Object oriented programming
BENEFITS OF OOP:
Oop offers several benefits to both the program designer and the user. Object-oriented contributes to
the solution of many problems associated with the development and quality of software products. The
principal advantages are :
1. Through inheritance we can eliminate redundant code and extend the use of existing
classes.
2. We can build programs from the standard working modules that communicate with one
another, rather than having to start writing the code from scratch. This leads to saving of
development time and higher productivity.
3. This principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs that can’t be
invaded by code in other parts of the program.
4. It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to co-exist with out any interference.
5. It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects.
6. Object-oriented systems can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.
7. Message passing techniques for communication between objects makes the interface
description with external systems much simpler.
8. Software complexity can be easily managed.
APPLICATION OF OOP:
The most popular application of oops up to now, has been in the area of user interface
design such as windows. There are hundreds of windowing systems developed using oop
techniques.
Real business systems are often much more complex and contain many more objects
with complicated attributes and methods. Oop is useful in this type of applications because it
can simplify a complex problem. The promising areas for application of oop includes.
1. Real – Time systems.
2. Simulation and modeling
3. Object oriented databases.
4. Hypertext,hypermedia and expertext.
5. Al and expert systems.
6. Neural networks and parallel programming.
7. Dicision support and office automation systems.
8. CIM / CAM / CAD system.
Basics of C++
C ++ is an object oriented programming language, C ++ was developed by Jarney
Stroustrup at AT & T Bell lab, USA in early eighties. C ++ was developed from c and simula 67
language. C ++ was early called ‘C with classes’.
C++ Comments:
C++ introduces a new comment symbol //(double slash). Comments start with a double
slash symbol and terminate at the end of line. A comment may start any where in the line and what
ever follows till the end of line is ignored. Note that there is no closing symbol.
The double slash comment is basically a single line comment. Multi line comments can be
written as follows:
// this is an example of
// c++ program
// thank you
The c comment symbols /* ….*/ are still valid and more suitable for multi line comments.
/* this is an example of c++ program */
Output Operator:
The statement cout <<”Hello, world” displayed the string with in quotes on the screen. The identifier
cout can be used to display individual characters, strings and even numbers. It is a predefined object
that corresponds to the standard output stream. Stream just refers to a flow of data and the standard
Output stream normally flows to the screen display. The cout object, whose properties are defined in
iostream.h represents that stream. The insertion operator << also called the ‘put to’ operator directs the
information on its right to the object on its left.
Return Statement:
In C++ main ( ) returns an integer type value to the operating system. Therefore every main (
) in C++ should end with a return (0) statement, otherwise a warning or an error might occur.
Input Operator:
The statement
cin>> number 1;
is an input statement and causes. The program to wait for the user to type in a number. The number
keyed in is placed in the variable number1. The identifier cin is a predefined object in C++ that
corresponds to the standard input stream. Here this stream represents the key board.
The operator >> is known as get from operator. It extracts value from the keyboard
and assigns it to the variable on its right.
Cascading Of I/O Operator:
cout<<”sum=”<<sum<<”\n”;
cout<<”sum=”<<sum<<”\n”<<”average=”<<average<<”\n”;
cin>>number1>>number2;
Structure Of A Program :
Probably the best way to start learning a programming language is by writing a program. Therefore,
here is our first program:
// my first program in C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
Output:-Hello World!
The first panel shows the source code for our first program. The second one shows the result of the
program once compiled and executed. The way to edit and compile a program depends on the compiler
you are using. Depending on whether it has a Development Interface or not and on its version. Consult
the compilers section and the manual or help included with your compiler if you have doubts on how
to compile a C++ console program.
The previous program is the typical program that programmer apprentices write for the first time, and
its result is the printing on screen of the "Hello World!" sentence. It is one of the simplest programs
that can be written in C++, but it already contains the fundamental components that every C++ program
has. We are going to look line by line at the code we have just written:
// my first program in C++
This is a comment line. All lines beginning with two slash signs (//) are considered comments and do
not have any effect on the behavior of the program. The programmer can use them to include short
explanations or observations within the source code itself. In this case, the line is a brief description of
what our program is.
#include <iostream>
Lines beginning with a hash sign (#) are directives for the preprocessor. They are not regular code
lines with expressions but indications for the compiler's preprocessor. In this case the directive
#include<iostream> tells the preprocessor to include the iostream standard file. This specific file
(iostream) includes the declarations of the basic standard input-output library in C++, and it is included
because its functionality is going to be used later in the program.
using namespace std;
All the elements of the standard C++ library are declared within what is called a namespace, the
namespace with the name std. So in order to access its functionality we declare with this expression
that we will be using these entities. This line is very frequent in C++ programs that use the standard
library, and in fact it will be included in most of the source codes included in these tutorials.
int main ()
This line corresponds to the beginning of the definition of the main function. The main function is the
point by where all C++ programs start their execution, independently of its location within the source
code. It does not matter whether there are other functions with other names defined before or after it –
the instructions contained within this function's definition will always be the first ones to be
executed in any C++ program. For that same reason, it is essential that all C++ programs have a main
function.
The word main is followed in the code by a pair of parentheses (()). That is because it is a function
declaration: In C++, what differentiates a function declaration from other types of expressions are these
parentheses that follow its name. Optionally, these parentheses may enclose a list of parameters within
them.
Right after these parentheses we can find the body of the main function enclosed in braces ({}). What
is contained within these braces is what the function does when it is executed.
cout << "Hello World!";
This line is a C++ statement. A statement is a simple or compound expression that can actually produce
some effect. In fact, this statement performs the only action that generates a visible effect in our first
program.
cout represents the standard output stream in C++, and the meaning of the entire statement is to insert
a sequence of characters (in this case the Hello World sequence of characters) into the standard output
stream (which usually is the screen).
cout is declared in the iostream standard file within the std namespace, so that's why we needed to
include that specific file and to declare that we were going to use this specific namespace earlier in our
code.
Notice that the statement ends with a semicolon character (;). This character is used to mark the end
of the statement and in fact it must be included at the end of all expression statements in all C++
programs (one of the most common syntax errors is indeed to forget to include some semicolon after
a statement).
return 0;
The return statement causes the main function to finish. return may be followed by a return code (in
our example is followed by the return code 0). A return code of 0 for the main function is generally
interpreted as the program worked as expected without any errors during its execution. This is the most
usual way to end a C++ console program.
You may have noticed that not all the lines of this program perform actions when the code is executed.
There were lines containing only comments (those beginning by //). There were lines with directives
for the compiler's preprocessor (those beginning by #). Then there were lines that began the
declaration of a function (in this case, the main function) and, finally lines with statements (like the
insertion into cout), which were all included within the block delimited by the braces ({}) of the main
function.
The program has been structured in different lines in order to be more readable, but in C++, we do not
have strict rules on how to separate instructions in different lines. For example, instead of
int main ()
{
cout << " Hello World!";
return 0;
}
We could have written:
int main ()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
All in just one line and this would have had exactly the same meaning as the previous code.
In C++, the separation between statements is specified with an ending semicolon (;) at the end of each
one, so the separation in different code lines does not matter at all for this purpose. We can write many
statements per line or write a single statement that takes many code lines. The division of
code in different lines serves only to make it more legible and schematic for the humans
that may read it.
Let us add an additional instruction to our first program:
// my second
program in C++
#include
<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
cout << "Hello World! ";
cout << "I'm a
C++ program";
return 0;
}
Output:-Hello World! I'm a C++ program
In this case, we performed two insertions into cout in two different statements. Once again,
the separation in different lines of code has been done just to give greater readability to
the program, since main could have been perfectly valid defined this way:
int main ()
{
cout << " Hello World! ";
cout << " I'm a
C++ program ";
return 0;
}
We were also free to divide the code into more lines if we considered it more
convenient: int main ()
{
cout << "Hello
World!"; cout <<
"I'm a C++
program"; return
0;
}
And the result would again have been exactly the same as in the previous examples.
Preprocessor directives (those that begin by #) are out of this general rule since they are
not statements. They are lines read and processed by the preprocessor and do not produce
any code by themselves. Preprocessor directives must be specified in their own line and
do not have to end with a semicolon (;).
