MATLAB PROGRAM: AMPLITUDE MODULATION
clc; clear; close all;
% Parameters
Am = 1; % Message amplitude
Ac = 1; % Carrier amplitude
fm = 5e3; % Message frequency (5 kHz)
fc = 100e3; % Carrier frequency (100 kHz)
fs = 1e6; % Sampling frequency (1 MHz)
t = 0:1/fs:1e-3; % Time vector (1 ms duration)
m = Am * sin(2*pi*fm*t); % Message signal
c = Ac * sin(2*pi*fc*t); % Carrier signal
% AM Modulation
ka = 0.5; % Modulation index (50%)
s = (1 + ka*m) .* c; % AM signal
% Time Domain Plots
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t*1e3, m, 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.2);
title('Message Signal (5 kHz)');
xlabel('Time (ms)'); ylabel('Amplitude'); grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t*1e3, c, 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.2);
title('Carrier Signal (100 kHz)');
xlabel('Time (ms)'); ylabel('Amplitude'); grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t*1e3, s, 'k', 'LineWidth', 1.2);
title('AM Modulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (ms)'); ylabel('Amplitude'); grid on;
% Frequency Domain (Two-sided Spectrum)
N = length(s);
S_f = fftshift(fft(s)/N);
f = (-N/2:N/2-1)*(fs/N);
figure(2);
plot(f/1e3, abs(S_f), 'LineWidth', 1.2);
title('Two-Sided Spectrum of AM Signal');
xlabel('Frequency (kHz)'); ylabel('Magnitude'); grid on;
xlim([-150 150]);
% Power Spectrum using pspectrum and log scale
[P, f] = pspectrum(s, fs, 'FrequencyLimits', [0 200e3],'Leakage',0); % Compute power spectrum
figure(3);
plot(f/1e3, 10*log10(P), 'LineWidth', 1.3);
title('Power Spectrum of AM Signal (in dB Scale)');
xlabel('Frequency (kHz)');
ylabel('Power (dB)');
grid on;
xlim([0 200]);
OUTPUT :
TIME DOMAIN PLOT OF AM SIGNAL (50% MODULATION)
TIME DOMAIN PLOT OF AM SIGNAL (30% MODULATION)
TIME DOMAIN PLOT OF AM SIGNAL (80% MODULATION)
MAGNITUDE SPECTRUM OF AM SIGNAL
POWER SPECTRUM OF AM SIGNAL:
Pspectrum command
FFT Magnitude Squared
MATLAB PROGRAM: FM MODULATION
clc; clear; close all;
% --- Parameters ---
Am = 1; % Message amplitude
Ac = 1; % Carrier amplitude
fm = 5e3; % Message frequency (5 kHz)
fc = 100e3; % Carrier frequency (100 kHz)
fs = 1000e3; % Sampling frequency (1 MHz)
t = 0:1/fs:1e-3; % 1 ms duration
% --- FM Parameters ---
Df = 50e3; % Frequency deviation (50 kHz)
beta = Df / fm; % Modulation index
% --- Message, Carrier, FM Signal ---
m = Am * sin(2*pi*fm*t); % Message signal
c = Ac * sin(2*pi*fc*t); % Carrier signal
s = Ac * cos(2*pi*fc*t + beta * sin(2*pi*fm*t)); % FM signal
figure(1);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t*1e3, m, 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.2);
title('Message Signal (5 kHz)');
xlabel('Time (ms)'); ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t*1e3, c, 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.2);
title('Carrier Signal (100 kHz)');
xlabel('Time (ms)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t*1e3, s, 'k', 'LineWidth', 1.2);
title('FM Modulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (ms)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
N = length(s);
S_f = fftshift(fft(s)/N); % FFT + shift
f = (-N/2:N/2-1)*(fs/N); % Frequency axis
figure(2);
plot(f/1e3, abs(S_f), 'LineWidth', 1.2);
title('Two-Sided Spectrum of FM Signal (FFT Based)');
xlabel('Frequency (kHz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
grid on;
xlim([-200 200]); % zoom near carrier region
OUTPUT
TIME DOMAIN PLOT OF FM SIGNAL (β = 10)
MAGNITUDE SPECTRUM
TIME DOMAIN PLOT OF FM SIGNAL (β = 1)
MAGNITUDE SPECTRUM
POWER SPECTRUM OF FM SIGNAL
