Class X Session 2025-26

Subject - Science
Sample Question Paper - 09

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:

1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology, Section B is Chemistry

and Section C is Physics.

2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student is expected to

attempt only one of these questions.

Section A
1. An organism which breaks down the food material outside the body and then absorbs it is [1]

a) a bacteria, Rhizobium b) a plant parasite, Cuscuta

c) an animal parasite, Tapeworm d) a fungi, Rhizopus

2. A cross made between two pea plants produces 50% tall and 50% short pea plants. The gene combination of [1]
the parental pea plants must be
a) Tt and Tt b) TT and Tt

c) Tt and tt d) TT and tt
3. Match the following with correct response.
[1]

Column A Column B

(i) Junction between neuron (a) Thermoreceptors

(ii) The largest cell in the human body (b) Neuron

(iii) Sense organs for smell (c) Synapse

(iv) Sense organs for touch (d) Olfactory receptors

a) (i) - (d), (ii) - (a), (iii) - (c), (iv) - (b) b) (i) - (b), (ii) - (d), (iii) - (a), (iv) - (c)

c) (i) - (a), (ii) - (c), (iii) - (b), (iv) - (d) d) (i) - (c), (ii) - (b), (iii) - (d), (iv) - (a)
4. Sensory nerve of a reflex arc carries information from the receptor cells to the: [1]

a) brain b) bones of the receptor organ

c) spinal cord d) muscles of the effector organ

5. Which one of the following is not an advantage of building large dams? [1]

a) Generation of electricity b) Use in growth of water intensive crops

c) Adequate storage of water d) Decrease in biological diversity

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 6. During vigorous exercise, the occurrence of cramps in the outer muscles of an athlete is due to the conversion [1]
of pyruvate to:
a) Lactose b) Glucose

c) Lactic acid d) Ethanol

7. The part of seed which is a source of food during germination of seed is: [1]

a) Radicle b) Plumule

c) Cotyledon d) Embryo
8. Slides A and B show stages of asexual reproduction in two different organisms. [1]

The slides A and B are depicting

a) Binary fission in Yeast and budding b) Budding in both Amoeba and Yeast
in Amoeba

c) Binary fission in Amoeba and budding in d) Binary fission in both Amoeba and Yeast
Yeast
9. Assertion (A): Each human trait is influenced by both paternal and maternal DNA. [1]
Reason (R): As compared to the father, the mother contributes more amount of genetic material to the child.

a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation but Reason (R) is not the correct
of the Assertion (A). explanation of the Assertion (A).
c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is
false. true.
10. i. What is meant by pollination? [2]
ii. Name and differentiate between the two modes of pollination in flowering plants.

11. i. From the following group of organisms create a food chain which is the most advantageous for [2]
Human beings in terms of energy.

ii. State the possible disadvantage if the cereal plant is growing in soil rich in pesticides.
iii. Construct a food web using the organisms mentioned above.
OR
List two reasons to show that the existence of decomposers is essential in an ecosystem.
12. Trace the sequence of events which occur when a bright light is focused on your eyes. [2]
13. A red-eyed individual is crossed with a white-eyed individual to produce F1 progeny with red eyes. When F1
[3]
individuals are intercrossed, F2 progeny is formed with both red as well as white-eyed individuals.

a. How is the dominant trait identified?

b. What are recessive traits?

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 c. If 12 individuals are produced in F2 generation, then how many white-eyed individuals would be obtained?
Calculate the ratio of red-eyed individuals to white-eyed individuals.

14. a. Explain the surgical method of contraception used by (i) males, and (ii) females to prevent fertilisation. [3]
b. Write the role of oral pills taken by women as a contraceptive.
15. If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there is [4]
no photosynthesis occurring? Justify your Answer.
16. a. List three different categories of contraception methods. [5]
b. Why has Government of India prohibited prenatal sex determination by law? State its benefits in the long
run.
c. Unsafe sexual act can lead to various infections. Name two bacterial and two viral infections caused due to
unsafe sex.
OR
What constitutes the central and peripheral nervous systems? How are the components of central nervous
system protected? Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury?
Section B
17. Find the incorrect statement: [1]
A. The pH of the stomach is approximately 4.5
B. Plants grow well in natural soil
C. The pH of acid rain is nearly 5.6
D. The pH of rainwater is nearly 7

a) Statement (B) b) Statement (D)

c) Statement (C) d) Statement (A)

18. Which of the given statement is true or false: [1]
Statement A: Valeric acid is the common name of hexane.
Statement B: Glycerol is added in the manufacturing of soap.

a) Statement B is true and statement A is false b) Neither statement A nor statement B is false

c) Both the statements A and B are false d) Statement A is true and statement B is false
19. A metal X is used in thermit process. When X is heated with oxygen, it gives an oxide Y, which is amphoteric [1]
in nature. X and Y respectively are:

a) Fe, Fe2O3 b) Mg, MgO

c) Mn, MnO2 d) Al, Al2O3

20. Match the following with the correct response:

[1]
Column A Column B

(i) Welding (a) Ethyl alcohol

(ii) Fuel in a spirit lamp (b) Ester

(iii) Lime water turns milky (c) Carbon dioxide

(iv) Fruity smell (d) Ethyne and oxygen

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 a) (i) - (c), (ii) - (b), (iii) - (d), (iv) - (a) b) (i) - (a), (ii) - (c), (iii) - (b), (iv) - (d)

c) (i) - (b), (ii) - (d), (iii) - (a), (iv) - (c) d) (i) - (d), (ii) - (a), (iii) - (c), (iv) - (b)
21. The following diagram shows the electrolytic refining of copper: [1]

Which of the following statements is incorrect description of the process?

a) The impure metal from the anode dissolves b) Insoluble impurities settle down at the
into the electrolyte. bottom of the anode.
c) On passing the current through the d) The pure metal from the electrolyte is
electrolyte, the pure metal from the anode deposited on the cathode.
dissolves into the electrolyte.
22. Consider the structures of the three cyclic carbon compounds A, B and C given below and select the correct [1]
option from the following:

a) A and C are isomers of hexane and B is b) A is a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon and B

benzene. and C are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons.
c) A is an isomer of hexane, B is benzene and d) A is cyclohexane and B and C are the
C is an isomer of hexene. isomers of benzene.
23. Which of the following gives the correct increasing order of acidic strength? [1]
a. Sodium chloride < Acetic acid < Hydrochloric acid
b. Sodium chloride < Hydrochloric acid < Acetic acid
c. Acetic acid < Sodium chloride < Hydrochloric acid
d. Hydrochloric acid < Sodium chloride < Acetic acid

a) Sodium chloride < Acetic acid < b) Acetic acid < Sodium chloride <
Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid
c) Hydrochloric acid < Sodium chloride < d) Sodium chloride < Hydrochloric acid <
Acetic acid Acetic acid
24. Which of the following substances produce hydrogen on reacting with metals? [1]

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 a) Water (H2O) b) C2H5OH

c) H2SO4 d) All of these

25. What will be the action of the following substances on litmus paper? [2]
i. Dry HCl gas
ii. Moistened NH3 gas
iii. Curd
iv. Soap solution.
26. Silver chloride kept in a china dish turns grey in sunlight. [3]
a. Write the colour of silver chloride when it was kept in the china dish.
b. Name the type of chemical reaction taking place and write the chemical equation for the reaction.
c. State one use of the reaction. Name one more chemical which can be used for the same purpose.
OR
Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each:
a. Oxidation
b. Reduction
27. Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by inverting a test [3]
tube over it.
What will be the action of gas on
i. Dry litmus paper?
ii. Moist litmus paper?
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
28. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
More than three million carbon compounds have been discovered in the field of chemistry. The diversity of
these compounds is due to the capacity of carbon atoms for bonding with one another as well as with other
atoms.
Most of the carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity and have low melting and boiling points.
a. Write the molecular formula of first two members of homologous series having functional group -Br. (1)
b. Given below are the formulae of some functional groups: (1)

Write the name of these functional groups.

c. What would be observed on adding a 5% alkaline potassium permanganate drop by drop to some warm
ethanol taken in a test tube? State the role of KMnO4 in the reaction and write the chemical equation for the
reaction involved. (2)
OR
Write the name of the compound formed when ethanol is heated at 443 K temperature with excess of conc.
H2SO4. What is the role of conc. H2SO4 in the reaction? Write the chemical equation for the reaction
involved. (2)
OR
Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Two allotropic forms of carbon which are crystalline in nature, are diamond and graphite. They differ physically but
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 chemically they are similar. Diamond is the hardest crystalline form of carbon. In diamond, each carbon atom is
linked to four other carbon atoms by covalent bonds. In graphite, each carbon atom is linked to three other
carbon atoms by covalent bond. Graphite is relatively soft and greasy. It is also a good conductor of electricity.
The C-C bond length in graphite is 141.5 pm while in diamond it is 154 pm.
i. Which is a good conductor of heat and electricity- graphite or diamond? Explain. (1)
ii. Which binding force is present in the structure of diamond? (1)
iii. Why Diamond is not a good conductor of electricity and heat? (2)
OR
Draw the structure of diamond showing bond between carbons. (2)
29. In an industrial process used for the manufacture of sodium hydroxide, a gas A is formed as a by-product. The [5]
gas A reacts with lime water to give a compound B which is used as a bleaching agent in the chemical
industry. Identify A and B. Also give the chemical equations of the reactions involved.
OR
Explain chlor-alkali process and write balanced chemical equations for the reactions that occur. Name the gases
obtained at the anode and cathode respectively. Mention two uses each of the two gases obtained in the above
process.
Section C
30. An old person is unable to see clearly nearby objects as well as distant object. To correct the vision, what kind [1]
of lens will he require?
a) Concave lens b) Convex lens

c) Bifocal lens whose upper portion is convex d) Bifocal lens whose upper portion is concave
lens and lower portion is concave lens lens and lower portion is convex lens
31. Assertion (A): As the temperature of a medium increases the refractive index decreases. [1]
Reason (R): When a ray travels from a vacuum to a medium, then μ is known as the absolute refractive index of
the medium. (μvacuum = 1).
a) Both A and R are true and R is the b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

32. Figure shows the magnetic field lines between the two faces A and B of two magnets. [1]

a) Both faces A and B of two bar magnets b) Face A is south pole while face B is north
are North pole. pole.
c) Both faces A and B of two bar magnets are d) One direction at any point in space
South pole.
33. A teacher gives a convex lens and a concave mirror of focal length of 20 cm each to his student and asks him [2]
to find their focal lengths by obtaining the image of a distant object. The student uses a distant tree as the object
and obtains its sharp image, one by one, on a screen. The distances d1 and d2 between the lens/mirror and the
screen in the two cases and the nature of their respective sharp images are likely to be
a. (20 cm, 40 cm) and (erect and erect)

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 b. (20 cm, 40 cm) and (inverted and inverted)
c. (20 cm, 20 cm) and (inverted and inverted)
d. (20 cm, 40 cm) and (erect and inverted)
Give reason for your answer.
34. An electric lamp, whose resistance is 20 Ω, and a conductor of 4 Ω resistance are connected to a 6 V battery. [2]
Draw the circuit diagram. Calculate (a) the total resistance of the circuit, and (b) the current through the circuit.
OR
The rest position of the needles in a milliammeter and voltmeter, not in use, are as shown in Figure A. When a
student uses these instruments in his experiment, the readings of the needles are in the positions shown in Figure B.
Determine the correct values of current and voltage the student should use in his calculations.

35. 1. Write the function of each of the following parts of human eye : cornea, iris, crystalline lens, ciliary muscles. [3]
2. Millions of people of the developing countries of world are suffering from corneal blindness. These people
can be cured by replacing the defective cornea with the cornea of a donated eye.
A charitable society of your city has organised a campaign in your neighbourhood in order to create
awareness about this fact.
If you are asked to participate in this mission how would you contribute in this noble cause?
1. State the objective of organising such campaigns.
2. List two arguments which you would give to motivate the people to donate their eyes after death.
3. List two values which are developed in the persons who actively participate and contribute in such
programme.
36. Find out the following in the electric circuit given in Figure
[3]

i. The effective resistance of two 8 Ω resistors in the combination

ii. Current flowing through 4 Ω resistor

37. a. Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines produced by a current carrying circular loop showing the [3]
direction of current in the loop and the direction of the magnetic field lines.
b. State the rule which can be applied to know the direction of magnetic field lines in the above case.
38. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
How do we express electric current? Electric current is defined by the amount of charge flowing through a
particular area in unit time. In other words, it is the rate of flow of electric charges. In circuits using metallic
wires, electrons constitute the flow of charges. However, electrons were not known at the time when the
phenomenon of electricity was first observed. So, electric current was considered to be the flow of positive
charges and the direction of flow of positive charges was taken to be the direction of electric current.

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 Conventionally, in an electric circuit, the direction of electric current is taken as opposite to the direction of the
flow of electrons, which are negative charges.

i. If a net charge Q, flows across any cross-section of a conductor in time t, then the current I, through
the cross-section is given by which formula? (1)
ii. What is the SI unit of electric charge? It is equivalent to how many numbers of electrons? (1)
iii. The electric current is expressed in which unit? Define the unit used to measure electric current. (2)
OR
If the amount of charge passing through the cell in 4 seconds is 12 C then find the current supplied by a
cell. (2)

39. a. List four characteristics of the image formed by a concave lens of focal length 20 cm when the object [5]
is placed at a distance of 40 cm from its optical centre.

b. The size of image of an object by a convex lens of focal length 20 cm is observed to be reduced to 31 rd of its
size. Find the distance of the object from the optical centre of the lens.
OR
i. A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm can produce a magnified real as well as virtual image of an object
placed in front of it. Draw ray diagrams to justify this statement.
ii. An object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex mirror of focal length 10 cm. The distance of
the object from the pole of the mirror is 10 cm. Find the position of the image formed.

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 Solution

Section A

1.
(d) a fungi, Rhizopus
Explanation:
a fungi, Rhizopus breakdown food outside body.

2.
(c) Tt and tt
Explanation:
Tt Tall plant and tt short plant.

3.
(d) (i) - (c), (ii) - (b), (iii) - (d), (iv) - (a)
Explanation:
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure which serves as Junction between neuron that permits a neuron to pass
an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron.
A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical
signals that is why it is the largest cell in the human body.
Olfactory receptors are responsible for the detection of odorants which give rise to the sense of smell.
Thermoreceptors are able to detect heat and cold and are found throughout the skin in order to allow sensory reception
throughout the body.

4.
(c) spinal cord
Explanation:
A reflex action, or reflex, is an automatic reaction to a stimulus that is not under conscious control. A reflex arc is a neural
pathway that mediates a reflex action. The Central Nervous System (CNS), which is composed of the brain and spinal cord,
receives data from the receptor cell via the sensory nerve of a reflex arc. The sensory nerve fibres in the body terminate in the
spinal cord, where motor neurons that control the effector organ share synapses with interneurons to transmit information.

5.
(d) Decrease in biological diversity
Explanation:
Decrease in biological diversity

6.
(c) Lactic acid
Explanation:
During vigorous exercise, the occurrence of cramps in the outer muscles of an athlete is due to the conversion of pyruvate to
Lactic acid

7.
(c) Cotyledon
Explanation:
Cotyledon

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 8.
(c) Binary fission in Amoeba and budding in Yeast
Explanation:
Amoeba is a very good example of the organism which reproduces by binary fission.
Yeast is an example of unicellular organism which reproduces by budding.
These are the correct stages of asexual reproduction in the organisms.

9.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Explanation:
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

10. Pollination is the process of the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower. Which is achieved by the help
of either biotic or abiotic factors. Such as insects (entomophily), wind (anemophily), water (hydrophily) etc. Agent are known as
pollinators.
There are two modes of pollination in flowering plants:
i. Self-pollination
ii. Cross-pollination
Difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination are:
Self-pollination Cross-pollination
In this, the pollen grain from the stamen of a flower is transferred
In this, the pollen grain from the stamen of a flower is
to the stigma of the same flower which is Autogamy.
transferred to the stigma of a different flower. Which is
Also, pollen grains from the stamen of one flower is transferred to
known as Xenogamy.
the stigma of another flower of the same plant which is known as
Which leads to development of new variety.
Geitonogamy.

11. i. Short food chains are more efficient in terms of energy. The shorter the food chain is, more is the available amount of energy.
Cereal Plant → Human being
ii. Harmful for human consumption as the traces of pesticide will be carried by food.

iii.

OR
Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi which helps in the breakdown of organic matter or biomass of dead plants and animals
into simple inorganic raw materials and replenish the environment are termed as decomposers. Their existence is thus, essential in
an ecosystem because
i. They help in the natural replenishment of soil.
ii. They help in keeping the environment clean as they reduce environmental pollution.
12. Receptor Cells of eyes/retina → Sensory Neuron → Brain / CNS → Motor Neuron → Eye Muscles → Pupil contracts / Eye lids
close/blink
13. a. The dominant trait is identified by observing its expression in the F1 generation.
b. The recessive trait is the one that is masked in the presence of the dominant trait and only expressed in the homozygous
recessive state.

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 c. The ratio of red-eyed to white-eyed individuals is 3:1

14. a. i. The surgical method of birth control for men is called vasectomy in which a small portion of the vas deferens is cut and
their ends are sealed to prevent sperms from coming out.
ii. Tubectomy: A small portion of the female fallopian tube is removed, and ends are tied with a nylon thread, preventing
egg transport into the uterus.
b. Oral contraceptive pills:
i. The oral contraceptive pill, also recognized as the birth control pill or merely "the pill," is a form of birth control that is
taken into the body by women.
ii. Contraceptive pills (birth control pills) are estrogen medications that are taken orally.
iii. They prevent pregnancy by delaying ovulation and sperm from passing through the cervix.
15. If plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, it means that respiration is happening in plant. But it does
not mean that photosynthesis is not happening. Carbon dioxide released after respiration comes out of stomata. For
photosynthesis, the plant takes in carbon dioxide from atmosphere. In other words, plant does not depend on respiration for carbon
dioxide for photosynthesis.
16. a. a. Barrier method: Where physical barriers like condoms (worn over penis), diaphragm (used by females), cervical cap and
copper-T (an IUCD) are used.
b. Chemical method: Spermicidal applications by women, vaginal pills or oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are used. OCPs
are hormonal preparations which alter the hormonal level in female body. Use of OCPs is not meant for males.
c. Surgical method: Portion of vas deferens in male (vasectomy) or portion of fallopian tube in females (tubectomy) is cut
or ligated. This stops release of gametes, preventing fertilisation.
b. Selective Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) of female foetus using amniocentesis is the main reason behind decline
female-male sex ratio in our country. This is because many sections of our society considered girl child as a burden. That is
why Government of India prohibited prenatal sex determination by law.
Its benefits in the long run:
Generating awareness about girls being equal helping hands in the family income.
Banning prenatal sex determination tests.
Banning certain ill practices in our society like dowry system.
c. Bacterial diseases transmitted through sexual contact:
(i) Gonorrhoea (ii) Syphilis
Viral diseases : (i) Warts (ii) HIV-AIDS
OR
Central - Brain and Spinal cord: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center
of the nervous system and is responsible for processing sensory information, initiating voluntary movements, regulating
involuntary functions (such as heartbeat and respiration), and higher cognitive functions (such as thinking, memory, and
emotions).
Peripheral - cranial nerves and spinal nerves: The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves and ganglia (clusters of
nerve cell bodies) outside of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body,
including muscles, glands, and sensory organs.
Protection of the Components of the Central Nervous System:
The brain is protected by the skull, a hard and bony structure that surrounds and encases the brain tissue, providing
physical protection against external trauma.

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 The spinal cord is surrounded by a series of protective membranes called meninges, which provide additional cushioning
and support. The three layers of meninges are the dura mater (outer layer), arachnoid mater (middle layer), and pia mater
(inner layer).
Signals Disrupted in Case of Spinal Cord Injury:
A spinal cord injury disrupts the transmission of nerve signals between the brain and the rest of the body, leading to
various impairments depending on the location and severity of the injury.
Motor signals: Damage to the spinal cord can result in paralysis or weakness of muscles below the level of injury, leading
to loss of voluntary movement and control.
Sensory signals: Spinal cord injury can also cause loss of sensation, including touch, temperature, and proprioception
(awareness of body position and movement).

Section B
17.

(d) Statement (A)

Explanation:
The human stomach produces gastric juices which contain hydrochloric acid in them resulting in a pH of 1.4.

18.
(c) Both the statements A and B are false
Explanation:
Valeric acid is another name for pentanoic acid. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids. When
triglycerides in fat/oil react with aqueous NaOH or KOH, they are converted into soap and glycerol.

19.
(d) Al, Al2O3
Explanation:
Al, Al2O3

20.
(d) (i) - (d), (ii) - (a), (iii) - (c), (iv) - (b)
Explanation:
The oxyacetylene welding process uses a combination of ethyne (C2H2) and oxygen gas to provide a high-temperature
flame. It is commonly used to permanently join mild steel.
Alcohol meant for industrial purposes (fuel for spirit lamps) is made unfit for human consumption by adding small
amounts (about 5%) of methanol to alcohol. The mixture is known as denatured spirit or denatured alcohol.
Carbon dioxide turns lime water turns milky due to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate.
Esters have a fruity smell and are used in perfumes and cosmetics due to their characteristic odour.

21.
(c) On passing the current through the electrolyte, the pure metal from the anode dissolves into the electrolyte.
Explanation:
When current is passed through the electrolyte, the impure metal from the anode is dissolved in the electrolyte and an equal
amount of pure metal from the electrolyte is deposited on the cathode.

22. (a) A and C are isomers of hexane and B is benzene.

Explanation:
A and C are isomers of hexane and B is benzene.
23. (a) Sodium chloride < Acetic acid < Hydrochloric acid
Explanation:
Since NaCl is neutral, acetic acid is weak, and HCl is strong, the correct order is: Sodium chloride < Acetic acid <
Hydrochloric acid

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24.
(d) All of these
Explanation:
All of these produce hydrogen on reacting with metals.
Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen
Metal + Steam → Metal oxide + Hydrogen (only those metals displace hydrogen from water (or steam) which are
above hydrogen in the reactivity series.
Metal + Acid → Metal salt + Hydrogen
2C2H5OH + Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2 (This reaction is used as a test for ethanol).

25. i. No change in colour will be seen as dry HCl will not liberate H+ ions.
ii. It will turn red litmus paper to blue because moistened NH3 gas will form Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH).
iii. Curd will turn blue litmus paper into the red as it contains lactic acid.
iv. Soap solution will turn red litmus paper to blue as it is basic in nature.
26. a. White colour
b. The chemical reaction is as:
2AgCl(s) ⟶ 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
This is a decomposition chemical reaction.
c. One major application of decomposition reactions is in the extraction of metals from their ores. For example, zinc can be
obtained from calamine by subjecting it to a decomposition reaction. In a similar manner, sodium can be obtained from
sodium chloride (NaCl).
OR
Oxidation- Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen in a chemical reaction is called oxidation reaction. For example:
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
Reduction- Addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen in a chemical reaction is called reduction reaction. For example:
CuO + H2 → Cu +
H2O H2S + Cl2 →
2HCl + S
27. The gas is sulphur-dioxide (SO2)

i. It will not react with dry litmus paper.

ii. The gas will bleach moist litmus paper.
The balanced chemical equation is
heat
S + O2 ⟶ SO2
28. a. CH3Br
C2H5Br
b. Aldehyde
Ketone
c. The colour of KMnO4 disappears;

KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent.

Alkaline KMnO4+Heat
CH3CH2OH −−−−−−−−−−−−−→ CH3COOH
OR
Ethene
Conc. H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent.
Conc. H2SO4+Heat
C2 H5 OH −−−−−−−−−−−→ CH2 = CH2 + H2 O
443 K
OR
i. Graphite is the good conductor of heat and electricity because In graphite one carbon atom is attached to three other carbon
atoms. One electron of carbon remains free. Due to this free valence electron graphite is an thermal and electrical conductor.
ii. Covalent bonding is present between carbon atoms in diamond i.e. they share their electrons with each other.

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 iii. In diamond, one carbon is attached to four other carbon atoms hence it has no free electron. So it do not show heating and
electrical conductivity.
OR

29. In the manufacture of sodium hydroxide (Chlor-alkali process), hydrogen gas and chlorine gas are formed as by-products. The
chemical equation for the reaction is as follows:-
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
Gas 'A', which is formed as by-product and which also reacts with lime water (calcium hydroxide) to form calcium oxy-chloride is
thus, chlorine. Gas A is not hydrogen. Calcium oxy-chloride is used as a bleaching agent in the chemical industry. The chemical
equation for the formation of calcium oxy-chloride is as follows:-
Ca(OH)2(s) + Cl2(g) → CaOCl2(s) + H2O(l)
Therefore, gas 'A' is chlorine gas (Cl2 ) and 'B' is calcium oxy-chloride (bleaching powder).
OR
Chlor-akali process - When electricity is passed through aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine), it decomposes to
form sodium hydroxide, chlorine and hydrogen.

2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2

Anode - Chlorine gas/Cl2
Cathode - Hydrogen gas/H2
Cl2

1. Used in the preparation of bleaching powder.

2. To make drinking water free from germs or any other.
H2

1. Used in the manufacture of ammonia fertilisers.

2. Used in fuels and margarine.
Section C
30.
(d) Bifocal lens whose upper portion is concave lens and lower portion is convex lens
Explanation:
The upper portion (concave lens) facilitates distant vision and the lower portion (convex lens) facilitates near vision.

31.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

32.
(d) One direction at any point in space
Explanation:
Because magnetic field lines are directed from north to south .Which implies face of A is north and that of B is south and If
field lines ever intersect at any point, there will be two tangents to the field line curve at that point, which is contradictory, as
there can only be one net magnetic field vector having only one direction at any point in space.

33. (c) (20 cm, 20 cm) and (inverted and inverted)

Reason: Only real and inverted image can be obtained on the screen.

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34. Figure: An electric lamp connected in series with a resistor of 4 Ω to a 6 V battery.

a. The resistance of electric lamp, R1 = 20 Ω,

The resistance of the conductor connected in series, R2 = 4 Ω.
Then the total resistance in the circuit R =R1 + R2 Rs = 20 Ω + 4 Ω = 24 Ω.
The total potential difference across the two terminals of the battery V = 6 V.
b. Now by Ohm’s law, the current through the circuit is given by I = V/Rs = 6 V/24 Ω = 0.25 A.
OR
The correct values of current and voltage the student should use in his calculations are 38 mA, 3.2 V
35. 1. Functions of following parts of human eye are given below :
1. Cornea - It is a thin membrane which provides 67% of the eye's focussing power.
2. Iris - It controls amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of pupil similar to the aperture of a camera which
has capacity to decrease or increase the amount of light entering eye.
3. Crystalline lens - It helps to focus light on retina for image formation.
4. Ciliary muscles - It contracts and relax in order to change the lens shape for focussing image at retina. when it contracts
the lens become thicker and when it relaxes the lens become flat.
2. 1. The objective of organising such compaigns is to guide, educate and help those people who are suffering from corneal
blindness that they can be cured by corneal replacement surgery.
2.1. Come to participate in this campaign because, if someone get his vision through your eyes, it is an incredible help.
2. As eye is one of the most valuable sense organs through which an individual can achieve so many things in his/her life,
so try to realise the situation that these people are sufferinng from.
3. The persons who actively participate and contribute in such programme are strong hearted and very much helpful for the
people living in such situations.
36. Given :-
Resistor, R₁ = 4
fi Resistor, R₂ =
8 fi Resistor, R₃
= 8 fi or R’ = 4Ω
Potential Difference, V = 8 volts.
1 1 1
i. Since two 8Ω resistances are in parallel, their effective resistance (Rp) is given by = + +
1

R′ 8 8 4
ii. The total resistance in the circuit, R = 4Ω + Rp = 4Ω + 4Ω =
8Ω
8
Current through the electric circuit, I = V
= = 2A
R 4
Since 4Ω resistor and Rp are in series, the current through 4Ω resistors = 1A.
37. a.

b. Right Hand Thumb Rule:- When a current carrying straight conductor is held in the right hand in such a way that the thumb
points towards the direction of the current, then the fingers will wrap around the conductor in the direction of the field lines of
Page 15 of 16
 the magnetic field
38. i. If a net charge Q, flows across any cross-section of a conductor in time 't', then the current 'I', through the cross-section
is
Q
given by I =
T
ii. The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C), which is equivalent to the charge contained in nearly 6 × 1018 electrons.
iii. The electric current is expressed by a unit called ampere (A). One ampere is constituted by the flow of one coulomb of charge
per second.
OR
Q 12
I= = = 3A
39. i. t 4
Virtual
Erect
Diminished
On the same side of the object
ii. Focal Length = 20cm.
uv = -x cm
x
=
3
1 1
v − u = f1
x = 80 cm
Hence, the distance of the object from the optical centre of the lens is 80 cm.
OR
a. A concave mirror of focal length f = 10 cm can produce a magnified real image if an object is placed between F and C (i.e.,
when 20 cm > u > 10 cm) as shown in Fig. (a). However, the same mirror may form a magnified virtual image when object is
placed between P and F (i.e., u < 10 cm) as shown in Fig. (b).

b. Here focal length of convex mirror f= + 10 cm, distance of the object from the pole u = -10 cm
As per formula,
1
+ 1 = 1 , wehave
v u f
1 1 1
v = f − =+101 −−10
1
u
1
= 10 + 101 = 51
⇒ v = +5 cm
Thus, image is formed behind the mirror at 5 cm from the pole of mirror.
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