UNCLASSIFIED // FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

SPECIAL PUBLICATION
November 2002

Soldier’s Handbook
Landmines & Explosive Hazards – Iraq

DESTRUCTION NOTICE
For classified documents, follow the procedures in DOD 5200.22-M, industrial
Security manual, section 11-19 or DOD 5200.1-R, information security program
regulation, chapter IX. For unclassified, limited documents, destroy by any method that
will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

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 UNCLASSIFIED // FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Introduction

The purpose of this handbook is to provide the reader with an awareness of

mine and explosive hazard threats in Iraq, i.e.: BLU 97, etc. to limit the
effects of mines, unexploded ordnance (UXO) and booby traps (BTs), and
improvised explosive devices (IEDs) to friendly mobility and force
protection.

Landmines, UXOs, BTs, and IEDs pose deadly and pervasive threats to all
personnel deployed in the Iraqi Theater. Recent experiences in Afghanistan
and the Balkan theater shows that military forces are most vulnerable to the
effects of these hazards upon initial entry into the theater of operations,
before gaining experience with the employment techniques and
characteristics of these explosive hazards, and after extended combat
operations when complacency with the hazards in the operational
environment may occur. Extensive mine, and explosive hazard awareness
training is a proven and effective force protection tool. Leaders at all levels
have a responsibility to ensure their subordinates are trained on mine, UXOs,
BT, and IED awareness, characteristics of thesedevices, and immediate
action drills when and if these devices are encountered.

Warning
This handbook provides general land mine, UXO, BT, and IED
awareness, characteristics, and safety information. It will help you
to establish proper safety procedures, inform you how to recognize
mined areas, acquaint you with actions to be taken in the event you
find yourself in a minefield, and actions to take in the event of a
mine strike. This book is NOT an instruction manual for working
with mines, UXO, or BTs. It does not supercede FM 20 – 32 Mine/
Countermine Operations, nor any SOPs, Orders, or Military
Directives in the Theater of Operations.

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Table of Contents Table of Contents
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Iraq Landmine Identification Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Mines & Explosive Hazard Threats in Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Iraqi Minefield Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Iraqi Minefield Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Offensive and Defensive Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Offensive and Defensive Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Protective Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Protective Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Defensive Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Defensive Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Barrier/Screening/Restrictive/Obstructive Minefields . . . . . 4 Barrier/Screening/Restrictive/Obstructive Minefields . . . . . 4
Harassment/Disruptive/Nuisance Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Harassment/Disruptive/Nuisance Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
False or Dummy Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 False or Dummy Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Air Assault/Airborne Landing Zone Minefields . . . . . . . . . 6 Air Assault/Airborne Landing Zone Minefields . . . . . . . . . 6
Scatterable Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Scatterable Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Minefield Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Minefield Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Marking Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Marking Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Iraqi Landmine Warfare During DESERT STORM . . . . . . . . 8 Iraqi Landmine Warfare During DESERT STORM . . . . . . . . 8
Mine Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Mine Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Man-Made Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Man-Made Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Improvised Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Improvised Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Natural Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Natural Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Extraction Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Extraction Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Look, Feel, Probe Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Look, Feel, Probe Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Probing Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Probing Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Tripwire Feeler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Tripwire Feeler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Action on Finding a Mine With a Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Action on Finding a Mine With a Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Minefield Extraction Not in Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Minefield Extraction Not in Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Extraction on Foot When Footprints Can be Seen. . . . . . . 19 Extraction on Foot When Footprints Can be Seen. . . . . . . 19
Extraction on Foot When Footprints Cannot Be Seen . . . . 21 Extraction on Foot When Footprints Cannot Be Seen . . . . 21
Use of Radios in Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Use of Radios in Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Probing Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Probing Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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“Footprints” or “Connect the Dots” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 “Footprints” or “Connect the Dots” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Casualty Extraction Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Casualty Extraction Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Single Casualty in a Minefield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Single Casualty in a Minefield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Vehicle/Convoy Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Vehicle/Convoy Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
TTPs for Personnel Extraction from a Vehicle Casualty . . 26 TTPs for Personnel Extraction from a Vehicle Casualty. . 26
Reporting Mines and Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Reporting Mines and Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Mine Strike First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Mine Strike First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Recognizing UXO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Recognizing UXO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Reporting UXO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Reporting UXO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Landmine Data Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Landmine Data Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
C3A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 C3A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
M2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 M2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
M3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 M3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
M14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 M14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
M18A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 M18A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
MON-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 MON-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
MON-100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 MON-100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
MON-200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 MON-200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
No. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 No. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
P-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 P-25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
P-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 P-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
PMD-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 PMD-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
PMN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 PMN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
POMZ-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 POMZ-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
POMZ-2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 POMZ-2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
PPM-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 PPM-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
PRB M409 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 PRB M409 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
SB-33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 SB-33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

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TS/50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 TS/50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Type 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Type 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Valmara 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Valmara 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
VS-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 VS-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
L9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 L9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
M15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 M15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
MAT-76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 MAT-76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
PRB M3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 PRB M3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
PT Mi-Ba III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 PT Mi-Ba III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
SB-81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 SB-81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
SB-81/AR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 SB-81/AR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
TC/2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 TC/2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
TC/6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 TC/6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
TCE/6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 TCE/6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
TM-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 TM-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
TM-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 TM-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
TM-62M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 TM-62M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
TMN-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 TMN-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Type 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Type 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Type 72 (CH Plastic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Type 72 (CH Plastic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
VS-1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 VS-1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
VS-2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 VS-2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
VS-T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 VS-T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Figures Figures
Iraqi Wire Obstacles Constructed in Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Iraqi Wire Obstacles Constructed in Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Trip Flares and Bounding Fragmentation Mines on Enemy Trip Flares and Bounding Fragmentation Mines on Enemy
Side of Iraqi Minefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Side of Iraqi Minefields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Typical Mine Cluster With Single AT Mine (VS-2.2) Typical Mine Cluster With Single AT Mine (VS-2.2)

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and Three AP Mines (Type 72) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 and Three AP Mines (Type 72) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Iraqi Mine Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Iraqi Mine Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Burned Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Burned Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Painted Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Painted Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Stacked Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Stacked Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Unexplained Dead Animal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Unexplained Dead Animal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Landmine in Uncut Grass Between Plowed Field and Landmine in Uncut Grass Between Plowed Field and
Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Probing Technique Using any Suitable Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Probing Technique Using any Suitable Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Tire Tracks Visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Tire Tracks Visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Tire Tracks Not Visible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Tire Tracks Not Visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Projected Ordnance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Projected Ordnance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Thrown Ordnance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Thrown Ordnance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Placed Ordnance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Placed Ordnance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Dropped Ordnance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Dropped Ordnance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
C3A1 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 C3A1 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
M2 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 M2 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
M3 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 M3 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
M14 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 M14 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
M18A1 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 M18A1 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
MON-50 Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 MON-50 Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
MON-100 Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 MON-100 Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
MON-200 Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 MON-200 Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
No. 4 Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 No. 4 Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
P-25 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 P-25 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
P-40 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 P-40 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
PMD-6 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 PMD-6 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
PMN Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 PMN Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
POMZ-2 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 POMZ-2 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
POMZ-2M Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 POMZ-2M Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

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PPM-2 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 PPM-2 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
PRB M409 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 PRB M409 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
SB-33 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 SB-33 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
TS/50 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 TS/50 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Type 72 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Type 72 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Valmara 69 Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Valmara 69 Antipersonnel Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
VS-50 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 VS-50 Antipersonnel Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
L9 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 L9 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
M15 Antitank Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 M15 Antitank Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
MAT-76 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 MAT-76 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
PRB M3 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 PRB M3 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
PT Mi-Ba III Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 PT Mi-Ba III Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
SB-81 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 SB-81 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
SB-81/AR Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 SB-81/AR Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
TC/2.4 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 TC/2.4 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
TC/6 and TCE/6 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 TC/6 and TCE/6 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
TC/6 and TCE/6 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 TC/6 and TCE/6 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
TM-46 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 TM-46 Antitank Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
TM-57 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 TM-57 Antitank Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
TM-62M Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 TM-62M Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
TMN-46 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 TMN-46 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Type 59 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Type 59 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Type 72 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Type 72 Antitank Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
VS-1.6 Antitank Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 VS-1.6 Antitank Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
VS-2.2 Antitank Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 VS-2.2 Antitank Mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
SM Signal Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 SM Signal Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
VS-T Illumination Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 VS-T Illumination Mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

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Background

Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq became an independent kingdom

in 1932. A “republic” was proclaimed in 1958, but in reality a series of
military strongmen have ruled the country since, the latest being Saddam
Hussein.

Iraq is considered one of the most mine-infested nations in the world. Iraq
emplaced minefields for three main purposes; to protect its borders during the
lengthy war with Iran (1980-1988), to ward off invasion during the Gulf War
(1990-1991), and to subdue the Kurdish population in Northern Iraq.

Northern Iraq’s mine and unexploded ordnance (UXO) problems date back to
the end of World War II, but mines were not heavily used in this region until
the 1960s and 1970s. During this period, the central Iraqi government
attempted to subdue Kurdish demands for autonomy through use of mine
warfare.

Iraq invaded Iran in 1980 over territorial disputes. The Iraqis were pushed
back to their borders in 1982, and in 1983 the Iranians and their Pesh Merga
allies occupied parts of Iraq. From 1983-1988, the Iran/Iraq War was
characterized by large-scale attacks against entrenched, heavily fortified and
mined positions on both sides of the border. Both countries used mines
extensively along their common border. Additionally,Iraq used mines
extensively in the northern regions of the country to curtail internal dissident
activities.

In 1990, just two years after the end of the war with Iran, Iraq invaded
Kuwait. The January-March 1991 air and land war led by United States and
coalition forces ousted Iraqi forces from Kuwait, restoring the sovereignty
of the Republic of Kuwait. The Gulf War severely damaged Iraqi
industry, public services, and their military capabilities. As a result of

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military operations during this conflict, landmines and UXOs are found
throughout Iraq.

Since the Gulf War, the country of Iraq is basically divided into two
regions. The government of Iraq effectively controls all of southern and
central Iraq, while the Kurds control northern Iraq.

Mines in the Iraqi inventory include a wide variety of antipersonnel (AP) and
antitank (AT) mines, as well as illumination/ signal mines. Of note, some of
these mines are designed to thwart detection and disarming. For example, the
SB- series of scatterable mines: contain anti- handling devices; are blast-
resistant; and are nearly nondetectable by metallic or ferrous mine detectors.
The blast- resistant and magnetic influence- fuzed, AT, scatterable mines are
sophisticated and are indicative of the potential of the mine threat worldwide.

The landmine threat from a country such as Iraq is serious. The enormous
and diverse inventory, which includes blast-resistant, magnetic-fuzed, anti-
disturbance, and non-detectable mines can seriously degrade offensive
mobility. The landmine threat must always be considered within the context
of integrated obstacles: trenches, wire barriers, fences, and possibly berms—
all of which may be covered by direct and indirect fire.

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Mine and Explosive Hazard Threats in Iraq

Iraq is one of the most heavily mined nations in the world. It is

estimated there are over 10 million mines already in the ground. Of
these, 8 million mines are estimated to be anti-personnel (AP) mines,
and 2 million anti-tank (AT) mines. Iraq produces and exports AP
mines. It remains the only known mine exporter in the world that has
not instituted a ban on the exportation of mines.

Although Iraq produces its own mines, the vast majority of mines
employed in Iraq are imported. It is possible to find in Iraq almost
every variety of mine manufactured around the world. Five minefield
types are typically found in Iraq. The “nuisance” minefield is
randomly emplaced and lacks a discernable boundary or pattern.
“Protective” minefields normally surround defensive positions and are
generally placed in a linear pattern. The size of the protective
minefields depends on the size of the position they are defending.
Protective minefields normally contain both AT and AP mines. The
“Defensive” (tactical) minefield is used to restrict and disrupt the
movement of enemy forces. Unlike protective minefields that are
placed close to defensive positions and covered by light weapons,
defensive minefields are normally emplaced some distance from the
Iraqi units’ defensive positions. Iraqi engineers normally lay defensive
minefields and adhere to strict doctrine. “Restrictive” minefields are
used to protect the Iraqi flanks and influence axes of attack. Placement
of restrictive minefields is determined by senior Iraqi officers, and laid
by engineer units. Normally, restrictive minefields are very large in
size. The last minefield type is the “Phony” minefield, and is normally
emplaced to support withdrawal operations, or between live minefields.

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Landmines and UXOs are known to be concentrated in the northern

Kurdish region, southern Iraq, and the area along the borders with Iran,
Kuwait, and Syria. Explosive hazards are commonly found near water
sources and in rural farmlands. The Iraqis did not restrict their mining
activities to the border areas, and emplaced mines throughout the
northern region such as Penjwin. In addition, the region near Basra in
the southeast is heavily mined.

There are in excess of 25 different types of mines identified in the

northern region. These include metal AT mines, such as the Soviet
TM62 series mines, and the low metal, plastic-cased Italian mines like
the TS and VS series mines. Probably the most common AT mine in
Iraq is the VS 2.2. AP mines are found above and below ground,and
include both blast and fragmentation mines. The most common AP
mines are the Valmara 69 bounding mine, POMZ-2 stake mine, and the
VS 50 low metal blast mine.

In the years prior to, during, and after the Iraq/Iran war, the Iraqi armies
laid millions of mines in the north to control and restrict the movement
of the Kurdish population. Almost all of these minefields are still in
place today. According to the UN, many of these mines and
minefields are still unrecorded and unmarked. Booby traps, such as
20-liter steel drums filled with napalm attached to trip wires, have also
been identified. These drums are buried, leaving only the upper portion
of the device exposed and connected to a series of bounding mines.
The current condition of these improvised mines is unknown.

Some humanitarian demining has taken place in Northern Iraq, but the
border with Iran and Kuwait has remained virtually uncleared. Unlike
minefields in the north, minefields in the south are mainly protective
and defensive in nature. Most of the minefields in southern Iraq follow
a very strict doctrine similar to the basic laying, recording, and
reporting doctrine that NATO forces have used for years. There may
be cases of shallow water mines being used in the waters along the
southeastern coast of Iraq.
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In late 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait over disputed ownership of oil-rich

lands. This belligerent action by Iraq was responsible for the start of the
Gulf War. In addition to the mine threat already in place prior to the
Gulf War, the Iraqi military emplaced millions of additional mines to
deter movement of coalition forces. The Iraqi military extensively used
scatterable AP mines (VS-50), against coalition forces. These mines,
green or sand colored, contain very little metal and are very difficult to
detect. They may be partially or completely buried under shifting dust
or sand. Most are made of plastic and colored to match the surrounding
surface.

After extended periods under the sun and weathering, the mine color
will change to a more neutral color, and will blend into the surrounding
ground. These mines are extremely difficult to detect visually, and will
be highly sensitized and even more dangerous as they age. Since the
end of the Gulf War, the Iraqi government has continually refused to
allow UN humanitarian demining efforts within the southern half of the
country, so it is impossible to accurately estimate the density and
efficacy of existing minefields

Generally, the presence of UXO indicates a former battleground. Most

battle areas were mined, so it is possible to encounter two threats at the
same time – mines and UXOs! During the Gulf War, coalition forces
used cluster bomb submunitions during the air campaign that preceded
the ground war. These munitions have ahigh failure rate, and
constitute a significant UXO threat that continues today. The cluster
bomb’s casing and internal storage elements will fall to the ground
either ahead or beyond the danger area where the cluster bomblets are
released, depending on the weapon. Unexploded submunitions
constitute significant dangers to friendly forces, and are just as
dangerous as mines. If encountered, the cluster bomb case provides a
good indicator that unexploded submunitions may be located nearby.

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Warning

Do not attempt to touch or move a UXO. The

reasons for ordnance failure are many, but once
fired or thrown, the fusing system will likely
activate, making the ordnance unstable for
handling. If the round did not function initially,
any subsequent stimulus or movement may
trigger the UXO to function.

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Iraqi Minefield Doctrine Iraqi Minefield Doctrine

The following tactics, techniques, and procedures are employed by the The following tactics, techniques, and procedures are employed by the
Iraqis: Iraqis:
„ Iraq uses minefields as the primary means to channel and concentrate „ Iraq uses minefields as the primary means to channel and concentrate
enemy forces into prepared kill zones. enemy forces into prepared kill zones.
„ Minefields are used, instead of ambushes, in security and operational „ Minefields are used, instead of ambushes, in security and operational
zones to harass, interdict, and attrit enemy forces. zones to harass, interdict, and attrit enemy forces.
„ There are five basic types of minefields employed by Iraqi troops: „ There are five basic types of minefields employed by Iraqi troops:
protective, defensive, barrier, disruptive, and false minefields. protective, defensive, barrier, disruptive, and false minefields.
„ When fire coverage is not feasible, the minefield will be deep and „ When fire coverage is not feasible, the minefield will be deep and
made difficult to penetrate by employing AP mines, anti-lifting made difficult to penetrate by employing AP mines, anti-lifting
devices, and obstacles such as wire entanglements, tank traps, earth devices, and obstacles such as wire entanglements, tank traps, earth
berms, flame field expedient obstacles, and flooding. berms, flame field expedient obstacles, and flooding.
„ Iraqi doctrine does allow for the use of mixed AP and AT minefields „ Iraqi doctrine does allow for the use of mixed AP and AT minefields
but does not allow the mixing of different fuze types in a single but does not allow the mixing of different fuze types in a single
minefield. minefield.
Offensive and Defensive Minefields Offensive and Defensive Minefields
In Iraqi doctrine, the purpose of a minefield is to impede/delay/disrupt In Iraqi doctrine, the purpose of a minefield is to impede/delay/disrupt
the enemy's advance, to channel enemy forces into predetermined kill the enemy's advance, to channel enemy forces into predetermined kill
zones, and to attrit his forces. The Iraqis will employ mines on the most zones, and to attrit his forces. The Iraqis will employ mines on the most
probable direction of enemy attack to the entire depth of the defense, probable direction of enemy attack to the entire depth of the defense,
covering the defending force’s flanks and gaps between friendly units. covering the defending force’s flanks and gaps between friendly units.
Minefields are used, instead of ambushes, in security and operational Minefields are used, instead of ambushes, in security and operational
zones to harass, interdict, and attrit enemy forces. The amount of time zones to harass, interdict, and attrit enemy forces. The amount of time
available, the type of enemy force, the availability of mines, and the available, the type of enemy force, the availability of mines, and the

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mine laying equipment available dictate minefield density and mine mine laying equipment available dictate minefield density and mine
placement. placement.
As a defensive technique, Iraqi minefields are covered by direct and As a defensive technique, Iraqi minefields are covered by direct and
indirect fire and supplemented by wire entanglements, tank traps, earth indirect fire and supplemented by wire entanglements, tank traps, earth
berms, and possibly field expedient flame obstacles such as trenches berms, and possibly field expedient flame obstacles such as trenches
filled with fuel/oil with command initiated igniters. Iraq has been filled with fuel/oil with command initiated igniters. Iraq has been
known to augment the canalizing effect of its minefields with flooding. known to augment the canalizing effect of its minefields with flooding.

Iraqi Wire Obstacles Constructed in Kuwait Iraqi Wire Obstacles Constructed in Kuwait
The Iraqi forces may employ AT, AP or a combination of AT and AP The Iraqi forces may employ AT, AP or a combination of AT and AP
minefields—a mixed minefield. There are five basic types of minefields minefields—a mixed minefield. There are five basic types of minefields
employed by Iraqi troops, protective, defensive, barrier (also referred to employed by Iraqi troops, protective, defensive, barrier (also referred to
as screening/restrictive/obstructive), disruptive, and false minefields. as screening/restrictive/obstructive), disruptive, and false minefields.

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Protective Minefields Protective Minefields
The function of the protective minefield is to impede and slow an enemy The function of the protective minefield is to impede and slow an enemy
attack, to provide an opportunity for a counter attack, to channel the attack, to provide an opportunity for a counter attack, to channel the
enemy attack toward a specific defensive position, and to provide early enemy attack toward a specific defensive position, and to provide early
warning of enemy forward movement and reconnaissance. This type of warning of enemy forward movement and reconnaissance. This type of
minefield is laid in front of units on the probable axes of an enemy minefield is laid in front of units on the probable axes of an enemy
attack and may be employed by Iraqi troops deep in enemy territory. In attack and may be employed by Iraqi troops deep in enemy territory. In
rear slope positions, the minefield and barbed wire will be located rear slope positions, the minefield and barbed wire will be located
behind the lines of the peak. The minefields are located within protec- behind the lines of the peak. The minefields are located within protec-
tive range of small arms fire and may be covered by AT weapons fire, tive range of small arms fire and may be covered by AT weapons fire,
artillery fire, patrols, screens, and surveillance. To camouflage a protec- artillery fire, patrols, screens, and surveillance. To camouflage a protec-
tive minefield and have it blend in naturally with the existing terrain, the tive minefield and have it blend in naturally with the existing terrain, the
mines are planted and covered individually by hand. mines are planted and covered individually by hand.
Iraqi doctrine calls for marking and providing safe corridors through all Iraqi doctrine calls for marking and providing safe corridors through all
protective minefields that are located near Iraqi defensive positions. protective minefields that are located near Iraqi defensive positions.
Defensive Minefields Defensive Minefields
Defensive minefields are laid in accordance with the division plan to Defensive minefields are laid in accordance with the division plan to
prevent penetration of defensive positions against armor and to rein- prevent penetration of defensive positions against armor and to rein-
force the defenses positions. Defensive minefields are laid in front of force the defenses positions. Defensive minefields are laid in front of
the defensive position. The minefield is within the range of the divi- the defensive position. The minefield is within the range of the divi-
sion’s medium weapons such as mortars, AT weapons, and antiaircraft sion’s medium weapons such as mortars, AT weapons, and antiaircraft
guns. In the event that the minefield is located beyond the range of guns. In the event that the minefield is located beyond the range of
medium weapons, it is covered by artillery fire. medium weapons, it is covered by artillery fire.

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Trip Flares and Bounding Fragmentation Mines on Enemy Side of Trip Flares and Bounding Fragmentation Mines on Enemy Side of
Iraqi Minefields Iraqi Minefields
Mines employed in the defensive minefield may be equipped with anti- Mines employed in the defensive minefield may be equipped with anti-
lifting devices, warning flares, and booby traps and will be monitored lifting devices, warning flares, and booby traps and will be monitored
by patrols and screens. Regardless of how the minefield is laid, Iraqi by patrols and screens. Regardless of how the minefield is laid, Iraqi
doctrine states that the minefield must be well marked. doctrine states that the minefield must be well marked.
Barrier/Screening/Restrictive/Obstructive Minefields Barrier/Screening/Restrictive/Obstructive Minefields
Barrier, also known as screening, restrictive, or obstructive minefields, Barrier, also known as screening, restrictive, or obstructive minefields,
are laid to repel a hostile attack against the flanks of formations by are laid to repel a hostile attack against the flanks of formations by
changing the direction of the enemy attack and by channeling it toward changing the direction of the enemy attack and by channeling it toward
selected kill zones where the enemy would be exposed to heavy dense selected kill zones where the enemy would be exposed to heavy dense
weapons fire. weapons fire.
When used in deep defensive positions, barrier minefields can be When used in deep defensive positions, barrier minefields can be
located forward, on the flanks, or in the rear when they are employed located forward, on the flanks, or in the rear when they are employed
within the depth of a defensive position. within the depth of a defensive position.
Barrier minefields remain under observation by Iraqi troops and will be Barrier minefields remain under observation by Iraqi troops and will be
covered by fire whenever possible. When fire coverage is not feasible, covered by fire whenever possible. When fire coverage is not feasible,
the minefield will be deep and made difficult to penetrate by employing the minefield will be deep and made difficult to penetrate by employing

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AP mines, anti-lifting devices, and supplemented by wire entangle- AP mines, anti-lifting devices, and supplemented by wire entangle-
ments, tank traps, earth berms, and possibly field expedient flame obsta- ments, tank traps, earth berms, and possibly field expedient flame obsta-
cles such as trenches filled with fuel/oil with command initiated cles such as trenches filled with fuel/oil with command initiated
igniters. igniters.
The minefield will be well marked; however, if surprise is a factor, the The minefield will be well marked; however, if surprise is a factor, the
mines should be planted manually to allow for better camouflage. If the mines should be planted manually to allow for better camouflage. If the
primary purpose for the minefield is to influence enemy lines of com- primary purpose for the minefield is to influence enemy lines of com-
munication, then the mines may be planted mechanically and not munication, then the mines may be planted mechanically and not
camouflaged. camouflaged.
Harassment/Disruptive/Nuisance Minefields Harassment/Disruptive/Nuisance Minefields
Harassment, also known as disruptive, or nuisance minefields, may be Harassment, also known as disruptive, or nuisance minefields, may be
employed by Iraq in front of defensive positions; however, the primary employed by Iraq in front of defensive positions; however, the primary
use is along withdrawal routes. The purpose of the harassment minefield use is along withdrawal routes. The purpose of the harassment minefield
is to delay, disrupt, or confuse the enemy. is to delay, disrupt, or confuse the enemy.
The minefield may or may not be covered by fire but will most likely The minefield may or may not be covered by fire but will most likely
include a variety of mine types equipped with anti-handling devices and include a variety of mine types equipped with anti-handling devices and
booby traps. booby traps.
According to Iraqi doctrine, the harassment minefield is the only type of According to Iraqi doctrine, the harassment minefield is the only type of
minefield that does not require marking; however, the minefield is regis- minefield that does not require marking; however, the minefield is regis-
tered and will remain under observation by the unit planting the mines tered and will remain under observation by the unit planting the mines
until their forces depart the area. until their forces depart the area.
False or Dummy Minefields False or Dummy Minefields
False minefields are used to deceive enemy troops into believing that a False minefields are used to deceive enemy troops into believing that a
given area is mined. They are setup to resemble other minefields and given area is mined. They are setup to resemble other minefields and
may be used as openings between positions and between real mine- may be used as openings between positions and between real mine-
fields. False minefields are marked in the same manner as other live fields. False minefields are marked in the same manner as other live

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minefields and are observed and covered by fire. According to Iraqi minefields and are observed and covered by fire. According to Iraqi
doctrine, live mines are not planted in false minefields. doctrine, live mines are not planted in false minefields.
The concept of false/dummy minefields is taught in Iraqi doctrine; how- The concept of false/dummy minefields is taught in Iraqi doctrine; how-
ever, none has ever been observed/confirmed. ever, none has ever been observed/confirmed.
Air Assault/Airborne Landing Zone Minefields Air Assault/Airborne Landing Zone Minefields
Iraqi may emplace directional fragmentation mines in likely helicopter Iraqi may emplace directional fragmentation mines in likely helicopter
landing zones and in potential airborne/air assault/Special Operations landing zones and in potential airborne/air assault/Special Operations
Forces landing areas. Forces landing areas.
Scatterable Mines Scatterable Mines
Iraqi ground forces will likely use scatterable mines, beginning at the Iraqi ground forces will likely use scatterable mines, beginning at the
distant approaches to the defense. Using multiple rocket launchers or distant approaches to the defense. Using multiple rocket launchers or
other delivery means, remote mining will be conducted at the start of an other delivery means, remote mining will be conducted at the start of an
enemy attack in front of the forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) and enemy attack in front of the forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) and
on the lines of commitment of follow-on forces in the direction of the on the lines of commitment of follow-on forces in the direction of the
enemy's penetration. enemy's penetration.
Minefield Dimensions Minefield Dimensions
Iraq has not established doctrinal standards for the dimensions of its Iraq has not established doctrinal standards for the dimensions of its
operational minefields; however, standards do exist for model and train- operational minefields; however, standards do exist for model and train-
ing minefields. Minefields dimensions are determined by existing ing minefields. Minefields dimensions are determined by existing
conditions such as terrain features, available troops, mines and obstacle conditions such as terrain features, available troops, mines and obstacle
equipment, time, and the enemy situation. equipment, time, and the enemy situation.
In a typical Iraqi minefield, the first line of mines are arranged in groups In a typical Iraqi minefield, the first line of mines are arranged in groups
of four and located at least 18 meters behind the wire boundary facing of four and located at least 18 meters behind the wire boundary facing
the enemy. Each cluster of four mines would be T-shaped, with the the enemy. Each cluster of four mines would be T-shaped, with the
mines spaced 3 meters apart. The group of mines may be spaced to form mines spaced 3 meters apart. The group of mines may be spaced to form
a zigzag pattern, sometimes called a staggered linear formation. The a zigzag pattern, sometimes called a staggered linear formation. The

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first line of mines is tripwire fuzed with 6 yards of wire attached to first line of mines is tripwire fuzed with 6 yards of wire attached to
stakes that run parallel to the barbed wire. The mines will detonate when stakes that run parallel to the barbed wire. The mines will detonate when
the wire is disturbed. The second line is at least 18 meters behind the the wire is disturbed. The second line is at least 18 meters behind the
first line and arranged in a similar manner. At least 18 meters behind the first line and arranged in a similar manner. At least 18 meters behind the
second line is the encircling barbed wire. AT minefields are arranged in second line is the encircling barbed wire. AT minefields are arranged in
the same manner; however, the center line of the T-shaped arrangement the same manner; however, the center line of the T-shaped arrangement
is placed toward the enemy in a staggered linear formation and located is placed toward the enemy in a staggered linear formation and located
18 meters from internal mines. 18 meters from internal mines.

Typical Mine Cluster With Single AT Mine (VS-2.2) and Three AP Typical Mine Cluster With Single AT Mine (VS-2.2) and Three AP
Mines (Type 72) Mines (Type 72)

Marking Minefields Marking Minefields

It has been Iraqi policy to mark most minefields thoroughly. Exceptions It has been Iraqi policy to mark most minefields thoroughly. Exceptions
are harassment/nuisance/disruptive, and scatterable minefields. Mine- are harassment/nuisance/disruptive, and scatterable minefields. Mine-
fields that are not marked remain under the observation of the Iraqi unit fields that are not marked remain under the observation of the Iraqi unit
that planted the minefield until their forces clear the minefield. Iraqi that planted the minefield until their forces clear the minefield. Iraqi

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doctrine calls for accurately marking all other types of minefields when doctrine calls for accurately marking all other types of minefields when
they are planted. Each headquarters that issues an order to plant a mine- they are planted. Each headquarters that issues an order to plant a mine-
field is responsible for marking, registering, and reporting the minefield field is responsible for marking, registering, and reporting the minefield
location to the next higher headquarters. location to the next higher headquarters.
The marking of the minefields is carried out by using barbed wire fence The marking of the minefields is carried out by using barbed wire fence
or having the minefield correspond to clearly defined obstacles such as or having the minefield correspond to clearly defined obstacles such as
planted hedges, edges of roads, the edges of forests, streams, etc. planted hedges, edges of roads, the edges of forests, streams, etc.

Iraqi Landmine Warfare During DESERT STORM Iraqi Landmine Warfare During DESERT STORM

Iraq, following its invasion of Kuwait, quickly demonstrated what could Iraq, following its invasion of Kuwait, quickly demonstrated what could
be accomplished with the rudimentary basics of mine warfare equip- be accomplished with the rudimentary basics of mine warfare equip-
ment and manual labor. This was accomplished by what was essentially ment and manual labor. This was accomplished by what was essentially
an army of a third- rate country, utilizing a “hodge- podge” of former an army of a third- rate country, utilizing a “hodge- podge” of former
Soviet- and Western- based engineer doctrines. Its application of land- Soviet- and Western- based engineer doctrines. Its application of land-
mine warfare technique was in conjunction with a carefully thought out mine warfare technique was in conjunction with a carefully thought out
and orchestrated plan for engineer preparation of the battlefield. Land- and orchestrated plan for engineer preparation of the battlefield. Land-
mines actually emplaced by Iraqi forces before the Gulf War are pre- mines actually emplaced by Iraqi forces before the Gulf War are pre-
sented in the following table: . sented in the following table: .
Mine Mine
Antipersonnel Mines Antipersonnel Mines
VS-50 VS-50
Valmara 59 Valmara 59
Valmara 69 Valmara 69
P-25 P-25
P-40 P-40
TS/50 TS/50

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Mine (Continued) Mine (Continued)
PMN PMN
TYPE 72 TYPE 72
PRB M409 PRB M409
MON-50 MON-50
MON-100 MON-100
Antitank Mines Antitank Mines
VS-1.6 VS-1.6
VS-2.2 VS-2.2
L9A1 Barmine L9A1 Barmine
TM-46 TM-46
TM-57 TM-57
TM-62M TM-62M
Type 72 Type 72
PT-MI-BA III PT-MI-BA III
MAT 76 MAT 76
PRB M3 PRB M3
Illumination Mine Illumination Mine
VS-T VS-T
Iraq employed conventional wisdom in denial operations. Any adver- Iraq employed conventional wisdom in denial operations. Any adver-
sary, with time on his side, could have created the same defensive plan. sary, with time on his side, could have created the same defensive plan.
The integration of landmines and barriers created a formidable obstacle The integration of landmines and barriers created a formidable obstacle
to coalition operations. Iraqi combat engineers were effective during the to coalition operations. Iraqi combat engineers were effective during the
build- up period. Drawing upon years of practical experience and a huge build- up period. Drawing upon years of practical experience and a huge
inventory of landmines, they fortified both the Kuwaiti coastline and the inventory of landmines, they fortified both the Kuwaiti coastline and the
Saudi border with over 400 km of explosive obstacles. Iraqi minefields, Saudi border with over 400 km of explosive obstacles. Iraqi minefields,
containing more than 3.5 million landmines, were complemented by an containing more than 3.5 million landmines, were complemented by an

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array of other obstacles such as fire trenches, berms, and concertina array of other obstacles such as fire trenches, berms, and concertina
entanglements. Iraqi forces intended to slow an allied advance, channel entanglements. Iraqi forces intended to slow an allied advance, channel
it into kill zones, and allow Iraqi reserve units additional time to react to it into kill zones, and allow Iraqi reserve units additional time to react to
allied movements. allied movements.
In past practice, this defensive scheme served the Iraqis well. However, In past practice, this defensive scheme served the Iraqis well. However,
during operations in Kuwait, the Iraqi military was forced to violate a during operations in Kuwait, the Iraqi military was forced to violate a
basic tenet of defensive operations. They were unable to cover the basic tenet of defensive operations. They were unable to cover the
obstacle complexes with either effective direct or indirect fire. If the Ira- obstacle complexes with either effective direct or indirect fire. If the Ira-
qis would have had the ability to cover their defensive lines, the mine- qis would have had the ability to cover their defensive lines, the mine-
fields along the border could have greatly complicated any direct fields along the border could have greatly complicated any direct
breaching of Iraqi fortified zones. Additionally, the Iraqi army lacked a breaching of Iraqi fortified zones. Additionally, the Iraqi army lacked a
suitable terrain feature in western Kuwait with which a minefield could suitable terrain feature in western Kuwait with which a minefield could
be anchored. This allowed coalition forces greater maneuver options. be anchored. This allowed coalition forces greater maneuver options.
Lastly, had the obstacle plan been rapidly emplaced within days, using Lastly, had the obstacle plan been rapidly emplaced within days, using
their scatterable and mechanically emplaceable landmines, the allied their scatterable and mechanically emplaceable landmines, the allied
offensive may have been required to reduce the minefields and obstacle offensive may have been required to reduce the minefields and obstacle
complexes “in-stride” without the advantage of months of prior complexes “in-stride” without the advantage of months of prior
planning. planning.

Mine Indicators Mine Indicators

When mines are properly laid and camouflaged, it is extremely When mines are properly laid and camouflaged, it is extremely
difficult—if not impossible—to visually locate a mined area. Highly difficult—if not impossible—to visually locate a mined area. Highly
trained and alert soldiers will significantly improve the chances of trained and alert soldiers will significantly improve the chances of
safely executing missions in and around mined areas. safely executing missions in and around mined areas.
Absent other warnings, the only notice you may have that mines are Absent other warnings, the only notice you may have that mines are
present is when someone spots a mine or a person/vehicle detonates a present is when someone spots a mine or a person/vehicle detonates a
mine. You must be alert for signs of anything out of place or unnatural mine. You must be alert for signs of anything out of place or unnatural

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as you maneuver through an area. If you see something that arouses as you maneuver through an area. If you see something that arouses
your interest, the patrol must STOP, assess the indicator, and then look your interest, the patrol must STOP, assess the indicator, and then look
for other indicators to either confirm or deny the suspicious area before for other indicators to either confirm or deny the suspicious area before
continuing or taking further action. continuing or taking further action.
Mine indicators are loosely grouped into three categories: Mine indicators are loosely grouped into three categories:
„ Man-made indicators: Indications of human activity or use of con- „ Man-made indicators: Indications of human activity or use of con-
ventional mine-marking systems or materials. ventional mine-marking systems or materials.
„ Improvised marking: Deliberate marking of mines using naturally „ Improvised marking: Deliberate marking of mines using naturally
available materials, like rocks or tree limbs. available materials, like rocks or tree limbs.
„ Natural indicators: Changes in the natural environment of the „ Natural indicators: Changes in the natural environment of the
ground/vegetation after mine action has taken place, including differ- ground/vegetation after mine action has taken place, including differ-
ences in color of vegetation, or areas absent vegetation when com- ences in color of vegetation, or areas absent vegetation when com-
pared to the surrounding environment. pared to the surrounding environment.
Man-Made Indicators Man-Made Indicators
The following list provides examples of some of the known and possible The following list provides examples of some of the known and possible
indicators of mine/UXO/IED activity including conventional markings indicators of mine/UXO/IED activity including conventional markings
of Iraqi minefields. of Iraqi minefields.
„ Friendly sides of the minefield–metal stakes 10-15 meters apart with „ Friendly sides of the minefield–metal stakes 10-15 meters apart with
two strands of barbed wire at a distance of four feet off the ground two strands of barbed wire at a distance of four feet off the ground
with red rectangular metal signs. with red rectangular metal signs.
„ Enemy side of minefield—a single strand of barbed wire attached to „ Enemy side of minefield—a single strand of barbed wire attached to
short metal stakes, not more than one foot off the ground. short metal stakes, not more than one foot off the ground.
„ On-going UN minefield clearance operations are delineated with „ On-going UN minefield clearance operations are delineated with
wooden posts with red and white tops. wooden posts with red and white tops.
„ Burned fields, indicating UN mine clearance operations (northern „ Burned fields, indicating UN mine clearance operations (northern
Iraq). Iraq).

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Iraqi Mine Sign Iraqi Mine Sign

Burned Fields Burned Fields

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Improvised Markings Improvised Markings
Most original wooden minefield marking stakes emplaced by the Iraqi Most original wooden minefield marking stakes emplaced by the Iraqi
army or the UN have been removed and used by the local nationals for army or the UN have been removed and used by the local nationals for
cooking fires. The local nationals began using improvised marking cooking fires. The local nationals began using improvised marking
materials, including stones and rocks, to replace wooden stakes. The materials, including stones and rocks, to replace wooden stakes. The
following is a list of improvised marking devices that serve as indicators following is a list of improvised marking devices that serve as indicators
that minefields or UXO are present. that minefields or UXO are present.
„ Rows of light colored/painted white stones. Stones are usually in reg- „ Rows of light colored/painted white stones. Stones are usually in reg-
ular patterns and close together. ular patterns and close together.
„ Rock piles/individual rocks painted red indicate UN, threat army, or „ Rock piles/individual rocks painted red indicate UN, threat army, or
local faction danger area markers. local faction danger area markers.
„ Red lettering and marks painted on rock faces or building walls, i.e., „ Red lettering and marks painted on rock faces or building walls, i.e.,
“SP” indicating minefield start point. UN demining reference mark- “SP” indicating minefield start point. UN demining reference mark-
ers, such as reference point signs denoted by the letters RP and bench ers, such as reference point signs denoted by the letters RP and bench
mark signs denoted by the letters BP. Minefields will be close to mark signs denoted by the letters BP. Minefields will be close to
these markers. these markers.
„ Circles of stones surrounding objects. Signs used by locals to mark „ Circles of stones surrounding objects. Signs used by locals to mark
individual mines and items of UXO—where there is one mine or an individual mines and items of UXO—where there is one mine or an
explosive hazard, there are usually more. explosive hazard, there are usually more.
„ Pieces of both cloth and metal material attached to poles, sticks, and „ Pieces of both cloth and metal material attached to poles, sticks, and
walls. walls.

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Natural Indicators Natural Indicators
Once a mine is armed and buried, it is very difficult to replace the soil to Once a mine is armed and buried, it is very difficult to replace the soil to
the same density, pattern, or condition of the surrounding soil and vege- the same density, pattern, or condition of the surrounding soil and vege-
tation. Soldiers must know how to recognize unusual ground/vegetation tation. Soldiers must know how to recognize unusual ground/vegetation
conditions that might indicate mine laying. Indicators include: conditions that might indicate mine laying. Indicators include:
„ Dead animals with missing/damaged limbs. NOTE: The animal may „ Dead animals with missing/damaged limbs. NOTE: The animal may
have walked several miles before dying. have walked several miles before dying.
„ Depressions in the ground (regular/odd spacing). „ Depressions in the ground (regular/odd spacing).
„ Raised patches of earth (regular/odd spacing). „ Raised patches of earth (regular/odd spacing).
„ Wilting/dead patches of vegetation. „ Wilting/dead patches of vegetation.
„ Available trees and bushes not collected for firewood. Overgrown „ Available trees and bushes not collected for firewood. Overgrown
fields and footpaths. fields and footpaths.

Unexplained Dead Animal Unexplained Dead Animal

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Landmine in Uncut Grass Between Plowed Field and Landmine in Uncut Grass Between Plowed Field and
Pathway Pathway

Extraction Drills Extraction Drills

Whether mounted or on foot, soldiers may suddenly discover they have Whether mounted or on foot, soldiers may suddenly discover they have
inadvertently entered a minefield. On confirmation of observed indica- inadvertently entered a minefield. On confirmation of observed indica-
tors or a mine strike, all personnel must STOP exactly where they are. tors or a mine strike, all personnel must STOP exactly where they are.

S Stop and gain control of yourself and the patrol. S Stop and gain control of yourself and the patrol.
A Assess the situation of both the mines and patrol individuals. A Assess the situation of both the mines and patrol individuals.
N Note the situation for future reference. N Note the situation for future reference.
D Draw back to the last known safe area.. D Draw back to the last known safe area..
I Inform higher HQ of situation. I Inform higher HQ of situation.

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Look, Feel, Probe Drill Look, Feel, Probe Drill
The LOOK, FEEL, PROBE drill is probably the safest individual The LOOK, FEEL, PROBE drill is probably the safest individual
extraction technique for exiting a mined area. extraction technique for exiting a mined area.
LOOK—Without moving your feet, look all around you, including LOOK—Without moving your feet, look all around you, including
looking forward and to the sides for tripwires. Then look closely around looking forward and to the sides for tripwires. Then look closely around
your feet for signs of fuzes and mine parts, disturbed ground, or slack your feet for signs of fuzes and mine parts, disturbed ground, or slack
trip wires. trip wires.
FEEL—Use your tripwire feeler and feel for tripwires to your front left, FEEL—Use your tripwire feeler and feel for tripwires to your front left,
front center, and front right from along the ground all the way to head front center, and front right from along the ground all the way to head
height. Feel all the ground around your feet with your fingers with a height. Feel all the ground around your feet with your fingers with a
slow sideways sweep feeling for exposed mine fuze prongs or other slow sideways sweep feeling for exposed mine fuze prongs or other
mine/UXO parts. mine/UXO parts.
PROBE—Using ANY rigid, sharp, long, thin instrument, probe the PROBE—Using ANY rigid, sharp, long, thin instrument, probe the
ground in a regular pattern at a 30-degree angle. The probe should go in ground in a regular pattern at a 30-degree angle. The probe should go in
at least 3 inches, with no more than 1 ¼ -2-inch spacing. The next row at least 3 inches, with no more than 1 ¼ -2-inch spacing. The next row
of probing is to be 2 inches toward the direction of travel. Probing of probing is to be 2 inches toward the direction of travel. Probing
should be as gentle as possible to achieve the desired depth. If the probe should be as gentle as possible to achieve the desired depth. If the probe
hits a solid object, the soldier must investigate the obstacle to identify if hits a solid object, the soldier must investigate the obstacle to identify if
it is a mine or other explosive device. it is a mine or other explosive device.
Probing Tools Probing Tools
Probing tools can be made of any material as long as they are rigid Probing tools can be made of any material as long as they are rigid
enough to push through the soil, long enough to penetrate at least 3 enough to push through the soil, long enough to penetrate at least 3
inches at a 30 degree angle, and small enough that a soldier can continue inches at a 30 degree angle, and small enough that a soldier can continue
a probing drill for several hours. Ferrous, non-ferrous, magnetic, non- a probing drill for several hours. Ferrous, non-ferrous, magnetic, non-
magnetic metal tools such as bayonets, screwdrivers, penknives, issued magnetic metal tools such as bayonets, screwdrivers, penknives, issued
titanium probes, etc. are perfectly suitable for this task. While there are titanium probes, etc. are perfectly suitable for this task. While there are
mines that are fuzed to detonate on a magnetic signature, these are mines that are fuzed to detonate on a magnetic signature, these are

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extremely rare. It is better to use a solid metallic probing tool than to extremely rare. It is better to use a solid metallic probing tool than to
try to achieve the same success with a wooden twig, or ballpoint pen try to achieve the same success with a wooden twig, or ballpoint pen
casing as is often advised. casing as is often advised.

Probing Technique Using any Suitable Probe Probing Technique Using any Suitable Probe

Tripwire Feeler Tripwire Feeler

A tripwire feeler should be stiff enough to be held straight out to the A tripwire feeler should be stiff enough to be held straight out to the
front but not so stiff as to hit a trip wire without you being able to feel it. front but not so stiff as to hit a trip wire without you being able to feel it.
A tripwire feeler should be 2-3 feet long. It can be made of a light A tripwire feeler should be 2-3 feet long. It can be made of a light
wooden rod or stick, light gauge wire, plastic rods, or anything else that wooden rod or stick, light gauge wire, plastic rods, or anything else that
will allow you to be able to feel a tripwire without engaging it. will allow you to be able to feel a tripwire without engaging it.
Action on Finding a Mine With a Probe Action on Finding a Mine With a Probe
The following technique should be used when probing for a mine: The following technique should be used when probing for a mine:
Excavation of the suspect object should start 3 inches back from the Excavation of the suspect object should start 3 inches back from the
“Hit.” Using a bayonet or other excavating tool, dig down to the object “Hit.” Using a bayonet or other excavating tool, dig down to the object

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depth and then slowly forward towards the side of the object. Digging depth and then slowly forward towards the side of the object. Digging
action should be a side to side sweep rather than digging in a downward action should be a side to side sweep rather than digging in a downward
action. action.
If a mine is found, inform the Commander. Do not dig around the mine; If a mine is found, inform the Commander. Do not dig around the mine;
leave it as it is. Mark the perimeter of the suspected mine by placing a leave it as it is. Mark the perimeter of the suspected mine by placing a
marker about 6” away from the explosive hazard itself, or use a mine marker about 6” away from the explosive hazard itself, or use a mine
bonnet. Continue probing in a new direction to continue the lane and to bonnet. Continue probing in a new direction to continue the lane and to
avoid the suspected mine location. avoid the suspected mine location.
Minefield Extraction Not in Contact Minefield Extraction Not in Contact
The following TTPs are relevant when patrols or soldiers not in contact The following TTPs are relevant when patrols or soldiers not in contact
have mistakenly entered a minefield. These extraction drills are prima- have mistakenly entered a minefield. These extraction drills are prima-
rily for worst-case scenarios where metal detectors are not available and rily for worst-case scenarios where metal detectors are not available and
where troops will have to rely on their own resources. The scenarios where troops will have to rely on their own resources. The scenarios
will cover extraction on foot, extraction from a vehicle, and extraction will cover extraction on foot, extraction from a vehicle, and extraction
where a casualty is involved. where a casualty is involved.
Extraction on Foot When Footprints Can be Seen Extraction on Foot When Footprints Can be Seen
Where a mine/tripwire has been detected, no casualties have occurred, Where a mine/tripwire has been detected, no casualties have occurred,
and your footprints can easily be seen, use the following procedure: and your footprints can easily be seen, use the following procedure:

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Stop; warn the rest of the patrol. Call for help. If help is available, Stop; warn the rest of the patrol. Call for help. If help is available,
do not move. If no help is available and footprints can be seen, fol- do not move. If no help is available and footprints can be seen, fol-
low them out of the minefield. low them out of the minefield.

Care must be taken to step exactly in the footprints already on the Care must be taken to step exactly in the footprints already on the
ground. Once out of the minefield, mark it and report it. ground. Once out of the minefield, mark it and report it.

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Extraction on Foot When Footprints Cannot Be Seen Extraction on Foot When Footprints Cannot Be Seen
Where a mine/tripwire has been detected, no casualties have occurred, Where a mine/tripwire has been detected, no casualties have occurred,
and your footprints cannot be easily identified, use the following and your footprints cannot be easily identified, use the following
procedure: procedure:

Stop; warn the rest of the patrol. Call for help. If help is available, Stop; warn the rest of the patrol. Call for help. If help is available,
do not move. If no help is available and footprints cannot be do not move. If no help is available and footprints cannot be
seen: Starting from the standing position, begin to clear an area seen: Starting from the standing position, begin to clear an area
immediately around your feet using the LOOK, FEEL, PROBE drill. immediately around your feet using the LOOK, FEEL, PROBE drill.

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Mark your path or cleared 18" footprint area to guide the troops that Mark your path or cleared 18" footprint area to guide the troops that
follow. Ensure to probe at no more than a 30-degree angle. follow. Ensure to probe at no more than a 30-degree angle.

Footprints must be large enough for you to stand in, approximately Footprints must be large enough for you to stand in, approximately
18" in diameter, and paths should be at least 30" wide. Once out of 18" in diameter, and paths should be at least 30" wide. Once out of
the minefield, mark it and report it. the minefield, mark it and report it.

Use of Radios in Minefields Use of Radios in Minefields

In an emergency situation, the use of radio communications equipment In an emergency situation, the use of radio communications equipment
in and around a minefield is acceptable. While there are certain mines in and around a minefield is acceptable. While there are certain mines
that can be fuzed to detonate on a specific radio frequency, these mines that can be fuzed to detonate on a specific radio frequency, these mines
are extremely rare and are unlikely to be encountered. The life-saving are extremely rare and are unlikely to be encountered. The life-saving

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advantage of using a radio to call for help far outweighs the threat from advantage of using a radio to call for help far outweighs the threat from
RF-sensitive mines. RF-sensitive mines.
Probing Path Probing Path
There are two options to the type of lane created by probing to extract There are two options to the type of lane created by probing to extract
dismounted soldiers from a minefield. In both cases, it is recommended dismounted soldiers from a minefield. In both cases, it is recommended
that a small area be cleared next to the soldier to put his equipment into. that a small area be cleared next to the soldier to put his equipment into.
This reduces the load and bulk on the probing soldier enabling them to This reduces the load and bulk on the probing soldier enabling them to
LOOK, FEEL, and PROBE more efficiently and safely. However, LOOK, FEEL, and PROBE more efficiently and safely. However,
security of the patrol must be taken under consideration. The Com- security of the patrol must be taken under consideration. The Com-
mander/leader must designate a security element to provide local secu- mander/leader must designate a security element to provide local secu-
rity during extraction operations. rity during extraction operations.
“Footprints” or “Connect the Dots” “Footprints” or “Connect the Dots”
If there are no casualties during a dismounted extraction exercise, the If there are no casualties during a dismounted extraction exercise, the
quickest technique is to clear individual large “footprint” or “dot” sized quickest technique is to clear individual large “footprint” or “dot” sized
areas for soldiers to step into. These areas should be about 18 inches in areas for soldiers to step into. These areas should be about 18 inches in
diameter to permit both feet to stand in the area. The gap between “foot- diameter to permit both feet to stand in the area. The gap between “foot-
prints” should be no more than a man can comfortably reach forward prints” should be no more than a man can comfortably reach forward
and no more than 12 inches apart. Each footprint perimeter/center must and no more than 12 inches apart. Each footprint perimeter/center must
be marked so that following troops know where to step. be marked so that following troops know where to step.
Casualty Extraction Drills Casualty Extraction Drills
Single Casualty in a Minefield Single Casualty in a Minefield
Entering a minefield to extract a fellow soldier is extremely hazardous Entering a minefield to extract a fellow soldier is extremely hazardous
and could result in additional casualties. Soldiers must resist the urge to and could result in additional casualties. Soldiers must resist the urge to
race in and assist the casualty. Upon determining that extraction of a race in and assist the casualty. Upon determining that extraction of a
casualty is necessary, the following drills should be adopted: casualty is necessary, the following drills should be adopted:

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Single casualty in a minefield. Call for help. If the casualty is con- Single casualty in a minefield. Call for help. If the casualty is con-
scious, establish communication with the victim. Instruct the sol- scious, establish communication with the victim. Instruct the sol-
dier to remain still and administer self-help first aid. Reassure him dier to remain still and administer self-help first aid. Reassure him
that help is coming. that help is coming.

Identify the shortest and easiest route to the casualty. Clear a 30" Identify the shortest and easiest route to the casualty. Clear a 30"
wide path using the LOOK, FEEL, and PROBE drill from the prone wide path using the LOOK, FEEL, and PROBE drill from the prone
position. Mark the path as you progress. position. Mark the path as you progress.

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On arriving at the casualty, clear a 30-48" area around the casualty On arriving at the casualty, clear a 30-48" area around the casualty
to provide a safe working area for the medical and litter teams to to provide a safe working area for the medical and litter teams to
work. Clear up to and under the casualty in case he is lying on a work. Clear up to and under the casualty in case he is lying on a
mine. mine.

Remove casualty to medical facility. Once out of the minefield, Remove casualty to medical facility. Once out of the minefield,
mark, report and record the minefield. mark, report and record the minefield.

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Vehicle/Convoy Extraction Vehicle/Convoy Extraction
TTPs for Personnel Extraction from a Vehicle Casualty TTPs for Personnel Extraction from a Vehicle Casualty
In the event of a vehicle mine strike, or the crew determining or suspect- In the event of a vehicle mine strike, or the crew determining or suspect-
ing they have entered a minefield based on visual presence of mines or ing they have entered a minefield based on visual presence of mines or
mine indicators, use the following TTPs: mine indicators, use the following TTPs:
„ Stop immediately. „ Stop immediately.
„ Radio situation to appropriate higher HQ. „ Radio situation to appropriate higher HQ.
„ Remain in vehicle and await extraction if assistance is available. „ Remain in vehicle and await extraction if assistance is available.
„ If no radio contact, extract from rear of vehicle and walk carefully to „ If no radio contact, extract from rear of vehicle and walk carefully to
follow in the visible vehicle tracks to last known safe area. Tire follow in the visible vehicle tracks to last known safe area. Tire
tracks can be followed. Tracked vehicle tracks may also be followed tracks can be followed. Tracked vehicle tracks may also be followed
but care must be taken, as small AP mine fuzes have been known to but care must be taken, as small AP mine fuzes have been known to
be missed by the track pins and not detonated. These mines still pose be missed by the track pins and not detonated. These mines still pose
a threat to personnel walking along the vehicle track marks. a threat to personnel walking along the vehicle track marks.
NOTE: If there are no visible tire/track marks, crews must exit the vehi- NOTE: If there are no visible tire/track marks, crews must exit the vehi-
cle using the LOOK, FEEL, PROBE drill and clear their way to a safe cle using the LOOK, FEEL, PROBE drill and clear their way to a safe
area. area.

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Tire Tracks Visible Tire Tracks Visible

Tire Tracks Not Visible Tire Tracks Not Visible

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Reporting Mines and Minefields Reporting Mines and Minefields

If at all possible, avoid mines and minefields. If avoidance is not possi- If at all possible, avoid mines and minefields. If avoidance is not possi-
ble, take measures to reduce hazards to personnel and equipment. ble, take measures to reduce hazards to personnel and equipment.
Regardless of action taken, mines and minefields should be marked, Regardless of action taken, mines and minefields should be marked,
recorded, and reported through command channels using the Mine Inci- recorded, and reported through command channels using the Mine Inci-
dent Report. dent Report.

Mine Incident Report Mine Incident Report

Date: _______________ Date: _______________
From: ___________ Thru: __________ To: ___________ From: ___________ Thru: __________ To: ___________
Reference SIR # ___________ Reference SIR # ___________
A. Incident DTG A1. dd/time/zone/mm/yy A. Incident DTG A1. dd/time/zone/mm/yy
B1. Map sheet/UTM/grid reference Include a site sketch B1. Map sheet/UTM/grid reference Include a site sketch
(8 digit) as an attachment. (8 digit) as an attachment.
B. Incident location B2. Location (road, field, building) B. Incident location B2. Location (road, field, building)
B3. Emplacement (buried, surface laid, B3. Emplacement (buried, surface laid,
off route) off route)
C. Effects C1. Casualties (name, rank, brief C. Effects C1. Casualties (name, rank, brief
(to complement description of injuries) (to complement description of injuries)
information already C2. Vehicle damage (number, type, information already C2. Vehicle damage (number, type,
in SIR) extent of damage in SIR) extent of damage

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Mine Incident Report (Continued) Mine Incident Report (Continued)
[Link] of mine (AT, AP, make, model) [Link] of mine (AT, AP, make, model)
D2. Type of booby trap (pull, release, D2. Type of booby trap (pull, release,
pressure) pressure)
D. Device suspected D. Device suspected
D3. Type of UXO (dropped, thrown, D3. Type of UXO (dropped, thrown,
projected) projected)
D4. Unknown (detail, color, shape, size) D4. Unknown (detail, color, shape, size)
E1. Activity at the time of the incident E1. Activity at the time of the incident
E2. Degree of previous use of the route, E2. Degree of previous use of the route,
area, area,
location location
E. Circumstances E3. Date of previous clearance and E. Circumstances E3. Date of previous clearance and
proofing by proofing by
engineers engineers
E4. Where the route, area, or location is E4. Where the route, area, or location is
monitored monitored
F1. Recommendations to prevent F1. Recommendations to prevent
[Link] [Link]
reoccurrence reoccurrence
G. Miscellaneous G1. Any other pertinent data G. Miscellaneous G1. Any other pertinent data

Mine Strike First Aid Mine Strike First Aid

In the event of a mine strike, leaders, soldiers, and medical person- In the event of a mine strike, leaders, soldiers, and medical person-
nel must remain calm and resist the urge to rush to the victim. Use nel must remain calm and resist the urge to rush to the victim. Use
the following procedures: the following procedures:
„ Call for help. Arrange for mine clearance assistance, a MEDEVAC, „ Call for help. Arrange for mine clearance assistance, a MEDEVAC,
and the construction of an LZ, or designate an LZ known to be clear and the construction of an LZ, or designate an LZ known to be clear
of obstacles and explosive hazards. of obstacles and explosive hazards.

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„ If the victim is conscious, warn him not to move. Assure the victim „ If the victim is conscious, warn him not to move. Assure the victim
that help is on the way and actions that are being taken to extract that help is on the way and actions that are being taken to extract
him. him.
„ Once the victim is in a safe (cleared) area, administer first aid. „ Once the victim is in a safe (cleared) area, administer first aid.
„ Stop the bleeding. Elevate the injured limb above the level of the „ Stop the bleeding. Elevate the injured limb above the level of the
heart. Apply pressure dressings to wounds and attempt to stop the heart. Apply pressure dressings to wounds and attempt to stop the
bleeding. In the event that a blast injury has amputated part of a bleeding. In the event that a blast injury has amputated part of a
limb, apply a tourniquet as closely to the wound site as possible. limb, apply a tourniquet as closely to the wound site as possible.
Do not apply a tourniquet to any other type of wound unless the Do not apply a tourniquet to any other type of wound unless the
bleeding is uncontrollable. When possible, care should be taken to bleeding is uncontrollable. When possible, care should be taken to
apply the tourniquet below the knee or elbow since the use of an apply the tourniquet below the knee or elbow since the use of an
articulating joint greatly enhances the quality of life for an amputee articulating joint greatly enhances the quality of life for an amputee
with prosthetics. Care should be taken to treat all bleeding sites. with prosthetics. Care should be taken to treat all bleeding sites.
„ Treat for shock by loosening restrictive clothing, elevating the legs, „ Treat for shock by loosening restrictive clothing, elevating the legs,
and keeping the victim warm. Evaluate casualties with this simple and keeping the victim warm. Evaluate casualties with this simple
phrase: If the face is red, raise the head; if the face is pale, raise the phrase: If the face is red, raise the head; if the face is pale, raise the
tail. tail.
„ Protect the victim from the weather and allow conscious victims „ Protect the victim from the weather and allow conscious victims
without stomach wounds to sip water or non-alcoholic beverages. without stomach wounds to sip water or non-alcoholic beverages.
„ If the victim is unconscious, place him in the recovery position, „ If the victim is unconscious, place him in the recovery position,
knees up and head turned to the side. knees up and head turned to the side.
„ Identify a LZ or pick up point for the MEDEVAC vehicle. „ Identify a LZ or pick up point for the MEDEVAC vehicle.
„ Keep HQ informed. „ Keep HQ informed.

Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)

Iraq is a country that is saturated with a wide variety of sensitive and Iraq is a country that is saturated with a wide variety of sensitive and
deadly UXO. UXO may not always pose an immediate threat, but UXO deadly UXO. UXO may not always pose an immediate threat, but UXO
can cause sudden injuries, loss of life, and damage to equipment if can cause sudden injuries, loss of life, and damage to equipment if

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appropriate actions are not taken. The following steps must take place appropriate actions are not taken. The following steps must take place
when UXO is discovered. when UXO is discovered.
„ Do not move toward the suspected UXO. Some types of ordnance „ Do not move toward the suspected UXO. Some types of ordnance
have magnetic or motion-sensitive fusing. have magnetic or motion-sensitive fusing.
„ NEVER APPROACH OR PICK UP UXO even if identification is „ NEVER APPROACH OR PICK UP UXO even if identification is
impossible from a distance! Observe the UXO with binoculars if impossible from a distance! Observe the UXO with binoculars if
available. available.
„ Mark the area with mine tape or with other obvious material at a dis- „ Mark the area with mine tape or with other obvious material at a dis-
tance from the UXO to warn others of the danger area. Proper mark- tance from the UXO to warn others of the danger area. Proper mark-
ings will also help EOD personnel find the hazard in response to your ings will also help EOD personnel find the hazard in response to your
UXO report. UXO report.
„ Evacuate the area while carefully scanning for other hazards. „ Evacuate the area while carefully scanning for other hazards.
„ Send a UXO report to higher HQ. Some UXO fuzes may be set off „ Send a UXO report to higher HQ. Some UXO fuzes may be set off
by radio transmissions. Use radios at least 100 meters away from the by radio transmissions. Use radios at least 100 meters away from the
ordnance. ordnance.
„ Take protective measures to reduce the hazard to personnel and „ Take protective measures to reduce the hazard to personnel and
equipment. Notify local people in the area. equipment. Notify local people in the area.
Recognizing UXO Recognizing UXO
Soldier knowledge of UXO is essential to help prevent the risk of injury. Soldier knowledge of UXO is essential to help prevent the risk of injury.
FM 21-16, Unexploded Ordnance Procedures, provides detailed illus- FM 21-16, Unexploded Ordnance Procedures, provides detailed illus-
trations and identifying characteristics of the four categories of UXO trations and identifying characteristics of the four categories of UXO
including: projected ordnance, thrown ordnance, placed ordnance, and including: projected ordnance, thrown ordnance, placed ordnance, and
dropped ordnance. dropped ordnance.

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Projected Ordnance (fired from a gun tube or launcher) Projected Ordnance (fired from a gun tube or launcher)
Type Length Diameter Remarks/Weapon Type Length Diameter Remarks/Weapon
Contents Contents
Projectiles 2 in to 4 ft 2 in to 16 in HE, Chem, Illum, submunition, HE, Projectiles 2 in to 4 ft 2 in to 16 in HE, Chem, Illum, submunition, HE,
Mortar Shells Varies 5 in to 10in Chem, WP, Illum Mortar Shells Varies 5 in to 10in Chem, WP, Illum
Rockets 18 in and up 11/2 and up Self propelled projectile, no std shap Rockets 18 in and up 11/2 and up Self propelled projectile, no std shap
Guided Missiles Varies Varies Missile with guidance system Guided Missiles Varies Varies Missile with guidance system
Rifle Grenades Varies Varies Similar to mortar but fired from rifle Rifle Grenades Varies Varies Similar to mortar but fired from rifle

Projected Ordnance Projected Ordnance

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Thrown Ordnance (thrown by personnel) Thrown Ordnance (thrown by personnel)

Type Remarks Type Remarks
Hand grenades Classifications– fragmentation, offensive, antitank, smoke, illum. Hand grenades Classifications– fragmentation, offensive, antitank, smoke, illum.
May have chemical or incendiary contents May have chemical or incendiary contents

Thrown Ordnance Thrown Ordnance

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Placed Ordnance (emplaced by personnel) Placed Ordnance (emplaced by personnel)

Type Remarks Type Remarks
AP mine Generally small, various shapes and sizes. AP mine Generally small, various shapes and sizes.
Plastic, metal, wood. May have trip wires Plastic, metal, wood. May have trip wires
attached. attached.
AT mine Larger than AP mines. Various shapes and AT mine Larger than AP mines. Various shapes and
sizes. Plastic, wood, metal. May have sizes. Plastic, wood, metal. May have
anti- handling devices. anti- handling devices.

Antipersonnel Antitank Antipersonnel Antitank

Mine Mine Mine Mine

Placed Ordnance Placed Ordnance

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Dropped Ordnance (dropped from an aircraft) Dropped Ordnance (dropped from an aircraft)
Type Remarks Type Remarks
Bombs Small to very large (2'-10') metal casing, tail Bombs Small to very large (2'-10') metal casing, tail
fins, lugs, and fuzes. May contain HE, fins, lugs, and fuzes. May contain HE,
chemicals, or other hazardous materials. chemicals, or other hazardous materials.
Dispensers Look similar to bombs but may have holes or Dispensers Look similar to bombs but may have holes or
ports in them. Do not approach as ports in them. Do not approach as
submunitions may be scattered around. submunitions may be scattered around.
Submunitions Small bomblets, grenades, or mines. Very Submunitions Small bomblets, grenades, or mines. Very
sensitive. sensitive.

Dropped Ordnance Dropped Ordnance

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Reporting UXO Reporting UXO
If at all possible, avoid UXO. If avoidance is not possible, take protec- If at all possible, avoid UXO. If avoidance is not possible, take protec-
tive measures to reduce hazard to personnel and equipment. Regardless tive measures to reduce hazard to personnel and equipment. Regardless
of action taken, UXO should be marked, recorded, and reported through of action taken, UXO should be marked, recorded, and reported through
command channels using the Nine-Line UXO Report. command channels using the Nine-Line UXO Report.

The Nine-Line UXO Report The Nine-Line UXO Report

1. Date-Time Group: Date-time when UXO discovered. 1. Date-Time Group: Date-time when UXO discovered.
2. Reporting unit/activity and UXO location: Grid coordinates. 2. Reporting unit/activity and UXO location: Grid coordinates.
3. Contact Method: How EOD team can contact the reporting unit. 3. Contact Method: How EOD team can contact the reporting unit.
4. Discovering unit POC: MSE, or DSN phone number and unit 4. Discovering unit POC: MSE, or DSN phone number and unit
frequency/call sign. frequency/call sign.
5. Type of UXO: Dropped, projected, thrown, or placed, and number 5. Type of UXO: Dropped, projected, thrown, or placed, and number
of items discovered. of items discovered.
6. Hazards caused by the item. Possible chemical threat, limits travel 6. Hazards caused by the item. Possible chemical threat, limits travel
on key route, etc. on key route, etc.
7. Resources Threatened: Report any equipment, facilities, or other 7. Resources Threatened: Report any equipment, facilities, or other
assets threatened by presence of item(s). assets threatened by presence of item(s).
8. Impact on Mission: Your current situation and how the presence of 8. Impact on Mission: Your current situation and how the presence of
the UXO affects your status. the UXO affects your status.
9. Protective Measures: Describe measures taken to protect personnel 9. Protective Measures: Describe measures taken to protect personnel
and equipment (i.e., marking the area, informing local civilians). and equipment (i.e., marking the area, informing local civilians).

Remember, if you did not drop it, don’t pick it up!!!!!!!!!!!

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Landmine Data Sheets Landmine Data Sheets

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C3A1 C3A1

C3A1 Antipersonnel Mine C3A1 Antipersonnel Mine

The C3A1 is a blast/shape-charge antipersonnel mine. The C3A1 is The C3A1 is a blast/shape-charge antipersonnel mine. The C3A1 is
nicknamed “ELSIE.” The C3A1’s primary lethal mechanism is a small, nicknamed “ELSIE.” The C3A1’s primary lethal mechanism is a small,
copper-lined, shaped-charge device with blast acting as a secondary copper-lined, shaped-charge device with blast acting as a secondary
mechanism. The mine is emplaced pointed end down until only the top mechanism. The mine is emplaced pointed end down until only the top
portion of the mine is exposed. The mine will actuate when 7-12 kg portion of the mine is exposed. The mine will actuate when 7-12 kg
force is applied. Upon activation, an explosive charge will detonate, force is applied. Upon activation, an explosive charge will detonate,
sending a shape charge jet upward. The mine is also called the M25 and sending a shape charge jet upward. The mine is also called the M25 and
Type 67. Type 67.

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C3A1 C3A1
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape............................................................................................ Conical Shape............................................................................................ Conical
Height............................................................................................ 90 mm Height............................................................................................ 90 mm
Diameter........................................................................................ 30 mm Diameter ....................................................................................... 30 mm
Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 0.095 Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 0.095
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ............................................................................... OD green or tan Color ................................................................................OD green or tan
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight .................................................. 0.0076 kg Main explosive charge weight.................................................. 0.0076 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation (kg) ........................................................................ 7 to 11 Fuze actuation (kg) .........................................................................7 to 11
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category ..............................................Shaped-charge Lethal mechanism category ..............................................Shaped-charge
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however, Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however,
no secondary fuze well or AD features) no secondary fuze well or AD features)

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M2 M2

M2 Antipersonnel M2 Antipersonnel
Mine Mine

Minefields containing M2 mines may still exist in Iraqi territory. The Minefields containing M2 mines may still exist in Iraqi territory. The
M2 series of mines are bounding fragmentation mines. Mines in the M2 series of mines are bounding fragmentation mines. Mines in the
series include the M2, M2A1, M2A3, M2A3B1, and the M2A4. All the series include the M2, M2A1, M2A3, M2A3B1, and the M2A4. All the
mines are the same except for minor design improvements. The dual mines are the same except for minor design improvements. The dual
action fuze can operate either by pressure or tripwire. When the fuze is action fuze can operate either by pressure or tripwire. When the fuze is
functioned, a charge at the bottom of the mine projects a 60-mm mortar functioned, a charge at the bottom of the mine projects a 60-mm mortar
shell into the air and starts a delay burn element. The completion of the shell into the air and starts a delay burn element. The completion of the
delay element’s burn initiates the fuze’s explosive train that detonates delay element’s burn initiates the fuze’s explosive train that detonates
the warhead’s main explosive charge. Copies of the mine have been pro- the warhead’s main explosive charge. Copies of the mine have been pro-
duced as the M/966 and the M2. Although considered obsolete in inven- duced as the M/966 and the M2. Although considered obsolete in inven-
tories, these mines may still be found in small numbers in other tories, these mines may still be found in small numbers in other
countries. countries.

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
M2 Antipersonnel Mine M2 Antipersonnel Mine
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height.......................................................................................... 244 mm Height.......................................................................................... 244 mm
Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 2.948 Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 2.948
Case: Case:
Case Material ................................................................................... Metal Case Material....................................................................................Metal
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.............................................................. Trotyl Main explosive charge type ............................................................. Trotyl
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.154 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.154 kg
Max effective range........................................................................... 10 m Max effective range........................................................................... 10 m
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ......................................................................................M6A1 Fuze model ......................................................................................M6A1
Fuze actuation (kg) .................................................................. 1.36 to 4.5 Fuze actuation (kg) .................................................................. 1.36 to 4.5
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category ................................ Bounding fragmentation Lethal mechanism category ................................ Bounding fragmentation
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .................................... Possible (however, no secondary Antidisturbance .................................... Possible (however, no secondary
fuse well or AD features) fuse well or AD features)
Detectability.................................... Readily detectable due to metal case Detectability ................................... Readily detectable due to metal case

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
M3 M3

M3 Antipersonnel Mine M3 Antipersonnel Mine

Minefields containing M3 mines may still exist in Iraqi territory. The Minefields containing M3 mines may still exist in Iraqi territory. The
M3 is an obsolete mine developed in the 1950s. It consists of a high- M3 is an obsolete mine developed in the 1950s. It consists of a high-
explosive charge housed in a heavy cast iron case. Normally it is explosive charge housed in a heavy cast iron case. Normally it is
emplaced on the surface or buried with just the fuze actuation element emplaced on the surface or buried with just the fuze actuation element
exposed. However, its effective radius can be increased if it is emplaced exposed. However, its effective radius can be increased if it is emplaced
several feet off the ground. Its effective radius is considerably reduced several feet off the ground. Its effective radius is considerably reduced
when the mine is buried. The mine case has three fuze wells that permit when the mine is buried. The mine case has three fuze wells that permit
booby-trapping or a variety of fuze arrangements. booby-trapping or a variety of fuze arrangements.

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
M3 Antipersonnel Mine M3 Antipersonnel Mine
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape.....................................................................................Rectangular Shape..................................................................................... Rectangular
Height............................................................................................. 89 mm Height............................................................................................. 89 mm
Length .......................................................................................... 137 mm Length .......................................................................................... 137 mm
Width .............................................................................................. 89 mm Width.............................................................................................. 89 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 4.0 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 4.0
Case: Case:
Case Material ..............................................................................Cast iron Case Material..............................................................................Cast iron
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 3 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 3
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ....................................................... 0.41 kg Main explosive charge weight....................................................... 0.41 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ......................................................................................M7A1 Fuze model ......................................................................................M7A1
Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire
Fuze actuation (kg) .................................................................... 1.4 to 4.5 Fuze actuation (kg) .................................................................... 1.4 to 4.5
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category ............................................... Fragmentation Lethal mechanism category ............................................... Fragmentation
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ...........................................................................Probable Antidisturbance ...........................................................................Probable
Detectability.................................... Readily detectable due to metal case Detectability ................................... Readily detectable due to metal case
Performance: Performance:
Max effective range............................................................................. 4 m Max effective range............................................................................. 4 m

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
M14 M14

M14 Antipersonnel Mine M14 Antipersonnel Mine

The M14 is a small, difficult-to-detect, plastic-bodied, blast mine with The M14 is a small, difficult-to-detect, plastic-bodied, blast mine with
redundant safety features. The primary safety is a split ring clip that redundant safety features. The primary safety is a split ring clip that
must be removed prior to emplacement; the second is a pressure plate must be removed prior to emplacement; the second is a pressure plate
that must be rotated from the safe position to the armed position. If this that must be rotated from the safe position to the armed position. If this
plate is not rotated, pressure cannot be applied to the Belleville spring plate is not rotated, pressure cannot be applied to the Belleville spring
that triggers the mine. The Belleville spring, fuze components, and that triggers the mine. The Belleville spring, fuze components, and
safety features are contained in the upper portion of the mine. The lower safety features are contained in the upper portion of the mine. The lower
portion contains 29 grams of Tetryl. The only metal in the mine is the portion contains 29 grams of Tetryl. The only metal in the mine is the
steel striker tip, making the mine very difficult to detect. A direct copy is steel striker tip, making the mine very difficult to detect. A direct copy is
also produced, the MN-79; a similar copy is called the MD 82B. also produced, the MN-79; a similar copy is called the MD 82B.

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
M14 M14
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height............................................................................................. 40 mm Height............................................................................................. 40 mm
Diameter......................................................................................... 56 mm Diameter ........................................................................................ 56 mm
Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 0.099 Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 0.099
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 0 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 0
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type...............................................................Tetryl Main explosive charge type ..............................................................Tetryl
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.029 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.029 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation .......................................................................... 9 to 16 kg Fuze actuation .......................................................................... 9 to 16 kg
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ..................... Possible (however, no secondary fuze well Antidisturbance ..................... Possible (however, no secondary fuze well
or AD features) or AD features)
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
M18A1 M18A1

M18A1 Antipersonnel M18A1 Antipersonnel

Mine Mine

The M18A1 (nicknamed the CLAYMORE) is a plastic-bodied, directed, The M18A1 (nicknamed the CLAYMORE) is a plastic-bodied, directed,
fragmentation mine with rows of ball bearings imbedded in a plastic fragmentation mine with rows of ball bearings imbedded in a plastic
matrix installed on the target facing side of the main explosive charge. matrix installed on the target facing side of the main explosive charge.
The mine is emplaced on two pairs of folding scissors-like legs. The ele- The mine is emplaced on two pairs of folding scissors-like legs. The ele-
vation/height of the fragment pattern can be adjusted by manipulating vation/height of the fragment pattern can be adjusted by manipulating
the articulated leg joints. A peep sight is located on the top center of the the articulated leg joints. A peep sight is located on the top center of the
mine between the duel fuze wells. The duel fuze wells will accommo- mine between the duel fuze wells. The duel fuze wells will accommo-
date a variety of fuzes, including tripwire and command detonation. date a variety of fuzes, including tripwire and command detonation.
This mine has been widely copied. Direct copies are produced as the This mine has been widely copied. Direct copies are produced as the
M18A2 JGG, with similar copies as the Shrapnel Mine No. 2, K440, P5 M18A2 JGG, with similar copies as the Shrapnel Mine No. 2, K440, P5
Mark 1, and the MON-50. Mark 1, and the MON-50.

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
M18A1 M18A1
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape.....................................................................................Rectangular Shape..................................................................................... Rectangular
Height............................................................................................ 83 mm Height............................................................................................ 83 mm
Length ......................................................................................... 216 mm Length ......................................................................................... 216 mm
Width .............................................................................................. 35 mm Width.............................................................................................. 35 mm
Total weight (kg .................................................................................. 1.58 Total weight (kg .................................................................................. 1.58
Case: Case:
Case Material ............................................................................Fiberglass Case Material............................................................................Fiberglass
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells .............................................................................................. 2 Fuze wells .............................................................................................. 2
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.............................................Plastic explosive Main explosive charge type ............................................Plastic explosive
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.682kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.682kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .................................................................... M57 firing device Fuze model .................................................................... M57 firing device
Fuze type .................................................................Command detonated Fuze type .................................................................Command detonated
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category ..................................Directed fragmentation Lethal mechanism category .................................. Directed fragmentation
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuze Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuze
well or AD features) well or AD features)
Detectability................................................................. Visually detectable Detectability ................................................................ Visually detectable
Performance: Performance:
Max effective range........................................................................... 50 m Max effective range........................................................................... 50 m

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
MON-50 MON-50

MON-50 Antipersonnel Mine MON-50 Antipersonnel Mine

The MON-50 is a copy of the M18A1 Claymore mine. The MON-50 The MON-50 is a copy of the M18A1 Claymore mine. The MON-50
has a plastic body with rows of imbedded fragments on the side facing has a plastic body with rows of imbedded fragments on the side facing
the target. Two variants exist: one with steel ball bearing fragments and the target. Two variants exist: one with steel ball bearing fragments and
the other with cylindrical chopped steel rod fragments. The mine is the other with cylindrical chopped steel rod fragments. The mine is
emplaced on two pairs of folding scissors-like legs. The elevation/height emplaced on two pairs of folding scissors-like legs. The elevation/height
of the fragment pattern can be adjusted by manipulating the articulated of the fragment pattern can be adjusted by manipulating the articulated
leg joints. A peep sight is located on the top center of the mine between leg joints. A peep sight is located on the top center of the mine between
two fuze wells. The fuze wells will accommodate a variety of fuzes, two fuze wells. The fuze wells will accommodate a variety of fuzes,
including tripwire and command detonation. Another version is known including tripwire and command detonation. Another version is known
as the DM-51. as the DM-51.

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MON-50 MON-50
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape.....................................................................................Rectangular Shape..................................................................................... Rectangular
Height........................................................................................... 105 mm Height........................................................................................... 105 mm
Length .......................................................................................... 220 mm Length .......................................................................................... 220 mm
Width .............................................................................................. 45 mm Width.............................................................................................. 45 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 2.0 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 2.0
Case: Case:
Case Material ........................................ Plastic with imbedded fragments Case Material.........................................Plastic with imbedded fragments
Color .......................................................................... Brown or OD green Color .......................................................................... Brown or OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 2 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 2
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type...........................................................PVV-5A Main explosive charge type ..........................................................PVV-5A
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.715 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.715 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ..................................................................................MN fuze Fuze model ..................................................................................MN fuze
Fuze type .................................................................Command detonated Fuze type .................................................................Command detonated
Fuze actuation ........................................................... Command initiation Fuze actuation ........................................................... Command initiation
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category ..................................Directed fragmentation Lethal mechanism category .................................. Directed fragmentation
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuze Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuze
well or AD features) well or AD features)
Detectability................................................................. Visually detectable Detectability ................................................................ Visually detectable
Performance: Performance:
Max effective range........................................................................... 50 m Max effective range........................................................................... 50 m

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MON-100 MON-100

MON-100 Antipersonnel Mine MON-100 Antipersonnel Mine

The MON-100 is a cylindrical directional fragmentation mine. It con- The MON-100 is a cylindrical directional fragmentation mine. It con-
sists of a metallic case containing an explosive charge, steel fragments, sists of a metallic case containing an explosive charge, steel fragments,
and a metal stand. The 400 cylindrical steel fragments are embedded in and a metal stand. The 400 cylindrical steel fragments are embedded in
a plastic matrix in front of the explosive. The mine can be attached to a plastic matrix in front of the explosive. The mine can be attached to
any fixed object or mounted on its own metal stake. The MON-100 can any fixed object or mounted on its own metal stake. The MON-100 can
be functioned by tripwire, break-wire, or command detonation and has a be functioned by tripwire, break-wire, or command detonation and has a
lethal range of 100 meters. At 100 meters, 50% of the fragments will lethal range of 100 meters. At 100 meters, 50% of the fragments will
strike within 5 meters of the mine's aiming point. The MON-100 can be strike within 5 meters of the mine's aiming point. The MON-100 can be
used singly or as part of an integrated explosive barrier. The mine is used singly or as part of an integrated explosive barrier. The mine is
effective against dismounted infantry and lightly armored vehicles. effective against dismounted infantry and lightly armored vehicles.

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MON-100 MON-100
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height............................................................................................. 80 mm Height............................................................................................. 80 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 220 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 220 mm
Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 5.0 Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 5.0
Case: Case:
Case Material .................................................................................... Steel Case Material.................................................................................... Steel
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 1.790 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 1.790 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .................................................................................... EDP-R Fuze model .................................................................................... EDP-R
Fuze type .................................................................Command detonated Fuze type .................................................................Command detonated
Fuze actuation ............................................ Command or control initiated Fuze actuation ............................................ Command or control initiated
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category ..................................Directed fragmentation Lethal mechanism category .................................. Directed fragmentation
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .................................... Possible (however, no secondary Antidisturbance .................................... Possible (however, no secondary
fuze well or AD features) fuze well or AD features)
Detectability................................................................. Visually detectable Detectability ................................................................ Visually detectable
Performance: Performance:
Max effective range......................................................................... 100 m Max effective range......................................................................... 100 m

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MON-200 MON-200

MON-200 Antipersonnel Mine MON-200 Antipersonnel Mine

The MON-200 is a larger version of the MON-100 mine. It consists of a The MON-200 is a larger version of the MON-100 mine. It consists of a
cylindrical metal case containing an explosive charge and 900 steel frag- cylindrical metal case containing an explosive charge and 900 steel frag-
ments, mounted on a metal stand. Like the MON-100, the cylindrical ments, mounted on a metal stand. Like the MON-100, the cylindrical
steel fragments are embedded in a plastic matrix in front of the explo- steel fragments are embedded in a plastic matrix in front of the explo-
sive. The mine can be attached to any fixed object or mounted on its sive. The mine can be attached to any fixed object or mounted on its
metal stand. The MON-200 can be initiated by tripwire, break-wire, or metal stand. The MON-200 can be initiated by tripwire, break-wire, or
command detonation and has a lethal range of 200 meters. The MON- command detonation and has a lethal range of 200 meters. The MON-
200 can be used singly or as part of an integrated explosive barrier. The 200 can be used singly or as part of an integrated explosive barrier. The
mine is effective against dismounted infantry and lightly armored mine is effective against dismounted infantry and lightly armored
vehicles. vehicles.

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MON-200 MON-200
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 130 mm Height........................................................................................... 130 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 431 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 431 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 25.0 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 25.0
Case: Case:
Case Material .................................................................................... Steel Case Material.................................................................................... Steel
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ....................................................... 12.0 kg Main explosive charge weight....................................................... 12.0 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .................................................................................... EDP-R Fuze model .................................................................................... EDP-R
Fuze type .................................................................Command detonated Fuze type .................................................................Command detonated
Fuze actuation ........................................... Command or control initiation Fuze actuation ........................................... Command or control initiation
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category ..................................Directed fragmentation Lethal mechanism category .................................. Directed fragmentation
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ............................................................................Possible Antidisturbance ............................................................................Possible
Detectability................................................................. Visually detectable Detectability ................................................................ Visually detectable
Performance: Performance:
Max effective range......................................................................... 200 m Max effective range......................................................................... 200 m

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No. 4 No. 4

No. 4 Antipersonnel Mine No. 4 Antipersonnel Mine

The No. 4 is a pressure-initiated, blast, antipersonnel mine. The No. 4 is The No. 4 is a pressure-initiated, blast, antipersonnel mine. The No. 4 is
an updated plastic version of the wooden No. 3 “shu”-type mine. Down- an updated plastic version of the wooden No. 3 “shu”-type mine. Down-
ward pressure on the raised lid of the box forces the lid down, causing a ward pressure on the raised lid of the box forces the lid down, causing a
notch in the side of the lid to release the striker-retaining pin from the notch in the side of the lid to release the striker-retaining pin from the
fuze thus initiating the explosive train. The main explosive charge con- fuze thus initiating the explosive train. The main explosive charge con-
sists of a 188-gram cast block of TNT. Probing for small “shu” type sists of a 188-gram cast block of TNT. Probing for small “shu” type
mines with their low initiation thresholds is a very hazardous operation. mines with their low initiation thresholds is a very hazardous operation.

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No. 4 Antipersonnel Mine No. 4 Antipersonnel Mine
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape.....................................................................................Rectangular Shape..................................................................................... Rectangular
Height............................................................................................. 50 mm Height............................................................................................. 50 mm
Length .......................................................................................... 135 mm Length .......................................................................................... 135 mm
Width .............................................................................................. 65 mm Width.............................................................................................. 65 mm
Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 0.348 Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 0.348
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ............................................................................................... Green Color ............................................................................................... Green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 0 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 0
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.188 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.188 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation (kg) ................................................................................. 8 Fuze actuation (kg) ................................................................................. 8
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however, Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however,
no secondary fuze well or AD features) no secondary fuze well or AD features)
Detectability................................................................................... Readily Detectability .................................................................................. Readily
detectable due to metallic content of fuze detectable due to metallic content of fuze

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
P-25 P-25

P-25 Antipersonnel P-25 Antipersonnel

Mine Mine

The P-25 is an old antipersonnel mine developed in the late 1970s. It The P-25 is an old antipersonnel mine developed in the late 1970s. It
consists of a cylindrical plastic casing containing the main charge and consists of a cylindrical plastic casing containing the main charge and
preformed steel fragments. The fuze is centrally located on the top of preformed steel fragments. The fuze is centrally located on the top of
the mine. Two 15-meter trip wires can be attached to the fuze. The effec- the mine. Two 15-meter trip wires can be attached to the fuze. The effec-
tive radius for the preformed fragments is 15 meters. This mine can be tive radius for the preformed fragments is 15 meters. This mine can be
emplaced with only the fuze exposed or fixed to a stake. emplaced with only the fuze exposed or fixed to a stake.

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P-25 P-25
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Height........................................................................................... 180 mm Height........................................................................................... 180 mm
Diameter......................................................................................... 75 mm Diameter ........................................................................................ 75 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................. 0.65 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................. 0.65
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ............................................................................... OD green or tan Color ................................................................................OD green or tan
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge weight ....................................................... 0.18 kg Main explosive charge weight....................................................... 0.18 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral
Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire
Fuze actuation ........................................................................................ 5 Fuze actuation ........................................................................................ 5
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category ............................................... Fragmentation Lethal mechanism category ............................................... Fragmentation
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ..................... Possible (however, no secondary fuze well Antidisturbance ..................... Possible (however, no secondary fuze well
or AD features) or AD features)
Detectability.................................... Readily detectable due to metal case Detectability ................................... Readily detectable due to metal case
Performance: Performance:
Min effective range............................................................................ 15 m Min effective range............................................................................ 15 m

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P-40 P-40

P-40 Antipersonnel Mine P-40 Antipersonnel Mine

The P-40 bounding fragmentation antipersonnel mine developed in the The P-40 bounding fragmentation antipersonnel mine developed in the
late 1970s. It consists of a cylindrical plastic casing produced in virtu- late 1970s. It consists of a cylindrical plastic casing produced in virtu-
ally any color. Within this outer casing is the bounding container with ally any color. Within this outer casing is the bounding container with
main explosive charge and preformed fragments. The mine is buried main explosive charge and preformed fragments. The mine is buried
with just the fuze protruding above the ground. The fuze is centrally with just the fuze protruding above the ground. The fuze is centrally
located on the top of the mine. Two 15-meter tripwires can be attached located on the top of the mine. Two 15-meter tripwires can be attached
to the fuze. The effective radius for the preformed fragments is to the fuze. The effective radius for the preformed fragments is
15 meters. 15 meters.

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P-40 P-40
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 215 mm Height........................................................................................... 215 mm
Diameter......................................................................................... 90 mm Diameter ........................................................................................ 90 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 2.0 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 2.0
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.............................................................. Trotyl Main explosive charge type ............................................................. Trotyl
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.480 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.480 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire
Fuze actuation ............................................................................... 7 to 13 Fuze actuation ............................................................................... 7 to 13
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast

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PMD-6 PMD-6

PMD-6 Antipersonnel Mine PMD-6 Antipersonnel Mine

The PMD-6 is a wooden box or “shu” mine with a two-piece case. The The PMD-6 is a wooden box or “shu” mine with a two-piece case. The
lower section is a rectangular wooden box housing the main TNT lower section is a rectangular wooden box housing the main TNT
charge, the MUV-type fuze, and the detonator. Downward pressure on charge, the MUV-type fuze, and the detonator. Downward pressure on
the raised lid of the box forces the lid down, causing a notch in the side the raised lid of the box forces the lid down, causing a notch in the side
of the lid to release the striker-retaining pin from the fuze thus initiating of the lid to release the striker-retaining pin from the fuze thus initiating
the explosive train. Probing for small “shu” type mines with their low the explosive train. Probing for small “shu” type mines with their low
initiation thresholds is a very hazardous operation. initiation thresholds is a very hazardous operation.

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PMD-6 PMD-6
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape.....................................................................................Rectangular Shape..................................................................................... Rectangular
Height............................................................................................. 64 mm Height............................................................................................. 64 mm
Length .......................................................................................... 191 mm Length .......................................................................................... 191 mm
Width .............................................................................................. 89 mm Width.............................................................................................. 89 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 0.4 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 0.4
Case: Case:
Case Material ...................................................................................Wood Case Material................................................................................... Wood
Color .................................................................................... Natural wood Color .................................................................................... Natural wood
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ......................................................... 0.2 kg Main explosive charge weight......................................................... 0.2 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ....................................................................................... MUV Fuze model ....................................................................................... MUV
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
(Although normally a tripwire fuze, the MUV is used as a (Although normally a tripwire fuze, the MUV is used as a
pressure fuze in the PMD mines.) pressure fuze in the PMD mines.)
Fuze actuation ............................................................................... 1 to 10 Fuze actuation ............................................................................... 1 to 10
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ..................... Possible (however, no secondary fuze well Antidisturbance ..................... Possible (however, no secondary fuze well
or AD features) or AD features)
Detectability................. Readily detectable due to metallic content of fuze Detectability ................ Readily detectable due to metallic content of fuze

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PMN PMN

PMN Antipersonnel Mine PMN Antipersonnel Mine

The PMN antipersonnel mine consists of a bakelite lower body compo- The PMN antipersonnel mine consists of a bakelite lower body compo-
nent, a plastic pressure plate, a black rubber pressure plate cover for nent, a plastic pressure plate, a black rubber pressure plate cover for
waterproofing, a spring-loaded firing device, and the explosive compo- waterproofing, a spring-loaded firing device, and the explosive compo-
nents. Opposing openings on the side of the mine allow the user to insert nents. Opposing openings on the side of the mine allow the user to insert
the booster and detonator in one side and the cocked striker mechanism the booster and detonator in one side and the cocked striker mechanism
in the other. Both holes have thread plugs and gaskets. The PMN is pos- in the other. Both holes have thread plugs and gaskets. The PMN is pos-
sibly the most commonly encountered antipersonnel mine in the world. sibly the most commonly encountered antipersonnel mine in the world.

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PMN PMN
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height............................................................................................. 56 mm Height............................................................................................. 56 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 112 mm Diameter .......................................................................................112 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 0.55 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 0.55
Case: Case:
Case Material ....................................................Plastic, rubber, and metal Case Material....................................................Plastic, rubber, and metal
Color ................................................................................. Black or brown Color ................................................................................. Black or brown
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.............................................................. Trotyl Main explosive charge type ............................................................. Trotyl
Main explosive charge weight ......................................................... 0.2 kg Main explosive charge weight......................................................... 0.2 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .......................................................Not integral but unnamed Fuze model ....................................................... Not integral but unnamed
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation ............................................................................... 8 to 25 Fuze actuation ............................................................................... 8 to 25
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuse Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuse
well or AD features) well or AD features)
Detectability................. Readily detectable due to metallic content of fuze Detectability ................ Readily detectable due to metallic content of fuze

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POMZ-2 POMZ-2

POMZ-2 Antipersonnel Mine POMZ-2 Antipersonnel Mine

The POMZ-2 is a fragmentation stake mine consisting of a serrated The POMZ-2 is a fragmentation stake mine consisting of a serrated
cylindrical cast-iron fragment sleeve, a 75-gram TNT charge, a MUV- cylindrical cast-iron fragment sleeve, a 75-gram TNT charge, a MUV-
type tripwire fuze, and wooden stake. The POMZ-2 is normally type tripwire fuze, and wooden stake. The POMZ-2 is normally
employed using vegetation as cover, the top of the mine approximately employed using vegetation as cover, the top of the mine approximately
30 cm above ground, and the tripwire attached to a fixed object. More 30 cm above ground, and the tripwire attached to a fixed object. More
than one mine can be attached to several tripwires, or several tripwires than one mine can be attached to several tripwires, or several tripwires
may be attached to one mine. The POMZ-2 differs from the POMZ-2M, may be attached to one mine. The POMZ-2 differs from the POMZ-2M,
its successor, in that it is heavier, has more serrations, and has a threaded its successor, in that it is heavier, has more serrations, and has a threaded
fuze well. fuze well.

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POMZ-2 POMZ-2
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 130 mm Height........................................................................................... 130 mm
Diameter......................................................................................... 60 mm Diameter ........................................................................................ 60 mm
Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 2.3 Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 2.3
(Approximately) (Approximately)
Case: Case:
Case Material ..............................................................................Cast iron Case Material..............................................................................Cast iron
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.075 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.075 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .................................................MUV, MUV-2, MUV-3, MUV-4 Fuze model .................................................MUV, MUV-2, MUV-3, MUV-4
Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire
Fuze actuation ................................................................................. 2 to 5 Fuze actuation ................................................................................. 2 to 5
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category ............................................... Fragmentation Lethal mechanism category ............................................... Fragmentation
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuze Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuze
well or AD features) well or AD features)
Detectability................................................................. Visually detectable Detectability ................................................................ Visually detectable
Performance: Performance:
Max effective range............................................................................. 4 m Max effective range............................................................................. 4 m

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POMZ-2M POMZ-2M

POMZ-2M Antipersonnel Mine POMZ-2M Antipersonnel Mine

The POMZ-2M is a fragmentation stake mine consisting of a serrated The POMZ-2M is a fragmentation stake mine consisting of a serrated
cylindrical cast-iron fragment sleeve, a 75-gram TNT charge, a MUV- cylindrical cast-iron fragment sleeve, a 75-gram TNT charge, a MUV-
type tripwire fuze, and wooden stake. The POMZ-2 is normally type tripwire fuze, and wooden stake. The POMZ-2 is normally
employed using vegetation as cover, the top of the mine approximately employed using vegetation as cover, the top of the mine approximately
30 cm above ground, and the tripwire attached to a fixed object. More 30 cm above ground, and the tripwire attached to a fixed object. More
than one mine can be attached to several tripwires, or several tripwires than one mine can be attached to several tripwires, or several tripwires
may be attached to one mine. The POMZ-2M differs from the POMZ-2, may be attached to one mine. The POMZ-2M differs from the POMZ-2,
its predecessor, in that it is lighter, has fewer serrations, and the fuze its predecessor, in that it is lighter, has fewer serrations, and the fuze
well is threaded to improve its waterproofing. well is threaded to improve its waterproofing.

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POMZ-2M POMZ-2M
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 107 mm Height........................................................................................... 107 mm
Diameter......................................................................................... 60 mm Diameter ........................................................................................ 60 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 1.77 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 1.77
Case: Case:
Case Material ..............................................................................Cast iron Case Material..............................................................................Cast iron
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.075 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.075 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .................................................MUV, MUV-2, MUV-3, MUV-4 Fuze model .................................................MUV, MUV-2, MUV-3, MUV-4
Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire
Fuze actuation ........................................................................................ 1 Fuze actuation ........................................................................................ 1
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category ............................................... Fragmentation Lethal mechanism category ............................................... Fragmentation
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuse Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuse
well or AD features) well or AD features)
Detectability................................................................. Visually detectable Detectability ................................................................ Visually detectable
Performance: Performance:
Max effective range............................................................................. 8 m Max effective range............................................................................. 8 m

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PPM-2 PPM-2

PPM-2 Antipersonnel Mine PPM-2 Antipersonnel Mine

The PPM-2 is a black, plastic-cased, antipersonnel blast mine consisting The PPM-2 is a black, plastic-cased, antipersonnel blast mine consisting
of a two-piece threaded mine case with rubber gasket, a piezoelectric of a two-piece threaded mine case with rubber gasket, a piezoelectric
initiation element, and a TNT main charge. The integral fuze is delay- initiation element, and a TNT main charge. The integral fuze is delay-
armed, pressure-initiated, and electrically fired. Another version of the armed, pressure-initiated, and electrically fired. Another version of the
PPM-2 may incorporate a built-in anti-disturbance circuit. It will be PPM-2 may incorporate a built-in anti-disturbance circuit. It will be
identical to the normal variant except for a red arming pin. It is impossi- identical to the normal variant except for a red arming pin. It is impossi-
ble to distinguish between the two versions in the armed condition. ble to distinguish between the two versions in the armed condition.

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PPM-2 PPM-2
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height............................................................................................. 63 mm Height............................................................................................. 63 mm
Diameter.................................................................................. 124.72 mm Diameter ................................................................................. 124.72 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 0.39 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 0.39
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ................................................................................................ Black Color ................................................................................................ Black
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ....................................................... 0.13 kg Main explosive charge weight....................................................... 0.13 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation ................................................................................... 12.5 Fuze actuation ................................................................................... 12.5
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuze Antidisturbance .............................Possible (however, no secondary fuze
well or AD features) well or AD features)
Detectability................. Readily detectable due to metallic content of fuze Detectability ................ Readily detectable due to metallic content of fuze

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PRB M409 PRB M409

PRB M409 Antipersonnel Mine PRB M409 Antipersonnel Mine

The PRB M409 is a plastic-bodied, blast antipersonnel mine. During The PRB M409 is a plastic-bodied, blast antipersonnel mine. During
transport, a safety plate with raised ridges protects the pressure mem- transport, a safety plate with raised ridges protects the pressure mem-
brane. The fuze is a double percussion type with two opposing steel fir- brane. The fuze is a double percussion type with two opposing steel fir-
ing pins. The strikers are held apart by a sliding bolt attached to the ing pins. The strikers are held apart by a sliding bolt attached to the
pressure plate. The bolt has an aperture holding two percussion caps. pressure plate. The bolt has an aperture holding two percussion caps.
When the bolt is displaced, the strikers are released and detonate the When the bolt is displaced, the strikers are released and detonate the
percussion caps. The only metal components are firing pins and two alu- percussion caps. The only metal components are firing pins and two alu-
minum primer caps. A copy of the PRB M409 is also produced as the minum primer caps. A copy of the PRB M409 is also produced as the
M 411. M 411.

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PRB M409 PRB M409
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height............................................................................................. 28 mm Height............................................................................................. 28 mm
Total weight (kg) .............................................................................. 0.183 Total weight (kg) .............................................................................. 0.183
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ..................................................................................... Green or tan Color ..................................................................................... Green or tan
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.......................................................... Trialene Main explosive charge type ......................................................... Trialene
Main explosive charge weight ....................................................... 0.08 kg Main explosive charge weight....................................................... 0.08 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation ............................................................................... 8 to 30 Fuze actuation ............................................................................... 8 to 30
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .................................... Possible (however, no secondary Antidisturbance .................................... Possible (however, no secondary
fuze well or AD features) fuze well or AD features)
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect
(Only 1 gram of metal is in the fuze assembly.) (Only 1 gram of metal is in the fuze assembly.)

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SB-33 SB-33

SB-33 Antipersonnel Mine SB-33 Antipersonnel Mine

The SB-33 is scatterable, blast resistant, low-metallic content antiper- The SB-33 is scatterable, blast resistant, low-metallic content antiper-
sonnel mine. The mine has a unique irregular shape to impede visual sonnel mine. The mine has a unique irregular shape to impede visual
detection. The mine can be either hand emplaced or scattered using a detection. The mine can be either hand emplaced or scattered using a
SY-AT mine-scattering system. The pressure fuze employed in this mine SY-AT mine-scattering system. The pressure fuze employed in this mine
is very resistant to explosive countermeasures. These systems have been is very resistant to explosive countermeasures. These systems have been
consistently demonstrated as survivable against both fuel-air-explosive consistently demonstrated as survivable against both fuel-air-explosive
and bulk explosive counter-measures. An electronic version, the SB-33/ and bulk explosive counter-measures. An electronic version, the SB-33/
AR, incorporates an anti-handling device to deter mine clearance. The AR, incorporates an anti-handling device to deter mine clearance. The
EM-20 and the M412 are copies. EM-20 and the M412 are copies.

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SB-33 SB-33
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape...........................................................................................Irregular Shape...........................................................................................Irregular
Height............................................................................................. 32 mm Height............................................................................................. 32 mm
Diameter......................................................................................... 88 mm Diameter ........................................................................................ 88 mm
Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 0.14 Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 0.14
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ............................................................................... OD green or tan Color ................................................................................OD green or tan
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.............................................................. Trotyl Main explosive charge type ............................................................. Trotyl
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.035 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.035 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation ............................................................................. 10 to 12 Fuze actuation ............................................................................. 10 to 12
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .................................... Possible (however, no secondary Antidisturbance .................................... Possible (however, no secondary
fuze well or AD features) fuze well or AD features)
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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TS/50 TS/50

TS/50 Antipersonnel Mine TS/50 Antipersonnel Mine

The TS/50 is a small, blast antipersonnel mine. It is a cylindrical mine The TS/50 is a small, blast antipersonnel mine. It is a cylindrical mine
designed to be scattered from helicopters but is usually emplaced by designed to be scattered from helicopters but is usually emplaced by
hand, either surface-laid or buried. The mine is blast resistant and is hand, either surface-laid or buried. The mine is blast resistant and is
designed to defeat most explosive countermeasures including explosive designed to defeat most explosive countermeasures including explosive
line-charges and fuel-air-explosives. line-charges and fuel-air-explosives.

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TS/50 TS/50
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Case: Case:
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 0 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 0
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................ 12.5 Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................ 12.5
Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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Type 72 Type 72

Type 72 Antipersonnel Mine Type 72 Antipersonnel Mine

The Type 72 antipersonnel mine is a small, plastic-bodied, blast antiper- The Type 72 antipersonnel mine is a small, plastic-bodied, blast antiper-
sonnel mine that has seen widespread use in Iraq. Two versions exist sonnel mine that has seen widespread use in Iraq. Two versions exist
that incorporate anti-disturbance/booby-trap features; however, it is that incorporate anti-disturbance/booby-trap features; however, it is
unlikely that those variants will be encountered in Iraq. The Type 72B unlikely that those variants will be encountered in Iraq. The Type 72B
utilizes a ball-in-cage mechanism to function solely as a booby-trap utilizes a ball-in-cage mechanism to function solely as a booby-trap
device. The Type 72C is intended to function both as an antipersonnel device. The Type 72C is intended to function both as an antipersonnel
mine and as a booby-trap device. There have been reports that the Type mine and as a booby-trap device. There have been reports that the Type
72C is very sensitive and can be detonated by the magnetic field gener- 72C is very sensitive and can be detonated by the magnetic field gener-
ated by magnetic mine detectors. ated by magnetic mine detectors.

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Type 72 Type 72
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height.......................................................................................... 38.5 mm Height.......................................................................................... 38.5 mm
Diameter...................................................................................... 78.5 mm Diameter ..................................................................................... 78.5 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 0.14 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 0.14
Case: Case:
Case Material ............................................................... Plastic and rubber Case Material............................................................... Plastic and rubber
Color ............................................................................................... Green Color ............................................................................................... Green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
(detonator well, fuze is integral) (detonator well, fuze is integral)
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type........................................................RDX/TNT Main explosive charge type .......................................................RDX/TNT
(RDX/TNT (50/50)) (RDX/TNT (50/50))
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.051 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.051 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation ................................................................................. 5 to 7 Fuze actuation ................................................................................. 5 to 7
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .................................. Possible, especially if “look-alike” Antidisturbance .................................. Possible, especially if “look-alike”
version is employed version is employed
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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Valmara 69 Valmara 69

Valmara 69 Antipersonnel Valmara 69 Antipersonnel

Mine Mine

The Valmara 69 (Val 69), a successor to the Valmara 59 (Val 59), is a The Valmara 69 (Val 69), a successor to the Valmara 59 (Val 59), is a
bounding fragmentation mine. The main difference between the two is bounding fragmentation mine. The main difference between the two is
the plastic outer body of the Val 69 verses the sheet steel outer body the plastic outer body of the Val 69 verses the sheet steel outer body
found on the Val 59. The two mines function the same, through direct found on the Val 59. The two mines function the same, through direct
pressure or by tension to an attached tripwire. When the fuze is func- pressure or by tension to an attached tripwire. When the fuze is func-
tioned, the propelling charge is initiated, launching the inner case into tioned, the propelling charge is initiated, launching the inner case into
the air. The main charge is then detonated at a height of 45 cm by the the air. The main charge is then detonated at a height of 45 cm by the
anchoring lanyard. The lethal radius of the mine is 27 meters. A similar anchoring lanyard. The lethal radius of the mine is 27 meters. A similar
version is produced as the No. 69 Mk1. version is produced as the No. 69 Mk1.

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Valmara 69 Valmara 69
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 205 mm Height........................................................................................... 205 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 130 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 130 mm
Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 3.3 Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 3.3
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ................................................................ Variety of colors available Color .................................................................Variety of colors available
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type........................................................RDX/TNT Main explosive charge type .......................................................RDX/TNT
(2,4,6 TNT RDX) (2,4,6 TNT RDX)
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.576 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.576 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation ...................................................................................... 10 Fuze actuation ...................................................................................... 10
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category ................................ Bounding fragmentation Lethal mechanism category ................................ Bounding fragmentation
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance .................... Probable (one or more fuze wells for booby Antidisturbance .................... Probable (one or more fuze wells for booby
trap purposes trap purposes
Detectability..................................................................Readily detectable Detectability .................................................................Readily detectable
Performance: Performance:
Max effective range........................................................................... 27 m Max effective range........................................................................... 27 m

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VS-50 VS-50

VS-50 Antipersonnel Mine VS-50 Antipersonnel Mine

The VS-50 is a small, cylindrical, plastic-cased, blast antipersonnel The VS-50 is a small, cylindrical, plastic-cased, blast antipersonnel
mine. The VS-50 was originally designed for helicopter emplacement; mine. The VS-50 was originally designed for helicopter emplacement;
however, it is most often hand emplaced just below the surface. The however, it is most often hand emplaced just below the surface. The
mine is blast resistant and will defeat most explosive countermeasures, mine is blast resistant and will defeat most explosive countermeasures,
including explosive line-charges and fuel air explosives. The VS-50 is including explosive line-charges and fuel air explosives. The VS-50 is
the predecessor to the VS-Mk 2 antipersonnel mine. The mine is also the predecessor to the VS-Mk 2 antipersonnel mine. The mine is also
produced as the SPM-1 and the T/79. produced as the SPM-1 and the T/79.

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VS-50 Antipersonnel Mine VS-50 Antipersonnel Mine
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Diameter......................................................................................... 90 mm Diameter ........................................................................................ 90 mm
Case: Case:
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 0 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 0
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................... 10 Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................... 10
Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ..........................................................Possible, especially Antidisturbance .......................................................... Possible, especially
if “look-alike” version is employed if “look-alike” version is employed
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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L9 L9

L9 Antitank Mine L9 Antitank Mine

The L9 is also known as the barmine because of its distinctive shape. It The L9 is also known as the barmine because of its distinctive shape. It
is a relatively simple, pressure-activated, large, blast antitank mine. The is a relatively simple, pressure-activated, large, blast antitank mine. The
standard fuze can be employed both as single and double impulse pres- standard fuze can be employed both as single and double impulse pres-
sure fuze. The plastic body does limit the total metal content to fuze sure fuze. The plastic body does limit the total metal content to fuze
components. A copy of the L9 is made as the AT 3A. components. A copy of the L9 is made as the AT 3A.

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L9 Antitank Mine L9 Antitank Mine
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape.....................................................................................Rectangular Shape..................................................................................... Rectangular
Height............................................................................................. 82 mm Height............................................................................................. 82 mm
Length ........................................................................................ 1200 mm Length ........................................................................................ 1200 mm
Width ............................................................................................ 108 mm Width............................................................................................ 108 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................. 10.4 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................. 10.4
Case: Case:
Case material ..................................................................................Plastic Case material..................................................................................Plastic
Color .......................................................................... Brown or OD green Color .......................................................................... Brown or OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type........................................................RDX/TNT Main explosive charge type .......................................................RDX/TNT
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................. 137 Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................. 137
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however, Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however,
no secondary fuze well or AD features) no secondary fuze well or AD features)
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect
Performance: Performance:
Main explosive charge weight ......................................................... 8.1 kg Main explosive charge weight......................................................... 8.1 kg

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M15 M15

M15 Antitank Mine M15 Antitank Mine

The M15 is a heavy, metallic, antitank mine. A handle is attached to the The M15 is a heavy, metallic, antitank mine. A handle is attached to the
bottom of the mine, and there are two secondary fuze wells, one on the bottom of the mine, and there are two secondary fuze wells, one on the
bottom and one on the side. The mine is slightly larger in diameter than bottom and one on the side. The mine is slightly larger in diameter than
the M6A2 antitank mine. The M15 mine is taller to accommodate the the M6A2 antitank mine. The M15 mine is taller to accommodate the
larger explosive fill: 10.33 kg of COMP B compared to the 4.45 kg of larger explosive fill: 10.33 kg of COMP B compared to the 4.45 kg of
TNT found in M6A2. TNT found in M6A2.

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M15 Antitank Mine M15 Antitank Mine
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 150 mm Height........................................................................................... 150 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 337 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 337 mm
Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 14.27 Total weight (kg) ............................................................................... 14.27
Case: Case:
Case Material ................................................................................... Metal Case Material....................................................................................Metal
Color ..........................................................................................ODgreen Color ..........................................................................................ODgreen
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 3 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 3
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ...................................................................................... M603 Fuze model ...................................................................................... M603
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation (kg) .................................................................. 159 to 340 Fuze actuation (kg) .................................................................. 159 to 340
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ...................................................................Probable (one Antidisturbance ...................................................................Probable (one
or more fuze wells for booby trap purposes or more fuze wells for booby trap purposes
Detectability.................................... Readily detectable due to metal case Detectability ................................... Readily detectable due to metal case
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.......................................................... Comp B Main explosive charge type ......................................................... Comp B
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 10.33 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 10.33 kg

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MAT-76 MAT-76

MAT-76 Antitank Mine MAT-76 Antitank Mine

The MAT-76 is a blast antitank mine made of cast Trotyl covered with a The MAT-76 is a blast antitank mine made of cast Trotyl covered with a
fiberglass resin protective coating. The fuze well accepts any fuze com- fiberglass resin protective coating. The fuze well accepts any fuze com-
patible with the TM-62 or TM-72 series mines. The MAT-76 does not patible with the TM-62 or TM-72 series mines. The MAT-76 does not
have secondary fuze wells cast into the body, but the thin resin coating have secondary fuze wells cast into the body, but the thin resin coating
can be easily cut away, and an expedient well created in order to fit an can be easily cut away, and an expedient well created in order to fit an
anti-lift device. By the same token, the MAT-76 can be cut apart easily anti-lift device. By the same token, the MAT-76 can be cut apart easily
and the explosive used for improvised explosive devices. The very small and the explosive used for improvised explosive devices. The very small
metallic content of the MAT-76 fuze makes it difficult to detect. metallic content of the MAT-76 fuze makes it difficult to detect.

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MAT-76 Antitank Mine MAT-76 Antitank Mine
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Diameter....................................................................................... 320 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 320 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................. 10.0 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................. 10.0
Case: Case:
Case Material ................................................................................... Resin Case Material................................................................................... Resin
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.............................................................. Trotyl Main explosive charge type ............................................................. Trotyl
Main explosive charge weight ....................................................... 9.35 kg Main explosive charge weight....................................................... 9.35 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ........................................................................................P-62 Fuze model ........................................................................................P-62
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................. 200 Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................. 200
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however, Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however,
no secondary fuze well or AD features) no secondary fuze well or AD features)
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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PRB M3 PRB M3

PRB M3 Antitank Mine PRB M3 Antitank Mine

The PRB M3 consists of a square polyethylene case with a carrying han- The PRB M3 consists of a square polyethylene case with a carrying han-
dle located on one side. The mine body contains the main explosive dle located on one side. The mine body contains the main explosive
charge, pressure-initiated fuze, and the pressure plate. The fuze fits in charge, pressure-initiated fuze, and the pressure plate. The fuze fits in
the fuze well in the center of the mine body and is covered by the pres- the fuze well in the center of the mine body and is covered by the pres-
sure plate. The fuze functions when the pressure plate collapses. The sure plate. The fuze functions when the pressure plate collapses. The
PRB M3 is waterproof and may be used in shallow water. A variant, the PRB M3 is waterproof and may be used in shallow water. A variant, the
PRB M3 A, is produced with two secondary fuze wells (one on the side PRB M3 A, is produced with two secondary fuze wells (one on the side
and one under the mine) for booby-trap purposes. and one under the mine) for booby-trap purposes.

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PRB-M3 PRB-M3
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape............................................................................................... Cubic Shape............................................................................................... Cubic
Height........................................................................................... 130 mm Height........................................................................................... 130 mm
Length .......................................................................................... 230 mm Length .......................................................................................... 230 mm
Width ............................................................................................ 230 mm Width............................................................................................ 230 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................. 6.8 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................. 6.8
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color .............................................................................OD green and tan Color .............................................................................OD green and tan
Fuze wells ............................................................................................. 10 Fuze wells ............................................................................................. 10
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type........................................................RDX/TNT Main explosive charge type .......................................................RDX/TNT
(RDX/TNT (76/24)) (RDX/TNT (76/24))
Main explosive charge weight ............................................................ 6 kg Main explosive charge weight............................................................ 6 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ........................................................................................ M30 Fuze model ........................................................................................ M30
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 250 Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 250
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ............................................................................Possible Antidisturbance ............................................................................Possible
(The PRB M3 has a variant with two secondary fuze wells for booby (The PRB M3 has a variant with two secondary fuze wells for booby
trap purposes.) trap purposes.)
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect
(Metallic content is approximately 1.0 grams; limited to spring, (Metallic content is approximately 1.0 grams; limited to spring,
striker tip, and shear wire.) striker tip, and shear wire.)

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PT Mi-Ba III PT Mi-Ba III

PT Mi-Ba III Antitank Mine PT Mi-Ba III Antitank Mine

The PT Mi-Ba III blast antitank mine has a plastic body with no metallic The PT Mi-Ba III blast antitank mine has a plastic body with no metallic
content. When used with a non-metallic pressure fuze, the mine is content. When used with a non-metallic pressure fuze, the mine is
extremely difficult to detect. Total metallic content is less than extremely difficult to detect. Total metallic content is less than
2.46 grams. The mine is equipped with a plastic handle, which fits flush 2.46 grams. The mine is equipped with a plastic handle, which fits flush
in the base of the bakelite body. Several Third World nations as well as in the base of the bakelite body. Several Third World nations as well as
terrorist groups use this mine. terrorist groups use this mine.

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PT Mi-Ba III Antitank Mine PT Mi-Ba III Antitank Mine
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 107 mm Height........................................................................................... 107 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 330 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 330 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 9.9 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 9.9
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ............................................................................Black or OD green Color ............................................................................Black or OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 7.230 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 7.230 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .......................................................................................RO-2 Fuze model .......................................................................................RO-2
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................. 200 Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................. 200
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ............................................................................Possible Antidisturbance ............................................................................Possible
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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SB-81 SB-81

SB-81 Antitank Mine SB-81 Antitank Mine

The SB-81, a light, pressure-activated, blast, antitank mine. The mine The SB-81, a light, pressure-activated, blast, antitank mine. The mine
can be emplaced either by hand or scattered from a helicopter-mounted can be emplaced either by hand or scattered from a helicopter-mounted
delivery system. The SB-81 is very difficult to detect due to its plastic delivery system. The SB-81 is very difficult to detect due to its plastic
construction, with metallic content limited to fuze components. When construction, with metallic content limited to fuze components. When
emplaced by hand, several mines can be stacked to increase the effect of emplaced by hand, several mines can be stacked to increase the effect of
the mine. An electronic version, the SB-81/AR, which incorporates an the mine. An electronic version, the SB-81/AR, which incorporates an
electronic anti-disturbance and self-destruct/self-neutralization features electronic anti-disturbance and self-destruct/self-neutralization features
is also available. The mine is also produced as the M453, YM-II, and the is also available. The mine is also produced as the M453, YM-II, and the
SB-81. SB-81.

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SB-81 SB-81
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height............................................................................................. 90 mm Height............................................................................................. 90 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 230 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 230 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 3.15 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 3.15
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ............................................................................... OD green or tan Color ................................................................................OD green or tan
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.......................................................... Comp B Main explosive charge type ......................................................... Comp B
Main explosive charge weight ....................................................... 1.85 kg Main explosive charge weight....................................................... 1.85 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180 Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ........................Possible, especially if "look-alike" version Antidisturbance ........................Possible, especially if "look-alike" version
is employed is employed
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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SB-81/AR SB-81/AR

SB-81/AR Antitank Mine SB-81/AR Antitank Mine

The SB-81/AR is the electronic version of the SB-81 blast antitank The SB-81/AR is the electronic version of the SB-81 blast antitank
mine. The mine incorporates an electronic anti-disturbance and self- mine. The mine incorporates an electronic anti-disturbance and self-
destruct/self-neutralization features. The mine can be emplaced either destruct/self-neutralization features. The mine can be emplaced either
by hand or scattered from a helicopter-mounted delivery system. by hand or scattered from a helicopter-mounted delivery system.

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SB-81/AR Antitank Mine SB-81/AR Antitank Mine
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height............................................................................................. 90 mm Height............................................................................................. 90 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 232 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 232 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 3.2 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 3.2
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ............................................................................... OD green or tan Color ................................................................................OD green or tan
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.............................................................. Trotyl Main explosive charge type ............................................................. Trotyl
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 1.850 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 1.850 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................. 180 Fuze actuation (kg) ............................................................................. 180
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ................................................................................... Yes Antidisturbance ................................................................................... Yes
Detectability................................................................................... Readily Detectability .................................................................................. Readily
detectable due to metallic content of fuze detectable due to metallic content of fuze

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TC/2.4 TC/2.4

TC/2.4 Antitank Mine TC/2.4 Antitank Mine

The TC/2.4 is a conventional, pressure-fuzed, blast, antitank mine The TC/2.4 is a conventional, pressure-fuzed, blast, antitank mine
equipped with a handle mounted on the side of the case. Similar to other equipped with a handle mounted on the side of the case. Similar to other
pneumatic pressure fuzes, the TC/2.4 is very resistant to blast type coun- pneumatic pressure fuzes, the TC/2.4 is very resistant to blast type coun-
termeasures. The TC/2.4 is very difficult to detect due to its plastic con- termeasures. The TC/2.4 is very difficult to detect due to its plastic con-
struction, with metallic content limited to only fuze components. struction, with metallic content limited to only fuze components.

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TC/2.4 TC/2.4
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 108 mm Height........................................................................................... 108 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 204 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 204 mm
Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 3.3 Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 3.3
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ................................................................................................... Tan Color ................................................................................................... Tan
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.......................................................... Comp B Main explosive charge type ......................................................... Comp B
Main explosive charge weight ......................................................... 2.4 kg Main explosive charge weight......................................................... 2.4 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation ......................................................................... 180 to 310 Fuze actuation ......................................................................... 180 to 310
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ................. Possible (however, no secondary fuze well or Antidisturbance ................. Possible (however, no secondary fuze well or
AD features) AD features)
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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TC/6 TC/6

TC/6 and TCE/6 Antitank Mine TC/6 and TCE/6 Antitank Mine

The TC/6 antitank mine has a blast-resistant pressure fuze that is very The TC/6 antitank mine has a blast-resistant pressure fuze that is very
difficult to detect (less than 2.86 grams of metal). There is an “E” ver- difficult to detect (less than 2.86 grams of metal). There is an “E” ver-
sion that incorporates an electronics package primarily intended for sion that incorporates an electronics package primarily intended for
remote activation/deactivation with a hand-held remote controller. This remote activation/deactivation with a hand-held remote controller. This
version is much easier to detect due to the electronics package. A copy version is much easier to detect due to the electronics package. A copy
of this mine is produced as the T.C. 6. of this mine is produced as the T.C. 6.

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TC/6 TC/6
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Case: Case:
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 2 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 2
Explosive: Explosive:
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral Fuze model ................................................................................... Integral
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180 Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance . Possible, especially if “look-alike” version is employed Antidisturbance ..Possible, especially if “look-alike” version is employed
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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TCE/6 TCE/6

TC/6 and TCE/6 Antitank Mine TC/6 and TCE/6 Antitank Mine

The TCE/6 antitank mine has an electronic, blast-resistant pressure fuze The TCE/6 antitank mine has an electronic, blast-resistant pressure fuze
that incorporates an electronics package, primarily intended for remote that incorporates an electronics package, primarily intended for remote
activation/deactivation with a hand-held remote controller. Currently, activation/deactivation with a hand-held remote controller. Currently,
this version does not include anti-lift/anti-disturbance/self-destruct this version does not include anti-lift/anti-disturbance/self-destruct
features. The mine is identical in shape and size to the TC/6 antitank features. The mine is identical in shape and size to the TC/6 antitank
mines. mines.

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TC/6 TC/6
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Height........................................................................................... 185 mm Height........................................................................................... 185 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 270 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 270 mm
Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 9.6 Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 9.6
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ............................................................................... OD green or tan Color ................................................................................OD green or tan
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.......................................................... Comp B Main explosive charge type ......................................................... Comp B
Main explosive charge weight ......................................................... 6.0 kg Main explosive charge weight......................................................... 6.0 kg

Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180 Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ...........................................................................Probable Antidisturbance ...........................................................................Probable
(There is a secondary fuze well on the bottom of the mine for booby (There is a secondary fuze well on the bottom of the mine for booby
trap purposes.) trap purposes.)
Detectability................. Readily detectable due to metallic content of fuze Detectability ................ Readily detectable due to metallic content of fuze

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TM-46 TM-46

TM-46 Antitank Mine TM-46 Antitank Mine

The TM-46 and TMN-46 are two antitank mines that differ only in that The TM-46 and TMN-46 are two antitank mines that differ only in that
the TMN-46 has an additional fuze well on the bottom of the mine to the TMN-46 has an additional fuze well on the bottom of the mine to
allow for the inclusion of an anti-handling/anti-lift/booby-trap device. allow for the inclusion of an anti-handling/anti-lift/booby-trap device.
The TMN-46 is booby-trapped using a MUV-type pull fuze by connect- The TMN-46 is booby-trapped using a MUV-type pull fuze by connect-
ing the pull pin to a fixed object (stake) under the mine. The mines con- ing the pull pin to a fixed object (stake) under the mine. The mines con-
sist of a sheet-metal body with carrying handle; main explosive charge, sist of a sheet-metal body with carrying handle; main explosive charge,
fuze(s), booster(s), a diaphragm to separate the pressure plate and explo- fuze(s), booster(s), a diaphragm to separate the pressure plate and explo-
sive charge, and a side-mounted filler plug. With the safety pin removed, sive charge, and a side-mounted filler plug. With the safety pin removed,
target pressure collapses the diaphragm. As the fuze housing is forced target pressure collapses the diaphragm. As the fuze housing is forced
down, the striker spring is compressed. At a point, the retaining ball is down, the striker spring is compressed. At a point, the retaining ball is
released into a cavity between the striker housing and the fuze well. This released into a cavity between the striker housing and the fuze well. This
frees the spring-driven striker that then impacts the detonator exploding frees the spring-driven striker that then impacts the detonator exploding
the mine. the mine.

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TM-46 TM-46
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 108 mm Height........................................................................................... 108 mm
(With MVM fuze) (With MVM fuze)
Diameter....................................................................................... 305 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 305 mm
Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 8.6 Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 8.6
Case: Case:
Case Material ................................................................................... Metal Case Material....................................................................................Metal
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ......................................................... 5.7 kg Main explosive charge weight......................................................... 5.7 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .......................................................................................MVM Fuze model .......................................................................................MVM
Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180 Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ................. Possible (however, no secondary fuze well or Antidisturbance ................. Possible (however, no secondary fuze well or
AD features) AD features)
Detectability.................................... Readily detectable due to metal case Detectability ................................... Readily detectable due to metal case

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TM-57 TM-57

TM-57 Antitank Mine TM-57 Antitank Mine

There are at least two variants of the TM-57 antitank mine. One, There are at least two variants of the TM-57 antitank mine. One,
assumed to be the earlier model, has two filler plugs on the bottom of its assumed to be the earlier model, has two filler plugs on the bottom of its
case for filling the main charge of TNT. The other has no filler holes on case for filling the main charge of TNT. The other has no filler holes on
the bottom, which leads to the conclusion that the main charge is the bottom, which leads to the conclusion that the main charge is
pressed TNT and is added during the manufacturing process. The side pressed TNT and is added during the manufacturing process. The side
fuze well is a booby-trap well that will accommodate a MUV-type pull fuze well is a booby-trap well that will accommodate a MUV-type pull
fuze. When the mine is emplaced, a cord connects the pull pin to a fixed fuze. When the mine is emplaced, a cord connects the pull pin to a fixed
buried object (stake) so that when the mine is lifted, the pull pin is buried object (stake) so that when the mine is lifted, the pull pin is
removed. removed.

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TM-57 TM-57
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height...................................................................................... 101.60 mm Height...................................................................................... 101.60 mm
Diameter.................................................................................. 315.72 mm Diameter ................................................................................. 315.72 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 8.47 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 8.47
Case: Case:
Case Material .................................................................................... Steel Case Material.................................................................................... Steel
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 2 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 2
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ....................................................... 6.02 kg Main explosive charge weight....................................................... 6.02 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 200 Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 200
Fuze model ................................................................................MVSH-57 Fuze model ................................................................................MVSH-57
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ............................... Probable (one or more fuze wells for Antidisturbance ............................... Probable (one or more fuze wells for
boobytrap purposes boobytrap purposes
Detectability.................................... Readily detectable due to metal case Detectability ................................... Readily detectable due to metal case

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TM-62M TM-62M

TM-62M Antitank Mine TM-62M Antitank Mine

The TM-62 series is a conventional blast antitank mine. It exists in four The TM-62 series is a conventional blast antitank mine. It exists in four
distinct versions: the TM-62M (metallic case), TM-62P (plastic case), distinct versions: the TM-62M (metallic case), TM-62P (plastic case),
TM-62B (caseless), and TM-62D (wooden case). All are circular except TM-62B (caseless), and TM-62D (wooden case). All are circular except
for the TM-62D, which is rectangular. The base of the TM-62M has six for the TM-62D, which is rectangular. The base of the TM-62M has six
stability ridges radiating from its center. The wooden-cased TM-62D is stability ridges radiating from its center. The wooden-cased TM-62D is
probably available only in limited quantities. probably available only in limited quantities.

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TM-62M TM-62M
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height...................................................................................... 101.85 mm Height...................................................................................... 101.85 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 320 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 320 mm
Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 8.5 Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 8.5
Case: Case:
Case Material ................................................................................... Metal Case Material....................................................................................Metal
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.............................................................. Trotyl Main explosive charge type ............................................................. Trotyl
Main explosive charge weight ......................................................... 7.0 kg Main explosive charge weight......................................................... 7.0 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 200 Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 200
Fuze model ................................................................MVN-62 or MVN-72 Fuze model ................................................................MVN-62 or MVN-72
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ........... Possible (however, no secondary fuze well or AD Antidisturbance ........... Possible (however, no secondary fuze well or AD
features) features)
Detectability.................................... Readily detectable due to metal case Detectability ................................... Readily detectable due to metal case
Performance: Performance:
Penetration depth.................................................................27 mm RHAe Penetration depth.................................................................27 mm RHAe

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TMN-46 TMN-46

TMN-46 Antitank Mine TMN-46 Antitank Mine

The TM-46 and TMN-46 are two antitank mines that differ only in that The TM-46 and TMN-46 are two antitank mines that differ only in that
the TMN-46 has an additional fuze well on the bottom of the mine for the TMN-46 has an additional fuze well on the bottom of the mine for
inclusion of a booby-trap device. The TMN-46 is booby-trapped using a inclusion of a booby-trap device. The TMN-46 is booby-trapped using a
MUV-type pull fuze by connecting the pull pin to a fixed object (stake) MUV-type pull fuze by connecting the pull pin to a fixed object (stake)
under the mine. The mines are otherwise similar, consisting of a sheet- under the mine. The mines are otherwise similar, consisting of a sheet-
metal body with carrying handle; the main explosive charge, fuze(s), metal body with carrying handle; the main explosive charge, fuze(s),
booster(s), a diaphragm to separate the pressure plate and explosive booster(s), a diaphragm to separate the pressure plate and explosive
charge, and a side-mounted filler plug. The mines consist of a sheet- charge, and a side-mounted filler plug. The mines consist of a sheet-
metal body with carrying handle, main explosive charge, fuze(s), metal body with carrying handle, main explosive charge, fuze(s),
booster(s), a diaphragm to separate the pressure plate and explosive booster(s), a diaphragm to separate the pressure plate and explosive
charge, and a side-mounted filler plug. With the safety pin removed, tar- charge, and a side-mounted filler plug. With the safety pin removed, tar-
get pressure collapses the diaphragm. As the fuze housing is forced get pressure collapses the diaphragm. As the fuze housing is forced
down, the striker spring is compressed. At a point, the retaining ball is down, the striker spring is compressed. At a point, the retaining ball is
released into a cavity between the striker housing and the fuze well. This released into a cavity between the striker housing and the fuze well. This
frees the spring-driven striker that then impacts the detonator, exploding frees the spring-driven striker that then impacts the detonator, exploding
the mine. the mine.

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TMN-46 TMN-46
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 108 mm Height........................................................................................... 108 mm
(With MVM fuze) (With MVM fuze)
Diameter....................................................................................... 305 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 305 mm
Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 8.6 Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 8.6
Case: Case:
Case Material ................................................................................... Metal Case Material....................................................................................Metal
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 2 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 2
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
Main explosive charge weight ......................................................... 5.7 kg Main explosive charge weight......................................................... 5.7 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .......................................................................................MVM Fuze model .......................................................................................MVM
Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180 Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ............................... Probable (one or more fuze wells for Antidisturbance ............................... Probable (one or more fuze wells for
boobytrap purposes) boobytrap purposes)
Detectability.................................... Readily detectable due to metal case Detectability ................................... Readily detectable due to metal case

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Type 59 Type 59

Type 59 Antitank Mine Type 59 Antitank Mine

The Type 59 consists of a sheet-metal body with carrying handle; the The Type 59 consists of a sheet-metal body with carrying handle; the
explosive chare, fuze(s), and boosters, a diaphragm to separate the pres- explosive chare, fuze(s), and boosters, a diaphragm to separate the pres-
sure plate and explosive charge, and a side-mounted filler plug. The sure plate and explosive charge, and a side-mounted filler plug. The
pressure plate is stepped to facilitate crushing, and a controlled actua- pressure plate is stepped to facilitate crushing, and a controlled actua-
tion pressure results from this design. The two-pronged safety pin acts tion pressure results from this design. The two-pronged safety pin acts
as a bridge, and a positive safety protecting the diaphragm. With the as a bridge, and a positive safety protecting the diaphragm. With the
safety pin removed, target pressure collapses the diaphragm. As the fuze safety pin removed, target pressure collapses the diaphragm. As the fuze
housing is forced down, the striker spring is compressed. At a point, the housing is forced down, the striker spring is compressed. At a point, the
retaining ball is released into a cavity between the striker housing and retaining ball is released into a cavity between the striker housing and
the fuze well. This frees the spring-driven striker that then impacts the the fuze well. This frees the spring-driven striker that then impacts the
detonator, exploding the mine. The Type 59 antitank mine is a copy of detonator, exploding the mine. The Type 59 antitank mine is a copy of
TMN-46 AT mine. TMN-46 AT mine.

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Type 59 Type 59
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height...................................................................................... 101.60 mm Height...................................................................................... 101.60 mm
Diameter.................................................................................. 315.72 mm Diameter ................................................................................. 315.72 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 8.47 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 8.47
Case: Case:
Case Material .................................................................................... Steel Case Material.................................................................................... Steel
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 2 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 2
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type................................................................ TNT Main explosive charge type ............................................................... TNT
(TGA 60/24/16) (TGA 60/24/16)
Main explosive charge weight ....................................................... 6.02 kg Main explosive charge weight....................................................... 6.02 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 200 Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 200
Fuze model ............................................................................... MUV type Fuze model ............................................................................... MUV type
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ................................................................................... Yes Antidisturbance ................................................................................... Yes
(Probable, both the pressure board and the entire mine can be fitted (Probable, both the pressure board and the entire mine can be fitted
with antihandling devices.) with antihandling devices.)

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Type 72 (CH Plastic) Type 72 (CH Plastic)

Type 72 Antitank Mine Type 72 Antitank Mine

The Type 72 antitank mine is constructed of green plastic, is cylindrical, The Type 72 antitank mine is constructed of green plastic, is cylindrical,
and features a pull-out handle at the base of the mine. The central fuze and features a pull-out handle at the base of the mine. The central fuze
well lies within a raised pressure plate. Fuze functioning is simply a well lies within a raised pressure plate. Fuze functioning is simply a
matter of deforming the pressure plate with a sufficiently long impulse matter of deforming the pressure plate with a sufficiently long impulse
to release a cocked striker. All three identified fuzes are blast resistant. to release a cocked striker. All three identified fuzes are blast resistant.
A filler plug is located on the side of the mine body above the lifting A filler plug is located on the side of the mine body above the lifting
handle. This is not a secondary fuze well. The following information is handle. This is not a secondary fuze well. The following information is
provided regarding the three known fuzes for this mine: Type 69, provided regarding the three known fuzes for this mine: Type 69,
double-impulse pressure fuze (300-800 kg pressure); Type 72A, single- double-impulse pressure fuze (300-800 kg pressure); Type 72A, single-
impulse pressure fuze (300-800 kg pressure); Type 81, single-impulse impulse pressure fuze (300-800 kg pressure); Type 81, single-impulse
pressure fuze (400-800 kg pressure). pressure fuze (400-800 kg pressure).

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Type 72 Type 72
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 100 mm Height........................................................................................... 100 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 270 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 270 mm
Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 6.5 Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 6.5
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ............................................................................................... Green Color ............................................................................................... Green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type........................................................RDX/TNT Main explosive charge type .......................................................RDX/TNT
Main explosive charge weight ......................................................... 5.4 kg Main explosive charge weight......................................................... 5.4 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .................................................................................. Type 69 Fuze model .................................................................................. Type 69
Fuze actuation ......................................................................... 300 to 800 Fuze actuation ......................................................................... 300 to 800
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ................. Possible (however, no secondary fuze well or Antidisturbance ................. Possible (however, no secondary fuze well or
AD features) AD features)
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect
(Limited metallic content for the Type 69 and 72A fuzes) (Limited metallic content for the Type 69 and 72A fuzes)

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VS-1.6 VS-1.6

VS-1.6 Antitank Mine VS-1.6 Antitank Mine

The VS-1.6 is a first-generation scatterable antitank mine, equipped The VS-1.6 is a first-generation scatterable antitank mine, equipped
with a pressure fuze. The VS-1.6 antitank mine is described as resistant with a pressure fuze. The VS-1.6 antitank mine is described as resistant
to all countermeasures. It has been consistently demonstrated as surviv- to all countermeasures. It has been consistently demonstrated as surviv-
able against both fuel-air-explosive and bulk explosive countermea- able against both fuel-air-explosive and bulk explosive countermea-
sures. A look-a-like version of this mine, the VS-1.6/ARAN, is sures. A look-a-like version of this mine, the VS-1.6/ARAN, is
equipped with an electronic anti-disturbance and self-destruct device. equipped with an electronic anti-disturbance and self-destruct device.

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VS-1.6 VS-1.6
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height.......................................................................................... 90.2 mm Height.......................................................................................... 90.2 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 220 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 220 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 2.98 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 2.98
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ............................................................................... OD green or tan Color ................................................................................OD green or tan
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type........................................................RDX/TNT Main explosive charge type .......................................................RDX/TNT
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 1.705 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 1.705 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .......................................................................................VS-N Fuze model .......................................................................................VS-N
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180 Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ...........................................................................Probable Antidisturbance ...........................................................................Probable
(An antihandling device, the VS-AR4, can be fitted into the detonator (An antihandling device, the VS-AR4, can be fitted into the detonator
plug on the bottom of the mine.) plug on the bottom of the mine.)
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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VS-2.2 VS-2.2

VS-2.2 Antitank Mine VS-2.2 Antitank Mine

The VS-2.2 is a cylindrical, plastic-bodied, blast, antitank mine The VS-2.2 is a cylindrical, plastic-bodied, blast, antitank mine
equipped with a plastic carry handle. The centrally mounted VS-N equipped with a plastic carry handle. The centrally mounted VS-N
pneumatic-type pressure fuze is very resistant to explosive countermea- pneumatic-type pressure fuze is very resistant to explosive countermea-
sures. Additionally, the minimal metallic content of this mine renders it sures. Additionally, the minimal metallic content of this mine renders it
very difficult to detect. The blast effect of the VS-2.2 will destroy very difficult to detect. The blast effect of the VS-2.2 will destroy
armored vehicle track and suspension assemblies, but it is unlikely to armored vehicle track and suspension assemblies, but it is unlikely to
totally destroy heavy armored ground combat vehicles. It has limited totally destroy heavy armored ground combat vehicles. It has limited
effect against heavy armored vehicles. effect against heavy armored vehicles.

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VS-2.2 VS-2.2
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Height........................................................................................ 117.6 mm Height.........................................................................................117.6 mm
Diameter....................................................................................... 240 mm Diameter ...................................................................................... 240 mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 3.54 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................ 3.54
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color ............................................................................... OD green or tan Color ................................................................................OD green or tan
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type........................................................RDX/TNT Main explosive charge type .......................................................RDX/TNT
Main explosive charge weight ....................................................... 1.93 kg Main explosive charge weight....................................................... 1.93 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .......................................................................................VS-N Fuze model .......................................................................................VS-N
Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure Fuze type ....................................................................................Pressure
Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180 Fuze actuation .................................................................................... 180
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast Lethal mechanism category .............................................................. Blast
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ...........................................................................Probable Antidisturbance ...........................................................................Probable
(An antihandling device, the VS-AR4, can be fitted into the detonator (An antihandling device, the VS-AR4, can be fitted into the detonator
plug on the bottom of the mine.) plug on the bottom of the mine.)
Detectability.....................................................................Difficult to detect Detectability ....................................................................Difficult to detect

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
SM SM

SM Signal Mine SM Signal Mine

The SM signal mine launches pyrotechnic signal stars to a height of 5 to The SM signal mine launches pyrotechnic signal stars to a height of 5 to
25 meters. The bottom of the mine is painted white, green, or red to 25 meters. The bottom of the mine is painted white, green, or red to
reflect the color of the signal stars within. The pyrotechnic effect lasts reflect the color of the signal stars within. The pyrotechnic effect lasts
10 to 12 seconds, and the audible signal lasts 8 to 10 seconds. 10 to 12 seconds, and the audible signal lasts 8 to 10 seconds.

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
SM SM
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 278mm Height........................................................................................... 278mm
Diameter...................................................................................... 25.0mm Diameter ..................................................................................... 25.0mm
Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 0.4 Total weight (kg) ................................................................................... 0.4
Case: Case:
Case Material .................................................................................... Steel Case Material.................................................................................... Steel
Color ..........................................................................................OD green Color ..........................................................................................OD green
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Explosive: Explosive:
Main explosive charge type.................................Pyrotechnic compounds Main explosive charge type ................................ Pyrotechnic compounds
Main explosive charge weight ..................................................... 0.256 kg Main explosive charge weight..................................................... 0.256 kg
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze model .................................................MUV, MUV-2, MUV-3, MUV-4 Fuze model .................................................MUV, MUV-2, MUV-3, MUV-4
Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire Fuze type ......................................................................................Tripwire
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .................................................. Visual alarm Lethal mechanism category ...................................................Visual alarm
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however, Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however,
no secondary fuze well or AD features) no secondary fuze well or AD features)
Detectability................................................................. Visually detectable Detectability ................................................................ Visually detectable

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 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
VS-T VS-T

VS-T Illumination Mine VS-T Illumination Mine

The VS-T combination illumination/alarm mine is designed to warn of The VS-T combination illumination/alarm mine is designed to warn of
intruders and to illuminate the area immediately surrounding the mine. intruders and to illuminate the area immediately surrounding the mine.
The mine can be mounted on a stake or buried with the fuze exposed. The mine can be mounted on a stake or buried with the fuze exposed.
The dual action fuze can operate either as a pressure or trip-wire fuze. The dual action fuze can operate either as a pressure or trip-wire fuze.
The illuminating power is approximately 15 Lux at 57 meters for The illuminating power is approximately 15 Lux at 57 meters for
40 seconds. 40 seconds.

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UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
VS-T VS-T
Characteristics and Performance Data: Characteristics and Performance Data:
General: General:
Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical Shape........................................................................................Cylindrical
Height........................................................................................... 220 mm Height........................................................................................... 220 mm
Diameter......................................................................................... 70 mm Diameter ........................................................................................ 70 mm
Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 470 Total weight (kg) .................................................................................. 470
Lethal mechanism category .................................................. Visual alarm Lethal mechanism category ...................................................Visual alarm
Case: Case:
Case Material ..................................................................................Plastic Case Material..................................................................................Plastic
Color .............................................................................. OD green or tan Color ...............................................................................OD green or tan
Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1 Fuze wells ............................................................................................... 1
Detectability................................................................. Visually detectable Detectability ................................................................ Visually detectable
Fuze: Fuze:
Fuze type .................................................................. Pressure or Tripwire Fuze type .................................................................. Pressure or Tripwire
Lethal Mechanism: Lethal Mechanism:
Lethal mechanism category .................................................. Visual alarm Lethal mechanism category ...................................................Visual alarm
Features: Features:
Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however, Antidisturbance ........................................................... Possible (however,
no secondary fuze well or AD features) no secondary fuze well or AD features)

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UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY