4E

Candidate Name: __________________________ ( ) Class: _________ Session 1

KRANJI SECO N DARY S CHOO L

Preliminary Examination
Secondary 4 Express

CHEMISTRY 6092/02
Paper 2

Monday 19 August 2024 1 hr 45 min

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READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

For Examiners’ Use
Write your name, index number and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen. Section A
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. 70

Section B
Section A 10
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided. Total
80
Section B
Answer one question.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 22.

The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.

Set by: Mrs Toh-Chong Keting

This Question Paper consists of 22 printed pages.

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 2

Section A (70 marks)

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

The total mark for this section is 70.

A1 The following solutions are commonly found in a science laboratory.

Ba(NO3)2 H2SO4 NH3

KI AgNO3 CuSO4

Ca(OH)2 NH4Cl HNO3

Use the list above to answer the following questions. You may use each solution once,
more than once or not at all.

(a) Which two solutions have a pH that is more than 7?

................................................. and ................................................................... [1]

(b) Which solution gives a light blue precipitate with aqueous sodium hydroxide?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Which two solutions give a yellow precipitate when mixed?

................................................. and ................................................................... [1]

(d) Which solution turns brown when acidified potassium manganate(VII) is added?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Which solution can be added to treat soil that is too acidic?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 5]
 3

A2 Fractional distillation is a key separation technique used in both laboratory settings by

students and on an industrial scale in the petroleum industry.

(a) A class of students are asked to separate components in various mixtures using
fractional distillation.

Fig. 2.1 shows an erroneous set-up that was spotted by the teacher.

water in
water out

Fig. 2.1

Complete Table 2.1 by filling in the description of one error and how the experiment
will be affected.

Table 2.1

description of error effect on experiment

[2]

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 4

(b) Describe the separation of crude oil by fractional distillation.

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…………………………………………………………………………………......…….... [3]

[Total: 5]

A3 Silver dichromate, Ag2Cr2O7, is a reddish-brown insoluble salt.

Silver dichromate can be made by reacting silver nitrate solution with potassium
dichromate solution. The equation for the precipitation reaction is shown below.

2AgNO3(aq) + K2Cr2O7(aq) → Ag2Cr2O7(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

(a) (i) Deduce the oxidation state of chromium in Ag2Cr2O7. .................... [1]

(ii) Write the ionic equation for the formation of silver dichromate.

....................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) In a separate experiment, solid silver nitrate and solid potassium dichromate are
added to a trough of water, as shown in the set-up below.

After five minutes, a reddish-brown solid appeared at the position marked S on

Fig. 3.1.

plastic trough

solid solid potassium

silver nitrate dichromate
water

Fig. 3.1
 5

(i) Explain why a reddish-brown solid appeared at the position marked S.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) 2 g of solid silver nitrate and 4 g of potassium dichromate were added to the
trough of water. Calculate the number of moles of silver nitrate and potassium
dichromate used respectively.

number of moles of silver nitrate = ……………………… mol

number of moles of potassium dichromate = ……………………… mol

[3]

(iii) Silver nitrate and potassium nitrate solutions are colourless while potassium
dichromate solution is orange.

Based on your answer in (b)(ii), predict the colour of the solution in the trough
after the reaction is complete. Explain your answer.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Chromium exists as several naturally-occuring isotopes, including chromium-52

and chromium-54.

Complete Table 3.1 to show the number of subatomic particles in these two
isotopes of chromium.

Table 3.1

chromium-52 chromium-54
number of protons
number of neutrons
number of electrons
[2]

[Total: 11]

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 6

A4 Both hydrazine (represented as N2H4 or H2NNH2) and hydrogen can be used as rocket
fuel propellants.

Hydrogen undergoes combustion with oxygen to form water only whereas hydrazine
undergoes combustion with oxygen to produce nitrogen and water. Both reactions are
exothermic.

Table 4.1 shows some properties of hydrogen and hydrazine.

Table 4.1

enthalpy change of
fuel melting point / °C boiling point / °C
combustion / kJ/mol
hydrogen -259 -253 -286
hydrazine 2 114

(a) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in hydrazine.

Show outer electrons only.

[2]

(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of hydrazine.

…………………………………………………..………………………………...…….... [1]
 7

(c) Using the data in Table 4.2 and the equation in (b), calculate the enthalpy change
of combustion for hydrazine.

Table 4.2

bond bond energy / kJ/mol

N−N 163
N≡N 941
N−H 388
O=O 495
O−H 463

[3]

(d) It was found that the combustion of hydrazine in the rocket engines led to oxides of
nitrogen being formed.

(i) With the aid of an equation, explain how these oxides of nitrogen could have
been formed.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Identify a harmful effect caused by oxides of nitrogen.

............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... [1]

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(e) Draw an energy profile diagram to represent the reaction between hydrazine and
oxygen. Your diagram should show:
• the reactants and products of the reaction
• the energy profile and activation energy, Ea
• the enthalpy change of the reaction, ΔH

energy / kJ/mol

progress of reaction
[3]

[Total: 12]

A5 Silver is a popular metal and silver-plated products are seen to be more desirable and
valuable.

(a) Using pencil and ruler, draw the scientific diagram of a complete set-up to
electroplate a copper coin with silver. You only need to label the appropriately
chosen electrolyte and electrodes.

[2]
 9

(b) The pure silver required for electroplating can be obtained from impure sources,
where contamination by other heavy metals such as copper and lead is common.

A student attempts to perform electrolytic purification on a silver sample

contaminated with large amounts of copper and lead. His thinking process is shown
below.

• In this setup, the pure silver metal shall be connected to the positive terminal of
the battery, while the impure sample shall be connected to the negative
terminal.
• Dilute hydrochloric acid is a suitable electrolyte for my setup.

Describe and explain two issues with the student’s set-up.

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

…………………………………………………..………………………………...…….... [4]

(c) When a piece of metal X is submerged in aqueous silver nitrate solution, the piece
of metal X is covered with silver after some time.

(i) Suggest a possible identity for metal X. Explain your answer.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) While this method also results in the deposition of silver, this method cannot
replace electroplating. State one major disadvantage of this method in plating
objects as compared to electroplating.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

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A6 Group 1 and Group 17 show similarities and differences in the trends in their properties.
Table 6.1 shows the atomic radii of their elements.

Table 6.1

element atomic radii / pm

Li 145
Group 1 Na 180
K 220
Cl 100
Group 17 Br 115
I 140

(a) Describe and explain the trend in atomic radii down Group 1 and Group 17.

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

…………………………………………………..………………………………...…….... [2]

(b) Describe and explain how the trends in reactivity down Group 1 and Group 17 differ.

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

…………………………………………………..………………………………...…….... [3]

(c) Astatine (symbol At), a Group 17 element, is so rarely found in nature that a
sample of the pure element has never been isolated. Scientists can only estimate
its properties.

(i) Suggest the state and colour of astatine at room temperature.

....................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest the observation if astatine is added to aqueous sodium chloride.

Explain your answer.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]
 11

A7 Phosphorus exists as several allotropes such as white phosphorus and black

phosphorus.

As shown in Table 7.1, white phosphorus exists as molecules while black phosphorus
exists as stacked layers of phosphorene. Each phosphorus atom is represented by .

Table 7.1

allotrope structure melting point / °C

white
44
phosphorus

Part of the structure of black phosphorus

one layer of
phosphorene

black
610
phosphorus

Top down view of one layer of phosphorene

(a) Using Table 7.1, deduce the chemical formula of white phosphorus.

…………………………………………………..………………………………...…….... [1]

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(b) With reference to structure and bonding, explain why white phophorus has a much
lower boiling point than black phosphorus.

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

…………………………………………………..………………………………...…….... [3]

(c) Phosphorene in black phosphorus was recently discovered by scientists and holds
exciting potential for its application in electronic devices and lubricants.

Using concepts involving chemical bonding, suggest and explain why phosphorene
can be used in electronic devices and lubricants.

electronic devices: ......................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

lubricants: ...................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

….................................................................................................................................

…………………………………………………..………………………………...…….... [4]

[Total: 8]
 13

A8 Comparison between different vegetable oils and their uses

Composition of vegetable oils

Vegetable oils such as avocado oil, palm oil and soybean oil contain a mixture of
triesters. Triesters are compounds formed from an esterification reaction between
glycerol and three fatty acids. The three fatty acids may be the same or different
depending on the type of oil. Fig. 8.1 below shows the general structure of the triesters
with the long hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids represented by .

Fig. 8.1

Due to the different composition of carboxylic acids, the different vegetable oils have
varied properties leading to a variety of uses. Table 8.1 outlines the main fatty acids
present in each vegetable oil.

Table 8.1

name primary composition

avocado oil linoleic acid (10%), oleic acid (67%), palmitic acid (15%)
palm oil linoleic acid (10%), oleic acid (39%), palmitic acid (44%)
soybean oil linoleic acid (51%), oleic acid (23%), palmitic acid (10%)

Melting points of vegetable oils

Table 8.2 shows the structure, relative molecular mass and melting point of each fatty
acid. The melting points of the vegetable oils play a role in determining their uses.

Table 8.2

name condensed structural formula Mr melting point / °C

linoleic acid CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H 280 -5
oleic acid CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H 282 13
palmitic acid CH3(CH2)14CO2H 256 63

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 14

Some food products such as ice cream, require these oils to exist in a semi-solid fat
state, i.e. as a mixture of liquids and solids, between 0 °C and 30 °C for better texture
and mouthfeel. The fats found in milk are also semi-solids but milk is costly as a raw
material. Therefore, suitable vegetable oils which exist as semi-solids at room
temperature may be used as cheap substitutes for milk fats. On the other hand,
vegetable oils used in cosmetics would have to be mostly solid between 0 °C and 20 °C,
yet melt quickly at body temperature.

Fig. 8.2 is a liquid fat curve which shows the percentage of oil or fat that exists as a
liquid at the respective temperatures.

100

80

percentage of
60
oil/ fat existing
as a liquid / % coconut oil
40 palm kernel oil
milk fat
20 peanut oil
soybean oil
palm oil
0
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
temperature / °C

Fig. 8.2

Shelf life

The shelf life of the vegetable oils also determines its use. Shelf life depends on the
oxidative rancidity which refers to the process in which fats and oils react with oxygen
leading to the formation of unpleasant flavors and odors. This process is influenced by
the degree of unsaturation in the fatty acids due to the higher reactivity of carbon-carbon
double bonds with oxygen compared to carbon-carbon single bonds. The higher the
oxidative rancidity of the vegetable oil, the lower its shelf life.

Hydrogenation

Vegetable oils that exist as liquids at room temperature would need to be hydrogenated
or blended with other suitable vegetable oils to turn them into semi-solids. The process
of hydrogenation causes these oils to become saturated. This increases their shelf life
and allows for more varied uses. However, hydrogenation also has the risk of forming
trans fats which are well known for increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Hence, consuming hydrogenated fats is not recommended.
 15

(a) Suggest reagents and conditions to produce glycerol and the carboxylic acids from
the vegetable oil.

…..................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………...……….[1]

(b) From Fig. 8.1, deduce the full structural formula of glycerol.

[1]

(c) Student A commented that the higher the relative molecular mass, the higher the
melting point of fatty acids.

Do you agree with Student A? Use data from Table 8.2 to explain your answer.

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………...……… [2]

(d) With reference to Fig 8.2, suggest and explain which oil is most suitable as a
substitute for milk fats to make dairy products such as ice cream.

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………...……… [2]

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(e) With reference to Fig 8.2, suggest and explain which vegetable oil would be more
suitable for use in cosmetics.

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………...……… [2]

(f) Using data from Table 8.1 and 8.2, suggest how the shelf life of palm oil compares
to soybean oil.

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………...……… [2]

(g) Write the condensed structural formula of the product formed after linoleic acid
undergoes complete hydrogenation. Deduce its Mr.

…..................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………...……… [2]

[Total: 12]
 17

Section B

Answer one question from this section.

EITHER

B9 The speed of reaction was investigated for the reaction between excess sodium
thiosulfate and different acids.

Experiment A: 5.00 cm3 of 1.00 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid

Experiment B: 5.00 cm3 of 1.00 mol/dm3 ethanoic acid

Fig. 9.1 shows the set-up to investigate the rate of the reaction between the acids and
sodium thiosulfate solution.

As the reaction progresses, it becomes more difficult to see the cross “X” through the
solution. The time taken was recorded when the cross “X” disappears from the top view
in Fig. 9.1.

add dilute acid top view

colourless
sodium a cross drawn
thiosulfate on paper
solution

Fig. 9.1

The equation for the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid is given
below.

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)

(a) Explain why it becomes more difficult to see the cross as the reaction progresses.

…..................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………...……… [1]

(b) Describe the motion of the particles in sulfur dioxide, SO2.

…..................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………...……… [1]

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(c) Fig. 9.1 shows the graph obtained for experiments A and B.

volume of gas / cm3

60
A
B

time / min
Fig. 9.1

(i) Show, with calculations, why the volume of sulfur dioxide gas produced is
60 cm3 for experiment A.

[2]

(ii) Describe how the graphs obtained for experiment A and B differ. Explain your
answer using collision theory.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... [3]
 19

(iii) Experiment A was repeated by changing hydrochloric acid to sulfuric acid

while keeping the concentration and volume of acid constant. On Fig. 9.1,
sketch the graph for the results obtained for the experiment using sulfuric acid.
Label the graph C. [1]

(iv) A student suggested that hydrochloric acid acts as a catalyst for the reaction.

Define catalyst. Explain with evidence why the student is wrong.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

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 20

OR

B10 Fig. 10.1 shows the reaction between a di-acyl chloride and a diamine to form a
polymer which is used commonly in making clothing. Acyl chlorides react with amines
in a similar manner as carboxylic acids.

polymer X + HCl

Fig. 10.1

(a) (i) Describe a chemical test to distinguish between the di-acyl chloride and
diamine in Fig. 10.1, including all expected observations.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State the type of polymerisation shown in Fig. 10.1.

....................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Draw the full structural formula of the polymer X formed between di-acyl
chloride and diamine in the space below.

[2]
 21

(b) (i) The di-acyl chloride in Fig. 10.1 also undergoes another type of
polymerisation that the diamine in Fig. 10.1 cannot undergo. What is this
polymerisation? Explain why it can undergo this polymerisation but the
diamine cannot.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Draw the full structural formula of the polymer formed in (b)(i), showing two
repeat units.

[1]

(c) Some polymers are non-biodegradable in nature and improper disposal of these
polymers affect the environment. Describe a suitable method for recycling the
polymer in (b)(i).

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

…..................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………...……… [2]

[Total: 10]

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 23

Answer Key for 4Exp 6092 Chemistry Prelim 2024

Paper 1

1-5: DABBD 6-10: BCBAC 11-15 ACDCD 16-20: CCCBC

21-25: BCABA 26-30: BCAAB 31-35: CCDCB 36-40: BCDCC

Paper 2

Section A

Qn Answer Mark

A1a NH3 and Ca(OH)2 1

A1b CuSO4 1

A1c AgNO3 and KI 1

A1d KI 1

A1e Ca(OH)2 1

error: wrong direction of water in and water out (wtte) 1

effect: loss of component due to ineffective cooling (wtte) 1

or or
A2a
error: thermometer placed at wrong position (wtte) 1
effect: component will be impure as temperature that it is collected at is 1
inaccurate (wtte)

The crude oil / petroleum is heated and boils. The vapour enters the 1
fractionating column which is cooler at the top and hotter at the bottom.

• Inside the column, each fraction (mixture of compounds) condenses at a

different temperature
A2b o Fractions with higher boiling points condense at higher temperatures 1
and are collected at lower levels of the column
o
o Fractions with lower boiling points condense at lower temperatures and 1
are collected at higher levels of the column

A3a(i) +6 1

(ii) 2Ag+ (aq) + Cr2O72- (aq) → Ag2Cr2O7 (s) (state symbols not required) 1

silver nitrate and potassium dichromate are soluble and dissolve to form ions 1 each
(Award
silver ions (Mr = 106) have a lower Mr than dichromate ions (Mr = 216). any 2
A3b(i) (ignore if Mr values not provided but correct ions must be stated) out of
3)
Silver ions diffuse faster and travel a longer distance than dichromate ions.
Hence both ions meet at a position closer to solid potassium dichromate.

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 24

No. of mol of silver nitrate = 2 / (108 + 14+ 3 x 16) = 0.0118 mol 1 for
both
No. of mol of potassium dichromate = 4/ (39 x 2 + 52x 2 + 7 x 16) = 0.0136 Mr
mol
(ii)
1 for
each
no. of
mol x 2
Since mole ratio of AgNO3 : K2Cr2O7
2:1
0.0118: 0.0118/2 = 0.0059

0.0118 mol of silver nitrate required 0.0059 mol of potassium

(iii) dichromate for complete reaction. Since there is 0.0136 mol of
potassium dichromate which is more than enough, potassium 1
dichromate is in excess. (Note: some calculated evidence is
necessary)

The solution is orange in colour 1

chromium-52 chromium-54 1 for
every 3
number of protons 24 24 correct
(c) boxes
number of neutrons 28 30
x2
number of electrons 24 24
1
(share
d
electro
ns)

1
(electr
ons not
involvi
A4a
ng in
bondin
g)

X: electrons from nitrogen

•: electron from H

OR
 25

1
A4b N2H4 + O2 → N2 + 2H2O (no state symbols required)

1
BE (bonds broken) = 163 + 4 x 388 + 495 = 2210 kJ/mol
1
BE (bonds formed) = 941 + 4 x 463 = 2793 kJ/mol
A4c
1
Enthalpy change of combustion = BE (bonds broken) – BE (bonds formed)
= 2210 – 2793 = -583 kJ/ mol

N2 + O2 2NO 1

At high temperatures in the rocket engines, N2 and O2 from air react to 1

d(i)
form nitrogen monoxide.

Nitrogen oxides irritates the eyes and lungs, resulting in breathing 1

difficulties. (any
one)
Nitrogen dioxide gas (acidic oxide) dissolves in rainwater to form acid which

• corrodes marble (calcium carbonate) buildings

• kills aquatic plants and wildlife in rivers and lakes
• makes soil too acidic for growth of crops

(ii)

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 26

N2H4 + O2

-583 kJ/mol
A7diii N2 + 2H2O

Correct shape of graph + labelling of reactants and products - 1 mark

Correct labelling of activation energy / Ea - 1 mark
Correct labelling of enthalpy change / ∆H - 1 mark

1
correct
drawin
g

1
correct
labels
A5a

pure silver
(anode) Copper coin
(cathode)

aq silver nitrate

The impure silver metal is incorrectly connected to the negative terminal 1

while the pure silver metal is connected to the positve terminal

This will cause the silver in the pure metal to be oxidized at the anode to form
silver ions which then travel to the cathode to be reduced to silver and 1
deposited as silver on the impure silver./ The pure silver gets smaller while the
impure silver gets bigger.
A5b
OR
1
Dilute hydrochloric acid is not a suitable electrolyte as it will form a
precipitate with silver ions formed during the electrolysis
1
, thus preventing reduction of silver ions to silver at the cathode/ silver cannot
be deposited.
 27

Any metal above silver 1

A5ci
<insert metal name> is more reactive than silver, and loses electrons more 1
readily, hence < > is able to displace silver from silver nitrate
1
Loss of original object/object that is being plated in this method (as compared
A5cii
to no loss of object in electroplating)

Increase in atomic radii down the group 1

A6a 1
More electron shells
Down group 1, reactivity increases whereas down group 17, reactivity 1
decreases

For group 1 and group 17, the valence electrons are further from nucleus, 1
hence the electrostatic forces of attraction between valence electron and
A6b
positive nucleus gets weaker,

For group 1, the valence electron is held less strongly and more easily lost 1
For group 17, it is more difficult for the nucleus to attract an additional electron
into the valence shell.
A6ci Black solid 1

1
No visible reaction.

A6cii Astatine is less reactive than chlorine and gains electrons less readily, not 1
able to displace chlorine from sodium chloride.

1
A7a P4

White phosphorus has a simple molecular structure with weak intermolecular 3

forces of attraction which requires little energy to overcome.

Black phosphorus has a giant covalent structure with an extended network of

strong covalent bonds between (phosphorus) atoms (in each layer) which
A7b
requires a lot of energy to overcome.

Comparison of structure – 1
Comparison of bonding and particles – 1
Comparison of energy - 1
Electronic devices: Each phosphorus atom is only bonded to 3 other 1
phosphorus atoms, leaving 2 valence/delocalised electrons not involved in
bonding.

These free mobile electrons can carry charges and conduct electricity. 1
A7c
Lubricants: The layers of phosphorus atoms are held together by weak 1
intermolecular forces of attraction which require little energy to overcome.

These layers can slide over each other easily. 1

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 28

A8a Acid catalyst/ H2SO4, water, heat

A8b

(or equivalent)

Do not agree 2

Although linoleic acid has a higher Mr of 280 than palmitic acid which has a Mr
of 256, linoleic acid has a lower melting point of -5°C as compared to palmitic
acid which has a melting point of 63°C

A8c Comparison of correct acids – 1m

Quoting of data – 1m

Do not accept answer that says agree

Palm oil is the most suitable as a substitute for milk fat [1] 1

as it exists as a semi-solid between 0 °C and 30 °C as shown from the 1

graph because the percentage of palm oil existing as a liquid is between
40% and 90% at these temperatures. (wtte)
A8d.
OR OR

Curve for palm oil is closest in values to milk fat compared to the other 1
oils. (wtte)
Coconut oil would be most suitable for use in cosmetics as it is hard at cool 1
temperatures
Aa8e
This can be seen from the graph where it has low percentage of liquid oils at 1
0-20°C showing that it is mostly solid. (wtte)
Palm oil would have a higher shelf life (because it has lower oxidative rancidity 1

A8f This is because palm oil has a lower unsaturated acid composition (49%) as 1
compared to soybean oil (74%) thus, there are fewer double bonds to react
with oxygen (wtte)
CH3(CH2)4CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2(CH2)7CO2H 1
OR CH3(CH2)16CO2H
A8g
Mr = 284 1

Section B
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Mark
Qn Answer

As the reaction progresses, more sulfur solid is produced which covers the 1
B9a
cross. (wtte)

1
B9b Rapidly and randomly in all directions
No. of moles of hydrochloric acid = 5/1000 x 1 = 0.00500 mol 1

HCl : SO2
2: 1
B9ci No. of moles of sulfur dioxide = 0.005/2 = 0.00250 mol

Volume of sulfur dioxide = 0.00250 x 24000 = 60 cm3 1

Graph A has a steeper gradient than graph B showing a faster rate of 1

reaction for experiment A.

Hydrochloric acid used in experiment A is a strong acid that dissociates 1

completely in water to form a high concentration of H+ ions whereas
B9cii ethanoic acid in B is a weak acid that dissociates partially in water to form
a low concentration of H+ ions.

A higher concentration of H+ ions in A results in increased frequency of 1

collisions and effective collisions, increasing the rate of reaction.

Steeper gradient 1
B9ciii Reaches 120cm3 of gas

A catalyst is a substance that is added to speed up the reaction while 1

remaining chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
B9civ 1
The student is wrong as HCl becomes NaCl/H2O during the reaction.

B10ai Bubble both the diacyl chloride and diamine separately into aqueous bromine 1

For diacyl chloride, aqueous bromine will turn from reddish brown to
colourless/decolourise (rapidly)
1
For diamine, aqueous bromine will remain reddish brown

aii Condensation polymerisation 1

[Turn over
 30

aiii Polymer X

Amide linkage – 1m
Correct polymer – 1m
bi Addition polymerisation. 1

Diacyl chloride is unsaturated / contains C=C bond whereas diamine is 1

not/does not contain C=C bond.

ii ` 1

c Cracking under high temperature and presence of silicon dioxide/aluminium 1

oxide catalyst

Breaks down polymer to form short chains which can be used to make other
chemicals 1

OR

Mechamical recycling involving pre-treatment then small pieces of plastics are 1

melted, cooled, pulled into long thin strands and

cut into pellets which can be made into new products

1