Note Making and

Summarizing
Sec A Reading Q2 : 5 Marks
es

Note Making

Notes are short written record of facts to aid the memory. Notes are
usually taken to record a speech or dictation while listening to it or after
reading a book, magazine or article. They are referred back whenever
needed and may be reproduced in the desired way.

The necessity of note making

Knowledge is vast and unlimited, but our memory is limited. We cannot
remember all the information all the time. Hence note-making is
necessary. With the help of notes we can recall the entire information
read/heard months ago. Note-making is quite useful to students preparing
so many subjects. At the time of examinations, it is not possible to go
through voluminous books. At such critical times, notes are quite handy.
Hence note-making fulfils three useful functions:

1. It keeps a lot of information at our disposal for ready reference.

2. It helps us reconstruct what was said or written and thus accelerates
the process of remembering/recall. .
3. It comes in handy in delivering a speech, participation in a
debate/discussion, writing an essay and revising lessons before an
examination.

How note making helps us

While making notes we do not simply read the passage/listen to speech

but consider various points made by the writer/speaker and draw our own
inferences about what is being presented. Thus note-making helps us in
understanding the passage in a better way and organising our thoughts
systematically.

Characteristics of good notes

1. Short and Compact: Good notes must be short and compact.

2. Complete Information: They must contain all the important
information.
3. Logical: They must be presented in a logical way.
4. Understandable: They should be understandable when consulted at a
later stage.

Mechanics of note making

While making notes we follow certain standard practices. These may be

listed as follows:
(a) Heading and Sub-headings
(b) Abbreviation and Symbols
(c) Note-form
(d) Numbering and Indentation

Heading and sub-headings

The heading reflects the main theme whereas the sub-headings point out
how it has been developed. The selection of proper heading and sub-
heading reveals the grasp of the passage by the students. In the absence
of proper assimilation of main ideas and subsidiary points it is impossible
to make notes.

Abbreviations and symbols

They are used for precision and economy of words and hence quite helpful
in note-making. At least four recognisable abbreviations are to be used in
note-making in your board examination.
These are essential components of note-making. Students often make use
of abbreviations and symbols in doing their written work.
Note. Confusing abbreviations should be avoided, e.g., the abbreviation
‘under’ may stand for understand, understood and understanding.
Similarly ‘indst’ may stand for industry, industrial, industrious.

Note-Form
While making notes the whole information is listed in note-form in points
only. Notes should not be written in complete sentences as we can’t
remember the whole information. So only the main points are listed one
under the other and numbered.
It implies the logical division and sub-division of the listed information by
using figures, letters, dashes and spaces.
All examples and figurative speeches are eliminated.

Numbering and indenting

Indentation
Indentation means leaving space at the beginning of a line of print or
writing.
First write the title and then write down the notes in a logical order. From
the main headings to the sub-headings, the numbering should be spaced
a little to the right.
Conclusion
Note-making is a useful skill. You must develop it with constant practice.
Notes form an essential part of your academic life and will serve you well
in your School/Board examinations.

How to write note making

Follow the following steps:

Step 1 : (i)Read the passage carefully.
(ii)Try to get the theme and subject of the passage. You may ask yourself:
“What is this passage about?” This will provide you the gist.
Step 2 : Read carefully. Identify main ideas and important supporting
details.
Step 3 : Make notes of the main ideas under headings and add sub-points
under sub-headings.
Step 4 : Use proper layout/format, e.g.,
(a) Indented, linear form
(b) Sequential form
(c) Tabular form
(d) Flow chart
(e) Pie chart, graphs or diagrams, etc.
Step 5 : Use recognisable abbreviations wherever possible

Note making Examples Solved Questions

Read the following passages carefully:

Note making Example – Passage 1:

1. Conversation is indeed the most easily teachable of all arts. All you
need to do in order to become a good conversationalist is to find a
subject that interests you and your listeners. There are, for example,
numberless hobbies to talk about. But the important
thing is that you must talk about other fellow’s hobby rather than
your own. Therein lies the secret of your popularity. Talk to your
friends about the things that interest them, and you will get a
reputation for good fellowship, charming wit, and a brilliant mind.
There is nothing that pleases people so much as your interest in their
interest.
2. It is just as important to know what subjects to avoid and what
subjects to select for good conversation. If you don’t want to be set
down as a wet blanket or a bore, be careful to avoid certain
unpleasant subjects. Avoid talking about yourself, unless you are
asked to do so. People are interested in their own problems not in
yours. Sickness or death bores everybody. The only one who willingly
listens to such talk is the doctor, but he gets paid for it.
3. To be a good conversationalist you must know not only what to say,
but how also to say it. Be mentally quick and witty. But don’t hurt
others with your wit. Finally try to avoid mannerism in your
 conversation. Don’t bite your lips or click your tongue, or roll your
eyes or use your hands excessively as you speak.
4. Don’t be like that Frenchman who said, “How can I talk if you hold
my hand?”

2.1 Make notes an the contents of above paragraph in any format, using
abbreviations. Supply a suitable title also. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: The Art of Conversation Notes:

1. Conv’n—most easily tch’ble art

(a) Reqd. interest’g subject – hobbies
(b) Talk about other fellow’s int./hobby
(c) Win’g reptn. as good conversationalist
(i) good f’ship
(ii) charm’g wit
(iii) brl. mind
2. Fit subs, for conversationalist
(a) What subs, to avoid/select?
(b) Avoid unpl’nt subs.
(i) sickness
(ii) death
(c) Avoid talk’g about self
3. Qualities of a good conversationalist
(a) What to say & how to say it
(b) ment’y quick & witty
(c) pleasant & unhurt’g
(d) avoid mannerisms.

2.2 Conversation is the easiest and the most effective tool than other
arts. To have such attractive quality, you need to pick a subject that
interest your listners more than you. Talk to your friends on topics that
can indulge your friends in the conversation for a longer period of time.
Being a good conversationalist, you have to quick and witty. You should
have a pleasant and unhurting quality. Mannerism should be avoided.

Note making Example Passage 2:

1. A good business letter is one that gets results. The best way to get
results is to develop a letter that, in its appearance, style and
 content, conveys information efficiently. To perform this function, a
business letter should be concise, clear and courteous.
2. The business letter must be concise: don’t waste words. Little
introduction or preliminary chat is necessary. Get to the point, make
the point, and leave it. It is safe to assume that your letter is being
read by a very busy person with all kinds of papers to deal with. Re-
read and revise your message until the words and sentences you
have used are precise. This takes time, but is a necessary part of a
good business letter. A short business letter that makes its point
quickly has much more impact on a reader than a long-winded,
rambling exercise in creative writing. This does not mean that there
is no place for style and even, on occasion, humour in the business
letter. While it conveys a message in its contents, the letter also
provides the reader with an impression of you, its author: the
medium is part of the message.
3. The business letter must be clear. You should have a very firm idea
of what you want to say, and you should let the reader know it. Use
the structure of the letter—the paragraphs, topic sentences,
introduction and conclusion—to guide the reader point by point from
your thesis, through your reasoning, to your conclusion. Paragraph
often, to break up the page and to lend an air of organisation to the
letter. Use an accepted business-letter format. Re-read what you
have written from the point of view of someone who is seeing it for
the first time, and be sure that all explanations are adequate, all
information provided (including reference numbers, dates, and other
identification). A clear message, clearly delivered, is the essence of
business communication.
4. The business letter must be courteous. Sarcasm and insults are
ineffective and can often work against you. If you are sure you are
right, point that out as politely as possible, explain why you are right,
and outline what the reader is expected to do about it. Another form
of courtesy is taking care in your writing and typing of the business
letter. Grammatical and spelling errors (even if you call them typing
errors) tell a reader that you don’t think enough of him or can lower
the reader’s opinion of your personality faster than anything you say,
no matter how idiotic. There are excuses for ignorance; there are no
excuses for sloppiness.
5. The business letter is your custom-made representative. It speaks for
you and is a permanent record of your message. It can pay big
dividends on the time you invest in giving it a concise message, a
clear structure, and a courteous tone.
2.1 Make notes on the passage using recognisable abbreviations in any
suitable format. Give a title to the passage. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Writing a Business Letter
Notes:

1. Features of a gd. busns letter

1.1 conveys info efficiently to get results
1.2 is concise
1.3 is clear
1.4 is courteous
2. How to write a gd. busns. letter
2.1 Making letter concise
2.1.1 Intro shd be brief
2.1.2 make your pt in precise words and sent’s
2.1.3 short letr more effective
2.1.4 style is imp.—may ocasnly have hum’r
2.2 Achieving clarity
2.2.1 Have a clear idea of what you wish to say
2.2.2 structr the letter—intro & conclsn.
2.2.3 use accepted format; para, topic, sent’s
2.2.4 check facts, expl’ns, refs.
2.3 Being courteous
2.3.1 Expln. your pt. politely—avoid sarcasm/insults.
2.3.2 careful wrtg & typg.
2.3.3 gram. & spel’g errors to be avoided
3. Importance of busns. letr
3.1 a representative
3.2 permanent rec. message.

2.2 A good business letter is that lends you positive and quality results.
To get such results, a business letter should be effective in appearance,
style and content. Apart from this a letter should be concise, clear and
courteous. The business letter should be to the point as the message can
be clear to the reader with an impression of you. The structure of letter
should have topic sentence, introduction, paragraphs to conclusion.
Reread the points you have written to avoid sarcasm and insults that can
work against your motive. Further more grammar and spelling errors need
to be avoided.

Note making Example Passage 3:

1. Good decoration reflects the personality of the people who live in the
home. It should, first of all, be distinctive, just as each person is
distinctive. A home should have unity
not only within each room but also throughout the house. Rooms
should, to some degree, harmonize with each other. The colour and
styling of each room, particularly, should fit into the colour and
styling of the rooms which run out of it.
2. Attractive home furnishings set the stage for pleasant living. If they
are an expression of yourself, you will have a feeling of satisfaction
every time you enter your home, and friends will share your
enjoyment.
3. However, furnishings and surroundings expressive of just the right
note of restfulness, gay informality, or elegant simplicity are not
often assembled by accident. Even enthusiasm alone is not enough.
For most home decorators, it takes poring over plans, trying colour
schemes, finding ingenious ways to make the best of what you have,
and shopping around to search out just the right purchases at prices
you can afford to pay. But there is keen pleasure in striving for the
perfect result, and great satisfaction in achieving it.
4. A successful house and successful rooms will depend upon the
proper relationship of each element in it to the others and to the
whole. Therefore, in selecting each piece it is well to consider the
background, the usage, the draperies, the floor covering, the
upholstering materials, the woods, shapes, colour scheme, and the
“feeling” you prefer for the room.
5. Work and plan to enjoy your house. Limit the expenditures of time,
effort and money to the extent of your abilities, so that just running
the house doesn’t dominate your life. Elegance and delicate things
may be a drain you can afford only in a limited way. If you can’t
afford outside help, select a house and furnishings that require less
care. Plan your activities so that tumult and upset are limited to a
few rooms—an activity room or a bedroom, or a comer of the dining
room.
6. You’ll get more pleasure out of a house if you have a hobby
connected with it—collecting glass or antiques, gardening or indoor
flower growing ceramics, art, cooking, decorating, flower
arrangements, etc. And you’ll get more satisfaction and a great deal
of help from studying household activities.
7. You can select a pleasing combination of colours from a wallpaper, a
fabric, an oriental mg, a flower or scene, or even a picture in a
magazine. If you don’t already have the furniture or mgs, it is a good
idea to make up a colour scheme in this way. Let one colour
predominate. Limit a colour scheme to two or three colours, with
white or gray tones.
These points will help you:

1. Always choose colours that please you personally— subtle, calm

colours if you prefer a restful atmosphere, intense colours if you like
liveliness and cheer.
2. Don’t be afraid of colour. Experimenting on paper will give you
confidence. (But remember larger batches of colour are more
intense.) Try out various colour combinations, then live with them—
look at them frequently before you actually start buying.
3. Colours should harmonize with furniture, draperies, carpets.

2.1 Make notes on the passage in any suitable format. Use abbreviations,
wherever necessary. Give a suitable title. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Decorating One’s Home
Notes:

1. Home reflects personality of home-owner

1.1 unity & harmony bet. rooms
1.2 colour & styling sh’d match
2. Elements of decoration
2.1 colour schemes
2.2 draperies, rugs, upholstery, woods, shape
3. Plan to enjoy the House
3.1 limit time, effort & money
3.2 select fumish’gs which require little care
3.3 confine hectic activities to a few rooms
3.4 hobby connected with house—great pleasure.
4. Choice of Colours
4.1 one colour sh’d predominate
4.2 one can expt with colours
4.3 calm colours for restfulness; intense for liveliness
4.4 colours sh’d harmonise with furniture, draperies, carpets
2.2 The maintenance of the house reflects the personality of the people
who live in that. So the distinctive decoration is as important as one attire
in good clothes. A unity in the home can only be seen if the rooms in the
house have a degree of harmony, colour and styling. Furniture is a
working strategy for the pleasant living. If there is an expression of
oneself then one will have a mental satisfaction everytime one enter one’s
home. To attain such satisfaction one need to pore over plants, try colour
schemes, window shopping to search the best thing for one’s home.

Note making Example Passage 4:

EXERCISE YOUR WAY TO A HEALTHY HEART

1. The epidemic of heart attacks has been attaining alarming proportion

in recent times causing grave concern specially to the medical
fraternity.
2. To contain and control the increasing death and disability from heart
attacks and to focus on public awareness and their involvement at
global level, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World
Heart Federation observed September 24th as the World Heart Day.
3. What causes heart attacks? Dr H.S. Wasir, Chief Cardiologist and
Medical Director, Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre lists
four main habits which adversely affect the heart health. These are
lack of physical exercise, wrong eating habits, cigarette smoking and
excessive alcohol consumption, and stressful lifestyle.
4. The importance of physical exercise in minimising the incidence of
heart attacks cannot be underestimated. “Physical exercise,” says Dr
Wasir, “plays a major role in achieving a long and healthy life in
general and prevention of heart attacks in particular.” There are
several studies showing that physically active people have higher
longevity than those sedentary or physically inactive.
5. In fact, the review of modern medical literature sums up the role of
physical activity in health as ‘Regular physical exercise adds not only
years to life but also life to years’. It is the experience of many
modern day physicians that some patients of angina (chest pain or
discomfort on physical or mental exertion or after meals) do get
relief with regularly done physical exercise.
6. What type of physical exercise and how much, one may ask. It is the
isotonic (dynamic) exercise that is beneficial for the heart and not
the isometric (static) exercise which should be avoided by heart
patients. Weight lifting, carrying heavy suitcases while travelling,
pushing a car are some of the examples of isometric exercises.
Examples of the beneficial type of physical activity (dynamic
exercise) are brisk walking, swimming, golf without power carts,
badminton and tennis (doubles for those with old heart attacks but
fully recovered, to be started only after physician’s advice).
7. Walking is the best mode of doing regular physical exercise which
requires no equipment, money, material or membership of a club! 30
to 60 minutes brisk walk even on alternate day has been proven to
be beneficial. Stationary cycling or walking on a treadmill at home
are the other alternatives.
8. Walking up the stairs instead of using a lift if going up to three or
four floors or getting off the lift two or three floors before the
 destination and walking up the rest through stairs. Going up several
floors in a overcrowded lift with limited fresh air to be shared by so
many may also prove unhealthy.
9. Park a little away from the work place and walk that healthy
distance.
10.Best time for brisk walks would be the early mornings before the
traffic flow picks up and walking in the parks with thick plantation.
Jogging on the roads with heavy traffic should be avoided as you will
be inhaling air polluted with the toxins from vehicular exhaust such
as dioxides of sulphur and nitrogen.
11.“Before starting any physical exercise programmes for the first time,
one must get fully evaluated by a cardiologist so as to avoid any
harm being done by exercise if there is serious underlying heart
disease needing treatment,” warns Dr Wasir.

2.1 Make notes on the above passage in any suitable format using
recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary. Assign a suitable heading
to the passage. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Having a Healthy Heart
Notes:

1. World Heart Day. 24 Sept.

(a) to control death & disability
(b) to increase awareness
2. Causes of Heart Attacks
(a) lack of phy’l exercise
(b) wrong eating habits
(c) smoking & alcohol
(d) stressful lifestyle
3. Role of Physical Excse.
(a) prevents hrt attacks—longer life
(b) isotonic-beneficial; isometric—harmful
(c) walking: best excse.
(i) 30 to 60 mts. brisk walk
(ii) no equipment, money, mat’l or membership of club
 (iii) early morning: ideal for walking
(d) Other beneficial excses
(i) stay cycling
(ii) swimming
(iii) walk’g on treadmill
4. Consult cardiologist before beginning an excse progrme.

2.2 In recent times, heart attack is an epidemic disease that cause grave
concern to the medical fraternity. To have control on increasing death and
disability due to heart attacks, the World Health Organisation (W.H.O) and
World Heart Federation has observed September 24th as the World Heart
Day to focus on public awareness. According to health expert there are
four main habits that cause heart attack, these are lack of physical
exercise, wrong eating habits, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption
and stressful lifestyle. The affects of heart attack can be reduced to
greater extent with the help of regular exercise.

Note making Example Passage 5:

1. Scientists in the USA and Japan are developing a set of smart

materials that clean themselves off dirt and stains besides
eliminating foul odours and dangerous bacteria.
2. Exploiting powerful catalytic properties, researchers succeeded in
creating tiles, glass, paint, paper and cloth that can keep themselves
sparkling clean.
3. The first item to reach the market, a self-cleaning wall and counter
tile, can not only kill bacteria but also eliminate odours and staining
associated with smoke from cooking oils and cigarettes, reports the
journal Technology Review.
4. The key to the self-cleansing world of the future is the interaction
between titanium dioxide and ultraviolet rays from the sun or
fluorescent lights. The special properties of titanium dioxide—a
substance used to make paint and tooth-paste white—were first
discovered by Tokyo University chemist Akira Fujishima and
Associates in 1969. Their research showed that when exposed to
solar energy, titanium dioxide has the ability to break down water
into hydrogen and oxygen.
5. After a quarter-century of observation, scientists now understand
that the reaction occurs as titanium dioxide absorbs ergy from the
UV band of sunlight and reacts with water vapour in the air to
produce oxygen molecules. These molecules are energetic enough to
break down organic matter into carbon dioxide and trace elements.
6. “When light shines on the white paint pigment, titanium dioxide, it
produces an active form of oxygen that can burn combustible
material at room temperature,” says David Ollis, Professor of
Chemical Engineering at North Carolina State University. “It is a fire
without a flame.”
7. Scientists have discovered that titanium dioxide-coated materials
can easily remove thin deposits such as bacteria and fingerprints,
though they are unable to break down thick splotches of organic
materials—such as blood stains—because light and oxygen in the air
cannot reach the surface where the reaction occurs.
 8. Fujishima says that when titanium-dioxide tiles were used in the
operating rooms and bathrooms of Ako Central Hospital in Ako,
Japan, they killed 99.9 per cent of bacteria on their surface. Included
among them were penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus and other
germs that can cause secondary infections among patients.
9. The tiles—marketed by Japan’s Toto Corp under the name NeoClean
—remain effective even though they are coated with a layer of
titanium dioxide only one micron thick, about one-fiftieth the
diameter of a human hair. Once the fine layer of compound is
permanently affixed—it is commonly sprayed and then baked onto
the tile’s surface— the company says it is resistant to the abrasion of
ordinary scrubbing that might be needed for thicker stains.
Moreover, because titanium dioxide acts only as a catalyst for the
photochemical reaction, it theoretically never gets used up.
10.While cleaning time varies with the thickness of the deposit, Adam
Heller, a professor of Chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin,
says his experiment shows that titanium dioxide-treated glass
removed fingerprints in about two hours. This glass, versions of
which both Heller and Fujishima have developed, could be made
reactive on both sides, making it ideal for everything from sky-
scraper windows to car window glass.
11.The Japanese have tested other titanium dioxide-treated materials as
well. Kazuhito Hashimoto, a chemist at Tokyo University, applied the
compound to a porcelain urinal. After a month, the treated urinal
looked sparkling clean while an untreated unit was blotched and
yellowed. Elsewhere, researchers are experimenting to see if the
tiles can keep themselves clean on the walls of heavily polluted car
and truck tunnels. And a Japanese paper company is developing
windows and partitions for Japanese houses while a camping
equipment manufacturer is testing a self-cleaning tent fabric.
12.But the most promising self-cleaning product is likely to be a wash-
itself paint. Both the Texas and the Tokyo laboratories have
demonstrated the self-cleaning capacities of paints containing
titanium dioxide. While they are not saying exactly how they did it,
both claim to have overcome an intrinsic problem in which titanium
dioxide breaks down materials that bind pigments in coloured paints.

2.1 Give a suitable title to the passage. 1

2.2 Make notes of the contents of the passage you have read. Use a
format you consider suitable. Use recognizable abbreviations wherever
necessary. 4
2.3 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Self Cleaning Materials
2.2 Notes:

1. Self clg. mats.

(a) clean dirt, stains
(b) eliminate foul odour & dang, bacteria
2. Self clg. tiles—pple. of wk.
(a) uv rays —> TiO2
3. Spl. props, of TiO2
(a) Ti02 makes paint/tooth paste white
(b) ability to break down H20 into H2 and O2
(c) abs. energy from uv band + reacts with H 2O vapours —> prod. O2
—> brk. org. matter —> CO2 + trace elements
4. Discovery Testing & Research
(a) dis.- Akira Fujishima (Tokyo Univ.)—1969
(b) Testg.- Ako Central Hospl.
(c) Adam Heller (Texas Univ.)—TiO2 coated glass—removed finger
prints in 2 hrs.
5. Marketing
(a) Tiles called ‘Neo clean’
(b) Jap. Toto Corp.
6. Future Prospects wash itself paint

2.3 Scientists of Japan and USA have developed many smart materials
that not only clean themselves off dirt and stains but also eliminate
adours and dangerous bacteria. Some tiles, glass, paint, paper and cloth
have been introduced those can be kept clean manually. Titanium dioxide
and ultraviolet rays from the sun are the keys to the self cleaning world.
But the most effective and promising, self cleaning product is likely to be
wash itself paint.

Note making Example Passage 6:

1. It’s headache having a headache. Almost all of us have suffered from

a headache at some time or the other. For some headache is a
constant companion and life can be a painful hell of wasted time.
2. The most important step to cope with headaches is to identify the
type of headache one is suffering from. In tension headaches (two
hand headache), a feeling of a tight band around the head exists
along with pain in the neck and shoulders. It usually follows activities
such as long stretches of driving, typing or sitting on the desk. They
are usually short-timed, but can last for days or weeks?
3. A headache is usually caused due to spinal misalignment of the
head, due to poor posture. Sleeping on the stomach with the head
turned to one side and bending over positions for a long time make it
worse.
4. In migraine headaches (one handed headaches), the pain is usually
on one side of the head and may be accompanied by nausea,
vomiting, irritability and bright spots of flashes of light. This
headache is made worse by activity, especially bending. The
throbbing pain in the head gets worse by noise and light. Certain
triggers for migraines may be chocolate, caffeine, smoking or MSU in
certain food items. The pain may last from eight to 24 hours and
there may be a hangover for two-three days.
5. Migraines are often preceded by an aura—changes in sight and
sensation. There is usually a family history of migraine.
6. In a headache the pain originates not from the brain but from
irritated nerves of muscles, blood vessels and bones. These send
pain signals to the brain which then judges the degree of distress
and relays it at appropriate sites. The pain may sometimes be
referred to sites other than the problem areas. This is known as
referred pain and occurs due to sensation overload. Thus, though
most headaches start at the base of the skull the referred pain is felt
typically behind the eyes.
7. Factors causing headaches are not fully understood but it is known
that a shift in the level of body hormones and chemicals, certain food
and drinks and environmental stress can trigger them.
8. If headaches trouble you often, visit the doctor, who will take a full
health history relating to diet, lifestyle stresses, the type of
headache, triggering factors and relief measures. You may be asked
to keep a “headache diary” which tells you to list the time the
headache started, when it ended, emotional, environmental and food
and drink factors which may have contributed to it. The type and
severity of pain and the medications used which provided most
relief, are also to be listed.
9. This helps the doctor in determining the exact cause and type of
headache and the type of drugs to use. Apart from this a physical
examination is done to rule out any serious underlying cause. The
blood pressure is recorded, vision tested and muscle coordination o;
the eyes is checked to rule out these as causes. Blood tests may be
done to rule out anaemia, diabetes and thyroid disease. If any of the
above is abnormal or otherwise a CT Scan or MRI may be done to see
tissues and structures around the brain. These will rule out causes
such as tumors, haemorrhage and infection of the brain, this
examination gives a clear picture of the problem to the doctor.
10.Immediate relief can be obtained by certain medications and a few
simple self-care techniques. Using ice against the pain site, covering
eyes with dark glasses, drinking plenty of fluids and lying down in a
dark and quiet room, provide relief in a migraine attack. Pain killers
like aspirin, ibuprofen (brufen) and crocin can be taken and provide
relief in different proportions. These should be used with caution and
under medical supervision, if used for long periods and large
quantities as all of them can cause many side effects. An antiemetic
like perinorm can help the nausea associated with a migraine.
2.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage make notes on it, using
recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary. Use a suitable format.
Supply an appropriate title. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answer

2.2 All of us suffer from headache. It can be of many types. The tension
headache is short lived. But there can be headache due to body posture.
Migraine headache is caused due to nausea, vomitting and irritability. In
headache pain starts from irritated nerves of muscles; blood vessels and
bones. There are many other factors like food environment and body
postures that may result in a headache. It can be cured through physical
examination of doctor. Other diseases like B.P., diabetes may also be got
checked. The best technique is to have self care or to use pain killers as
per prescription of the doctor.
Note making Example Passage 7:

1. It is an unpretentious structure tucked in a comer of Chandni Chowk.

It could be missed by a passer-by but for the chirping which gives
away its unique mission. The Charity Birds Hospital is the only one of
its kind in the country. Many people arrive here daily with injured
birds which they may have found lying by the roadside. After a quick
inspection, an attendant makes a simple entry in the register: name
of the person, kind of bird and date and “admits the patient” for
treatment free of cost. The bird then becomes the sole responsibility
of the hospital.
2. The ailing bird is administered first-aid and then kept in an isolated
cage. Often medication and proper care is all that is needed. After
the wound heals, the bird is moved to a common section with other
birds of its kind. Soon it will be healthy enough to fly away, may keep
visiting the terrace for food and water. The work began way back in
1929 in a small one-room structure. One Lala Lachumal Jain, along
with others, decided to start a medical facility for birds. A few years
later it became increasingly difficult to treat the large number of
birds being brought. In 1957 the present building was inaugurated.
3. The progress of the hospital has been slow but steady. Till 1968 only
ayurvedic treatment was being administered. Allopathy was adopted
that year. And it was as recently as in 1992 that a laboratory was set
up to conduct pathological tests. Though surgery is conducted at
times and doctors try their best to save the bird’s life, it is often too
late. The mortality rate is quite high: around five to six birds die
everyday.
4. The hospital survives only on charity. The trustees proudly claim that
there is a steady flow of donations. Rich businessmen, visitors and
even tourists donate generously. Till date they have never
approached the government for funds. However, the hospital has
drawbacks. It does not accept carnivorous birds and does not admit
pet birds. Moreover, the bird is subjected to a lot of stress as, being
in old Delhi, the place is not easily accessible. Since it survives on
charity, it is unable to take up research work.
5. But work goes on. The staff says, they have received as many as 50-
60 cases a day. The hospital has an emergency ward and stays open
round the clock. It spends approximately ? ₹ 6 lakh to ? ₹ 7 lakh
annually and at any given time looks after 4000 to 5000 birds.

2.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage make notes on it, using
recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary. Use a format you
consider suitable. Supply a suitable title. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Charity Hospital for Birds
Notes:

1.
1. Place & Origin
1.1 Locn. : Corner of Ch. Chowk
1.2 Founder : Lala Lachumal Jain (1929)
1.3 Growth : 1929 – 1 room struc.
1957 – pres. bldg.
1.4 Facilities : Upto 1968 – ayurvedic treatment
from 1968 – allopathy introduced
from 1992 – path, lab tests & surgery
2. Procedure of treatment

3.

4. Uniqueness
4.1 charitable—no govt, funds
4.2 free of cost trtmt—4000 to 5000 birds per day
4.3 expenditure: Rs 6 – 7 lakhs annually
5. Drawbacks
5.1 carnivorous & pets excluded
5.2 locn. inaccessible
5.3 no research wk.

2.2 Chandni Chowk has an unpretentious structure that is charity birds

hospital which is one in the whole country. Birds are treated in the
hospital after making an entry to the register, name of the person who
carries the injured bird and treatment starts free of cost. The hospital
takes the sole responsibility to heal the wounds of a bird. The bird is kept
under observation till it become able to move to the common section with
other birds. The hospital gets fund from tourists, visitors and common
men but it does not get any fund from the govt. It’s annual expenditure
is ? ₹ 6-7 lakhs.

Note making Example Passage 8:

1. The term earthquake is applied to any tremor or shaking of the

ground. Many earthquakes are so gentle as to pass almost
unrecognised, others are sufficiently pronounced to excite general
alarm, while some spread enormous destruction. Destructive
earthquakes are usually confined to limited regions. The usual
phenomena recorded in well-known earthquakes are first a
trembling, next one or more severe shocks, and then a trembling
which gradually dies away. In most cases, each shock lasts only a
few seconds, but the tremblings that follow may continue for days,
weeks, or even months. Noises of various kinds usually accompany
an earthquake. They have been likened to the howling of storm, the
growling of thunder, the clanking and clashing of iron chains, or the
rumbling of heavy wagons along a road. Such noises are conducted
through the ground, or thev may travel through the sea or air, and
are often heard at great distances from the place where the shock is
felt. Some earthquakes, however, are not accompanied by these
noises. At the time of the terrible shock which destroyed Riobamba in
Ecuador on February 4, 1797, a complete silence reigned.
2. Many changes are produced on the earth’s surface by earthquakes.
They cause landslips and cracks in the earth, which will sometimes
alter the drainage system of a country. They are frequently
accompanied by great seawaves, which will often sweep rocks and
sand great distances inland. Permanent elevations and depressions
of land are sometimes caused. After the great earthquakes of 1750,
the coast of Chili was found to have been permanently raised from
three to four feet. Well-known examples of permanent depressions
are those of the Runn of Kutch and the coastlands near Chittagong,
which suddenly sank during the Bengal earthquake of 1762.
3. Earthquakes are the most common in volcanic and mountainous
regions, and many of them are no doubt due to volcanic action.
These appear to originate in the sea, and may be due to the flashing
into steam of the water which finds its way down through cracks to
the underlying heated rocks. Others appear to originate in volcanoes
themselves, being due to the explosion of vapours which expand.
Many other causes are ascribed, of which two may be mentioned.
Some earthquakes may be due to the collapse of hollows beneath
the ground, and others again to the snapping of strata which has
been subjected to too great a strain. It is noticeable that most
earthquakes occur during the cold months of winter.
4. Among destructive earthquakes in modern times may be mentioned
the one that altered the Straits of Messina between Italy and Sicily in
 1908, and the terrible upheaval in Japan in 1925, which destroyed
whole towns and caused the death of thousands of people.

2.1 Make notes of the contents of the passage you have read. Use a
format you consider suitable. Use recognizable abbreviations where
necessary. Give a suitable title to the passage. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Earthquake
Notes:

1. Defn.-tremor/shak’g of grnd
2. Types ofE’quake
(a) Gentle – unrecog’d
(b) Suff. pron’d – gentle alarm
(c) Severe—eno. dest’n
3. Signs of Occurrence
(a) Trembl’g – 1 or more severe shocks – trembl’g
(b) Various Noises
(i) howl’g of storm
(ii) growl’g of thunder
(iii) clank’g / clash’g of iron chains
(iv) rumbl’g of heavy wagon on road
(c) Range – thro’ grd, sea, air – heard at distance
(d) Some e’quakes silent
4. Changes in Earth’s Surface
(a) Landslips and cracks – drainage alt’d
(b) E’quake + sea waves – roAt. & :;.rr,d awept inland
(c) Perm’t elev’ns/depr’ns
5. Origin
(a) mount, region
(b) sea
(c) volcanoes
6. Causes
(a) Volcanic action in mount.
(b) Sea water entg. heated rocks
(c) Explo’n of expanding vapour
 (d) Collapse of under grd. hollows
(e) Snap’g of strata
7. Occurrence – cold months/winter
8. Most Dest. E’quakes
(i) 1908 – straits of Messina altered
(ii) 1925 – Japan – Upheaval – Towns dest’d – thousands kill’d

2.2 Earthquake takes place due to tremor or shaking of the ground. Some
earthquakes are so gentle that these are known unrecognised while some
spread destruction. Destructive earthquakes are noisy, linked to the
howling of storm, the growling of thunder, the clanking and clashing of
iron chains. Many earthquakes also cause land slips and cracks in the
earth that sometimes affect the drainage system of the country. In
volcanic and mountainous regions, earthquakes are common. It is also
noted that most earthquake occur during winter.

Passage 9:

1. The one industry that remains unaffected by any depression in trade

is the beauty industry. The women world over continue to spend
money on their faces and bodies even when there is a great slump in
other areas of trade. The number of advertisements proclaiming the
miracles performed by the various beauty aids goes to support the
fact that, today, with all the talk about emancipation, equality of
sexes and feminism, women are still observed with their physical
beauty as they were in the times of Cleopatra.
2. America leads the figures, literally and metaphorically. Many parts of
Europe by virtue of being affected by political and economic
instability, leave precious little for women to beautify themselves.
May be, all that women in Europe, can then do is to wash and hope
for the best. But, the rich and upper middle class women,
everywhere in the world, block a substantial amount of their income
on beautifying themselves. Why is it so?
3. The richer the man gets the more obsessed he becomes with high
powered cars and electronic gadgets and bank balances. On the
contrary, the women, especially the urban upper middle class
women, find their bodies and faces worthy of investing a major part
of their income.
4. Women, these days, are much freer than they were in the last
century. Not only are they free to take part in social and professional
functions of a society as an equal to man, but also to look attractive
in any given situation. The beauty industry is shrewd enough to
exploit this trend and women in every walk of life have something to
buy from the range of products that the beauty industry offers. The
British matron, today, is the thing of the past.
5. As a result of the number of beauty parlours that have sprung up in
every street corner of the metropolises, and the exercises, the health
motors and the skin foods that they offer, you can hardly run into an
old woman these days. One could say ‘old ladies’ are fast becoming
an extinct species. White hair, wrinkles, bent backs and hollow
cheeks are features of a bygone era. Cosmetic surgery has slowly
eradicated these unwanted phenomena. If children of posterity want
 to look at an old woman, they might have to run to an art gallery and
find a medieval painting.

2.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it,
using recognizable abbreviations where necessary. Use a format you
consider suitable. Supply an appropriate title. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Beauty Industry
Notes:

1. Flourishing Ind.
(a) Unaffected by depn.
(b) Advts. – miracles of bty. aids .
(c) Phy. bty – still pop. among women
2. Craze for Beautification
(a) America leads figs.
(b) Parts of Europe – little for bty. aids
(c) Everywhere in the world – sub. amt.
(i) Rich
(ii) Upp. mid. els.
3. Reasons
(a) Rich women – invt on bodies & faces
(b) Women’s freedom – eq. to man
(i) social/prof, funct. of soc.
(ii) Look attractive in any sitn.
(c) Shrewdness of bty ind.
(i) Exploits the trend to look btyful
(ii) Women of all classes – buy beauty aids
4. Old ladies – extinct species
(a) Beauty parlours
(i) ex. thro, health motors
(ii) skin foods
(b) Cosmetic surgery
No white hair, wrinkles, bent backs or hollow cheeks

2.2 Beauty industry has become flourishing industry which is unaffected

by any depression. Advertisements proclaim miracles of beauty aids.
Women loves to maintain their physical beauty in all nations. America
leads the figures, though in some parts of Europe the women are not
crazy for beauty. Yet everywhere in the world the women spent a big
amount of their income on beautifying themselves. The women of all
classes buy beauty aids and pay a handsome amount in beauty parlours.
The features of old age has been challenged by cosmetic surgery. So the
old ladies are fast becoming an extinct species.

Passage 10:

1. According to the National Council for Applied Economic Research’s

latest report, India’. Human Development Report which is a profile of
the Indian states in the 1990s, there are many problems in women’s
education. Girls are taken out of school as soon as some calamity
hits the family’s fortunes. They are made to look after their younger
siblings and they are not looked upon as ‘investment’. In order to
marry them off early and without problems, girls are not allowed to
traverse long distances to go to schools. They are not allowed to
study under male teachers. Affluent families invest in girls’ education
only if they are assured of getting better bridegrooms.
2. So high is the girls’ drop out rate that there are only 52 girls to every
100 boys who complete middle school. Gender disparity is higher
among matriculates and 40 women to every 100 men ever pass the
examination. The only gender egalitarian state is Kerala and it is very
difficult to come across a female graduate in a village excepting in
Kerala. Gender disparity varies with household income and poverty
level and the poorer the family, the greater the temptation to invest
in boys’ education. It also varies according to social class. The lowest
level of matriculates is among the SC/STs and Muslims.
3. Another important finding is that at the critical age of 25 to 34 years,
there is higher gender disparity in education, with high levels of
female illiteracy, in the problematic central Indian states (Bihar, MP,
Rajasthan and UP). This is indicative of other connected problems
that these states face. When women are illiterate, they are not able
to look after their children’s health and the mortality rate may be
high. Faced with a high mortality rate of children, there is a tendency
to have more children and the fertility rate remains high. Among the
SC/ST women in the reproductive age of 15 to 35, only 6 to 9
percentage of literacy can be found in Bihar and UP.
4. Female labour participation reveals that as soon as the family’s
income improves, women give up working whether in the fields or in
non-farm activities or at home in income generating activities. It is
not surprising that they stop working because there is a huge gender
disparity in wage rates. Even when women do the same arduous
work they are paid on average ? ₹ 17 a day as compared to ? ₹ 23
for men.
5. When women are educated they can at least look after their own and
the family’s health, better. Without adequate education, there is a
low level of awareness about ailments and sheer ignorance can
cause them to ascribe ailments to non-medical, often supernatural
causes. Uneducated women are often too shy to reveal their
diseases and many do not go to doctors out of fear that it may cause
 undue expenses to their budgetary balances. Pregnant women in
many villages have been found not to be given any special diet. In
fact they often reduce their food intake because of the prevailing
belief that they cannot digest heavy food. There is gender disparity
in most states in the treatment of young children and the elderly.
6. In any case, a majority of the rural areas do not have provision for
primary health care services. The prevalence of diseases is rather
high in the southern states, West Bengal and Punjab perhaps
because of better reporting of sickness and the availability of
treatment. About 41 million individuals receive medication for major
illnesses at a point of time in India and the highest prevalence is of
hypertension followed by tuberculosis. The critical issues of
education and health are closely connected with expansion of job
opportunities and while reducing unemployment has been a standard
slogan during the elections by all parties, the emphasis on health
and education has been subdued.

2.1 Make notes on the contents of the passage you have read. Use a
format you consider suitable. Use abbreviations where necessary. Also
give a suitable title to the passage. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Neglect of Women’s Education & Health
Notes:

1. Female drop-outs in schools

(a) family hit by calamity—girl looks after siblings
(b) girl’s edn. – not regarded invt.
(i) rich – invt. if better bridegm
(c) prob. free mar’ge
(i) early age
(ii) no long dist. to sch’l
(iii) no male trs.
2. High drop-out rate/illiteracy
(a) gender disparity in edn – directly: to
(i) h.h. income & poverty level
(ii) social clusters
(iii) prob. central Indian states
 3. Female labour participation
(a) family income imps. – women give up wkg
(b) huge gender disparity in wage rates
4. Results of inadequate female edn.
(a) Health probs.
(i) ignorance
(ii) superstitions
(iii) shyness about disease
(iv) fear of undue expenses
(v) lack of proper diet to preg. wn.
5. Lack of rural/health care services
(a) high prevalence of diseases
41 millions get medn.
(b) southern states, W.B. & Pun.
(i) better report’g of sickness
(ii) availability of trtmt.
(c) most com’n diseases
(i) h’tension
(ii) T.B.

2.2 Women’s education is still legging behind under various factors. If any
calamity hits the family girls are taken out of school to look after their
younger siblings. Girls education is not regard as investment. Only the
rich class educate their girls for better match. Most of the parents do not
like to send their girl child in distant school or taught by male teachers.
The working womens give up their job with an increase in their family
income. Secondly inadequate education in female create health problems
due to ignorance, superstitions and fear of undue expense. There is lack
of rural health care services so the rural women become victims of
diseases like T.B., hypertension etc.

Passage 11:

1. The recently concluded Kyoto Conference on the production of gases

with a greenhouse effect on the environment has again brought into
focus the issue involving the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
2. These are widely used for their cooling and propelling actions in
equipment such as air- conditioners, fire extinguishers and
refrigerators. Most of the CFCs are non-toxic, inert and non-
inflammable, therefore, ideal for both domestic and commercial use.
In medicine, their use is widespread for general purposes listed
above. More specifically, they are used as propellants for inhalational
drugs commonly used by patients with asthma and other lung
diseases. Millions of patients using metered dose inhalers (MDI) are
thus dependent on CFCs—until CFC-free inhalers become available.
3. The inhalational therapy, which almost revolutionised the
management of asthma, is apparently in danger. It was in the 1970s
when the scientists first discovered that the CFCs were dangerous for
the environment. CFCs released in the environment are broken down
by the sunlight to release chlorine atoms. It is the chlorine atom
which destroys the ozone layer present about 40 km above the
earth.
4. The effect is so potent that one atom of chlorine can destroy up to
100000 molecules of ozone.
5. The normally present ozone layer prevents the entry of the extra
terrestrial rays on the earth. A hole created in this protective
umbrella allows the harmful ultraviolet and other rays to pass
unfiltered. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as the
greenhouse effect resulting in global warming. The size of the hole
which was supposedly of a football ground until a few years ago, has
grown to that of Antarctica. That in itself speaks of the enormity of
the problem.
6. The contribution of CFC propellants used in medicine to the
greenhouse effect is negligible. CFCs used in inhalers are less than
0.5 per cent of its total worldwide use. In fact, propulsion of a single
satellite in space releases more chlorine than that by the worldwide
use of MDIs for a whole year. Even the Montreal Protocol which
introduced total ban on CFCs had spared the essential uses such as
that for MDIs.
7. But a ban on CFCs for most of their uses is bound to affect their
inhalational therapy. Production of CFCs is likely to stop in the near
future. Moreover, a relative scarcity of CFCs is likely to greatly
increase the costs of inhalers. Alternative approaches, therefore, are
immediately required.
8. Inhalational therapy is now established as an important method of
administration of drugs. It is certainly the mainstay for treatment of
asthma. But several other drugs, including antibiotics are
administered in inhaled forms. CFCs are required only when a drug is
available in a premixed form in a canister for direct inhalation. But
drugs, other than those for asthma are not available as ready-made
inhalers. Most of those drugs, including many used for asthma as
well, are given by nebulization which involves the use of compressed
air (or oxygen) to change the liquid solution into a vapour-form. But
nebulization does not solve the problem as it cannot replace the
inhalers.
9. Alternative propellant gases using fluorocarbons without a chlorine
atom, are being developed. Fluorine released by these propellants is
considered to be safe for the ozone layer. But inhalers employing
such gases are yet not available.
10.Another novel technique is to substitute the liquid inhalational drug
with a powdered form. Several kinds of dry-powder inhalers are
already available in the market. The methodology is easy and simple
for the patient but for the problem of dosage. Per dose the amount of
drug which can be inhaled in a powder form is generally less than
that from an MDI. We have différé .t rotahalers and rotacaps
available in India. Elsewhere, in the world, there are disc-halers
where a single disc contains multiple (six to eight) blisters of the
drug, or a turbohaler where 100 to 200 dosages are made available
in a single unit. It is only a question of time when these forms shall
be marketed in this country as well. Those are bound to be costlier to
absorb the expenses of research, development and marketing.
11.Undoubtedly, better alternatives will be developed in future. Until
then, one hopes that the benefits of inhalational therapy with or
without the use of CFCs are not denied to the patients.
2.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes using
appropriate symbols and abbreviations in any one of the accepted
formats. Also supply an appropriate title. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Inhalers and Environment
Notes:

1. CFCs & Envt

(a) dangerous for envt.
(b) releases Cl – dest. Og
(c) green-house effect—global warm’g
2. Use of CFCs
(a) Domestic & commercial
(i) AC, fridge.
(ii) fire extg.
(b) Medicine
(i) propellants for inhal. drugs
(ii) MDI for asthma.
3. Inhaler Therapy
(a) CFC inhal’s – neg. gr’n house eff.
(b) Trtmt. of asthma.
(c) Admn. antibiotic in inhaled forms.
4. Alternative Approach
(a) neb’n
(b) FCS w’out Cl
(c) dry powder inhs.—prob. of dosages
1. rotahalers & rota caps.
2. disc halers – 6 to 8 dos.
3. turbohalers – 100 to 200 dos.

2.2 CFCs is dangerous for environment as it releases chlorine atoms

which destroy the ozone layer, causes greenhouse effect and global
warming. It is widely used in domestic and commercial purposes. CFC
inhalers contribute negligible greenhouse effect. It is not only treatment of
Asthma but also administrates antibiotic in inhaled forms. As alternate
approaches FCs without chlorine atom are being developed. Another novel
technique is to substitute the liquid inhalational drug with a powdered
form. Different rotahalers and rotacaps are available in India.

Passage 12:

1. This may seem like straight out of a Harry Potter book, but it
happens to be true. The three thousand year old publishing medium
– Paper, might soon get obsolete. Or, its use might get severely
curtailed, with the arrival of electronic ink – a close cousin to the e-
paper.
2. The functionality of the whole experiment lies in its simplicity. The
new technology not only looks, feels and is portable like the
conventional paper, but is also eco-friendly.
3. E-ink, a US based company is on the fast track of developing e-ink
that looks just like grey paint, but inside there are hundreds and
thousands of microcapsules, which change their colour from light to
dark when exposed to an electronic field.
4. Since these microcapsules float free in an oil-based liquid – the
“carrier medium”, they can be printed on just about any flat surface,
convex, concave or even cloth material. Currently, e-ink is hawking
this technology only to the likes of JC Penney, which has begun to
use its simplified versions for a futuristic promotional campaign.
Commercial application is still a bend away. The primitive version of
the technology was developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research
Centre and was promptly christened Gyricon (from a Greek word
standing for rotate + image). This was because the technology
involved floating microspheres.
5. The success formula behind the cutting-edge technology lies in the
reusable paper that can ‘typeset’ itself through a wireless system,
enabling updation of contents throughout the day-almost like a web
update.
6. The fundamentals are so simple, it is amazing how it eluded
scientists for so long. In a nutshell, it combines the clarity,
userfriendliness and affordability of the conventional paper, with the
immediacy of the Web and can even be folded and kept in the
briefcase for an easy lugging to the office.
7. “There is a strong demand to retain all the good properties of paper
and yet couple it with electronic distribution”, says a senior scientist
associated team on the company’s Web site. In other words, if one is
to replace paper, the electronic alternative should also look like
paper. This might even please the strong environmentalists’ lobby,
who have always stood up in arms against the massive tree-felling
by the paper industry. According to one conservative estimate, an
average reader consumes nearly 740 pounds of paper pulp every
year.
8. Another drawback with the paper industry is that the printed words
are so static that they can neither be erased nor updated. The new
technology creates a dynamic high resolution display over a thin and
flexible medium and is expected to hit the market by 2003. It will
perhaps herald an altogether new reading style with the
paraphernalia of e-books and e-paper that can display volumes of
information as easily as turning a page and permanent newspaper
surfaces that update themselves daily via a wireless broadcast.
 9. E-ink constitutes of millions of microcapsules having a transparent
outer shell. Inside are tiny white pigment chips that float in a blue
coloured dye. These white spheres carry a positive charge. The e-ink
with millions of such microcapsules are placed between two
electrodes. When the top electrode layer is negatively charged, it
draws the positively charged white coloured pigment chips towards
the top, reading surface, making them shine and stand out against
the background of the blue dye. And, Loila! the letters and images
become legible. A similar charge in the lower layer pulls the white
pigments down, making them invisible to the eye. A combination of
such white pigment chips on the surface make the words and images
visible. These characters can easily be changed any time by altering
with the charge on the electrode layers, which is manipulated
through the wireless signals. The e-ink is already in use on display
boards at several US supermarkets, airports, ATMs and offices.
10.The commercial advantages include its thinness, low weight and
power efficiency (0.1 watts). The system is networkable through
wireless and wired systems and is also mobile (if supported by
wireless system). Thus, the displays can be controlled from one
central location. Need a publisher or,a reader ask for anything more?
(For more details access the official site, www.eink.com).

2.1 Make notes on the contents of the passage above. Use a format you
consider suitable. Use abbreviations where necessary. Also give a suitable
title to the passage. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

2.1 Title: E-ink & E-paper .

Notes:

1. Characteristics of E-ink
(a) looks like grey paint
(b) mns. micro caps.
(c) oil-based liquid
(d) printed on any surface.
(i) flat (ii) convex (iii) concave (iv) cloth
2. E-paper – Qualities
(a) reus’le – typset itself
(b) updat’g contents – like web
(c) clarity, userfr’dliness, affordability – convn’l paper
 (d) imm’cy of web
(e) foldg. & lug’g
3. Advantages of E-paper
(a) no tree fell’g – envt. lobby pleased
(b) printed words stat. – no erasion no. updt’g
(c) high display over thin & flex’le medium
4. Working of E-ink
(a) white pigment chips inside micro caps —> +ve charge
(b) blue coloured dye
(c) E-ink placed between 2 electrodes
(d) – ve charged top elec, layer – pig’ts shine – letters image
(e) – ve charged lower layer – pig’ts invisible
(f) manipulation by wireless

2.2 Electronic ink-a close cousin of the e-paper looks like grey paint. This
oil based liquid has thousands of microcapsules as carrier medium. They
can be printed on just about any flat surface, convex, concave or even
cloth material. The E-paper is eco-friendly. The printed words are static
that they can neither is erased nor updated. High resolution is displayed
over a thin and flexible medium. The tiny white pigment chips carry a
positive charge. The commercial advantages include its thinness, low
weight and power efficiency. The system is manipulated by wireless.

Passage 13:

1. Many have labelled the prevailing drought situation as a man-made

disaster. Towns and villages over large parts of the country are
desperate for water. Many are dependent on periodic tanker supplies
ferried across considerable distances. As summer advances,
communities may be compelled to migrate unless help comes their
way.
2. Rainfall is often erratic and unevenly distributed over space and
time. Many regions regularly experience recurrent drought and/or
flood as part of their normal hydrological cycle. Droughts, like floods,
are therefore no surprise. It can be mitigated, even averted, by
drought-proofing and, like flood, must be appropriately managed as
and when it occurs.
3. Population growth and development aimed at enhancing the quality
of life entails larger water use. This is subjecting India to increase
seasonal and regional water stress, with deteriorating water quality
being an aggravating factor. Water conservation at all times and
places, improved water management and maintaining water quality
are therefore critical.
4. These measures are not necessarily mutually exclusive and each has
certain costs and benefits. The objective should be to secure
optimality. The notion that rainwater harvesting, groundwater
recharge and sound water management by themselves can provide a
complete or sufficient answer to India’s water needs is mistaken.
Pursued as a panacea that obviates the need for large dams, it could
rob the country of vital insurance against disaster.
5. It is wholly fallacious to argue that if hundreds of large dams (over 15
metres high) have not averted the drought this year, the hugely
 demonised Sardar Sarovar, for instance, will make no difference. The
simple answer is that the hundreds of dams and storages on local
rain-fed rivers and smaller conservation works and traditional
systems must fail if the rains fail. Deserted villages are mute
testimony to this truth.
6. Sufficient rain must first fall before it can be harvested in situ. North
Gujarat, Saurashtra and Kutch suffer aridity. But the Narmada rises
over 1300 kilometres away in a relatively high rainfall region. If its
abundant flood waters are stored, these can be diverted from the
terminal Sardar Sarovar dam to the very areas of Gujarat most
troubled by drought. Gujarat’s allotted share of nine million acre feet
of water—or even half that quantum— would have averted much of
the present distress had the dam height reached 110 metres when
the canals would begin to flow and generate energy.
7. The distribution system is far advanced and would have guaranteed
drinking water, fodder and livelihood to millions. It would have
recharged groundwater and filled hundreds of village ponds and
depressions en route.
8. Dams are not a unique or absolute solution. But it is a dangerous
mantra that small is beautiful, big is bad. The two go together. What
would northwest India, indeed all of India, be minus the Bhakra-
Pong? The country has a huge task ahead to manage its water
resources sensibly, optimally and equitably. This is what the nation
must address unitedly without losing more time in futile, wholly
unproductive arguments. The present drought is both a crisis and an
opportunity. Which shall it be?

2.1 Make notes on the contents of the above passage in any format, using
abbreviations. Supply an appropriate title also. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Managing Country’s Water Crisis
Notes:

1. Effects of Drought
(a) towns & vills. desperate for water
 (b) periodic tanker supply
(c) mign. in sum. if ho help
2. Cause of Drought
(a) erratic & uneven rainfall
(b) population growth & development – large water use
(c) deterioration in water quality
3. Measures to Overcome Drought
(a) wat. conservat’n
(b) improved water management
(c) maintain’g water quality
(d) harvest’g rain water
(e) recharg’g ground water
(f) storage – micro to mega
4. Water Mgmt. by Dams
(a) stor. & prop, distn.
(i) drkg. wat.
(ii) fodder
(iii) livelihood
(b) supplements traditional measures
(i) recharg’g grd wat.
(ii) filling vill. ponds & depressions
5. Ideal Solution
dams + trad’l measures

2.2 Drought is manmade disaster. Towns and villages disperate of water

get periodic taker supply. In summer in lack of sufficient supply people
have to migrate. Drought cause due to uneven rainfall, large use of water
by large population. To overcome drought water conservation, water
management, rain water harvesting and recharging of the ground water
should be promoted. Hundreds of dams and storage on local rain fed
rivers and small traditional manners can also reduce the problem of water
drought.

Passage 14:

1. The world today is confronted with a large number of problems like

arms proliferation, fundamentalism, separatist movements as well as
international terrorism. International terrorism has today emerged as
one of the most ominous threats to world peace and security. There
has been considerable growth of terrorism between the 1960s and
1980s. This has largely been due to the characteristics of the
international system. The most important of these are deep and
bitter ethnic, religious and ideological conflicts which remain
unresolved and which fester in the international system, spawning
many forms of violent conflicts, terrorism and periodically erupting
into civil and international wars.
2. Another underlying factor for the growth of terrorism is the use of
unconventional and proxy war methods. Here terrorism becomes an
attractive instrument of policy for states and sub-state organisations
such as national liberation movements. Such methods are low-cost,
relatively low-risk and yet afford the possibility of high yields.
 3. The worldwide dissemination of new technology has also facilitated
the growth of terrorism. For example, the development of
international civil aviation has created new vulnerabilities and
lucrative targets for terrorists to exploit. Modern weapon technology
has also proved to be a boon to terrorists.
4. Terrorism today has taken different forms. These include political
terrorism involving not only the use of terrorism by the state but also
against the state, religious terrorism, micro terrorism as well as the
recent emergence of nuclear terrorism.
5. The legitimacy of terrorism depends on various factors. Perceptions
vary. The greatest justification which a terrorist finds is in a struggle
between two adversaries: it is not the means but the end which is
important. The United Nations Human Rights Commission has
recognised that terrorism can destroy human rights and fundamental
freedom of the people and threatens the territorial integrity of
nations.
6. One of the most basic rights of every individual is the right to life.
Terrorism, which basically involves violence and killing thus takes
away this right from individuals. Besides, the use of violence for
achieving a goal, no matter how justified it is the same cannot be
approved.
7. Terrorism also poses a law and order problem for the state while at
the same time the economy suffers as a result of damage to trade,
valuable resources as well as scaring away of investors. It is thus
imperative to look for some mechanism to check the problem of
international terrorism. Although there exists a large number of
treaties including extradition treaties, they have not been able to
check terrorism. This has happened due to the failure of states to
comply with the provision of the treaties.

2.1 On the basin of your reading of the passage , make notes on it using
recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary. Also suggest a suitable
title to the passage. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3
Answers:
2.1 Title: International Terrorism
Notes:

1. Terrorism—threat to world peace & security

(a) probs. like crime proliferation
2. Causes of terrorism
(a) deep & bitter ethnic, rel. & ideo. conflicts
(b) periodical civil & internat’l wars
(c) unconv’l & proxy war methods
(i) low cost
(ii) low-risk
(iii) high yield
(d) dissemination of new technology
(e) modem weapon tech.
3. Diff. forms of Terrorism

4. Justification of Terrorism
(a) struggle between 2 adversaries
(b) end imp. not means
5. Dangers of Terrorism
(a) destroy human rights & freedom of people
(b) threatens terr’l integrity of nations
(c) law & order prob.
(d) setback to economy
(i) damages trade & resources
(ii) scares away investors

2.2 Terrorism is threat to world peace and security. The causes behind it
are deep and bitter ethnic, religious and ideological conflicts, periodical
civil and international wars. Unconventional and proxy war methods are
also another factor. The worldwide dissemination of new technology
support the terrorism while modem weapon technology has also proved to
be a boon to terrorism. Basically terrorism has taken different forms like
political, religious, microterrorism and nuclear terrorism. Terrorism is
struggle between two adversaries as it destroy human rights and freedom
of people. So it must be eradicated to protect integrity of nations.

Passage 15:

1. Out of the staggering amount of money that the state and central
government spend on higher education, fifty per cent is wasted due
to fifty per cent failures in the university examinations all over the
country. There is a single strong reason why a university degree
should be paid for in full by the student himself.
2. This thinking has been gathering momentum since January 1986,
when the pay scales of college and university teachers were revised
and which put an additional burden of more than a hundred crores
on the University Grants Commission and the state governments.
 Arrears to the tune of ₹ 5,000 to ₹ 22,000 were given to all teachers
in most of the 150 universities and 5,000 colleges of the country.
Because of the enhanced salary and dearness allowance, which is
revised every January and July, the government expenditure on
higher education has almost doubled during the last five years.
3. As against this, the tuition fees have remained static since
Independence (with minimal revisions last year). Not that the
governments did not consider the question of raising them, but the
threat of student agitation and political unpopularity proved a hurdle
too strong to surmount. Consequently, there is now a yawning gap
between what a college student pays and what the state spends on
him.
4. According to UGC sources, a student pays rupees 200, 250 and 325
per annum for education in arts, commerce and science respectively,
whereas the government subsidy amounts to Rupees 2800, 3400
and 4200 annually. This includes the expenditure incurred by some
trust managed colleges which, according to the rules of the states in
which they function, comes to 5 per cent to 3 per cent. But as most
of the colleges have found ways to evade even this responsibility,
the ultimate burden falls on the governments themselves.
5. A way out of the imbroglio was thought out in recent years. The
Human Resources Development Ministry floated the concept of
autonomous colleges. After much public debate it was decided that
some hundred colleges should be granted autonomy to begin with.
Now about 90 colleges are autonomous. They are making
appointments, framing their own syllabi and conducting
examinations, but have not yet been able to muster up courage to
enhance fees. They continue to eive maintenance grants from the
state coffers.
6. Under the circumstances, the concept of self-financing higher
education seems to be a remote dream. Secondly, as most of the
university campuses are politically alive and financially bankrupt, the
government will have to continue paying them their annual grants.
Suddenly, converting them into self-financing institutions has
become impossible. It is a different matter if the states start a new
set of educational institutions as totally self-financed. But who will
bear the huge initial expenditure—the parents or the government?

2.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it,
using recognizable abbreviations where necessary. Use a format you
consider suitable. Supply an appropriate title. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3
Answers:
2.1 Self-financing University Education

1. Reasons for making univ. degrees paid in full

1.1. huge expenditure due to hr. edu.
1.2 50% wastage due to univ. exams
1.3. univ. income static
1.4. wide diff. between income & exp.
2. Reason for keeping tuition fee static
2.1. threat of student agitation
2.2. fear of political unpopularity
3. Concept of autonomous colleges
3.1. HRD Ministry’s brain child – a way out
3.2. have autonomy in
(i) framing syllabi
(ii) appointments
(iii) exams.
3.3. Fees not enhanced yet
4. Self-financing hr. edu. remote
4.1. univ. campus politically alive, financially bankrupt
4.2. new set of educational institutions – totally self-financed
4.3. to introduce self-financing or not
4.4. huge initial expenditure – who will bear – parents/govt.?

2.2 Fifty percent of staggering amount of money spent by govt, on higher

education is wasted. There are various reasons for making university
degree paid in full. Huge expenditure due to higher education, static
income of university. Fear of political unpopularity and threat of student
agitation prevent universities in revising the fees. Autonomous colleges
have also failed to enhance fear. Most of the university campuses are
politically alive and financially bankrupt. Self financial educational
institutions are remote dream under these circumstances but who will
bear the huge initial expenditure – the parents or the government?

Passage 16:

1. There are so many things we humans tend to hold back on. We

repress a lot of our emotions, whether they are considered ‘good’ or
“had’ ones.
2. Sometimes we hold back on expressing our love for fear of being
misunderstood, or perhaps thinking the timing is not ‘right’. Most
commonly, we have been taught to hold back on our ‘negative’
emotions fear, anger, sorrow, pain, etc.
3. As a child, I was often told to squelch those emotions that
demonstrated ‘weakness’. I held back my tears in order to appear
strong. I repressed my anger to be a ‘good girl’ and ‘loving’.
4. Yet, I now realize that holding back anger or any other emotion
affects negatively the person who is holding back. The anger I
refused to let out stayed locked up inside, fermented, and gave rise
to all kinds of poison. Frustrations and anger were withheld, only to
explode when I’d ‘had enough’. This anger later had to be released
 through illness, situations where the anger was unleashed at
someone or something else (or at myself), or through therapy.
5. What happens when you feel anger (consciously or sub-consciously)
but want to hide it? Whatever we hold back becomes a part of us and
gets stored in our body as a tangible manifestation in the form of
headaches, tension, pain, illness, ulcers, cancer, arthritis, back pain,
and many other physical ailments.
6. Of course, we feel that by holding back on expressing our anger we
are doing the ‘right’ thing and not hurting anyone. Yet, little do we
know, the other person may need to hear what we have to say, just
as much as we need to express it.
7. Of course, we need to learn how to express our anger or discontent
without ‘dumping’ on the other. We can express ourselves without
destroying the other person’s sense of self-worth or attacking them
emotionally, verbally, or physically.
8. Expressing our deepest feelings also applies to expressing feelings of
love and appreciation. How many times have we felt gratefulness
towards another being, sometimes just for their presence in our life,
and failed to express it? That person may really need to hear your
words of praise to give them a boost in their own self-esteem. May
be they are unaware of what you so clearly see in them.
9. I have found that at times when I expressed feelings of gratitude and
love to others, they were surprised at the way I saw them. Never
assume that the other person knows how much you appreciate them.
If you think it and feel it, then say it.
10.Our rational mind has been well trained to dissect and analyse. It
likes to hold back on acting instinctively and instead question
scientifically what is the ‘right’ action to take. So, we’ve held our true
selves back, and not expressed that inner inspiration to laugh, cry,
scream, give a hug, or say a kind word when our first feeling guided
us to do so.
11.Whatever first thought or feeling comes to you is your intuition, or in
other words, your divine inspiration. Any other thoughts that follow,
i.e. “may be I shouldn’t say that”, etc., are only your mind (ego)
doubting and questioning, afraid of making a ‘mistake’.
12.The best thing to do is to follow your first instinct, your inner
guidance, which comes as the first feeling or thought. That is your
‘God-self.’ The universal power of Love guides us towards happiness,
and that is why our first instinct is always the one that will bring us
true happiness and inner peace.
13.We can choose to let go of the fear of being wrong, or appearing
ridiculous, etc., and act on our feelings. Be true to yourself. Holding
back is only postponing the truth and can harm the other as well as
ourselves. Holding back is postponing the freedom to be who we
really are loving, truthful children who desire to be happy and free
from negativity.
 14.Let go! Express your truth today! You and your world will be better
for it.

2.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it,
using recognizable abbreviations where necessary. Yse a format you
consider suitable. Supply an appropriate title. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Repression V/s Expression of Emotions
Notes:

1. Repression of emotions
(a) children taught to repress -ve emotions
(b) even love not expressed
(i) fear of being misunderstood
(ii) time not rt.
2. Negative Effects of Repressed emotions
(a) suppressed anger & frustration —> poison —> sudden explosion
(b) ways of Release:
(i) illness
(ii) situations
(iii) therapy.
(c) Tangible manifestations
headache, tension, pain, ulcers, cancer, arthiritis, etc.

∴ harmful to self & others

(d) postponing truth

(e) postponing freedom to be real self i.e.

loving, truthful, happy & free from-vity
3. Rational Mind V/s Instinct

∴ checks instinctive reaction

(a) Mind dissects & analyses

∴ gives love, happiness and peace

(b) First instinct inner inspiration or intuition

4. Conclusion
(a) follow inner inspiration
(b) express yourself freely

2.2 Children are taught to repress negative emotions. Fear of being

misunderstood prevent them even in expressing love. Repressed
emotions suppressed anger, frustration, poison and sudden explosion
which may cause illness like headache tension, pain, ulcers, cancer,
arthirites etc. In life postponing truth is harmful to self as well as others.
So freedom should not be postponed to make your world better and
happier.

Passage 17:

1. Had it not been for an alert and environmentally conscious judiciary,

chances are that we would have literally been wallowing in our own
filth. Once again, the Supreme Court has intervened decisively to
prevent the further degradation of the Yamuna by asking industries
discharging effluents into the river to install treatment plants by
November 1 or face closure. The river, once Delhi’s lifeline, is now
‘dead’ for a stretch of around 32 km around the Capital. The courts
have been forced into this sort of judicial activism time and again in
the face of blatant violations of environmental norms both by
industries and citizens. Over the last few years, the courts have
facilitated the introduction of lead- free petrol, ordered the phasing
out of automobiles which are over 15 years old and made pollution
checks for all vehicles mandatory. The apex court has been
relentless in its opposition to any move which affects the
environment adversely. From banning polythene bags in cities to
censuring polluting shrimp farms in Tamil Nadu and chemical units in
Rajasthan, it has always upheld the principle that pollution
prevention is better than control. The courts have laid down rigorous
standards for industries right from the inception stage. Indian
industry has been particularly indifferent to preserving the
environment and the health of those in and around industrial units.
2. The Central Pollution Control Board has come up with a number of
positive suggestions on enforcing the green agenda. But the
response from industries has been tardy. One was a scheme which
sought to pool the resources of industrial units so as to fund a
common effluent treatment plant. But, industries find it more
convenient to discharge their waste any which way, endangering the
lives of those in the vicinity and degrading common resources like
land and water. Proposals to levy commercial rates on water supply
to industries have been overlooked so far, leaving industries with
little incentive to treat and reuse water. Now the government itself
has agreed to foot part of the cost to set up effluent treatment plants
in the hope that this will motivate industry to take action. The
common refrain that the technology required for waste management
is expensive is valid, but industries have to realise that they cannot
indulge in poisonous practices in the pursuit of profit to the
detriment of the greater common good. It is this attitude that the
polluter will not pay that has led the courts to step in. An example of
the efficacy of judicial activism is the manner in which Agra has been
rid of highly polluting industries which were destroying the fabled
Taj. The Indian experience has shown that when faced with censure,
industries prefer to shut shop rather than invest in clean technology.
Many do so in order to cash in on burgeoning real estate prices as in
the Bombay mills story. In this context, the courts’ insistence that
environmental norms be built into project proposals is commendable.
Denying permission to set up shop is hitting industry where it hurts
 the most. This will, in the long run, force it to stop taking the green
agenda quite so lightly.

2.1 Make notes on the contents of above passage in any format, using
abbreviations. Supply a suitable title also. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Clearing the Mess
Notes:

1. Yamuna – life line of Delhi

dead river for 32 km
2. SC’s order to industrialists
(a) instal effluent trtmt. pit. by Nov. 1
(b) face closure
3. SC’s Jud’l Actvsm
(a) lead free petl.
(b) phasing 15 yrs. old autos
(c) mandatory polln. check
(d) ban. polybags
(e) censur’g shrimp farm’g in TN
(f) chem. units in Raj
4. Responsibility of Industrialists
(a) CPCB’s +ve suggestion: Indus. – ve response
(i) pool resources – com. effluent trtmt. pit.
(b) No incentive for trtmt. & reuse of water
(i) comm’l rates on water supply – o’looked
(c) Govt, setting up eff. trtmt. pit.
(i) Indus, to follow
(d) Tech, for waste management expensive – discharge waste
anyhow
5. SC’s Intervention
(a) indus, not. profit only – responsibility
(b) common good – no poisonous polln.
(c) polluter won’t pay – S.C. intervention
(d) censured indus: reacts -ve
 (i) stops
(ii) no investment in cleaning tech.
(e) SC’s insistence on envtl. norms

2.2 Yamuna, once Delhi’s life line, is now dead for a stretch of around 32
km around the capital. The industries were forbidden to discharge
effluents in the river by court. Courts have facilitated the introduction of
lead free petrol to check pollution by old automobiles, polybags,
consuming shrings farming in Tamil Nadu and chemical units in Rajasthan.
The Central Pollution Control Board suggestion got negative response.
Govt, is setting up effective treatment plant. Though technique for waste
management
is expensive. Yet it is responsibility of all. Overall supreme court insists on
environment norms.

Passage 18:

1. Shop till you drop is no longer a problem that only women with
money in their purses and time on their hands suffer from. Excessive
shopping and insatiable appetite for goods are causing problems in
all countries which have hitherto promoted naked
consumerism because personal debts are mounting, creating
innumerable difficulties for credit card businesses. Millions are
gripped by an insatiable appetite to spend and visit the frequent
sales that keep occurring in New York, Milan, London or Paris. People
can become compulsive buyers of anything from household gadgets,
food, clothes, to cars.
2. Compulsive buying has now been diagnosed as a disease and is the
result of the growing advertising campaigns and competition in
which shops and firms undercut each other with huge price
discounts. If shops are closed and it is too late, there is always the
possibility of shopping through the net. The addiction to shopping is
spreading all over the world. In UK, 2.5 million people are gripped by
the shopping fever. In America, a shopper’s paradise, the number is
much more at 15 million. With rising incomes, millions of Indians
could join the league of ‘shopoholics’. It is called ‘oniomania’ which is
a compulsive disorder that drives people to buy in a repetitive and
uncontrolled manner regardless of consequences.
3. Self-help groups are springing up to help compulsive shoppers.
Because people affected by this problem suffer greatly from feelings
of isolation, guilt and fear. It can lead to a break down of
relationships under the burden of debt and deceit. Women are more
vulnerable than men to this addiction because they tend to believe
that to be valued by society they have to look good. They are more
insecure about their image and while they are shopping, they get a
boost to their self image from the attention they get from shop
assistants. They come back feeling beautiful and successful. Men too
are now joining the ranks of keen shoppers.
4. The results can be devastating and debts can be huge. Compulsive
shoppers keep borrowing on their credit cards. Psychologists are now
saying that people have to face compulsive shopping as a disorder. It
is like the eating disorder or work or exercise addiction. Most people
 with eating disorders also have shopping/spending problems. To
break the habit various tips are now being offered and one of the
important tips is not to look at glossy magazines. Most of these
magazines work on people’s aspirations and make the readers
discontented with their lifestyle and prompt them to buy more. Other
tips include taking regular stock of one’s clothes and accessories and
piling them up in heaps to convince oneself that one doesn’t need
more.
5. Other ways to discourage shoppers is to make credit less easily
available. Advertising that encourages consumers to borrow and buy
instantly are also encouraging shopoholics. Easy credit to the young
is one way of encouraging them to shop without guilt and thus more
careful screening of potential card holders is necessary to ward off
future bad debts. But unfortunately, these deterrents may not work
because like the children of alcoholics and drug addicts turn to these
substances, children of shoppers also indulge in compulsive
shopping.

2.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it.
using recognizable abbreviations where necessary. Supply a suitable
title. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Compulsive Buying
Notes:

1. Consumerism
1.1. insatiable appetite for goods
1.2. mount’g debts.
2. Compulsive buying – a disease
2.1. a disorder called ‘oniomania’
2.2. price discounts
2.3. grow’g advt. camp’n & compta
2.4. shop’g thro’ net
2.5. credit cards – easy & instt. borrowing
2.6. shopoholics – worldwide
 3. Problems of compulsive buyers
3.1. Isolation, guilt & fear
3.2. breakdown of relationship
(i)debt
(ii)deceit
3.3. women more vulnerable to addiction
4. Tips to break habit of compulsive buying
4.1. Avoid looking at glossy mag’s
4.2. Take regular stock of clothes/accessories
4.3. Making credit less easily available
4.4. Check on advt. encouraging easy borrowing

2.2 Consumerism encourage insatiable appetite for goods which mount

debts compulsive buying is a disease or a disorder called ‘oniomania’.
Price discount, Net shopping growing advertisement, credit cards etc.
promote this disorder. This results in isolation, guilt and fear. Women are
more vulnerable to addiction. This disorder can be checked by avoiding
looking at glossy magazines, taking regular stocks of accessories and
making credit less easily available. Advertisements encouraging easy
borrowing must be strictly checked.

Passage 19:

1. Ever since the first genetic sequence was elucidated in the 70s,
biotechnology has fast evolved into an information science.
Scientists have already compiled the three gigabytes that spell out
the human genetic code—a quantity of information that might fill
more than 2,000 standard computer diskettes. But that’s just the
initial trickle of a flood of knowledge to be tapped from the Human
Genome Project. Considering that the project aims to identify all the
estimated 80,000 genes in human DNA, the sequences of its three
billion chemical bases will definitely be deciphered by the end of
2005. And once these genes are known, the data available will be
mammoth, as scientists try to understand how these genes impact
health and diseases.
2. “At that point,” asserts Dr Philip Campbell, Editor-in-Chief, Nature, “a
marriage between biology and computer science will become
increasingly crucial within the peripheries of the biotech industry.” In
fact, according to a CII (Confederation of Indian Industry) study, the
challenge of processing complex colossal data has already spawned
a hot global industry called bioinformatics, poised to touch $ 60
billion by 2005. Major players all over the globe have, as a result,
formed bioinformatics groups, thereby creating a boom in job
opportunities.
3. Those in bioinformatics need to perform two critical roles: develop IT
tools embodying novel algorithms and analytical techniques, or apply
existing tools to achieve new insights into molecular biology. There
are, however, other opportunities as well. Jobs range from testing,
documentation, running operating procedures and database
administration to programming, software development, algorithm
creation and scientific visualisation.
 4. One needs to be either a biologist with a certain degree of computer
knowledge or a computer professional with a serious interest in
biology. For increased career opportunities, possessing both skill-sets
is a good idea though employers usually desire a knowledge in
computer applications. Companies need people at all levels. M.Sc.,
M.Tech., and Ph.Ds. In fact, a number of professionals do advanced
diploma courses in bioinformatics, though the most sought-after
candidates are those who have done a Masters degree.
5. Professionals trained in bioinformatics can expect to earn salaries
upwards of ₹ 2,00,000 per annum. A key indicator of the popularity
of the field is the placement of students. For instance, students from
the University of Pune have been lapped up by various Indian and
multinational biotech and pharmaceutical companies. With
experience, professionals can expect to earn anything between ₹
30,000-75,000 per month.
6. In fact, industry watchers feel that since the earning potential in the
West is much higher, most scientists and professionals from premier
research organisations leave for greener pastures, forcing Indian
research institutes to go on recruitment drives.
7. “We should make job positions in India much more lucrative,” says
Prof. P.C. Trivedi, Head, Biotechnology Department, Maharaja’s
College, Jaipur. This is more so because there is going to be a huge
demand for top class database management. As creating a database
is an expensive proposition in the West, Indian IT companies have a
cost- advantage when it comes to offering complete database
solutions to pharmaceutical and genome-based biotech companies
worldwide. Says Prof. Raka Kamal, Principal, Maharani’s College,
Jaipur, “Because of its strength in the fields of mathematics, IT,
physics and chemistry, the nation is ideally positioned to emerge as
a front-runner in biotech and bioinformatics.” What we need is
investment, bandwidth and integrated databases. With these in
place, India is set to go to the top in this particular race.

Answers:
2.1 Title: Bioinformatics Bonanza
Notes:

1. Biotech becoming hot

1.1. Developing as info. Sc.
1.2. Expanding Human Genome project
(i) 80,000 human genes
(ii) Deciphering 3 bn. chem’l bases by 2005.
 2. Union of Biology and Computer Sc.
2.1. processing complex collosal data
2.2. bioinformatics industry: $ 60 bn by 2005
(i) boom in job opportunities
3. Career in Bioinformatics
3.1. Job opportunities: 2 main fields
(i) dev’g IT tools
(ii) new insight into molecular biology
(iii) other opportunities
4. Qualifications!Skill needed
4.1. Biologist + compu. awareness
4.2. Compu. prof’l + awareness of Bio.
4.3. Compu. appl’s
4.4. Dip. in bioinformatics
5. Salary & Mobility
5.1. upwardly of 2,00,000 p.a.
(i) with experience: 30,000 – 75,000 p.m.
5.2 easy placement.
5.3 high earn’g pot’l in West.
6. Checking Migration of Scientists
6.1. making job positions in India more lucrative
6.2. India’s strength in IT, Math, Phy. & Chem.
6.3. Investment, bandwidth & strong databases

2.2 Biotechnology has fast evolved into an information science and

expanded human genome project. As Union of Biology and computer
science it process complex data and become boon in job opportunities
specially in developing IT tools, new insight into molecular biology and
other opportunities. A deserving candidate should be biologist with
computer awareness diploma in bioinformatics and knowledge of
computer applications are desirable for attractive salaries and easy
placement. Capable scientists should have job positions in India.

Passage 20:

1. While there is no dearth of activists shouting themselves hoarse

about skyrocketing air and water pollution levels in the Capital, it is
unfortunate that the equally escalating and medically injurious noise
pollution level is totally ignored. With Diwali round the corner, many
are resigned to suffering the bone-jarring explosions of firecrackers,
not to mention the pollutants they emit.
2. Well, it seems everyone is getting into the act. The Department of
Environment has carried out campaigns in 150 schools this year to
educate children about the harmful effects of bursting crackers on
the eardrums and the lungs. The Delhi Pollution Control Committee
(DPCC) has already initiated its campaign entitled “Say no to
crackers, join the anti-cracker campaign.” NGOs like Pravaha and
Pandies Theatre along with the DPCC have organised meetings and
plays to get the message across. Last year, the stipulation on
restricting cracker burning from 6.00 pm to 11.00 pm on Diwali went
a long way in curbing noise levels. The Delhi Government is also
requesting people this year to keep away from streets and parking
 lots within residential colonies and to burst crackers in open spaces
and parks. Infants and pregnant women are more vulnerable to the
ill-effects of noise pollution.
3. But by and large, the problem of noise pollution remains ignored.
Despite warnings from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) the
decibel levels on the street are way above safe levels – even in the
silence zones. While traffic congestion and increasing population are
the main culprits, lack of public awareness and civic sense
compounds the problem. The CPCB standards have fixed the daytime
noise limits to 55 dB in a residential colony and 45 dB for night.
Almost all Delhi colonies are well over these marks. The health and
behaviour patterns of those exposed to high noise levels above 55
dB changes. Aggressive behaviour and sleep disturbance along with
annoyance and irritability become marked. Regular exposure to 65
dB can lead to hypertension. Anything above 75 dB can cause
extreme stress, increasing heart rates and potential hearing loss. In
infants, noise pollution can cause speech disorder and decreased
learning ability. The medical fraternity maintains that 2 per cent of
the Indian population has a hearing problem, the percentage being
even greater in metros and industrial townships.
4. In Delhi vehicular traffic, three wheelers, trucks and motorcycles with
silencers chopped off contribute the most to noise pollution levels.
Then there are the zillion generators in residential, commercial and
industrial locations. The Delhi High Court had, in August this year,
directed the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests to notify the
emission norms for portable generators and asked the CPCB to
finalise noise standards. Meanwhile the National Committee on Noise
Pollution Control (NCNPC) recommended reduction of 5 to 15 dB in
the noise levels for gensets up to 2.5 KVA. Unfortunately nothing has
been done on this front and gensets of all shapes and sizes continue
to drone.
5. A gazette notification from the NCNPC will soon make it mandatory
for manufacturers to display how noisy each domestic gadget is.
According to a study, mixer grinders, which can be heard churning a
block away, are also a major source of noise pollution in residential
colonies, apart from coolers and gensets. The Delhi Ridge and the
Zoo are the major sufferers. The high noise levels in the arterial
roads around the Zoo along with the noise caused by movement of
trains makes the animals irritable and in some cases has also
affected the mating pattern. The silence zones, particularly schools
and hospitals, have also been badly hit. In fact, sometimes the
biggest culprits are the police—at the busy AIIMS intersection, they
use loudspeakers to control traffic and pedestrian movement. Yes,
there is no dearth of laws and regulations to curb the noise menace
but it’s the implementation that remains tardy. Air horns and
 loudspeakers are banned in public, but who cares.

2.1 Make notes on the contents of the above passage in a suitable format,
using abbreviations where necessary. Also supply an appropriate title. 5
2.2 Make a summary of the passage. 3

Answers:
2.1 Title: Noise Menace
Notes:

1. Noise pollution – ignored

(a) escalating & medically injurious
(b) near Diwali
(i) noise of crackers
(ii) pollutants emitted
(c) Some reactions
(i) DOE – campaigns in schs. – harmful effs. of crackers on eardrums
& lungs
(ii) DPCC – say no to crackers
(iii) NGO – meetings & plays
(iv) D.Govt. – burst crackers in open spaces/ parks
2. Prob. of Noise Polln.
(a) Above CPCB stds 55dB(day)
resdl. colonies 45 dB(night)
(b) Causes
(i) traffic cong’tn
(ii) increasing population
(iii) lack of pub.awareness
(iv) generators
(v) airhoms
3. Effect of Noise Polln.on Health & Behaviour
 4. Laws & implementation
(a) many laws & regulations
(b) tardy impl’n

2.2 Noise pollution should not be ignored. It is escalating and medically

injurious. Near Diwali noise of crackers may harm ear drums and lungs by
noise and emitted pollutants. Except it sound above 55 dB results in
aggressive behaviour, sleep disturbance, annoyance and irritability. While
upto 65 dB cause hypertension and above 75 dB leads to extreme stress,
increasing heart rate and potential hearing loss. To check noise pollution
many laws and regulations have been made but their implementation
remains tardy.