resin is not
dispersing head. E-mail [email protected]. classified as hazardous according to GHS.
 Carbon Black Visit coating-additives.com.
 Vibratory Separator ORION ENGINEERED
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INDUSTRIES, INC. Ideal for automotive OEM basecoats, refin- KONICA MINOLTA SENSING
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don’t require a lot of mate- cations, COLOUR BLACK FW 310 delivers The Rhopoint IQ-S provides key measure-
rial volume, MR-18 Gyra-Vib® ment of gloss, RSPEC (peak gloss value over
Separator has an 18” diame- a very narrow angle), reflectance haze, dis-
ter size. It features a conven- tinctness of image, reflected image quality
tional design utilizing a cen- and goniophotometric profile. Features
ter-mounted sealed motor include downloadable results, fast mea-
and balance cage weight performance for both water-based and surement and fully automatic calibration.
system. An easy change of the lead angle solventborne coatings. Offering higher Visit sensing.konicaminolta.us.
by adjusting the weights provides for opti- jetness values that other premium prod-
mal flow patterns. Call 877/474.9464. ucts, it imparts the same bluish undertone  Dispersing Agent for Pigments
as the previous leading high-jet grades. BASF
 Manganese-Based Driers Visit orioncarbons.com. Dispex® Ultra PX 4290 offers excellent
SUN CHEMICAL performance in pigment stabilization,
The DICNATE SG Series of manganese-  Colorants outstanding color strength and brilliant
based driers offers enhanced catalytic CHROMAFLO TECHNOLOGIES viscosity reduction. It provides higher pig-
performance for paints and inks. DICNATE Designed for tinting epoxy, polyurethane ment loadings while maintaining excep-
SG-160 is optimized for solventborne and polyaspartic coatings, the Chroma- tional flow characteristics. Other high-
coatings; DICNATE SG-160BZ is designed Chem FLV Series is based on a sustain- lights include improved gloss, anti-flood-
for water-based systems. The driers are able binder that improves early hardness ing behavior and excellent flocculation
highly efficient, impart little or no color and chemical and physical resistance. The stability. Visit basf.com/additives. z

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47 JANUARY 2020 • W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
MARCH 31 – APRIL 2, 2020
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA

SM

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