Chapter-1

Introduction

Md. Mubashwir Moshwan

Lecturer
Department of Textile Engineering
Green University of Bangladesh
 Objective of this Chapter

• To know about the basic concept of computer

• To earn knowledge about the application area of computer in textiles
 Outline of this presentation

• Definition
• Computer and Operating System
• Application area of Microsoft Office
• Office tools for Work
• Scope of computer-based technology for textile applications
• Measurement of Yarn Evenness
 Computer and Operating system

• A computer is a machine that • An operating system is a

can be programmed to carry out powerful and usually extensive
sequences of arithmetic or program that controls and
logical operations automatically manages the hardware and
other software on a computer.
. • Microsoft windows, Apple
macOS, Unix & Linux
 Microsoft Office

Microsoft Office is a suite of productivity software applications developed by

Microsoft Corporation. It is one of the most widely used office software suites
in the world and is designed to help individuals, businesses, and
organizations create, edit, manage, and share various types of documents,
spreadsheets, presentations, and other digital content.
 Application area of Microsoft Office

• Microsoft Word: A word processing program used for creating and editing
documents, such as letters, reports, essays, and resumes.
• Microsoft Excel: A spreadsheet application used for tasks like data analysis,
financial calculations, creating charts and graphs, and managing large sets
of data.
• Microsoft PowerPoint: A presentation software that allows users to create
slideshows and multimedia presentations, often used for business
meetings, educational purposes, and public speaking.
• Microsoft Outlook: An email client and personal information manager that
helps users manage emails, calendars, tasks, contacts, and appointments.
 Application area of Microsoft Office

• Microsoft Access (in some editions): A database management system for

creating and managing databases, primarily used for organizing and storing
large amounts of structured data.
• Microsoft Publisher (in some editions): A desktop publishing application for
creating and designing various types of publications, such as brochures,
newsletters, and flyers.
• Microsoft OneNote (in some editions): A digital note-taking application that
allows users to capture and organize notes, drawings, and multimedia
content in a notebook-style format.
 Office tools for Work

1. Word Processing Software:

• Microsoft Word: For creating and editing documents.
• Google Docs: A cloud-based alternative for word processing.
• LibreOffice Writer: An open-source word processing tool.
2. Spreadsheet Software:
• Microsoft Excel: Used for data analysis, calculations, and creating charts.
• Google Sheets: A web-based spreadsheet application.
• LibreOffice Calc: An open-source spreadsheet program.
3. Presentation Software:
• Microsoft PowerPoint: For creating slideshows and presentations.
• Google Slides: A web-based presentation tool.
• LibreOffice Impress: An open-source presentation software.
 Office tools for Work

4. Email Clients:
• Microsoft Outlook: An email client with calendar and task management features.
• Mozilla Thunderbird: An open-source email client.
• Apple Mail: The default email client on macOS and iOS devices.
5. Note-Taking and Organization:
• Microsoft OneNote: For digital note-taking and organization.
• Evernote: A note-taking app for capturing ideas and information.
• Notion: A versatile tool for notes, databases, and project management.
6. Calendar and Scheduling:
• Microsoft Outlook: Includes a calendar for scheduling appointments and events.
• Google Calendar: A web-based calendar tool.
• Apple Calendar: Integrated with macOS and iOS devices.
 Office tools for Work

7. Database Management:
• Microsoft Access: A database management system for creating and managing
databases.
• MySQL: An open-source relational database management system.
• Oracle Database: A robust enterprise-level database system.
8. Desktop Publishing:
• Adobe InDesign: Used for professional desktop publishing.
• Microsoft Publisher: For creating brochures, newsletters, and other publications.
9. PDF Editors:
• Adobe Acrobat: For creating, editing, and managing PDF documents.
• PDF-XChange Editor: A versatile PDF editing tool.
 Office tools for Work

10. Project Management:

• Microsoft Project: For planning, tracking, and managing projects.
• Asana: A popular web-based project management tool.
• Trello: A visual project management tool using boards and cards.
11. Collaboration and Communication:
• Microsoft Teams: Combines chat, video conferencing, and collaboration tools.
• Slack: A team communication and collaboration platform.
• Zoom: A popular video conferencing and webinar tool.
12. Cloud Storage and File Sharing:
• Google Drive: Offers cloud storage and file sharing.
• Dropbox: A cloud-based file storage and synchronization service.
• Microsoft OneDrive: Part of the Microsoft 365 suite for cloud storage.
 Office tools for Work
13. Accounting and Financial Software:
• QuickBooks: For small business accounting.
• Sage: Accounting and business management software.
• Xero: Cloud-based accounting software.
14. Graphics and Design:
• Adobe Creative Cloud: Includes Photoshop, Illustrator, and other design tools.
• Canva: A web-based graphic design platform.
15. Text Editors:
• Notepad (Windows): A basic text editor for quick notes.
• TextEdit (macOS): The default text editor on Mac computers.
• Sublime Text: A versatile code and text editor.
 Application of ICT in various sector
Stage Purpose Examples
Research and • Collecting and recording • Internet/email
Presenting relevant facts • Graphics Software
• Using digital imagery •Digital Camera
•Word Processing Software
• Video Conferencing
Design • Creating visual designs • Graphics Software
• Developing a specification • Digital Camera
• Creating a prototype • Scanner
• Experimental work • Digital Printer
• CAD Systems
Manufacturing/Prod • Producing patterns • Lay planning
uction • Producing end garments • Digitisers / Digital Printers
• Controlling machinery • 3D body scanning equipment
• Costings • Computerised sewing, knitting and weaving ,machines
• EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)
 Application of ICT in various sector

Stage Purpose Examples

Distribution • Stock control and dispatch • Tagging (RFID)
systems • Word Processing / Databases
• Order processing • Spreadsheets
• Stock/asset tracking software
Sales • Promoting the product • Graphics Software
e.g. Advertising • Word Processing Software
• Sales channels e.g. on TV, • Digital Printer
website/E-tailing • Digital Camera
• E-Commerce • EPOS software
• Security Tagging • PDM Software
Scope of computer-based technology for textile applications

(1) CAD
(2) CAM
(3) CIM
(4) CAT
 CAD

CAD stands for computer aided design. Computer-aided design (CAD) is the
use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis or
optimization of a design.
CAD software is used to:
 Increase the productivity of the designer
 Improve the quality of design
 Improve the communications through documentation and
 To create a database for manufacturing
CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining or
other manufacturing operation
 CAD

• CAD is used to create or modify designs. The final design can then be
digitally printed, or the information sent directly to the machines.
• Here, Pattern pieces are designed on the computer and then printed or
fabric structure is simulated.
 Some of the popular CAD software

There are many CAD software solution providers for the garment and textile
industry. Here is a list of such popular CAD system.
• AccuMark Pattern Design software by Gerber Technology
• CAD Assyst by Human solution assyst AVM
• Modrais by Lectra sytems
• Optitex Pattern Design Software by Optitex
• TUKAead by Tukateck Inc.
• Fashion CAD by CAS CAM solutions Australia Pty. Ltd.
• SDS-ONE APEX3 from Shima Seiki
• PAD system
• GT CAD by Genuie Technology and Research Limited
 Some of the popular CAD software
There are many CAD software solution providers for the garment and textile industry. Here is a list of such popular CAD system.

• Adobe Illustrator: While not exclusively a textile CAD software, Adobe Illustrator is widely used for creating vector-based textile
designs and patterns.

• NedGraphics: A specialized CAD software designed for the textile and fashion industry. It offers tools for pattern design, color
management, and more.

• Lectra: Lectra provides CAD software solutions tailored for the fashion and apparel industry. They offer products like Modaris for
pattern-making and Diamino for marker-making.

• Optitex: Optitex offers 2D and 3D CAD solutions for the fashion and textile industry. Their software helps in pattern making, grading,
and virtual prototyping.

• Gerber Technology: Gerber offers various software solutions for pattern making, marker making, and production planning,
commonly used in the textile industry.
 Some of the popular CAD software
• TUKAcad: TUKAcad is known for its pattern-making and grading capabilities. It's widely used in the apparel and textile
industries.
• Browzwear: Specializes in 3D apparel design and visualization. It allows designers to create realistic 3D garment
prototypes.
• CLO 3D: Another 3D apparel design software that's used for virtual garment prototyping and pattern-making.
• Fashion CAD: Offers a range of software solutions for the fashion and textiles industry, including pattern design,
grading, and marker making.
• Gerber Accumark: Part of Gerber Technology, Accumark is used for pattern design, grading, and marker-making.
• PAD System: A CAD software designed for pattern-making, grading, and marker-making, widely used in the textiles
industry.
• Assyst: Assyst offers CAD software solutions for pattern design, grading, and virtual prototyping in the fashion and
apparel industry.
• Design2Textile: This is a specialized CAD software for designing and creating textile patterns.
• Tajima DG/ML by Pulse: Often used for embroidery design, this software is useful for creating intricate textile designs.
 CAM
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer software to
control machine tools and related machinery in the manufacturing of work
pieces/products. CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all
operation of a manufacturing plant, including planning, management,
transportation and storage.

Primary purpose is
• To create a faster production process
• To ensure the most precise dimensions of the materials
• To ensure material consistency
• To minimize waste
• To reduce energy consumption
 CAM in Industry
Printing Machine
1. An image is produced using CAD and printed out onto
the transfer paper or the design is transferred to the
screen making machine to print out the design
2. Then the printed design is printed onto the fabric using
computerized control system

Embroidery machine
1. A design is copied using a scanner or created using CAD
software.
2. The embroidery machine can be linked directly to a PC or
designs can be transferred on a disk
3. The image is then downloaded onto the machines
memory ant outout onto the machine bed, creating a
machined logo or image
 CIM
Computer – Integrated Manufacturing system integrate or link CAD and CAM
systems. CIM is a manufacturing process in which all the functional elements and
process steps are integrated with the help of computer. So that the process
operates in the most effective and efficient way.
Primary Function
• Able to combine the design development, production planning and
manufacturing systems altogether.
• Able to design a product in one country and manufacture it overseas where
labour costs are lower
• Able to set monitor and control parameter of the production process virtually
• CIM monitoring system are two types
 On-line
 Off-line
 CIM
Online system
CIM is used to set monitor
 On line monitoring system is installed on board the machine and control the key
or equipment for monitoring and controlling operation.
parameters like
 On line monitoring system use PLC control, PLC
(Programmable Logic Controller) have been gaining 1. Temperature, pressure
popularity on the factory. and time of
polymerization
 Constant and continuous monitoring ensures consistent
process performance and product quality. 2. Viscosity of molten
 Quick detection of any malfunction of the machine polymer
 Reduction in personnel intervention 3. Extrusion rate
 Increase efficiency and productivity 4. Draw ration
Off line system 5. Fiber fineness
 Off line system is off the machine and performs the task 6. Finish add-on etc.
related to the machine independently
 CIM
Automation:
Different types of automation tools are
Automation is a technique of  ANN- Artificial neural network
automatically controlled operation of
an apparatus , process or system by  BPM- Bonita Open Solution
mechanical or electronic device that  DCS- Distributed Control System
takes place without human observation,
efforts and decision.  HMI- Human Machine Interface
 SCADA- Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition
Automation Tools:  PLC- Programmable Logic Controller
 PAC- Programmable automation controller
Computer aided technologies now  Instrumentation
serve the basis for mathematical and  Motion Control
organizational tools used to create  Robotics
complex CIM systems ( both CAD and
 CIM
Advantages of automation Disadvantages of Automation
 Increase throughput or productivity  High initial cost of installation
 Improved quality or increase  High cost of research and
predictability of quality development
 Improved robustness ( consistency)  Security threats
of process or product  High cost of maintenance
 Increased consistency of output  Unexpected production delays
 Reduced direct human labor costs  Limited scope
and expenses
 Lack of flexibility
 Performing jobs beyond human
capability  Unemployment
 CAT
Computer aided testing provides a digital and Their use falls into two
automatic solution for quality and testing main categories
evaluation and control of textile processing and Recording and
products by using computer related testing calculation of result
techniques.
Automation of the
In the textile industry, testing traditionally relies on test procedure
heavily subjective estimation without objective
testing instruments.
Computer aided testing technology and methods
have been used to replace these traditional
subjective evaluation methods
 CAA
CAA stands for computer aided DBMS
administration. Now a days textile and
apparel industry uses a lot of software to  A software package/system
promote their productivity
MIS design to facilitate the creation
 A management information system (MIS) is and maintenance of a
an information system used for decision- computerized database. Actually
making and for the coordination, control,
analysis and visualization of information in the DBMS is general purpose
an organization software systems that facilitates
 MIS uses the information technology people the process of defining
and business process to record, store and
process data to produce information that constructing, manipulating and
decision maker can use to make day to day
decision in order to ensure the growth of sharing database among various
the business. user and application
 CAA
Computer Aided Market Analysis HRD and payroll system development
(CAMA) & sailing: in textile industry:
When companies wish to monitor
consumer behavior, they may use Computer aided administration can
CAMA data to analyze their sales. collect and access in a quick and
For Example, the use of bonus and effective way to assist manufacturing
reward cards in supermarkets or information management. For
provides information about what example, Your university may have an
products people are buying and
when they are buying them. This electronic registration system or a
helps designers target new company may use clocking-in
products. identification to monitor the where
abouts of its employee.
 EPOS
• An EPOS is a computerized system for
recording sales, taking payment, monitoring
stock and generating reports within the retail
and hospitality sectors.
• EPOS system come in a variety of
configurations, shapes and sizes
Components of a EPOS system
 Touchscreen computer
 Customer displays
 Receipt printer
 Barcode scanner
 Cash drawer
 Software
 Advantages of an EPOS system
Sales Report Minimize Mistakes
 An EPOS system gives a good overview of the  The price for a product can be changed and it
business and automatically keeps a record of will be automatically updated throughout the
cash flow system which will result in reduction of
 Data about a product category can be easily mistakes and customer dissatisfaction
found Displayable Loyalty Program
Customize Product Offer  An EPOS system can save all the information
 The most and least profitable products can about individual customer and customize the
be categorized from the sales report product offers and promotions for individual
customer. It makes them feel special and well
 Customization of the item can be done treated and this may lead to purchase intent.
depending on customer needs Employee Management
Save time  EPOS software can be used to check
 EPOS system keep tracks of all the goods additional sales made by each employee.
going out and coming in. Thus helps to However it can also be used as a managerial
mange inventory which leads to savings a lot tool and as an award criterion. By doing this,
of time employee will be more motivated and more
effective. Therefore, sales will increase and
 EPOS system also can help you define customer service will improve
margins automatically and calculate taxes
 How different departments use computers
Production
Production planning, Process control system Accounts
Maintenance Accounting system are usually integrated
within many other department of an
PPM ( Planned plant maintenance systems,
organization as whole software package.
( Database of part and equipment)
E.g: Sage, Accountant-SAP
Quality Control/ R&D
Simulation, sampling and results databases
A accounting system is a computerized
Designing package that has numerous facilities to
process your financial information. The
Simulations, CAD system collects the information, classifies it
and then summaries the data in an
Ware House / Store accessible way to allow the user to view
their financial information in simplistic
Inventory Control systems, Stock terms.
 How different departments use computers

Finance Marketing
Financial Reporting Systems, Financial CRM [Customer relationship
management and forecasting tools management], Market research
Purchase / Procurement Systems
Purchase Order Processing Systems Human Resources / Personnel
Sales Pay Roll Systems, Employees
Performance Reporting Systems,
Sales management, Sales Order Automated attendance.
Processing Systems.
General Administration
Reporting Systems, security surveillance
software.
 Some Area where computer is used in Textiles

Spinning
The application of computer software in spinning sector mainly divided into
four category
1. Bale management
2. Fiber testing
3. Yarn testing
4. Quality control
 Some Area where computer is used in Textiles
Spinning processing( minimum cost) condition
and a constant yarn quality is called
Bale
bale management.
Bale is a package of compressed
 Bale Inventory Analysis System
cotton lint after ginning, tied with wire
(BIAS, USTER)
or metal bands and wrapped in cotton,
 Engineered Fiber system ( EPS,
jute or polypropylene.
Cotton incorporated)
Bale management
The choice of cotton bales ( for
blending or mixing) according to the
fiber characteristics in order to achieve
acceptable and economical
 Some Area where computer is used in Textiles
Function of Bale management software

 To mix or blend of bales (fibers) in such a way that bales taken from stock
are having minimum variation in quality parameters from bale to bale and
from day to day.
 To reduce cost
 To reduce waste
 To handle the logistics of cotton bale information efficiently throughout
the flow chart of the cotton market
 To assist the textile mill in determining optimum levels of yarn quality with
respect to the required levels of fiber attributes and the cost of fibers
 Some Area where computer is used in Textiles
Steps of Bale management
100% testing of bales Print out of Mix Plan
All the bales received are tested in System will consider all the necessary
HVI. Tested result are exported to BIAS data and print out the bale mixing plan to
either directly or by floppy disk. ensure optimum result. Average of all
Categorization of Bales quality parameter will be printed. Thus
All bales tested are homebred and BIAS helps to reduce variation in quality
divided into categories. i.e. If parameters on a day to day basis
categorized according to SCI and MIC. particular mixing
Mix Formation Some key properties of bale
i.e. mix for 20 bales Strength, trash content, fineness,
maturity, length, brightness, uniformity,
 Some Area where computer is used in Textiles
Spinning
Fiber Testing
Testing is the process or procedure to determines the quality of a product.
Quality could be termed as customer’s satisfaction. A good quality product
means that it will fulfill all the purposes for which it has been produced
It is necessary to find out the complete parameter's of fiber that will help in
the process of spinning. The properties of the yarn and fabric are directly
influenced by the properties of fiber from which yarn and fabric are made.
For testing of the fibers mostly used instruments are
 HVI
 AFIS
 Some Area where computer is used in Textiles
Spinning
High Volume Instrument (HVI)
High volume instrument system are based on fiber bundle testing. i.e many
fibers are checked at the same time and their average values are determined.
Example: USTER HVI, Premier HVI, Lintronics HVI
The different HVI modules are
1. Length and strength module
2. Micronaire module
3. Colour and trash module
These module are used to measure the following fiber parameters
 Fiber length, uniformity, short fiber index, Micronaire, maturity index,
strength, elongation, color and trash and moisture content.
 Some Area where computer is used in Textiles
Spinning
Advanced fiber information system
AFIS provides single fiber information and is distinguished from earlier and
existing method by providing distributions of basic fiber properties.
Operation principle
AFIS is an optical system. The fiber sample is opened into individual fibers in
the opening unit and are then passed in the free airflow by the optoelectronic
sensor. The pules generated by the sensor are converted into electronic
signals and evaluated by a computer.
 Some Area where computer is used in Textiles
Spinning
The different AFIS measurement modules
The L and M module: Measure fiber length and diameter
Trash Module: Determine the no. & sizes of foreign matter, dust and trash
Nep Module: Analyzing nep count and nep size
Multi-data module: For simultaneous determination of nep, fiber length &
dia, trash dust of sample
Auto jet module: For automatic loading of test sample
So, AFIS measure the following fiber parameters
 Fiber length, Fiber maturity, Trash content, Nep content
 Some Area where computer is used in Textiles
Spinning
Yarn Tester: • Capacitive measurement of mass
USTER TESTER 6: variation & imperfections of staple
Capacitive and optical sensor yarn
technology in the USTER® • Hariness amount measurement
TESTER 6 opens the door to • Hariness length measurement
spinning mill management. • Yarn diameter, shape, density,
Showing spinners the full diameter variation can be measured
picture, with all the options for • Yarn twist measurement
assured quality and cost • Yarn trash, dust of cotton blends
effective production. measurement
USTER TESTER 6 USTER TENSORAPID

USTER CLASSIMAT 5
 Some Area where computer is used in Textiles
Spinning
Yarn Tester: USTER CLASSIMAT:
USTER TENSORAPID: Classification and analysis of
Tensile tester for both staple yarn faults in staple yarns like
and filament yarns. Delivering thick & thin place.
precise data for yarn strength
and elongation which is
recognized by global standards.
Its provide vital information,
both for the downstream
process or end-use.
 Some Area where computer is used in Textiles
Spinning
Quality Control Software Some other software:
 USTER® SLIVERGUARD: The online  OASYS
sliver quality monitoring and control  CYROS
system.  Premier Tester 7000
 USTER® JOSSI VISION SIELD T:  USTER SLIVERDATA
Detection and elimination of natural  USTER RINGDATA
and synthetic contamination  USTER ROTORDATA
 USTER® SENTINEL: The ring spinning  USTER CONEDATA
optimization system.  DATALOG: For machine data
 USTER® QUANTUM 3: The
prevention yarn clearing system.
 Digital Technology for Yarn Structure and Appearance
Analysis
Yarn structure and appearance have significant influence on the properties and
performance of the yarn and its end-products. Traditionally yarn structure and appearance
are evaluated subjectively by manual methods, but some of the methods are subjective,
less reliable and labour intensive. With the rapid development of computer technology,
efficient and low-cost techniques have been established for the accurate image acquisition
and massive image storage.

Fig: A generic diagram of digitalized yarn feature analysis.

 Digital Technology for Yarn Structure and Appearance
Analysis
• Measurement of yarn evenness
• Analysis of yarn hairiness
• Measurement of yarn twist
• Measurement of yarn twist
• Analysis of yarn blend
• Analysis of yarn blend
 Measurement of yarn evenness
There are two method to measure the evenness of a yarn .
1. Capacitive method (Uster evenness tester)
2. Optical method (Zweigle G580)
Rong and Slater (1995) developed a microcomputer system using digital signal
processing for yarn unevenness analysis. In this system, the analogue signal of the
diameters of a single yarn, measured by the Uster Tester, was converted into a
digital form and then further analyzed by means of frequency spectrum analysis
techniques.
Based on the capacitive principle, also developed a new system for accurate yarn
thickness and evenness measurement by using capacitive sensors and digital signal
processing techniques. In comparison to commercial instruments, this system
enabled direct measurement of yarn mass with a high resolution of 1 mm in yarn
length.
Measurement of yarn evenness
 Measurement of yarn evenness
In optical measurement, an optical signal processing system has been developed to
measure yarn diameter a helium neon (HeNe) laser was used to emit a coherent light
which was directed to pass through a diaphragm, a set of planoconvex lenses and a
yarn sample and fi nally was received by a detector (photodiode). The novelty of this
method is that a low-pass spatial fi lter was inserted in front of the optical sensor so as
to eliminate the signal from yarn hairs and thus keep the entire core of the yarn
remaining in the image for diameter evaluation.
 Analysis of yarn hairiness

Yarn hairiness is defi ned as hairs protruding from the main body of a yarn.
The amount of hairiness is important to both the textile operations and the
appearance of fabrics and garments. Commercial instruments, such as the
Uster Testers 3 and 4, the Shirley Hairiness Tester and the Zweigle G565 and
G566, have been widely used in the textile industry for the assessment of
yarn hairiness. So far, most commercial systems to quantify yarn hairiness
have been based on the optical principle.
 Analysis of yarn hairiness

Experimental setup of the optical system with a high-pass spatial filter

for yarn hairiness measurement
 Grading of yarn appearance

The grading of yarn appearance is one of the important testing procedures in

assessing spun yarn quality in the textile industry. In the standard test
method presented in ASTM D2255–02 (2007)
various methods such as splitting cluster
analysis and artificial neural network
have been used for the objective
classification of yarn grades.
 Grading of yarn appearance
One of the recent advances in computer technology is the development of
computational attention-driven modelling which enables the possibility of
manual inspection simulation. When the operator is examining a yarn board,
he or she will first consider all yarn segments on the board as a whole and
then focus on certain abnormal areas by visually comparing yarn appearance
among the segments. During this period, only the abnormal areas
represented by yarn faults, such as thick places, thin places, neps and foreign
matter, are visually highlighted and attract the attention of the operator. In
the attention-driven model, a saliency map can be used to compute and
indicate these abnormal or fault areas. The saliency map is an attention-
driven image method and has been widely used in visual search, object
detection and active vision
Grading of yarn appearance

Attention-driven modelling for abnormality

detection: (a) original image; (b) saliency
map; (c) abnormal areas.

Attention-driven modelling for foreign

matter detection: (a) original image; (b)
saliency map; (c) foreign matter