S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THRISSUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EEL333 ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB 2

CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of experiment Page No.
i) Syllabus ii
ii) Course Outcomes iii
iii) KTU Regulations iii
iv) Course Level Assessment Questions iv
v) General Laboratory Instructions viii
CYCLE OF EXPERIMENTS
Course
NAME OF EXPERIMENT (CYCLE 1)
Outcome
Load Test on 3-phase Squirrel Cage Induction
1 Batch 1 CO1 1
Motor
Slip Test on 3-phase Salient Pole Synchronous
2 Batch 2 CO1 8
Machine
3 Batch 3 Voltage Regulation of 3-phase Alternator CO4 17
4 Batch 4 Induction Machine as Generator & Motor CO2 29
No-load & Blocked-rotor Tests on 3-phase Squirrel
5 Batch 5 CO1 34
Cage Induction Motor
NAME OF EXPERIMENT (CYCLE 2)
6 Batch 1 V-Curves of Synchronous Machines CO5 49
No-load & Blocked-rotor Tests on Single Phase
7 Batch 2 CO6 56
Induction Motor
8 Batch 3 Load test on 3-phase Slip Ring Induction Motor CO1 62
Rotor resistance control of 3-phase Slip-Ring
9 Batch 4 CO3 66
Induction Motor
10 Load Test on 3-phase Alternator CO4 68
Batch 5 Speed Control of 3-phase Induction Motor using
11 CO3 71
V/F control

EED, GEC Thrissur i

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

EEL333 ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB – 2

Practical – 3hours & Credits - 2
SYLLABUS
Preamble :
The purpose of this lab is to provide practical experience in the operation and testing of
synchronous and induction machines.
A minimum of TWELVE experiments are mandatory out of the fifteen listed.
1 Load test on a three phase Slip Ring Induction Motor
Objectives:
√
a) Start the motor using auto transformer or rotor resistance starter
b) Plot the performance characteristics
2 No load and block rotor tests on a three phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Objectives:
√
a) Predetermination of performance parameters from circle diagram
b) Determination of equivalent circuit
3 Starting of a three phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor using Y-  Starter
Objectives:
√
a) Start the motor using Y-  Starter and perform load test
b) Plot the performance characteristics
4 Performance characteristics of a Pole Changing Induction Motor
Objectives:
a) Run the motor in two different pole configurations (example 4 pole and 8 pole) √
b) Analyse the performance in the two cases by constructing circle diagrams and
compare the results
5 No Load and Blocked Rotor Tests on a single phase Induction Motor
Objectives:
√
a) Conduct no load and blocked rotor tests on the motor
b) Predetermine the equivalent circuit
6 Load Test on a single phase Induction Motor
Objectives:
X
a) Perform load test on the motor
b) Plot the performance characteristics of the motor
7 Variation of starting torque with rotor resistance in Slip-Ring Induction Motors
Objectives:
a) Plot the variation of starting torque against rotor resistance in a three phase slip ring X
induction motor
b) Find the external rotor resistance for which maximum starting torque is obtained
8 V and inverted V curves of a Synchronous Motor
Objectives:
√
a) Plot the V and inverted V curves of the Synchronous Motor at no load and full
load.
9 Regulation of a three phase Alternator by direct loading
Objectives:
√
a) Determine the regulation of three phase alternator
b) Plot the regulation versus load curve
10 Regulation of a three phase Alternator by emf and mmf methods
Objectives:
√
Predetermine the regulation of alternator by emf and mmf methods at 0.8pf lag, upf
and 0.8pf lead.
11 Regulation of a three phase alternator by Potier method
√
Objectives:

EED, GEC Thrissur ii

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

a) Synchronize the alternator by dark lamp method

b) Plot ZPF characteristics and determine armature reactance mmf and potier
reactance
c) Predetermine the regulation by ZPF method
12 Reactive power control in grid connected Alternators
Objectives:
a) Synchronize the alternator by bright lamp method √
b) Control the reactive power and plot the V and inverted V curves for generator
operation
13 Slip Test on a three phase Salient Pole Alternator
Objectives:
√
a) Determine the direct and quadrature axis synchronous reactances
b) Predetermine the regulation at 0.8 lagging power factor
14 V/f control of three phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Objectives: √
Perform speed control of the given three phase induction motor by V/f control
15 Performance characteristics of a three phase Induction Generator
Objectives: √
Plot the performance characteristics of the generator

COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1 Analyze the performance of 3-phase squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor at
different loads.
CO2 Analyze the performance of line excited induction machine working in motoring and
generating modes
CO3 Apply rotor resistance and V/f control techniques for the speed control of 3-phase
induction motors
CO4 Determine the voltage regulation of 3-phase cylindrical rotor type and salient pole
type synchronous generators
CO5 Construct V and inverter V curves of synchronous machines at constant load.
CO6 Compute the efficiency of single-phase induction motor at a specified load/speed.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 3 2 2 3 2 3
CO2 3 3 2 2 3 2 3
CO3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3
CO4 3 3 2 2 3 2 3
CO5 3 3 2 2 3 2 3
CO6 3 3 2 2 3 2 3

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO)

CO1 3 2 At the end of the course the graduates are able to
1. Design and analyze the performance of Electric Power system,
CO2 3 2 Electrical Machines, Control systems, Electronic and Power Electronic
Systems.
CO3 3 2
2. Attain competence in developing, testing and implementing Electrical
CO4 3 2 and/or Electronic systems by the effective use of relevant scientific and
technological solutions.
CO5 3 2 3. Apply theoretical concepts and practical skills in providing Electrical
and/or Electronic engineering solutions with a view of energy
CO6 3 2
conservation and sustainability.

EED, GEC Thrissur iii

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

ASSESSMENT PATTERN
Mark Distribution
Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration
150 75 75 2.5 Hours

CONTINUOUS INTERNAL EVALUATION PATTERN

Attendance 15 marks
Continuous Assessment 30 marks
Internal Test (Immediately before the second series test) 30 marks
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION PATTERN
a) Preliminary Work 15 marks
b) Implementing the work/Conducting the experiment 10 marks
c) Performance, result and inference (usage of equipment and 25 marks
troubleshooting)
d) Viva voce 20 marks
e) Record 5 marks

General instructions: Practical examination to be conducted immediately after the second

series test covering entire syllabus given below. Evaluation is a serious process that is to be
conducted under the equal responsibility of both the internal and external examiners. The
number of candidates evaluated per day should not exceed 20. Students shall be allowed for
the University examination only on submitting the duly certified Laboratory Record. The
external examiner shall endorse the record

COURSE LEVEL ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

COURSE OUTCOME 1
LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
1 By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase squirrel cage induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the torque &
efficiency at a slip of 3%.
2 By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase squirrel cage induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the value of
capacitance required to improve the power factor to unity while the induction motor is
running at a slip of 3%.
3 By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase squirrel cage induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the torque &
efficiency at 3/4th full load.
4 By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase squirrel cage induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the torque,
slip & efficiency at 0.5 p.f.
5 By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase squirrel cage induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the slip and
torque i) at no load , ii) at 3/4th full-load & iii) at full load.
LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR
1 By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase slip ring induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the torque & efficiency at
a slip of 3%.

EED, GEC Thrissur iv

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

2 By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase slip ring induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the value of capacitance
required to improve the power factor to unity while the induction motor is running at a
slip of 3%.
3 By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase slip ring induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the torque & efficiency at
3/4th full load.
4 By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase slip ring induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the torque, slip &
efficiency at 0.5 p.f.
5 By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase slip ring induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the slip and torque i) at no
load , ii) at 3/4th full-load & iii) at full load.
NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR
1 By conducting suitable test on the given squirrel cage induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) obtain the equivalent circuit & hence
predetermine efficiency & torque developed at a speed of ________rpm. Assume stator
resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _______Ω.
2 By conducting suitable test on the given squirrel cage induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) draw the circle diagram and hence
obtain the efficiency & torque developed at an output of _____kW. Assume stator
resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _______Ω.
3 By conducting suitable test on the given squirrel cage induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) obtain the equivalent circuit i) during
no load test ii) during blocked rotor test & iii) at a speed of ________rpm. Assume
stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
4 By conducting suitable test on the given squirrel cage induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) draw the circle diagram & hence
obtain the following i) maximum torque ii) maximum power output iii) maximum
power input & iv) starting torque. Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
5 By conducting suitable test on the given squirrel cage induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), draw the circle diagram and hence
obtain the line current, power factor, slip, torque and efficiency at an output of
_____kW. Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
6 By conducting suitable test on the given squirrel induction motor (______KW, _______V,
_____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) draw the circle diagram & hence obtain the slip Vs output
characteristics. Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
7 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase pole changing induction motor
(______KVA, _______V, _____A, _____ connected, _______rpm) while running at
LOW speed, draw the circle diagram & hence find the efficiency when the input is
maximum. Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
8 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase pole changing induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ____ connected, _______rpm) while running at
LOW speed, draw the circle diagram & hence find the efficiency when the output is
maximum. Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
9 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase pole changing induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ____ connected, _______rpm) while running at
HIGH speed, draw the circle diagram & hence find the slip when the torque is
maximum. Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = ______Ω.
COURSE OUTCOME 2

EED, GEC Thrissur v

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

INDUCTION MACHINE AS GENERATOR AND MOTOR

1 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase induction machine (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) coupled with a DC machine
(______kW, ____V, _____A), determine the efficiency when the induction machine is
working as motor drawing an input of _____W.
2 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase induction machine (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) coupled with a DC machine
(______kW, ____V, _____A), determine the efficiency when the induction machine is
working as generator delivering an output of _______W.
3 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase induction machine (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) coupled with a DC machine
(______kW, ______V, ______A), determine the efficiency when the dc machine is
working as motor drawing an input current of _____A.
4 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase induction machine (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) coupled with a DC machine
(_____kW, _____A, ______V), determine the efficiency when the dc machine is
working as generator delivering an output current of _____A.
COURSE OUTCOME 3
ROTOR RESISTANCE CONTROL OF 3-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION
MOTOR
1 By conducting suitable test on the give 3-phase slip ring induction motor, find the
speed using rotor resistance control i) with rotor resistance and ii) without rotor
resistance.
SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR USING V/F CONTROL
2 By conducting suitable test on the give 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor on no-
load, obtain the speed V/s frequency characteristics.
COURSE OUTCOME 4
VOLTAGE REGULATION BY EMF, MMF & POTIER METHODS
1 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KW, _______V,
_____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the power factor at which the full
load regulation is zero. Use synchronous impedance method. Neglect R a.
2 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KW, _______V,
_____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the voltage regulation when the
given 3 phase alternator is delivering full load at a) unity p.f. & b) zero p.f. (lag & lead).
Use pessimistic method. Draw the relevant phasor diagrams. Neglect R a.
3 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KW, _______V,
_____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the full load regulation at unity p.f.
by a) pessimistic method and b) optimistic method. Draw the relevant phasor diagrams.
Neglect Ra.
4 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KW, _______V,
_____A, Y connected, _______rpm), predetermine the full load regulation at 0.5 p.f.
lag by a) pessimistic method and b) optimistic method. Compare the results. Draw the
relevant phasor diagrams. Neglect Ra.
5 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KVA, _______V,
_____A, Y connected, _______rpm), predetermine the regulation at full load & unity
p.f. by POTIER method. Neglect Ra.
6 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KVA, _______V,
_____A, Y connected, _______rpm), predetermine the regulation at full load & zero
p.f. lag by POTIER method. Neglect Ra.
LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR

EED, GEC Thrissur vi

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

1 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KVA, _______V,

_____A, Y connected, _______rpm), determine the regulation at ½ full load & at p.f.
less than 0.5 lag.
SLIP TEST ON 3-PHASE SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
1 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase salient pole type synchronous machine
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the full
load regulation at zero p.f. (lag & lead). Draw the relevant phasor diagrams. Neglect R a.
2 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase salient pole type synchronous machine
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the full
load regulation at zero p.f. lag & lead. Draw the relevant phasor diagrams. Neglect R a.
3 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase salient pole type synchronous machine
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the
excitation power & reluctance power at a load (torque) angle of 45°. Assume excitation
emf = 120% of rated voltage. Neglect Ra.
4 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase salient pole type synchronous machine
((______KVA, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the
excitation power & reluctance power at a load (torque) angle of 60°. Assume excitation
emf = 80% of rated voltage. Neglect Ra.
COURSE OUTCOME 5
V CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
1 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase synchronous machine (______KVA,
_______V, _____A, Y connected, _______rpm), obtain the V curves & inverted V
curves (for Ia ≤ 6A) while working as a motor drawing a power input of _______W.
2 By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase synchronous machine (______KVA,
_______V, _____A, Y connected, _______rpm), obtain the V curves & inverted V
curves (for Ia ≤ 6A) while working as a generator delivering a power output of
________W.
COURSE OUTCOME 6
NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR
1 By conducting suitable test on the given 1 phase induction motor (______KW/HP,
_______V, _____A, _______rpm) obtain the equivalent circuit during running
condition & hence find the efficiency at a slip of 4%. Assume stator resistance (ac) =
____Ω.
2 By conducting suitable test on the given 1 phase induction motor (______KW/HP,
_______V, _____A, _______rpm) obtain the equivalent circuit during running
condition & hence find the efficiency at a slip of 6%. Assume stator resistance (ac) =
_____Ω.

EED, GEC Thrissur vii

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

PRECAUTIONS FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY

01. Wear shoes compulsorily.
02. Girl students should put up their hair.
03. Uniform dress code is compulsory in lab class.
04. Remove metal jewellery, watches, rings, etc., before working on electrical circuits.
05. Turn off power and unplug from the wall socket before working on electric or
electronic circuits except when absolutely necessary.
06. Do not connect more than one wire to each terminal of ammeters and voltmeters.
07. Never defeat the purpose of a fuse or circuit breaker. Never install a fuse of higher
ampere rating than that is specifically listed for your circuit.
08. All connections should be tight.
09. Immediately report and do not use defective cords and plugs.
10. Turn off power and unplug equipment before checking or replacing fuses.
11. Never overload circuits.
12. When a setup or circuit is to be reconfigured or rewired, turn the power supply off.
It is also a good practice to disconnect it from the power supply.
13. Energize the circuit only after getting approval from the faculty-in-charge.
14. Check the position of rheostats, autotransformers, switches before switching ON.
15. While conducting brake test, pour water on the brake drum to avoid overheating.
16. Show the readings to the faculty-in-charge before switching off

RECORD
Take at least six sets of readings, if possible. Each student in a group should do sample
calculations for different sets.
Come to the lab with thorough preparation for doing the experiment
Only one record is to be maintained.
RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE
Write the name of the experiment on the top 1. Neat circuit diagram with PEN
of the right side in capital letters. 2. Name plate details/specifications
Experiment Number & date should be written 3. Tabulations
at the top. 4. Calculation/Sample Calculation
Each record should contain the following 5. Graph (draw with PEN if possible; use
 Aim of the experiment different colors for different graphs on
 Apparatus required the same graph sheet)
 Principle If the sample calculation is too long, it can
be written on the right side after procedure
 Procedure
and before result or you can attach papers on
 Result (at the end) left side.

EED, GEC Thrissur viii

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE

1 INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM: Start the 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor using star – delta starter, conduct the load
test and plot the following performance characteristics.
a) Electrical characteristics – Speed, line current, torque, power factor, efficiency & %
slip Vs output power
b) Mechanical characteristics – Torque Vs speed/slip
Also find the additional kVAR required to improve the power factor to 0.95 at various loads.
APPARATUS:
[Link]. Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 1
2. Ammeter MI (0-10A) 1
3. Wattmeter Dynamometer 500V, 10A, UPF 2
type
4. Tachometer 1
5. TPDT switch 1
PRINCIPLE:
The two types of 3-phase induction motors are i) squirrel cage induction motor and ii) slip-
ring induction motor. Three-phase squirrel cage induction motor is generally preferred because it
is rugged in construction, requires less maintenance and is economical as compared to 3-phase slip
ring induction motor.
When the stator winding is connected to three phase ac supply, a rotating magnetic field is
established in the air gap which rotates at synchronous speed. Initially, rotor is stationary. Due to
relative speed between the rotating magnetic field and stationary rotor conductors, an emf is
induced in the rotor. As the rotor circuit is closed, currents will circulate through them. According
to Lenz’s law, these induced currents will flow in such a direction so as to oppose the cause
producing it. Here the cause is relative speed. In order to reduce the relative speed, the currents in
the rotor produce a torque tending to rotate the rotor in the same direction of rotating field.
At synchronous speed of the rotor, the relative speed is zero, no emf and no torque is
developed, rotor tends to stop, hence rotor cannot attain synchronous speed. Motor runs at a speed
slightly less than synchronous speed.
PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as shown diagram.
Precautions: i) Keep TPST switch open
ii) Keep TPDT in position 1 (Star connection)
. iii) Keep belt on brake drum in loose position (motor on no load)

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 1 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Switch on the 3 phase supply while the motor is on no load. When the motor gains speed,
change the TPDT switch to delta position (position 2). By tightening the brakedrum, increase the
load on the motor upto rated value (=7.5A). Note down the speed, spring balance readings,
voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings. Now decrease the load in steps upto no load and note
down the readings each time. If any of the wattmeter readings shows negative on no load or light
loads, switch of the supply & interchange the terminals of pressure coils/current coils (not both)
of that wattmeter. Now, again starting the motor (follow above procedure for starting), take
readings. Switch off the supply. Measure the radius of the brake drum.
TABULATION:
S. V I W1 W2 Input W N S1 S2 Power Slip Torque Out- η% Add C
No =W1+W2 Factor % N-m put kVAR μF
1
2 3
3 3.5
4 4
5 4.5
6 5
7 5.5
8 6
9 6.5
10 7
11 7.5

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 2 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

SAMPLE CALCULATION (Set No. ____)

V= ______ V I = ______ A W1 = _______ W W2 = _______ W

N =_______ rpm S1 = ________Kg S2 =________Kg
Radius of brake drum R = 0.135 m
Synchronous speed Ns = 1500rpm
(Note: N s  120 f ; For 50Hz induction motor, possible values of Ns are 3000rpm, 1500rpm,
P
1000rpm, 750rpm etc)
Input Power W= W1 + W2 = _________ watts
Power factor, cosΦ1= cos(tan 1 3  (W1  W2 ) ) =__________
(W1  W2 )
Ns  N
Percentage slip, s =   100 =_________%
Ns
Torque T  R  (S1  S2 )  g = _________ N-m
Output power  2 NT = _________W
60
output
Efficiency,    100 = _________%
input
Additional kVAR required to improve the power factor to 0.95 (cosΦ 2) =
= W (tanΦ1 - tanΦ2 )  103 =__________
kVAR  1000
Value of capacitance /phase C required to improve the power factor = =
3V 2
kVAR  1000
= =________μF
3 2    f V 2
MODEL GRAPHS

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 3 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

RESULT:
i) Load test conducted on 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor
ii) Performance characteristics plotted
iii) Additional kVAR required and the value of capacitance/phase to improve the power
factor for each load to 0.95 determined.

=====================================================================
Do you know?
1. Why are starters needed for induction motors ?
Equivalent circuit of the induction motor at starting (slip, s=1)
is shown in figure (magnetizing current neglected). Starting
current, I SC  V .
Ro1  jX o1

If rated voltage is applied, large starting current (5 to 8 times full load current) will flow. This causes
appreciable voltage drop in the line and may affect other equipments connected to the same line. Also, if a
large current flows for a long time it may overheat the motor and damage the insulation. In such case,
reduced voltage starting must be used.
2. What are the different types of starters used for 3 phase induction motors?
i) Direct On Line (DOL) starter
ii) Stator impedance (resistance/reactance) starter
iii) Autotransformer starter
iv) Star-Delta Starter
v) Rotor resistance starter (Only for slip ring induction motors)
3. The no load current for an induction motor is larger than that in a transformer of same VA
rating. Give reason.
Because of the presence of air-gap in the induction motor, for same flux, the magnetizing current (flux =
mmf / reluctance) is far larger. Also, in addition, induction motor has to supply mechanical losses (friction
and windage losses) on no load which is not present in transformer.
4. Why is an induction motor not capable of running at synchronous speed ?
When the motor speed reaches synchronous speed, no rotor emf, no rotor current and hence no torque is
produced. Hence, the induction motor never attains synchronous speed.
5. Explain star-delta starter.
A star-delta method of starting is employed to provide reduced voltage at start. In this method, the normal
connection of the stator windings is delta while running. If these windings are connected in star at start,
the phase voltage is reduced (  V 3 ), resulting in less current at starting. As the motor approaches full
speed, the windings will be connected in delta.
6. What you mean by synchronous speed? What is the synchronous speed of an induction motor
whose rated speed is 1440rpm ?
Synchronous speed Ns is the speed of the rotating magnetic field in a poly-phase induction motor.
120 f . Synchronous speed will be slightly greater than the rated speed. For 50Hz supply, possible
Ns 
P
synchronous speeds are 3000rpm (2 poles), 1500rpm (4 poles), 1000rpm (6poles), 750 rpm (8 poles) etc.
If rated speed is 1440 rpm, synchronous speed is 1500rpm.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 4 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

7. The rotor core loss of an induction motor under running condition is usually neglected. Why?
During running condition, rotor frequency is equal to slip frequency (=sf) which is very small. Hence rotor
core loss will be very small which can be neglected.
Note: The rotor core loss is not constant for all load conditions. As the load increases, slip increases, hence
rotor frequency and rotor core loss increases.
8. What is the normal value of full-load slip during running condition?
1 to 8%
9. How can the direction of rotation of a 3 phase induction motor be reversed ?
By interchanging any two supply leads connected to the motor.
10. What is the speed of the stator and rotor magnetic fields with respect to stator?
Both are rotating at synchronous speed Ns with respect to stator.

11. Compare between squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors.
SCIM SRIM
1. Its rotor consists of copper/aluminium bars 1. Its rotor consists of 3 phase windings which is
permanently short circuited at both ends then connected to external resistance through
slip rings and brushes
2. Starting torque is poor 2. Better starting torque can be achieved by
inserting external resistance in the rotor circuit.
3. Separate starting methods are needed in order to 3. Rotor resistance starting can be used
reduce the staring current
4. Its rotor can adjust to any number of stator 4. Rotor and stator are wound for same number
poles. So different speeds can be obtained by of poles
different arrangements of stator winding.
5. It has fewer components and hence less labor 5. Slip rings, brushes, starting resistance etc.
since it has no rotor winding. So it is cheaper increases the cost
6. Better efficiency 6. Lower efficiency
7. Better cooling (larger space to provide fan 7. Cooling not efficient
blades on rotor)
8. Less maintenance 8. More maintenance
12. At no load, one of the two wattmeters connected in the input side of the motor is negative. Why ?
The no load power factor of an induction motor is always less than 0.5 because the no load current is
mainly used for magnetizing the core.
13. What is time harmonics and space harmonics ?
If the supply currents are non-sinusoidal, it contains harmonics. These harmonic currents (time harmonics)
produce rotating fields in the air gap. The time harmonic currents and their rotating fields produce
parasitic torques in the machine.
Even if the supply currents are sinusoidal, air gap flux may be non-sinusoidal due to winding arrangement,
slotting, air gap irregularity etc. Hence, air gap flux contains harmonics and these harmonics are called
space harmonics. The space harmonics also produce parasitic torques in the machine.
Time harmonics produce no significant effects on the operation of the induction motor. Effects of space
harmonics are crawling and cogging.
14. What is meant by cogging and crawling?

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 5 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

In the case of squirrel cage induction motors, with certain relationships between the number of poles and
stator and rotor slots, peculiar behavior may be observed when the machine is started. With the number of
stator slots S1 = number of rotor slots S2, the induction motor may refuse to start at all. This phenomenon
is known as cogging. With other ratios, S2/S1, the motor may exhibit tendency to run stably at low speed,
e.g. one seventh of the normal speed. This is known as crawling.
15. Is the rotational losses (stator core loss + rotor core loss + friction & windage loss) constant in an
induction motor?
If the induction motor is connected to a supply of fixed voltage and frequency, the stator core loss is fixed.
At no load, the machine will operate close to synchronous speed. Therefore, the rotor frequency f 2 is very
small and hence rotor core loss is very small. At a lower speed, f2 increases and so does the rotor core loss.
The total core losses thus increase as the speed falls. On the other hand, at no load, friction and windage
losses are maximum and as speed falls these losses decrease. Therefore, if a machine operates from a
constant-voltage and constant-frequency source, the sum of core losses and friction and windage losses
remains essentially constant at all operating conditions.
16. Draw the IEEE-recommended equivalent circuit?
The resistance Rc is omitted and the core loss is
lumped with the windage and friction losses. The
magnetizing reactance Xm can not be moved to the
machine terminals.

17. Why the power factor of an induction motor is low at starting?

The rotor frequency and rotor reactance are high under starting conditions and therefore, rotor currents
lag the rotor emf by a large angle. This results in low power factor at starting. ( p. f .  R2 R
 2 ,
R2  X 2
2 2 X 2

R2<<X2. Hence power factor is low)

18. The starting torque of a squirrel cage induction motor can not be altered, when the applied
voltage is constant. Why?
The starting torque of a squirrel cage induction motor can not be increased as there is no provision for
inserting resistance in the rotor circuit.
19. What type of protection is provided in the starter meant for 3 phase induction motors?
Overload and under-voltage protection.
20. What is single phasing?
Single phasing is a fault condition in which a 3 phase motor is operating with one line open. The 3 phase
motor will not start with one line open. If the motor is running when single phasing occurs, it will continue
to run as long as the shaft load is less than 80% rated load and the remaining single phase voltage is
normal; rotation of the rotor produces a quadrature field that maintains rotation. If single phasing occurs
while operating at or near rated load, the increase in phase current will cause rapid heating of the windings,
and therefore protective devices, must be provided to trip the machines from the supply lines, or severe
damage to stator and rotor winding may occur.
21. When the applied rated voltage per phase is reduced to one-half, what will be the starting
torque of a squirrel cage induction motor in terms of its starting torque with full voltage?
One fourth of starting torque with full rated voltage.
22. What is the standard direction of an induction motor?

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 6 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Counter clockwise when looking from non-drive end of the motor.

23. Draw the diagram of a direct-on-line starter?
On pressing the START push button S1, the contactor
coil C is energized from two line conductors L1 and L2.
The three main contacts M and the auxiliary contact A L1 L2 L3
close and the terminals a and b are short-circuited. The
motor is thus connected to the supply. When the
Fuse
pressure on S1 is released, it moves back under spring
action. Even then the coil C remains energized through
ab. Thus, the main contacts M remain closed and the
M M M
motor continues to get supply. C a A
When the STOP push button S2 is pressed, the supply
b
through the contactor coil is disconnected. Since the S2
coil C is de-energised, the main contacts M and Start S1
Stop
auxiliary contact A are opened. The supply to motor is
disconnected and the motor stops. D OLC
Undervoltage protection : When the voltage falls below
a certain value, or in the event of failure of supply
during motor operation, the coil C is de-energised. The S3
Motor
motor is then disconnected from the supply. Remote
Overload protection: In case of an overload, one or all Stop
the overload coils (OLC) are energized. The normally
closed contact D is opened and the contactor coil C is
de-energised to disconnect the supply to the motor.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 7 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

SLIP TEST ON THREE PHASE SALIENT POLE

2 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

AIM: i) To conduct the slip test on 3-phase salient pole synchronous machine
ii) To determine the direct axis and quadrature axis synchronous reactances
iii) To predetermine the voltage regulation at different loads and power factors and
iv) To draw the power Vs torque angle characteristics for a specified induced emf.
APPARATUS:
[Link]. Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 2
2. MI (0-125V) 1
3 MC (0-30V) 1
4. Ammeter MI (0-5A) 1
5. MC (0-10A) 1
6. Rheostat Wire Wound 9Ω 8.5A 1
7. Tachometer 1
PRINCIPLE:
The direct and quadrature axis reactances can be measured by slip test. The machine is
driven by a dc motor at a speed slightly less or slightly more than synchronous speed. The field
winding is kept open circuited and a low voltage 3 phase supply (about 25% of the rated voltage)
is applied to the armature terminals. The direction of rotation should be same as the direction of
rotating field. If this condition is fulfilled, a small ac voltage would be indicated by the voltmeter
across the field winding.
The relative velocity between armature mmf and field poles is equal to slip speed i.e.
difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed. The stator mmf moves slowly past the
field poles at slip speed. This would cause the armature current to vary cyclically at twice the slip
frequency. When the peak of the armature mmf is in line with the field poles, the reluctance offered
by the magnetic circuit is minimum, the armature current, required for the establishment of
constant air-gap flux, will be minimum. Constant applied voltage minus the minimum impedance
voltage drop (armature current being minimum) in the leads and 3-phase variac gives maximum
armature-terminal voltage. The ratio of maximum armature terminal voltage per phase to minimum
armature current per phase gives Zsd. After one quarter of slip cycle, the peak of armature mmf is
in line with q-axis and the reluctance offered by the magnetic circuit is maximum. The armature
current, required for the establishment of constant air-gap flux, will be maximum and the armature
terminal voltage will be minimum. The ratio of minimum armature terminal voltage per phase to
maximum armature current per phase gives Zsq.
When the armature mmf is in line with field poles, the armature flux linkage with field winding is
maximum and rate of change of this flux linkage is zero, so that induced voltage across the field
winding is zero. On the other hand, when armature mmf is in line with q-axis, the flux linkage with

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 8 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

field winding is minimum and rate of change of this flux linkage is maximum, so that induced
voltage across the field winding is maximum.

PROCEDURE:
SLIP TEST
Make the connections as shown in figure.
Precautions : i) Keep the autotransformer at minimum voltage position
ii) Keep DPST, TPST and SPST switches open
iii) Keep dc motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position
Switch on the d.c. supply by closing the DPST switch. Using the three point starter, start
the motor. Run the motor at synchronous speed by varying the motor field rheostat. Close the
TPST switch. By adjusting the autotransformer, apply 20% to 30% of the rated voltage to the
armature of the synchronous machine. Make sure that the direction of rotation of the prime mover
and the direction of rotation of the magnetic field produced in the armature are the same by closing
the SPST switch. If the voltmeter reading across the alternator field winding is very small, both
the directions are correct. If the voltmeter reading is high, interchange the two lines of 3 phase
supply after switching off the 3 phase supply. SPST switch is kept open.

The speed is slightly reduced/increased from synchronous speed, so that slip is increased
and the voltmeter and ammeter readings are oscillating. The maximum and minimum readings of
voltmeter and ammeter are noted. The above said procedure can be repeated with two more
different autotransformer settings.
(During slip test, it would be observed that swing of the ammeter pointer is very wide, whereas
the voltmeter has only small swing because of the low impedance voltage drop in the leads and 3-
phase autotransformer).

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 9 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

STATOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Make the connections as shown in the diagram.
Precaution: Keep the rheostat at maximum resistance position.
Switch on 28V dc supply. Adjusting the rheostat for different values of current, note down
the ammeter and voltmeter readings.

TABULATION – Slip Test

[Link]. Vma Vmin Imax Imin Z sd Z sq Xd Xq
x
1.
2.
3.
TABULATION – Stator resistance measurement
Stator Resistance Measurement
[Link]. V (volts) I (amps) Rdc=V/I Ω
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rdc
SAMPLE CALCULATION (SET No. ___ )
Armature resistance, Ra  1.2  Rdc =1.2 x _____ = ____Ω
Vmax = _____V, Vmin = _____V, Imax = ____A, Imin = _____A
V
Z sd  max =______Ω
I min
Vmin
Z sq  =______Ω
I max
X d  Z sd 2  Ra 2 =_______Ω

X q  Z sq 2  Ra 2 =________Ω

Do not write in fair record:-

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 10 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Ef
C
jIqXq
Iq 
 V
O IaRa B
 
A jIdXd
 E
D Id Ia

ΔODE and ΔABC are similar. Hence, AC BC


OE DE
BC  OE jI q X q  I a
AC    jI a X q
DE Iq

OC  V  I a Ra  jI a X q  V  I a ( Ra  jX q )

Angle of OC will give δ. (Taking V as reference)
     for lag
     for lead
(or use the following formula for finding ψ,
V sin   I a X q
tan   )
V cos   I a Ra
E f  V cos   I a Ra cos   I a X d sin 

a) To find Percentage regulation at full load and 0.8 p.f. lag

V  2300 V, cosФ=0.8, Ф = 36.87˚, I a  11.5   A



OC  V  I a ( Ra  jX q )  _____________  OC 
Hence, δ = _____º
    =
E f  V cos   I a Ra cos   I a X d sin 
Ef V
% regulation =  100 = ______%
V
b) To find Percentage regulation at full load and 0.8 p.f. lead
V  2300 V, cosФ=0.8, Ф = 36.87˚, I a  11.5   A

OC  V  I a ( Ra  jX q )  _____________  OC 
Hence, δ = _____º
   
E f  V cos   I a Ra cos   I a X d sin 

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 11 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Ef V
% regulation =  100 = ________%
V
a) % regulation at full load V = 230V, Ia = 11.5A
power factor Ф δ     Ef Regulation
0 lag 90
0.2 lag 78.46
0.4 lag 66.42
0.6 lag 53.13
0.8 lag 36.87
1 0
power factor Ф δ     Ef Regulation
0.8 lead 36.87
0.6 lead 53.13
0.4 lead 66.42
0.2 lead 78.46
0 lead 90

b) % regulation at Half full load V = 230V, I = 5.75A

power factor Ф δ     Ef Regulation
0 lag 90
0.2 lag 78.46
0.4 lag 66.42
0.6 lag 53.13
0.8 lag 36.87
1 0
power factor Ф δ     Ef Regulation
0.8 lead 36.87
0.6 lead 53.13
0.4 lead 66.42
0.2 lead 78.46
0 lead 90

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 12 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

MODEL GRAPH

b) To draw power angle characteristics

Assume an induced emf of 120% of terminal voltage
230  120
Ef   276V
100
  60 o
P1 = Excitation power (Power due to field excitation)
P2 = Reluctance power (power due to saliency)
3E f VSin 3  276  230  0.866
P1  =  _______ W
Xd Xd
3V 2 ( X d  X q ) Sin2
P2  =___________W
2Xd Xq
Resultant Power P = P1 + P2 = _________W

TABULATION – Power Angle Characteristics

V = 230V, Ef = 1.2 * V = 276 volts , Xd = ______Ω, Xq = _______Ω

Load
Angle δ P1 watts P2 watts P watts
-180
-150
-135
-120
-90
-60
-45

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 13 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

-30
0
30
45
60
90
120
135
150
180

MODEL GRAPH

RESULT
Slip Test was conducted, direct axis and quadrature axis synchronous reactances were determined
and % regulation at various power factors was found out. Also regulation curves and power-angle
characteristics were plotted.
=====================================================================
Do you know?
1. During slip test, what does happen if rated voltage is applied to the armature?
Since the excitation emf is zero, heavy currents would be drawn by the armature if connected to the
rated voltage supply. Also, if the voltage is large, the reluctance torque due to saliency may bring the
rotor in synchronism with the rotating flux (ie. the synchronous machine will run as a reluctance
motor).
2. What you mean by the reluctance power?

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 14 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

A salient pole synchronous machine can stay synchronized to mains with its field unexcited so long
3V 2 ( X d  X q )
as the load does not exceed (Note: this value is around 30% of the rated power). The
2Xd Xq
3V 2 ( X d  X q ) Sin2
power, P2  is called reluctance power.
2Xd Xq
3. What is meant by a reluctance motor?
A synchronous motor with salient poles but with no field winding is known as reluctance motor.
4. What is the normal value of the ratio Xd/Xq ?
Xd
= 1.6 to 2
Xq
5. What is two reaction theory?
The armature mmf Fa (and hence the armature current) can be resolved into two components – one
acting along the d-axis, Fd, and the other acting along the q-axis, Fq. The component mmf’s (Fd, Fq) or
current (Id, Iq) produce fluxes (фad, фaq) along the respective axes. These fluxes can be represented by
the following reactances: Xad = d-axis armature reactance to account for the flux фad produced by the
d-axis current Id . Xaq = q-axis armature reactance to account for the flux фaq produced by the d-axis
current Iq. If the leakage inductance Xal is included to account for the leakage flux produced by the
armature current, then Xd = Xad + Xal, d-axis synchronous reactance and Xq = Xaq + Xal, q-axis
synchronous reactance.
6. Can you find the values of Xd and Xq by conducting OC and SC tests on salient-pole synchronous
machine?
Value of Xs obtained from OC and SC tests of salient pole machine corresponds to X d.
7. Compare between salient-pole type and smooth cylindrical type synchronous machines.
Salient Pole Smooth cylindrical
It consists of projected poles, laminated, made of It is built from solid steel forging (usually
cast iron or cast steel chromium – nickel steel)
Poles carry concentrated field windings Poles consists of radial slots in which field
windings are placed
Air gap is not uniform Air gap is nearly uniform
It has large diameter and short axial length It is of small diameter and of very long axial
length.
It is used for low and medium speed machines It is used for high speeds (Steam driven)
(water wheel drive or diesel engine drive)
Noiseless operation
Less windage loss
Better in dynamic balancing

7. How will you recognize whether a given synchronous machine is cylindrical rotor type or salient
pole type?
Perform slip test
8. What are the advantages of salient pole type construction used for synchronous machines?
a) They allow better ventilation

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 15 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

b) The pole faces are so shaped that the radial air gap length increases from the pole center to the pole
tips so that the flux distribution in the air gap is sinusoidal in shape which will help the machine to
generate sinusoidal emf.
c) Due to the variable reluctance the machine develops additional reluctance power which is independent
of excitation.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 16 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

VOLTAGE REGULATION OF 3-PHASE

3 ALTERNATOR
AIM: To predetermine the voltage regulation of the given 3 phase alternator by i) emf method ii)
mmf method and iii) Zero power factor (Potier) method.

APPARATUS:
[Link]. Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 2
2. MI (0-300V) 1
3. MC (0-30V) 1
4. Ammeter MI (0-15A) 1
5. MC (0-10A) 1
6. MC (0-5A) 1
7. MC (0-2A) 1
8. Rheostat Wire Wound 9Ω 8.5A 1
9. 272Ω 1.7A 1
10. 145Ω, 2.5A 2
11. Tachometer 1
PRINCIPLE:
The terminal voltage of an alternator under load conditions is different from the open
circuit voltage due to the effects of armature resistance, leakage reactance and armature reaction.
Voltage regulation is defined as the rise in voltage, expressed as per cent of rated voltage, when
the load current is reduced to zero, the field excitation and frequency being maintained constant.
Thus,
E f V
Voltage regulation =  100
V
The term rise in voltage used in the above definition pre-supposes a resistive or inductive
load. If the load is capacitive, the magnetizing effect of armature reaction, due to the leading
current, may cause V to be higher than Ef, thus causing a drop in voltage, when the load current is
reduced to zero. In that case, the regulation is negative.
The regulation of a synchronous generator can be predetermined by the following methods:
a) synchronous impedance or emf method, b) mmf or ampere-turn method c) zero power factor or
potier method.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 17 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Open circuit characteristic (OCC) : The open circuit characteristic of an alternator is a curve of
the armature terminal voltage on open circuit as a function of field excitation when the machine is
running at synchronous speed.
Short circuit characteristic (SCC) : It is the plot of short circuit armature current as a function
of field current when the machine is running at synchronous speed.
Zero power factor curve (ZPFC) : Zero power factor characteristic of an alternator gives the
variation of terminal voltage with field current, when the alternator is delivering its full load current
to a zero power factor (lagging) load.

PROCEDURE:
i) OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS (OCC & SCC)
Make the connections as shown in diagram.
Precautions/Initial settings:
i) TPST in open position
ii) DPST1 and DPST2 in open position
iii) Motor field rheostat in minimum position
iv) Potential divider in minimum voltage position

Switch on the DC supply to the DC motor by closing the switch DPST 1. Start the DC shunt
motor using 3-point starter. Increase the resistance of dc motor field rheostat and drive the
alternator at rated speed. Now, dc supply is given to the alternator field winding and for different
values of field current, note down the open circuit voltage across the armature terminals. Take care
to keep the speed constant (rated value) through out the experiment. The above procedure is
repeated till the open circuit voltage reaches 120% of rated value. Open circuit voltage/phase E o
Vs field current If gives OCC.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 18 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

For SCC, reduce the armature voltage to zero by bringing the potential divider to minimum
voltage position. Now, close the TPST switch. By varying the potential divider, increase the
current through the short circuited armature up to rated value. Note both the ammeter readings. I sc
Vs If gives SCC.

ii) ZERO POWER FACTOR CHARACTERISTICS (ZPFC)

Make the connections as shown in diagram.
Precautions/Initial settings:
i) TPST in open position
ii) DPST1 and DPST2 in open position
iii) Motor field rheostat in minimum position
iv) Potential divider in minimum voltage position
Switch on the DC supply to the DC motor by closing the switch DPST 1. Start the DC shunt
motor using 3-point starter. Increase the resistance of dc motor field rheostat and drive the
alternator at rated speed. Now, switch on the dc supply to the alternator field by closing the switch
DPST2 and vary the potential divider so that the generated voltage is nearly equal to rated value.
Close the switch TPST1 and note down the 3 phase supply voltage. Adjust the potential divider
and make the generator terminal voltage equal to the 3 phase supply voltage. Now, the lamps will
flicker uniformly (All the lamps become dim or bright at a time). If the lamps are not flickering
uniformly (phase sequence is wrong), then interchange the two terminals of the 3 phase supply
voltage after opening the switch TPST1. If the flickering is so fast, the motor field rheostat is
adjusted very slightly so that the frequency of flickering is convenient and the synchronization
switch is closed at the middle of the dark period. Synchronization is over. After synchronization,
adjust the motor field rheostat and make the wattmeter reading equal to zero. Now, increase the
synchronous generator field current by varying the potential divider so that the armature current
reaches rated value (10.9A). Note down the readings.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 19 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

STATOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Make the connections as shown in figure.

Precaution: Keep the rheostat at maximum position.

Switch on 28V d.c. supply. Note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings for different
positions of rheostat (If possible, take readings for rated armature current).

OCC
Field Current If
OC Voltage Eo

SCC ZPFC
Isc (A) If (A) Ia (A) If (A)

Stator Resistance Measurement

[Link]. V (volts) I (amps) Rdc=V/I Ω
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rdc

EMF METHOD
Sl. No. Full load Ia = 10.9A
p.f.
Ef Regulation
1 0 lag
2 0.2 lag
3 0.4 lag
4 0.6 lag
5 0.8 lag
6 1
7 0.8 lead
8 0.6 lead

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 20 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

9 0.4 lead
10 0.2 lead
11 0 lead
CALCULATION
EMF METHOD
Rated voltage/phase V = 230V

Short circuit current corresponding to rated voltage from SCC, Isc = ______A
V
Synchronous impedance, Z s  =_______Ω
I sc
Armature resistance, Ra  1.2  Rdc = _______Ω

Synchronous reactance, X s  Z s 2  Ra 2 = ________Ω

Regulation at full load and ____ pf. Lag
Full load current = 10.9A, V = 230V, Xs = _____ Ω, Ra = ______Ω, cosΦ = ____ lag

V  V 0  2300
 
I  I     10.9   for lag ( I  I     10.9   for lead)

E f  V 0  I     ( Ra  jX s )  E f   =________V

(OR E f  (V cos   I a Ra ) 2  (Vsin  I a X s )2 =________V)

E f V
% regulation =  100 =___________%
V

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 21 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

SAMPLE CALCULATION
MMF METHOD
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Regulation at full load and ____ pf. Lag

V  V 0  2300 V cosΦ = ____ lag
 
I  I     10.9   for lag ( I  I     10.9   for lead)

E r  V 0  I    Ra  Er     =________V
Refer OCC and find Ifr corresponding to Er.

I f r  I fr (  90) =_________A
Ifa is the field current required to circulate rated current on short circuit (from SC test)
 
I f a  I fa (   180) for lag ( I f a  I fa (   180) for lead)
  
I f  I fr  I fa =_________A= I f (90   )
Hence, If = ______A, δ = ______˚
Refer OCC and find Ef corresponding to If.

E f  E f   =________V
E f V
% regulation =  100 =__________%
V

PHASOR DIAGRAMS – MMF METHOD

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 22 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

TABULATION – MMF method

     
Power factor I Er Ifr Ifa If Ef % VR
1 0 lag
2 0.2 lag
3 0.4 lag
4 0.6 lag
5 0.8 lag
6 1
7 0.8 lead
8 0.6 lead
9 0.4 lead
10 0.2 lead
11 0 lead

POTIER METHOD
The zero power factor curve can be used to determine leakage reactance X l and armature reaction
mmf Ifa . It is not necessary to plot full curve. Only two points F and A are sufficient. Point F on
ZPF characteristics corresponds to field current to circulate full-load short circuit current during
SC test. The point A corresponds to rated terminal voltage and rated armature current condition
when the load is zero power factor lagging.

Point A corresponds to rated voltage (230V) and field current from ZPFC.
Draw AD = OF (parallel to X-axis)
Draw line DC from D parallel to air gap line meeting OCC at C.
Drop a vertical CB from C meeting the line AD at B.
Now, ΔABC is the potier triangle.
Drop more potier triangles to complete ZPFC.
BC = IaXal = voltage drop due to armature leakage reactance

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 23 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

AB = Ifar = Field current necessary to overcome the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction at
full load.
BD = Field current necessary to induce an emf required for balancing leakage reactance drop AB.

SAMPLE CALCULATION
Regulation at full load and ____ pf. Lag
BC  I  X al =_____ V(from Potier triangle)
Xal = ______Ω

V  V 0  2300
 
I  I     10.9   for lag ( I  I     10.9   for lead)

E r  V 0  I     ( Ra  jX al ) =_________V= Er  
Refer OCC and find Ifr corresponding to Er.

I f r  I fr (  90) =_________A
 
I f a  I fa (    180) =________A for lag ( I f a  I fa (    180) for lead)
Note: I fa  AB from Potier triangle.
  
I f  I fr  I fa =__________A= I f (90   )

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 24 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Hence, If = ____A and δ = _____º

Refer OCC and find Ef corresponding to If.

E f  E f   =__________V
E f V
% regulation =  100 =_________%
V
TABULATION – Potier Method
     
Power factor I Er Ifr Ifa If Ef % VR
0 lag
0.2 lag
0.4 lag
0.6 lag
0.8 lag
1
0.8 lead
0.6 lead
0.4 lead
0.2 lead
0 lead

MODEL GRAPHS

RESULT
Voltage regulation of the given 3 phase alternator at various power factors was
predetermined i) by emf method ii) by mmf method and iii) by potier method.

=====================================================================

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 25 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Do you know?
1. What is armature reaction of a synchronous machine?
The effect of armature flux on the main field flux is known as armature reaction. Armature reaction has
distorting effect on unity power factor, wholly demagnetizing at zero power factor lagging and wholly
magnetizing at zero power factor leading.
2. When the load on an alternator is varied, it terminal voltage is also found to vary. Why?
The terminal voltage under load conditions is different from that under no-load conditions due to following
three factors: i) effect of armature resistance ii) effect of armature leakage reactance and iii) effect of
armature reaction.
3. Why voltage regulation on alternator is negative for leading power factor?
When the power factor is leading, the effect of armature flux is to assist the main flux, hence to generate
more emf and so to increase the terminal voltage when the alternator is loaded. Thus the terminal voltage
of an alternator decreases when the load of leading p.f. (ie capacitive load) is thrown off and voltage
regulation is negative.
4. Why does synchronous impedance method give a poorer voltage regulation?
In synchronous impedance method of determination of voltage regulation synchronous reactance is
assumed to be constant while actually it varies with the saturation (at low saturation its value is higher
because the effect of armature reaction is larger than that at high saturation). Now under short-circuit
conditions, saturation is very low and therefore, the value of synchronous impedance measured is higher
than that in actual operating conditions and the regulation determined is higher than actual one.

5. What is the power factor of an alternator under short-circuit condition?

Since Ra<<Xs, power factor of the machine is around zero lagging.

6. Why is the short circuit characteristic of an alternator linear?

Air gap flux under short circuit condition is only about 15% of that under rated voltage condition since the
field current is very small. Also, the power factor under short circuit condition is about zero lagging and
hence the armature reaction is demagnetizing in nature. Therefore there is no saturation of the magnetic
circuit and hence SCC is a straight line.
7. Define short circuit ratio (SCR). What is its importance?
Field current required to produce rated voltage on open
SCR=
circuit

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 26 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Field current required to produce rated current on short

circuit
SCR is the reciprocal of the per unit value of saturated synchronous reactance. The SCR has an important
effect of the performance of the machine and the cost. A lower value of SCR means a greater change in
field current to maintain constant terminal voltage and a lower value of steady state stability limit. Lesser
the SCR, lesser is the size, weight and cost of the machine. Evidently, the short circuit ratio has an important
role to play in determining the current through the armature under fault conditions. Modern alternators
are built with short circuit ratio between 0.5 and 1.5.
8. Why the star-connection is preferred for the stator winding of a generator?
In case of star-connection, the voltage per phase is only 1/√3 or 58% pf the voltage between the lines. This
reduces the amount of insulation required in the slots which, in turn, enables to increase the cross section
of the conductors. A larger conductor permits to increase the current and hence, the power output of the
machine.
When a synchronous generator is under load, the voltage induced in each phase becomes distorted, and
the waveform is no longer sinusoidal. The distortion is mainly due to an undesired third harmonic voltage.
With a star-connection, the distorting line-to-neutral harmonics do not appear between the lines because
they affectively cancel each other. Consequently, the line voltages remain sinusoidal under all load
conditions. Unfortunately, when a delta connection is used, the harmonic voltages do not cancel, but add
up. Because the delta is closed on itself, they produce a third-harmonic circulating current, which increases
the I2R losses.
9. What is infinite bus bar?
A supply system with large number of synchronous generators in parallel and operating at constant voltage
and frequency is called infinite bus bar. (It has zero synchronous impedance Zs and infinite rotational
inertia).
10. What are the conditions for paralleling an alternator with the infinite bus?
Before the alternator can be connected to the infinite bus, the incoming alternator and the infinite bus must
have the same i) voltage ii) frequency iii) phase sequence and iv) phase.
11. What is the effect of increase in excitation of a synchronous generator connected to an
infinite bus bar?
An under-excited generator operates at leading power factor, a normal excited generator at unity power
factor and overexcited generator at lagging power factor.
12. What is meant by synchronizing?
The process of connecting an alternator in parallel with another alternator or with infinite bus bar is
called synchronizing.
13. Explain synchronization by dark-lamp method?
In this method, three lamps are connected as shown in figure. By running the alternator at synchronous
speed and by adjusting the field excitation, the armature voltage is increased near to rated value. If all the
three lamps become bright and dim simultaneously, the phase sequences of both the incoming generator
and bus-bar are the same. If they become bright and dim in sequence, the phase sequence of the incoming
alternator should be reversed (by interchanging any two leads of incoming alternator).

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 27 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Now, the field excitation is adjusted such that voltages of the incoming alternator and the bus-bar are equal.
The speed of the prime-mover of the incoming machine is further adjusted slowly until the lamps flicker at
a very low rate. The paralleling switch is closed at the instant all the three lamps are dark. The incoming
alternator thus gets connected in parallel with the bus-bar.
14. Why do two lamps require for synchronizing?
Maximum voltage across the synchronizing switch is 400V. Hence, two lamps of 230V are used.
15. How is an alternator made to share the load after synchronization?
Increase the prime mover input of the alternator.
16. What is the possible effect of wrong synchronization?
Wrong synchronization means connecting two sources at an instant when the phase difference between the
voltages is not zero. This may result into sudden short flow of power, excessive current circulation and
mechanical shocks. This is highly undesirable.
17. Note: During OC or ZPF tests, alternator should be run at synchronous speed. But, during SC test,
synchronous speed is not essential.
18. What steps are to be taken before disconnecting one alternator from parallel operation?
The following steps are to be taken before disconnecting one alternator from parallel operation.
a) The prime mover input of the outgoing generator has to be decreases and that of other generators
has to be increased and by this the entire active power delivered by the outgoing generator is
transferred to other generators.
b) The excitation of the out\going generator has to be decreased and that of other generators have
to be increased and by this the entire reactive power delivered by the outgoing generator is
transferred to other generators.
c) After ensuring the current delivered by the outgoing generator is zero, it has to be disconnected
from parallel operation.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 28 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

INDUCTION MACHINE AS GENERATOR AND

4 MOTOR
AIM: i) To operate the given 3 phase induction machine as a) induction motor and b) induction
generator
ii) To conduct load test in both generating and motor modes
iii) To plot the performance characteristics and
iv) To plot power Vs slip and hence determine the hysteresis power.

APPARATUS:
[Link]. Name of the Type Range Quantity
apparatus
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 1
2. MC (0-500V) 1
3. MC (0-250V) 1
4. Ammeter MI (0-10A) 1
5. (10-0-10A) 2
6. Wattmeter Dynamometer 250V,10A,upf 1
7. Rheostat Wire Wound 272Ω 1.7A 1
8. Stopwatch 1
9. Tachometer 1

PRINCIPLE:
An induction generator is asynchronous in nature because of which it is commonly used as
windmill generator since a windmill runs at non-fixed speed. These are used in remote areas to
supplement power received from weak transmission links.
If the induction machine is driven at a speed greater than synchronous speed by a prime
mover, the direction of induced torque reverses and it acts as an induction generator. The rotating
magnetic field is set up by the magnetizing current drawn from the mains. Based on the way with
which the generator gets the required lagging reactive-power, they are classified into i) separately
excited induction generator and ii) self-excited induction generator.
Separately excited induction generator : Induction machine connected to supply mains and
driven at super-synchronous speed by its prime mover is called a separately excited induction
generator. The generator draws the required lagging reactive power from the mains.
Self excited induction generator : In this generators, the necessary lagging reactive power for its
excitation is obtained by a capacitor bank connected across the generator terminals. If the rotor of
the machine is driven by its prime-mover, the presence of residual flux causes a small emf to get
induced in the stator windings at a frequency proportional to the rotor speed. This voltage
impresses over the 3-phase capacitor gives rise to leading current drawn by the capacitor which is
equivalent to lagging current supplied to the generator. The flux set up by this current assists the

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 29 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

initial residual flux. Hence the net flux will increase causing the voltage to build up further. The
steady state voltage induced on no load is given by the intersection of magnetization characteristic
of the machine and capacitance V-A characteristic.

PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as shown in figure.

Precaution: i) Keep the dc machine (separately excited) field rheostat at maximum resistance
position (Reason: Initially dc machine will act as dc generator)
ii) Keep DPST, SPST and TPST switches open
iii) Keep rotor rheostat at maximum resistance position
Switch on the three phase supply by closing the TPST switch. Induction machine will start
as induction motor. As the motor gathers speed, gradually cut off the rotor resistance. Now, switch
on the DC supply by closing the DPST switch. Decrease the resistance of the dc motor field
rheostat (i.e., excitation is increased) and note the voltmeter reading across the SPST switch. If it
is increasing, switch off the dc supply and interchange the armature terminals A & AA. Again
switch on the dc supply keeping the motor field rheostat at maximum position. Decrease the
resistance of the field rheostat gradually and make the voltmeter reading across the SPST switch
zero. Now, the SPST switch is closed.
Again increase the excitation till the dc ammeter shows rated current (10A). Please note
that during this time, the connection of the reversing switch across the wattmeter should be such
that the wattmeter reading is positive. Note down all the meter readings and time for 10
oscillations. Now, decrease the excitation in steps for different values of dc ammeter and note all
the readings each time. This procedure is continued till the wattmeter reads zero. Note the speed
using tachometer.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 30 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

If the excitation is again decreased, induction machine will be in generator mode. Now,
interchange the connections of the pressure coil of the wattmeter using the reversing switch.
Decrease the excitation and take readings for different values of dc ammeter. This procedure is
continued till the dc ammeter reading reaches rated value (10A). Before switching off the dc
supply, increase the excitation till the dc ammeter reads zero. Now switch off the ac supply also.

TABULATION
INDUCTION MOTOR MODE (DC GENERATOR MODE)
Time Effic-
3ph Slip
Vdc Idc Vac Iac W for 10 f2 speed output input iency
Power %
osc %
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
INDUCTION GENERATOR MODE (DC MOTOR MODE)
Time Effic-
3ph Slip
Vdc Idc Vac Iac W for 10 f2 speed output input iency
Power %
osc %
2
4
6
8
9
10
12
SAMPLE CALCULATION
INDUCTION MACHINE WORKING AS MOTOR (Set No. __)
Vdc = _____V, Idc = _____A, Vac = ______V, Iac = ______A Wph = _____W
Time for 10 oscillations = ____ sec
Ns = 1000rpm
Rotor frequency, f2 = 10/T = ____Hz
Input = 3 Wph = 3 x ____ = ______W
Output = Vdc x Idc = ______W
f
% Slip = 2 100 =_______%
f

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 31 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Speed = N s (1  s ) = _______ rpm

output
Efficiency = 100 =________%
input
INDUCTION MACHINE WORKING AS GENERATOR (Set No. ___)
Vdc = ______V, Idc = ____A, Vac = ______V, Iac = _____A, Wph = _____W
Time for 10 oscillations = _____ sec
Ns = 1000rpm
Rotor frequency, f2 = 10/T = ______Hz
Input = Vdc x Idc = ______W
Output = 3 Wph = _______W
f
% Slip =  2  100 = ______% (Note: Slip is negative)
f
Speed = N s (1  s ) = ________rpm (Note: Speed will be above synchronous speed,1000rpm)
output
Efficiency = 100 =________%
input
Note: If the supply frequency is less than 50Hz, synchronous speed will be less than 1000rpm. For
example, if the supply frequency is only 49.2Hz, synchronous speed is 984rpm. Now if the speed
of the induction machine exceeds 984 rpm, it will act as generator.
MODEL GRAPHS

RESULT
Efficiency Vs output characteristics were plotted while the induction machine is operating as
generator and motor.
=====================================================================
Do you know?
1. What is an induction generator? What are its limitations?
When a 3 phase induction motor is made to run at a speed higher than its synchronous speed by means
of a prime-mover coupled with it, the 3 phase induction motor becomes a 3 phase induction generator.
Its limitations are : i) it can not run in isolation, it must take reactive power from an existing supply
network,
ii) its output voltage and frequency can not be controlled and
iii) it always operates at a leading power factor.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 32 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

2. Explain the working principle of self excited induction generator.

If the rotor of the machine is driven by its prime-mover, the presence of residual flux causes a small
emf to get induced in the stator windings at a frequency proportional to the rotor speed. This voltage
impresses over the 3-phase capacitor gives rise to leading current drawn by the capacitor which is
equivalent to lagging current supplied to the generator. The flux set up by this current assists the initial
residual flux. Hence the net flux will increase causing the voltage to build up further. The steady state
voltage induced on no load is given by the intersection of magnetization characteristic of the machine and
capacitance V-A characteristic.
The frequency generated is slightly less than that corresponding to the speed of rotation.
The terminal voltage of the generator increases with the capacitance, but its magnitude is limited by
saturation in the iron. If the capacitance is insufficient, the generator voltage will not build up. The
capacitor bank must be able to supply at least as much reactive power as the machine normally absorbs
when operating as a motor.

3. In case of a line-excited induction generator, how the slip is affecting the active power delivered?
The active power delivered to the line is directly proportional to the slip above synchronous speed.
Thus, a higher prime-mover speed produces a greater electrical output.
4. Draw the torque-slip characteristics of an induction machine.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 33 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON 3-PHASE

5 INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
i) To study the different modes of operation of a 3 phase pole changing induction motor
ii) To perform no load and blocked rotor tests on pole-changing induction motor, determine
the equivalent circuit parameters and plot the torque-speed characteristics for both low
speed and high speed connections.
iii) To draw the circle diagram and hence predetermine the performance at full load from
circle diagram at low speed.

APPARATUS:
[Link]. Name of the Type Range Quantity
apparatus
1. Voltmeter MI 0-500V 1
2. MI 0-150V 1
3 MC 0-30V 1
4. Ammeter MI 0-5A 1
5. MI 0-10/20A 1
6. MC 0-10A 1
7. Wattmeter Dynamometer 500/250/125V, 2
5/10A,UPF
8. Wattmeter Dynamometer 150V, 2
10/20A,UPF
9. Dynamometer 150V,10A,LPF 1
10. Rheostat Wire wound 9Ω,8.5A 1

PRINCIPLE:
For a given frequency, the synchronous speed is inversely proportional to the number of poles.
Synchronous speed and hence the motor speed can be changed by changing the number of poles.
Since there is no winding in rotor circuit of a squirrel cage induction motor, the rotor can adjust to
any number of stator poles. In slip ring induction motor, since the rotor is wound for same number
of stator poles, change in number of stator poles requires change in number of rotor poles which
complicates the machine. Hence, this method of speed control is only used for squirrel cage
induction motors.
If an induction motor is to run at different speeds, one way is to have different stator
windings for the motor so that it will have different synchronous speeds and the running speeds.
But this method is expensive.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 34 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Another method is to use one winding but with suitable connections for a change-over to
double/halve the number of poles. The stator winding per phase is divided into two coil groups.
By reversing the current in one coil group, change in number of poles by a factor 2 can be achieved.
The two coil groups can be connected in series or parallel.
The three phases of the machine can be connected in star or delta. By choosing a suitable
combination of series or parallel connections between coil groups of each phase and star or delta
connection between the phases, speed change can be obtained with constant torque operation,
constant power operation or variable torque operation.

Figure (1)
CONSTANT TORQUE & CONSTANT POWER OPERATIONS
The choice of winding arrangements of 3-phase, two speed motors depends on the
operating characteristics required at the two speeds. For constant torque operation, the change of
stator winding is made from series-star to parallel-star, while for constant power operation the
change is made from series-delta to parallel-star.
a) CONSTANT TORQUE TYPE
If it is desired to have constant torque at both the speeds, the arrangement is as shown in
figure (2). For low speed, the voltage is applied to terminals S 1-S2-S3 while S4-S5-S6 are left open
and for high speed operation of the motor, the voltage is applied to terminals S 4-S5-S6 and the
terminals S1-S2-S3 are shorted. The flux densities for the two speeds are approximately equal; the
motor can be considered to have a constant torque. The output of the motor is approximately
proportional to the speed.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 35 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Let V = Line voltage, I = Maximum current that the winding can carry.
Then, the power drawn from the supply is given by,
1. For series-star connection, PY  3VI cos Y
2. For parallel-star connection, PY  2 3VI cos YY
It is assumed that the power factor remains unchanged and the motor losses are negligible. With
the changeover of stator winding from series-star to parallel-star, the power drawn from the supply
is doubled. Simultaneously, the speed is also doubled. So, the motor torque remains constant.
b) CONSTANT POWER TYPE

If constant power output is to be obtained from the motor at both the speeds, i.e. the torque
is inversely proportional to the speed, the connection of the winding may be done as shown in
figure (3). For low speed operation, the voltage is applied to terminals S 1-S2-S3 and terminals S4-
S5-S6 are left open, while for high speed operation, the voltage is applied to terminals S 4-S5-S6 and
S1-S2-S3 are shorted.
1. For series-delta connection, P  3VI cos  
2. For parallel-star connection, PY  2 3VI cos YY  3.46VI cos YY
After changeover from series-delta to parallel-star, the power increases slightly (about
15%), if power factor is assumed to remain constant. The constant power connection is the most
expensive, because in this case the motor size becomes the largest.
PROCEDURE:

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 36 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

A) NO LOAD TEST ON LOW SPEED MOTOR

Make the connections as shown in figure.

Precautions : i) Keep the autotransformer in minimum voltage position

ii) Keep belt on brake drum in loose position (motor on no load)
Switch on the 3 phase supply by closing TPST switch. Adjust the autotransformer and
apply rated voltage to the stator. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings. (If
any of the wattmeter reads negative, switch off the supply and interchange the connections of the
pressure coil (or current coil) of that wattmeter).

TABULATION
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST (LOW
NO LOAD TEST (LOW SPEED)
SPEED)
Voc Ioc W1 W2 Woc Vsc Isc W1 W2 Wsc

Stator Resistance Measurement

[Link]. V (volts) I (amps) Rdc=V/I Ω

1.
2.
3.
Rdc

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 37 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

B) BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON LOW SPEED MOTOR

Make the connections as shown in figure.

Precautions : i) Keep the autotransformer in minimum voltage position

ii) Rotor is blocked by tightening the belt on the brake drum.
Switch on the 3 phase supply. Adjust the autotransformer so that rated current (to get full
load copper loss) flows in the ammeter. Note down voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.
(If any of the wattmeter reads negative, switch off the supply and interchange the connections of
the pressure coil (or current coil) of that wattmeter).
A) NO LOAD TEST ON HIGH SPEED MOTOR
Make the connections as shown in figure.

Precautions : i) Keep the autotransformer in minimum voltage position

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 38 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

ii) Keep belt on brake drum in loose position (motor on no load)

Switch on the 3 phase supply by closing TPST switch. Adjust the autotransformer and
apply rated voltage to the stator. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings. (If
any of the wattmeter reads negative, switch off the supply and interchange the connections of the
pressure coil (or current coil) of that wattmeter).

TABULATION
NO LOAD TEST (HIGH SPEED) BLOCKED ROTOR TEST (HIGH
SPEED)
Voc Ioc W1 W2 Woc Vsc Isc W1 W2 Wsc

B) BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON HIGH SPEED MOTOR

Make the connections as shown in figure.

Precautions : i) Keep the autotransformer in minimum voltage position

ii) Rotor is blocked by tightening the belt on the brake drum.
Switch on the 3 phase supply. Adjust the autotransformer so that rated current (to get full
load copper loss) flows in the ammeter. Note down voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.
(If any of the wattmeter reads negative, switch off the supply and interchange the connections of
the pressure coil (or current coil) of that wattmeter).
C) STATOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Make the connections as shown in figure.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 39 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Precautions : Keep the rheostat in maximum resistance position

Switch on 28V d.c. supply. Note down voltmeter and ammeter readings for different
positions of rheostat. Switch off the supply.
3
(Note: For low speed connection, Resistance/phase = x Delta resistance. For high speed
2
3
connection, Resistance/phase= x Delta resistance)
8
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS (LOW SPEED)
Voc = _____V , Ioc = _____A , Woc = ______W
Vsc = _____V, Isc = _____A, Wsc = ______W
Rdc = ______Ω
Per phase values are
I
Vo  Voc  _____ V I o  oc  ____ A
3
I
Vs  Vsc  _____ V I s  sc  ____ A
3
W
cos  0  oc = _______
3Vo I o
sin  0  _______
Vo
Rc  =_________Ω
I o  cos  o
Vo
Xm  = ________Ω
I o  sin  o
Vs
Z o1  = _________Ω
Is

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 40 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Wsc
Ro1  = _______Ω
3I s 2

X o1  Z o12  Ro12 = ________Ω 1 s

RL '  R2 '( )
3 s
R1   1.2  Rdc = __________Ω
2
R2  Ro1  R1 = ________Ω
'

X o1
X 1  X 2'  = ______ Ω
2
TORQUE SPEED CHARACTERISTICS FROM EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT – LOW
SPEED
Synchronous speed, Ns = 750 rpm
Assume speed = N = 710 rpm (Take N = 0 to 750rpm in steps of 30rpm)
750  710
Slip = s  N s  N  100% =  100  5.33%
Ns 750
V = 400V
V
Rotor current, I 2 '  = ____________A per phase
R '
( R1  2 ) 2  ( X 1  X 2 ' ) 2
s
R2 '
Rotor Input P2= 3I 2 '2 = _______W
s
P2 P2
Torque developed = = = _________N-m
2 N s 750
( ) 2 
60 60
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS (HIGH SPEED)
Vo = _______V , Io = ______A , Wo = _______W
Vsc = _______V, Isc = ______A, Wsc = _______W
V
I o  I oc  _____ A Vo  oc  ____ V
3
V
I s  I sc  _____ A Vs  sc  ____ V
3
W
cos  0  oc = _______
3Vo I o
sin  0  _______
Vo
Rc  =_________Ω
I o  cos  o
Vo
Xm  = ________Ω
I o  sin  o

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 41 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Vs
Z o1  = _________Ω
Is
Wsc
Ro1  = _______Ω
3I s 2
X o1  Z o12  Ro12 = ________Ω
3
R1   1.2  Rdc = ________Ω
8 1 s
RL '  R2 '( )
s
R2  Ro1  R1 =_______Ω
'

X o1
X 2  X 2'  = ______Ω
2

TORQUE SPEED CHARACTERISTICS FROM EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT – HIGH

SPEED
Synchronous speed, Ns = 1500 rpm
Assume speed = N = 1440 rpm (Take N = 0 to 1500rpm in steps of 60rpm)
N N 1500  1440
Slip = s  s  100% =  100  4 %
Ns 1500
440
V  254V
3

Rotor current, I 2 '  V = _________ A per phase

R '
( R1  2 ) 2  ( X 1  X 2 ' )2
s
R2 '
Rotor Input P2 = 3  I 2 ' 2
= ________W
s
P2 P2
Torque developed = = = _________N-m
2 N s 1500
( )
60 2    60
Note: Find the torque for different values of speed and hence plot torque Vs speed characteristics
using MATLAB, C, EXCEL or any software.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 42 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

TABULATION
LOW SPEED HIGH SPEED
[Link]. Speed Slip Torque Speed Slip Torque
1 0 0
2 30 60
3 60 120
4 90 180
5 120 240
6 150 300
7 180 360
8 210 420
9 240 480
10 270 540
11 300 600
12 330 660
13 360 720
14 390 780
15 420 840
16 450 900
17 480 960
18 510 1020
19 540 1080
20 570 1140
21 600 1200

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 43 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

22 630 1260
23 660 1320
24 690 1380
25 710 1440
26 750 1500

CIRCLE DIAGRAM
Voc = 400V , Ioc = ___ A , Woc = _____ W
Vsc = _____ V, Isc = 7.8A, Wsc = _____ W
Per phase values are
I
Vo  Voc  _____ V I o  oc  ____ A
3
I
Vs  Vsc  _____ V I s  sc  ____ A
3
3
R1  1.2  Rdc
2
Rdc = _____ Ω
3
R1   1.2  Rdc = ______ Ω
2
W
Ro1  sc2 = _______ Ω
3I s
R2 '  Ro1  R1 = _______ Ω
BG R2 '
 = ______
BD Ro1
BG = _____ x BD
Selection of current and power scale
Current scale = 1cm = ______ A
Ioc = _______A (= ______cm)
V
I SN  ( rated ) I sc = _______A(= _______cm)
Vsc
Woc
 o  cos 1 ( ) = _______ ˚
3Voc I oc
Wsc
 SC  cos 1 ( ) = _______˚
3Vsc I sc
Power Scale = 3 Vrated  Current Scale = _______ W = 1cm

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 44 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

PERFORMANCE AT FULL LOAD FROM CIRCLE DIAGRAM

Full load output = 3700W = PQ = _______cm
Full load current = OP x current scale = ______A
PT
Full load power factor = = ______lag
OP
Rotor copper loss at full load = QR x power scale = _______W
Stator copper loss at full load = RS x power scale = _______W
Constant loss = ST x power scale = _______W
Rotor input at full load = PR x power scale = ________ W
Torque developed at full load = PR x power scale ([Link])
60
= PR x power scale x N-m
2 N s
= ________N-m
Stator input at full load = PT x power scale = ________W
PQ
Efficiency at full load =  100% = _________%
PT
QR
Slip at full load, s = = ________
PR
Speed at full load = (1  s )  N s = _______rpm

Starting torque developed = BG x power scale x 60 N-m = _______N-m

2 N s

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 45 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

60
Maximum torque developed = I I’ x power scale x N-m = _______N-m
2 N s
Maximum output = HH’ x power scale = ________W
Maximum input = JJ’ x power scale = _________W

RESULT
i) Different modes of operation of a 3-phase pole-changing induction motor studied.
ii) No-load and blocked rotor tests conducted with low and high speed connections
iii) Equivalent circuit parameters determined for both low and high speed.
iv) Torque-speed characteristics plotted for both low and high speed.
i) Performance determined from circle diagram at low speed.

=====================================================================
Do you know?
1. Why is no load current in a 3 phase induction motor more than that in a transformer?
Because of the air gap, the magnetizing current is far larger in an induction motor than in a transformer
for the same VA rating. Also, induction motor has friction and windage loss in addition to core loss. In
induction motor, no load current is about 30 to 40% of full load current.
2. Why is the power factor on no load less than 0.5?
The no load current is mainly used for magnetizing the core which is inductive in nature. Hence the power
factor is less.
3. On blocked rotor test, the power factor may be less than 0.5. Give reason.
Current during blocked rotor test, I sc  Vsc , and Xo1 » Ro1 . Hence, the power factor is less.
Ro1  jX o1
4. The rotor core loss of an induction motor under running condition is usually neglected. Why ?
During running condition, rotor frequency = slip x supply frequency. Since slip is very small (2 to 8%
during running condition), rotor frequency is small; the rotor core loss is less and neglected.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 46 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

5. What happens if one of the supply phases is dead at the instant of starting?
Motor will not start because the resulting supply system is single phase.
6. During running condition, if one of the fuses blows, what happens?
If the motor is on no load or light load, the motor will continue to run.
7. No load test should always be conducted at rated voltage but the blocked rotor test may be
conducted at any current (rated current not necessary). Why?
In blocked rotor test, wattmeter reading gives copper loss which is proportional to square of the current.
By knowing copper loss at any load, we can calculate the copper loss at rated current. But, in no load test,
wattmeter reads core loss which has two components, hysteresis loss (proportional to V 1.6) and eddy current
loss (proportional to V2).Hence, Core loss is equal to K1 V1.6 + K2 V2 . Two proportionality constants, make
it not possible to convert core loss at one voltage to another voltage.
8. What you mean by plugging?
It is a type of electric braking used in induction motors where the braking torque is produced by
interchanging any two supply terminals. Here, the direction of rotation of the rotating magnetic field is
reversed with respect to the rotation of the motor. The electromagnetic torque developed provides the
braking action and brings the rotor to a quick stop.
9. What is the difference between electrical degree & mechanical degree?
Electrical angle is a measure of one cycle of emf or current wave. 1 cycle=360˚ electrical. One revolution
P
is equal to 360˚ mechanical.  elec    mech
2
10. What are the methods of reducing the space harmonics?
a. Distributing the winding in slots
b. Using the short-pitched winding
c. Skewing the slots
d. Using fractional-slot winding
11. Explain the reasons for lower power factor of low speed, 3 phase induction motors as compared
to that of high speed motors.
Because of larger number of poles in low speed 3 phase induction motors as compared to high speed
motors, magnetizing current is more due to increase in leakages, which increases with the increase in
number of poles. So the power factor of low speed induction motors is poor in comparison to that for
high speed induction motors.
12. If the number of poles on a motor is increased to lower the speed, how will the power factor be
affected?
Power factor will be reduced.
13. Speed control by pole changing method is applicable only to squirrel cage induction motors.
Why?
The rotor of a squirrel cage induction motor can adjust to any number of stator poles. For wound rotor
induction motor, rotor is wound for same number of poles as the stator. When the stator winding is
changed for different poles, rotor also should be changed for the same number of poles which is not
practical.
14. What you mean by plugging in an induction motor?
While an induction motor is rotating in one direction, if the phase sequence is changed suddenly, the stator
rotating magnetic field will rotate opposite to the rotation of the rotor. The motor will come to zero

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 47 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

speed rapidly. This type of braking of an induction motor is called plugging. At zero speed, unless the
supply is disconnected, the motor will accelerate in the opposite direction.
15. What you mean by DC dynamic braking in induction motor?
In DC dynamic braking, the stator running at a speed is
connected to a dc supply. The dc flowing through the stator
sets up a stationary field. This induces rotor currents
which produce a torque to bring the rotor to rest quickly.
The torque developed and the retardation during braking
can be controlled by the amount of dc power. Additional
resistances are used in stator and rotor circuit to control
the dc excitation and braking torques respectively. The dc
supply can be either separate dc source or a rectified dc
supply derived from the ac source through a diode
rectifier.
16. What happens to a slip ring induction motor if 3 phase supply is given to rotor windings
keeping the stator terminals shorted?
The three phase rotor current will produce a rotating field in the air gap, which will rotate at the
synchronous speed with respect to the rotor. Voltage and current will be induced in the stator windings.
According to Lenz’s law, the rotor will rotate opposite to the direction of the rotating field so that the
induced voltage in the stator winding is decreased.
17. How can frequencies greater than the supply frequency can be obtained with the use of a 3
phase slip ring induction motor?
By running the rotor against the direction of rotating magnetic field by means of a prime-mover. If rotor
speed is Nr rpm and rotating magnetic field speed Ns, then relative speed between rotor conductors and
rotating magnetic field would be (Ns+Nr) rpm. This gives rotor frequency f2 of the voltage at slip rings
as f 2  P ( N s  N r ) Hz which is higher than the supply frequency f 2  PN s .
120 120
18. What is the advantage of slip ring induction motor?
The slip ring induction motor gives high starting torque with low starting current. These motors are well
suited for high inertia loads which take a long time to accelerate (lifts, cranes etc).
19. What are the speed control methods used in slip ring induction motors?
a) Stator voltage variation, b) Rotor resistance variation, c) Slip power recovery
20. What are the advantages of addition of external rotor resistance at starting?
a) It decreases the starting current, b) increases the starting torque and c) improves the starting power
factor.
21. What are the differences between a transformer and induction motor?
a. A transformer is a static device where as an induction motor is a rotating device. Therefore an air gap
exists in an induction motor. Due to the presence of air gap, the magnetizing current is pretty high in an
induction motor.
b. Because of the presence of air gap, the leakage reactances in an induction motor are higher than in a
transformer.
c. The losses are higher and the efficiency is lower in an induction motor than in transformer.
d. The transformer winding consists of concentrated coils. In induction motor, the windings are distributed
in slots.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 48 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

V CURVES OF 3-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS

6 GENERATOR AND SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
AIM: i) To synchronize a 3 phase alternator to the supply mains using bright lamp method
ii) Plot the V curves and inverted V curves when synchronous machine is acting as
generator and motor at no load and constant power.

APPARATUS:
[Link]. Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 2
2. MC (0-300V) 1
3 MC (0-30V) 1
4. Ammeter MI (0-15A) 1
5. MC (0-3A) 1
6. Rheostat Wire Wound 145Ω 2.5A 2
7. 272Ω 1.7A 1
8. Tachometer 1

PRINCIPLE:
Assume constant power operation of a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus.
The equivalent circuit, neglecting the stator resistance, and the phasor diagram are shown in
figures. For a 3 phase machine, the power transfer is P = 3VIacosф. Because V is constant, for
constant power operation I a cos  is constant; that is, the in-phase component of the stator current
on the axis of the phase V is constant. The locus of the stator current is therefore the vertical line
passing through the current phasor for unity power factor.

Synchronous machine acting as generator

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 49 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Synchronous machine acting as motor

In figure, phasor diagrams are drawn for three stator currents:

Ia = Ia1 , lagging V
= Ia2 , in phase with V
=Ia3 , leading V
For these stator currents the excitation voltages Ef1, Ef2 and Ef3 (representing the field currents If1,
If2 and If3, respectively) are drawn to satisfy the phasor relationship E f  V  jI a X s for
synchronous motor and E f  V  jI a X s for synchronous generator. The power can also be
VE f
expressed as P  3 sin  . Again for constant power operation, E f sin  is constant. Thus the
Xs
locus of Ef (or If) is also a straight line parallel to the phasor V such that the vertical difference
between the locus of Ef and the phasor V is constant and equals E f sin  .

The excitation voltage Ef changes linearly with the field current If. Therefore, as If is
changed, Ef will change along the locus of Ef and Ia will change along the locus of Ia, signifying a
change in the power factor angle ф of the stator current.

When the machine is working as synchronous motor, for low field current If1,
underexcitation (Ef = Ef1), the stator current (Ia = Ia1) is large and lagging. The stator current is

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 50 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

minimum (Ia = Ia2) and at unity power factor for the field current If2 (Ef = Ef2) which is called
normal excitation. For larger field current If2, overexcitation (Ef = Ef3) the stator current (Ia = Ia3)
is large and leading. The variation of the stator current with the field current for constant-power
operation is shown in figure. This is known as the V-curve because of the characteristic shape. The
variation of the power factor with the field current is the inverted V-curve.

When the machine is working as synchronous generator, for low field current I f1,
underexcitation (Ef = Ef1), the stator current (Ia = Ia1) is large and leading. The stator current is
minimum (Ia = Ia2) and at unity power factor for the field current If2 (Ef = Ef2) which is called
normal excitation. For larger field current If2, overexcitation (Ef = Ef3) the stator current (Ia = Ia3)
is large and lagging.

When the machines is working as generator, it supplies a lagging power factor current
when over-excited and leading power factor current when under-excited. When the machine is
working as motor, it draws a leading power factor current when over-excited and draws a lagging
power factor current when under excited.
If the synchronous machine is not transferring any power but is simply floating on the
infinite bus, the power factor is zero, that is, the stator current either leads or lags the stator voltage
by 90˚. The magnitude of the stator current changes as the field current is changed, but the stator
current is always reactive. Looking for the machine terminals, the machine behaves as a variable
inductor or capacitor as the field current is changed. An unloaded synchronous machine is called
a synchronous condenser and may be used to regulate the receiving end voltage of a long power
transmission line.

PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as per the diagram.

Precautions : i) Keep dc motor field rheostat in minimum position

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 51 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

ii) Keep alternator field potential divider in the minimum voltage position
iii) Keep DPDT, DPST, TPST1, TPST2 switches open
iv) Keep the load on DC side in off position.
Switch on the supply to the dc motor (DPDT switch in position 1-1’). Start the motor using the 3
point starter and increase the speed to the synchronous speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
Now, switch on the supply to the alternator field and vary the potential divider so that the generated
voltage is nearly equal to rated value. Close the TPST switch and note down the 3 phase supply
voltage. Adjust the potential divider and make the generator terminal voltage equal to the 3 phase
supply voltage. Now, the lamps will flicker in sequence. If the lamps are flickering uniformly ie.
all the lamps become dim or bright simultaneously (phase sequence is wrong), then interchange
the two terminals of the 3 phase supply voltage after switching off the TPST and DPST switches.
If the flickering is so fast, the motor field rheostat is adjusted very slightly so that the frequency of
flickering is convenient and the synchronization switch is closed when two lamps show maximum
brightness and the third dark. Synchronization is over. Now, the wattmeter shows zero reading.
Synchronous machine working as generator
Now, decrease the field current of the dc motor (i.e. make synchronous machine in generator mode)
so that wattmeter reads a specified output (say, 600W per phase) (Please take care of the
multiplication factor of wattmeter). Keeping the wattmeter reading at 600W/phase, increase the
synchronous machine field current If by adjusting the potential divider so that ammeter reading Ia
shows rated current. Note If and Ia. Now decrease If gradually and note down Ia each time. We can
see that Ia decreases from rated current, reaches minimum, again increases and reaches rated value.
Wattmeter reading should be same while taking each reading (Otherwise, vary motor field
rheostat). Ia Vs If curve (V curve) is plotted for the generator for a constant power output of 1800W.
Now increase If so that armature current is minimum. Increase the motor field current, so that
wattmeter reads zero.
Synchronous machine working as motor
For getting V curves of synchronous motor on no load, switch off the supply to the dc machine
and connect the dc machine to the lamp load by using DPDT switch when the wattmeter reading
is zero and ammeter reading minimum. Now the synchronous machine will act as motor and dc
machine as generator. Note down the wattmeter reading which shows the no-load losses of both
dc machine and synchronous motor. Increase the field current If of synchronous machine till the
armature current Ia becomes rated value and note down the readings. Decrease If in steps and note
down Ia each time. Plot the V-curves (Ia Vs If) for synchronous motor on no-load. Now, for getting
V curves of synchronous motor drawing constant power input (say, 800W/phase), vary the
lamp/water load and make the wattmeter reading equal to 800W/phase. Increase the field current
of the synchronous machine to rated current and the above procedure is repeated. Plot the V curves
of the synchronous motor drawing constant power input.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 52 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

GENERATING
MOTOR MODE MOTOR MODE
Sl. MODE
No OUTPUT = ON NO LOAD
INPUT = _________W
. ________W (INPUT = _______W)
Ia If cosф Ia If cosф Ia If cosф
(lag/lead) (lag/lead) (lag/lead)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Note: a) Over-excited synchronous generator operates at lagging p.f. and under-excited
synchronous generator at leading p.f. and b) over-excited synchronous motor operates at leading
p.f. and under-excited synchronous motor at lagging p.f.

MODEL GRAPH

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 53 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

SAMPLE CALCULATION (Set No. ____)

Generator delivering an output of ______W.

V = 400V, Ia = ____A, If = ____A, Iamin = _____A

I
cos   a min = _______ lag (/lead) (Note : under-excited → lead & over-excited → lag)
Ia
Motor drawing an input of _______W.

V = 400V, Ia = _____A, If = _____A, Iamin = _____A

I
cos   a min = _______ lead (/lag) (Note : under-excited → lag & over-excited → lead)
Ia

RESULT
3 phase synchronous machine was synchronized to the supply mains using bright lamp
method and V-curves and inverted V-curves were plotted while the synchronous machine is
working as generator and motor.

=====================================================================
Do you know?
1. What is infinite busbar?
A supply system with large number of synchronous generators in parallel and operating at constant voltage
and frequency is called infinite busbar. (It has zero synchronous impedance Zs and infinite rotational
inertia).
2. What are the conditions for paralleling an alternator with the infinite bus?
Before the alternator can be connected to the infinite bus, the incoming alternator and the infinite bus must
have the same i) voltage ii) frequency iii) phase sequence and iv) phase.
3. What is the effect of increase in excitation of a synchronous motor?
When the excitation of a synchronous motor is increased, first power factor improves until it becomes
unity and with the further increase in excitation the power factor becomes leading one and decreases.
4. A synchronous motor develops some mechanical power, even if the field is unexcited. Is it
cylindrical or salient pole machine?
Salient pole
5. What is meant by synchronous condenser?
Synchronous condenser is overexcited synchronous motor on no load. It is used for power factor
improvement since it draws leading current.
6. What is meant by hunting of synchronous motor?
The oscillation of synchronous motor rotor about its equilibrium position is called the hunting. The
causes of hunting are i) sudden change in load, ii) fault in supply system and iii) sudden change in field
current. It can be reduced by using damper bars, using flywheel or designing the synchronous machine
with suitable synchronizing-power coefficient.
7. How is the speed of a synchronous motor varied?

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 54 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

By varying the frequency of supply voltage.

8. Why a 3 phase synchronous motor will always run at synchronous speed?
The synchronous motor always runs at synchronous speed because there is an inter-locking action
between stator and rotor fields of this motor.
9. A synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus bar is over excited. Considering only
the reactive power, from the point of view of the system, the machine act as _______.
Capacitor.
10. Explain synchronization by bright-lamp method?
In this method, three lamps are connected as shown in figure. By running the alternator at synchronous
speed and by adjusting the field excitation, the armature voltage is increased near to rated value. If all the
three lamps become bright and dim in sequence, the phase sequences of both the incoming generator and
bus-bar are the same. If they become bright and dim simultaneously, the phase sequence of the incoming
alternator should be reversed (by interchanging any two leads of incoming alternator).

Now, the field excitation is adjusted such that voltages of the incoming alternator and the bus-bar are equal.
The speed of the prime-mover of the incoming machine is further adjusted slowly until the lamps flicker at
a very low rate. The paralleling switch is closed at the instant when one lamp is dark and other two are
maximum bright. The incoming alternator thus gets connected in parallel with the bus-bar.
11. A salient-pole synchronous motor is running with normal excitation. If the field excitation is
reduced to zero, what happens?
It becomes reluctance motor
12. NOTE: 44MW, 10kV, 60Hz, 50pole, 144rpm synchronous motor is used to drive the Queen
Elizabeth II passenger ship (Second largest luxury ship after Queen Mary II). A solid state V/f drive circuit
provides speed control though frequency adjustment. After 40 years of service, in 2009, this ship has
become a seven star hotel in Dubai.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 55 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

NO-LOAD AND BLOCKED-ROTOR TESTS ON

7 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM: i) To conduct the no load and blocked rotor tests on single phase induction motor
ii) To find the equivalent circuit parameters
iii) To predetermine its performance at rated speed.
APPARATUS:
[Link]. Name of the Type Range Quantity
apparatus
1. Voltmeter MI (0-250V) 1
2. MI (0-100V) 1
3. MC (0-30V) 1
4. Ammeter MI (0-10A) 1
5. MC (0-10A) 1
6. Wattmeter Dynamometer 250,10A, LPF 1
type
7. 125V,10A, UPF 1
8. Rheostat Wire-wound 9Ω,8.5A 1
PRINCIPLE:
Since a single phase induction motor does not have a starting torque, it needs special
methods of starting. The stator is provided with two windings, called main and auxiliary windings,
whose axes are space displaced by 90 electrical degrees. The rotor is of squirrel cage construction.
The auxiliary winding is excited by a current which is out of phase with the current in the main
winding, both current derived from the same supply mains. The auxiliary winding is disconnected
by a centrifugal switch after the motor has achieved about 75% speed. Depending upon the starting
methods, single phase induction motors are classified into i) split phase motor, ii) capacitor start
motor, iii) Capacitor start and run motor, iv) shaded pole motor and v) repulsion start induction
run motor. In all these methods, it will act as a two-phase motor at the time of starting.
Here, no load and blocked rotor tests on capacitor start induction motor are done. In a
capacitor start motor, the main (or running) and auxiliary (or starting) windings are space displaced
by 90˚. The time displacement between the currents in the main and auxiliary winding is achieved
by connecting a capacitor in series with auxiliary winding. By using a capacitor of proper value,
the current Ia in the auxiliary winding can be made to lead the current Im in the main winding by
90˚ at standstill. Thus the motor develops a starting torque. Both the capacitor and auxiliary
winding are designed for short time duty and are disconnected by centrifugal switch when the
motor has reached 75% speed.
PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST
Make the connections as shown in the diagram.
Precaution: Keep the autotransformer at minimum voltage position.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 56 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Switch on the supply. Adjust the autotransformer and apply rated voltage. Note down the ammeter,
voltmeter and wattmeter readings. Switch off the supply.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

Make the connections as shown in the diagram.

Note: For blocked rotor test, the auxiliary winding is disconnected and only the main winding is
connected to ac supply.
Precaution: Keep the autotransformer at minimum voltage position.
Switch on the supply. Adjust the autotransformer and make the current equal to rated value.
Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings. Switch off the supply.

STATOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Make the connections as shown in the diagram.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 57 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Precaution: Keep the rheostat at maximum resistance position.

Switch on 28V d.c. supply. Note down voltmeter and ammeter readings for different
positions of rheostat. Switch off the supply.
TABULATION
NO LOAD TEST BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Vo Io Wo Vsc Isc Wsc

Stator Resistance Measurement

[Link]. V (volts) I (amps) Rdc=V/I Ω

1.
2.
3.
Rdc

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 58 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

CALCULATION

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

Vsc = _____V, Isc = _____A, Wsc = ______W
W
cos  sc  sc = ________
Vsc I sc
Wsc
Rsc  R1  R2 '  = _______Ω
I sc 2
R1dc = ______ Ω
R1 = 1.2 x R1dc = _______Ω
R2  Rsc  R1 = _______Ω
Vsc
Z SC  = _______ Ω
I sc

X sc  X 1  X 2 '  Z sc 2  Rsc 2 = __________ Ω

X sc
X1  X 2 '  = _________ Ω
2
NO LOAD TEST
Vo = _______V , Io = _____A ,
Rotational losses, Wo = ______W
X m Vo
 = ________ Ω
2 Io
Xm = ________Ω

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 59 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Predetermination of the steady state performance at rated speed (N = 1425 rpm)

N  N 1500  1425
At rated speed, slip = s  s =  0.05
Ns 1500
Equivalent circuit at rated speed is given by,
 jX   R ' jX ' 
Forward impedance, Z f  R f  jX f   m  //  2  2  = _______ Ω
 2   2s 2 

 jX   R2 ' jX ' 
Backward impedance, Z b  Rb  jX b   m  //   2  = _______ Ω
 2   2(2  s ) 2 

Total impedance, Z  ( R1  jX 1 )  Z f  Z b =_______ Ω

V10
Current, I1    = _______ Ω
Z
Power factor = cos  = ______lag
Input power = V1 I1 cos  =________W
Forward torque, T f  I12 R f [Link] = _________sync.watts
Reverse torque, Tb  I12 Rb [Link] = ________sync.watts
Resultant torque, T  T f  Tb = ________ [Link]
Mechanical power developed Pmech= (1  s )T = _______watts
Output power = Pmech – Wo = _______W
T
Resultant torque in N-m = = _______N-m
Ns
2
60
Output
Efficiency = 100 = _______%
Input

RESULT :
i) No load and blocked rotor tests on single phase induction motor were conducted
ii) Equivalent circuit parameters determined and
iii) its performance at rated speed determined from equivalent circuit

=====================================================================
Do you know?
1. What is double field revolving theory ?
A alternating sinusoidal flux    m sin t can be represented by 2 revolving fluxes each equal to one-

half of the maximum value of alternating flux (=  m ) and each rotating at synchronous speed ( N s  120 f
2 P
) in opposite directions.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 60 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

If the rotor is stationary and the stator winding is connected to a single phase supply, a pulsating flux (not
rotating) is produced. This pulsating flux induces current by transformer action in the rotor circuit, which
in turn produces a pulsating rotor flux along the same axis as the stator flux. By Lenz’s law, these two
fluxes tend to oppose each other. As the angle between these fluxes is zero, no starting torque is developed.
2. How will you reverse the direction of rotation of a single phase induction motor ?
Interchange the connections of either main winding or auxiliary winding (not both).
3. Why are the single phase induction motors with one stator winding not self starting?
If the rotor is stationary and the stator winding is connected to a single phase supply, a pulsating flux (not
rotating) is produced. This pulsating flux induces current by transformer action in the rotor circuit, which
in turn produces a pulsating rotor flux along the same axis as the stator flux. By Lenz’s law, these two
fluxes tend to oppose each other. As the angle between these fluxes is zero, no starting torque is developed.
4. How will you start a single phase induction motor?
Single phase motor can be started either by spinning the rotor or by using auxiliary winding.
A pulsating field is equivalent to two rotating fields of half the magnitude but rotating at the same
synchronous speed in opposite directions. Both these rotating fluxes produce torque, although in opposite
directions. At standstill, these two torques, forward and backward, are equal in magnitude and therefore
the resultant starting torque is zero. At any other speed, the two torques are unequal and the resultant
torque keeps the motor rotating in the direction rotation.
5. Why are centrifugal switches provided on many 1-phase induction motors?
To disconnect the starting/auxiliary winding from the supply when the motor reaches about 70% of
synchronous speed.
6. What is the typical capacitor value for a capacitor run induction motor?
300 μF for 0.5 hp motor
7. What is a universal motor?
Single phase series motor can be used with either a dc source or a single phase ac source, hence there are
called universal motors. They are used in domestic appliances such as portable tools, drills, mixers and
vacuum cleaners and usually are light in weight and operate at high speeds (1500 to 10,000rpm).
8. What you mean by synchronous speed in a linear induction motor?
Synchronous speed is speed of the primary flux. It is a function of the frequency of the applied voltage and
the span of the primary coils (pole pitch). In one cycle of applied voltage, the magnetic field travels a linear
distance equal to two pole pitches.
If Us = synchronous speed (m/s), τ = pole pitch (m) and f = supply frequency (Hz)
Us = 2τf
Synchronous speed is not dependent on the number of poles. Any number of poles may be used, odd or even.
Speed of secondary = U = Us(1-2) and slip, s  U s  U .
Us
Reversal of direction of speed linear induction motor is accomplished by reversing the phase sequence of
the primary voltage.
Primary of linear induction motor is wound similar to the stator of a squirrel cage motor, except that the
windings are laid in a straight line. The secondary is a conducting sheet or rail of copper or aluminum.
Although the conducting rail has no squirrel cage bars, the induced eddy currents in the rail develop a
force in a direction to oppose the relative motion.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 61 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION

8 MOTOR
AIM: i) To conduct brake (load) test on 3 phase slip ring induction motor
ii) To plot the efficiency Vs output characteristics

APPARATUS:
[Link]. Name of the Type Range Quantity
apparatus
1. Voltmeter MI 0-500V 1
2. Ammeter MI 0-10A 1
3. Wattmeter Dynamometer 500/10A UPF 2
4. Tachometer 1

PRINCIPLE:
Depending upon the construction of rotor, there are two types of 3-phase induction motors
- a) squirrel cage and b) wound rotor or slip ring type.
A squirrel cage rotor has a number of conducting bars (made of copper or aluminum) laid
in the slots of the rotor core. These bars are short-circuited at both ends by conducting end rings.
The cage winding is adaptable to any number of poles. The cage rotor motor is cheap and robust.
However it’s starting torque is low.
A wound rotor has a laminated core with slots on its outer surface. These slots carry 3-
phase rotor winding, which is similar to the stator winding. Both the stator and rotor windings are
designed for the same number of poles. The 3-phase rotor winding is usually star connected. The
ends of three phases are tied to slip rings mounted on the motor shaft. The rotor windings are
shorted through brushes, which ride on the slip rings. Thus the rotor currents are accessible at these
brushes. Extra resistance can be connected to the slip rings. This extra resistance is usually
necessary to give a high starting torque.
The simplest and cheapest method of starting wound-rotor induction motors is by means
of added rotor resistance, with full-line voltage across the stator terminals. At the time of start, the
addition of external resistance in the rotor circuit of a wound-rotor induction motor i) decreases its
starting current ii) increases its starting torque and iii) improves its starting power factor.
A wound-rotor induction motor is used for loads requiring large starting torque or for loads
requiring speed control. A wound-rotor induction motor is more expensive than a squirrel-cage
motor and also it requires more maintenance because of the brushes and slip rings. A wound-rotor
motor may be used for hoists, cranes, elevators, compressors etc.

PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as shown in the diagram.
Precautions : i) Keep the autotransformer in minimum voltage position

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 62 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

ii) Keep belt on brake drum in loose position (motor on no load)

iii) Starter handle should be in maximum anticlockwise position (External rotor
resistance is maximum)
Switch on the 3 phase supply. Adjust the autotransformer and apply rated voltage to the
stator. By pressing the push button provided on the starter, rotate the handle of the starter slowly
in clockwise direction so that rotor resistance is gradually cut off. Now, the motor runs on no-load.
By tightening the brakedrum, increase the load on the motor upto rated value (=7.5A). Note
down the speed, spring balance readings, voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings. Now
decrease the load in steps upto no load and note down the readings each time. If any of the
wattmeter readings shows negative on no load or light loads, switch of the supply & interchange
the terminals of pressure coils/current coils (not both) of that wattmeter. Now, again starting the
motor (follow above procedure for starting), take readings. Switch off the supply after reducing
the load on the motor to zero. Measure the radius of the brake drum

TABULATION:
S. V I W1 W2 Input W N S1 S2 Power Slip Torque Out- η%
No =W1+W2 Factor % N-m put
1
2 3
3 3.5
4 4
5 4.5

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 63 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

6 5
7 5.5
8 6
9 6.5
10 7
11 7.5

SAMPLE CALCULATION (Set No. ____)

V= ______ V I = ______ A W1 = _______ W W2 = _______ W

N =_______ rpm S1 = ________Kg S2 =________Kg
Radius of brake drum R = 0.135 m
Synchronous speed Ns = 1500rpm
Input Power W= W1 + W2 = _________ watts
Power factor, cosΦ1= cos(tan 1 3  (W1  W2 ) ) =__________
(W1  W2 )
Ns  N
Percentage slip, s =   100 =_________%
Ns
Torque T  R  (S1  S2 )  g = _________ N-m
Output power  2 NT = _________W
60
output
Efficiency,    100 = _________%
input

RESULT
ii) Brake test conducted on 3-phase slip-ring induction motor
iii) Performance characteristics plotted

=====================================================================

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 64 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Do you know?
1. What happens to a slip ring induction motor if 3 phase supply is given to rotor windings
keeping the stator terminals shorted?
The three phase rotor current will produce a rotating field in the air gap, which will rotate at the
synchronous speed with respect to the rotor. Voltage and current will be induced in the stator windings.
According to Lenz’s law, the rotor will rotate opposite to the direction of the rotating field so that the
induced voltage in the stator winding is decreased.
2. How can frequencies greater than the supply frequency can be obtained with the use of a 3
phase slip ring induction motor?
By running the rotor against the direction of rotating magnetic field by means of a prime-mover. If rotor
speed is Nr rpm and rotating magnetic field speed Ns, then relative speed between rotor conductors and
rotating magnetic field would be (Ns+Nr) rpm. This gives rotor frequency f2 of the voltage at slip rings as
P ( N s  N r ) Hz which is higher than the supply frequency PN s .
f2  f2 
120 120
3. What is the advantage of slip ring induction motor?
The slip ring induction motor gives high starting torque with low starting current. These motors are well
suited for high inertia loads which take a long time to accelerate (lifts, cranes etc).

4. What are the speed control methods used in slip ring induction motors?
a) Stator voltage variation, b) Rotor resistance variation, c) Slip power recovery
5. What are the advantages of addition of external rotor resistance at starting?
a) It decreases the starting current, b) increases the starting torque and c) improves the starting power
factor.
6. What are the differences between a transformer and induction motor?
a. A transformer is a static device where as an induction motor is a rotating device. Therefore an air
gap exists in an induction motor. Due to the presence of air gap, the magnetizing current is pretty high
in an induction motor.
b. Because of the presence of air gap, the leakage reactances in an induction motor are higher than
in a transformer.
c. The losses are higher and the efficiency is lower in an induction motor than in transformer.
d. The transformer winding consists of concentrated coils. In induction motor, the windings are
distributed in slots.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 65 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

ROTOR RESISTANCE CONTROL OF 3-PHASE SLIP-

9 RING INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM: To vary the speed of a 3-phase slip-ring induction motor by varying the rotor resistance.

APPARATUS:
[Link]. Name of the Type Range Quantity
apparatus
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 1
2. MC (0-500V) 1
3. MC (0-250V) 1
4. Ammeter MI (0-15A) 1
5. (20-0-20A) 1
6. Rheostat Wire Wound 272Ω 1.7A 1
7. Tachometer 1

PRINCIPLE:
With the addition of external resistance in the rotor circuit,
m
maximum torque remains the same but the slip or speed at with no ext rotor res
s
which the maximum torque occurs varies. For the same increased Rr'
torque, the speed falls with an increase in rotor resistance.
Because of low cost and high torque capability at low speeds,
rotor resistance control is used in cranes. Main disadvantage
is the low efficiency due to additional Cu loss in external 0 Tmax T
rotor resistance.

PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as shown in figure.
Precaution: i) Keep the dc machine (separately excited) field rheostat at maximum resistance
position (Reason: Initially dc machine will act as dc generator)
ii) Keep DPST, SPST and TPST switches open
iii) Keep rotor rheostat at maximum resistance position
Switch on the three phase supply by closing the TPST switch. Start the induction motor.
As the motor gathers speed, gradually cut off the rotor resistance. Now, switch on the DC supply
by closing the DPST switch. Decrease the resistance of the dc motor field rheostat (i.e., excitation
is increased) and note the voltmeter reading across the SPST switch. If it is increasing, switch off
the dc supply and interchange the armature terminals A & AA. Again switch on the dc supply
keeping the motor field rheostat at maximum position. Decrease the resistance of the field rheostat

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 66 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

gradually and make the voltmeter reading across the SPST switch zero. Now, the SPST switch is
closed.
Now, increase the excitation till the dc ammeter reads 5A. Note the corresponding
voltmeter, ammeter readings and speed.
Now, increase the rotor resistance to maximum and again note the corresponding
voltmeter, ammeter readings and speed.

TABULATION
Minimum Rotor Resistance Maximum Rotor Resistance
Vdc Idc Vac Iac Speed Vdc Idc Vac Iac Speed
5A 5A

RESULT
Speed of a 3-phase slip ring induction motor was measured with minimum and maximum rotor
resistance at a given load condition.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 67 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

10 LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR

AIM: To conduct the load test on 3-phase alternator and hence to determine the voltage regulation
at half-full load & lagging p.f. and compare the result by predetermining the voltage regulation by
emf method.
APPARATUS:
[Link]. Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 1
2. MI (0-250V) 1
3. Ammeter MC (0-2A) 1
4. MI (0-10A) 1
5. Wattmeter Dynamometer 250V,10A,upf 1
6. Tachometer 1
7. Rheostat Wire Wound 145Ω, 2.5A 2
8. 272Ω 1.7A 1
PRINCIPLE:
The terminal voltage of an alternator under load conditions is different from the open
circuit voltage due to the effects of armature resistance, leakage reactance and armature reaction.
Voltage regulation is defined as the rise in voltage, expressed as per cent of rated voltage, when
the load current is reduced to zero, the field excitation and frequency being maintained constant.
Thus,
E f V
Voltage regulation =  100
V
The term rise in voltage used in the above definition pre-supposes a resistive or inductive
load. If the load is capacitive, the magnetizing effect of armature reaction, due to the leading
current, may cause V to be higher than Ef, thus causing a drop in voltage, when the load current is
reduced to zero. In that case, the regulation is negative.
Voltage regulation can be determined by conducting the load test.
PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as shown in diagram.
Precautions:
i) TPST in open position
ii) DPST1 and DPST2 in open position
iii) Motor field rheostat in minimum position
iv) Potential divider in minimum voltage position
v) Autotransformer at minimum voltage position
vi) Keep the belt on the brake drum of induction motor in loose position (induction motor
on no load).

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 68 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Switch on the DC supply to the DC motor by closing the switch DPST 1. Start the DC shunt
motor using 3-point starter. Increase the resistance of dc motor field rheostat and drive the
alternator at rated speed (1500rpm). Now, dc supply is given to the alternator field winding and
adjust the potential divider so that the generated voltage is equal to rated voltage. Close the TPST
switch.
Increase the voltage by varying the autotransformer. Induction motor starts running on no load.
Increase the voltage upto rated voltage by adjusting the autotransformer. Now, the load on the
induction motor is increased till the current reaches 5.5A (half rated current) at rated voltage . Note
the wattmeter reading, voltmeter reading and filed current. Now, reduce the load to zero, open the
TPST switch, adjust the speed at 1500rpm and field current at the previous value, note the voltage
meter reading. Now, switch off the dc supply after reducing the voltage to zero.

TABULATION

a) VOLTAGE REGULATION BY LOAD TEST

Speed = _______ rpm Field current = _________ A
Power
Load V.R. %
Load Wattmeter factor No-load
voltage E f V
current I Reading W voltage Ef 100
/phase V  V
V I
230 5.5A lag

b) VOLTAGE REGULATION BY EMF METHOD

Synchronous reactance, X s = ________Ω (from OCC & SCC), Ra = ______Ω
Current at half load = 5.5A, V = 230V, cosΦ = ____ lag (from load test calculation)

V  V 0  2300

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 69 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2


I  I     5.5  

E f  V 0  I     ( Ra  jX s )  E f   =________V
E f V
% regulation =  100 =___________%
V

RESULT
Load test on 3-phase alternator was conducted and voltage regulation was determined. The
result was compared with emf method at same load conditions.

=====================================================================

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 70 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

11 USING V/F CONTROL
AIM: To control the speed of the 3 phase induction motor by changing the supply frequency and
to plot the speed Vs frequency curve.

APPARATUS:
[Link]. Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 1
2. Frequency meter Digital (0-60Hz) 1
3. Ammeter MC (0-3A) 1
4. MI (0-10A) 1
5. Tachometer 1
6. Rheostat Wire Wound 145Ω, 2.5A 2
7. 272Ω 1.7A 1

PRINCIPLE:
The synchronous speed Ns of an induction motor is related to supply frequency f and
number of poles P by the equation, N s  120 f . Rotor speed is given by N  (1  s) N s where s is
P
the slip. The basic methods of speed control of an induction motor are a) by changing the number
of poles and b) by varying the line frequency.
The emf per phase of an induction motor is given by E  4.44 K w f T volts. The induced emf E is
nearly equal to the applied voltage V (neglecting drop in stator impedance). Thus, we can write
V
 4.44 K wT .
f
When the frequency is reduced, the applied voltage also must be reduced proportionally so
as to maintain constant flux, otherwise the core will get saturated resulting in excessive core loss
and magnetizing current. The maximum torque also remains constant under this condition.
However, the voltage is not varied proportionately in the low frequency range to account for the
voltage drop in the winding resistance. This type of control (constant V/f) is used for speed control
below base frequency (line frequency of 50Hz).
As the voltage increases above rated value, when the input frequency goes above base
frequency, only constant (rated) voltage with variable frequency (frequency control) is used for
speed control. Under this condition, both flux and maximum torque decrease as the frequency is
increased.

PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as shown in diagram.
Precautions:

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 71 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

i) TPST in open position

ii) DPST1 and DPST2 in open position
iii) Motor field rheostat in minimum position
iv) Potential divider in minimum voltage position
v) Autotransformer at minimum voltage position
vi) Keep the belt on the brake drum of induction motor in loose position (induction motor
on no load).
Switch on the DC supply to the DC motor by closing the switch DPST 1. Start the DC shunt
motor using 3-point starter. Increase the resistance of dc motor field rheostat and drive the
alternator at a speed near to rated speed (1500rpm). Now, dc supply is given to the alternator field
winding and adjust the potential divider so that the generated voltage is near to 400V(Line). Close
the TPST switch.
Increase the autotransformer. Induction motor starts running on no load. Vary the voltage and
frequency in proportion ( V  400  8 ) and note down the frequency, voltage and speed of the
f 50
induction motor each time. This procedure is continued till voltage and frequency become equal
to rated values (400V and 50Hz). Now, keep the voltage constant (400V) and vary the frequency
beyond 50Hz and again note down the speed of the induction motor. Draw speed Vs frequency
characteristics (at no load). Repeat the above procedure for another load (say I L = 4A). Switch off
the supply after bringing the motor to no-load.

TABULATION

Induction motor on no load

Line voltage in volts 352 368 384 400 400 400
Frequency in Hz 44 46 48 50 52 54

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 72 of 73

S5 Lab Manual EEL 333 Electrical Machines Lab 2

Speed of IM in rpm

Induction motor on load IL = 4A

Line voltage in
352 368 384 400 400 400
volts
Frequency in Hz 44 46 48 50 52 54
Speed of IM in rpm

Speed Vs Frequency Curve

RESULT
Speed of the 3-phase induction motor was controlled by variable frequency method and
speed Vs frequency characteristics were plotted.

=====================================================================
Do you know?

1. What are the different methods of speed control of induction motor?

Basic methods of speed control of induction motor are
i) By changing the number of poles
ii) By varying the supply frequency
iii) By varying the stator voltage
iv) By varying the rotor resistance
v) By injecting emf of slip frequency into the rotor circuit
Method (i) is applicable only for squirrel cage induction motors and (iv) and (v) only for slip ring induction
motors.
2. What does happen to the induction motor if supply frequency is reduced keeping the supply voltage
constant ?
Speed will decrease but flux will increase (Φ α V/f) and the core will get saturated resulting in excessive
core loss and magnetizing current.

EED, GEC Thrissur Page 73 of 73