RICS V/S CISC
INSTRUCTION CYCLE
❑ Instruction Cycle is sequence
of steps that a processor
goes through to execute a
single machine instruction.
❑ This cycle includes stages
such as fetching the
instruction, decoding it to
determine its operation,
executing the operation,
Store in the memory.
PIPELINING
Interpretation and Execution
▪Interpreting instructions involves decoding each instruction and executing it one at a
time.
▪ This approach can simplify the design of the processor but may lead to slower
execution.
▪Early processors often used interpretation.
Pipelining:
▪Pipelining is a technique that divides the execution of instructions into
multiple stages, allowing multiple instructions to be in different stages
of execution at the same time.
▪It divide instruction processing into smaller parts that can be executed
in parallel.
▪Pipelining can increase overall efficiency.
REGISTERS
ISA-level registers can be roughly divided into two categories: special-purpose
registers and general-purpose registers
The special-purpose registers include things like the program counter and stack
pointer, as well as other registers with a specific function.
The general-purpose registers are there to hold key local variables and intermediate
results of calculations.
CLOCK CYCLE
A clock cycle is a basic unit of time that synchronizes the operations of a computer's components.
CISC AND RISC
▪CISC -Complex Instruction Set Computer
▪RISC -Reduced Instruction Set Computer
▪These are two different design philosophies for
designing computer architectures.
▪The choice between RISC and CISC depends
on the specific use case and design goals.
RISC(REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER)
V/S CISC (COMPLEX INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER)
Aspect RISC CISC
Instruction Set Small and simple Large and complex
Instruction Format Fixed-length instructions. Variable-length instructions.
Cost low high
Operand Addressing Register-based operands. Memory-to-memory operands.
Memory Access Load-store architecture. Direct memory access.
Execution Speed Single-clock cycle execution. Variable execution time.(multiple
clock cycle)
Pipelining Fewer pipeline stages. More pipeline stages.
Code Size Larger code due to simpler Potentially smaller code with
instructions. complex instructions.
Power Efficiency Less power-efficient. More powerful
Examples ARM, MIPS. x86, Intel 80x86 series
CONCEPT OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
•High-Level Language
•Assembly Language
•Machine Language
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
•A high-level language is a programming language that is designed to be
human-readable
•Uses natural language-like syntax for programming.
•Allows programmers to focus on problem-solving rather than low-level details.
•Platform-independent: Code can be written once and run on different systems.
•Requires a compiler or interpreter to translate code into machine language.
Examples of High-Level Languages:
•Python
•Java
•C++
•JavaScript
INTERPRETER:
▪It is a software program that reads and executes the source code of a
high-level programming language directly, line by line.
▪It translates the source code into machine code
Advantage:
•Since interpreters execute code line by line, errors are often detected
immediately, making debugging faster.
COMPILER:
It translates the entire source code of a high-level programming language
into machine code or an equivalent low-level representation in a single
compilation step.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
•It is a low-level programming language.
•Uses mnemonic codes to represent machine instructions.
•Requires less effort than writing machine code directly.
•Platform-specific: Code needs modification to run on
different processor architectures.
Example Assembly Language Instruction :
MOV A, #5 ; Move the value 5 into the A register
ADD B, A ; Add the value in A register to the value in B register
MACHINE LANGUAGE
•It is the lowest level of programming language understood by computer.
•Consists of binary instructions in the form of 0s and 1s.
•It is totally Machine-dependent.
Example Machine Language Instruction
10110000 01100001 ; Example binary instruction (represents "MOV AX, 61h")
