GRADE XII

Question Bank (MATHEMATICS)

Chapter-1 Relations and Functions
1 Marks:

1. Which of the following statements is not true about equivalence classes 𝐴𝑖 (𝑖 =

1, 2, … , 𝑛) formed by an equivalence relation R defined on a set A?
[BOARD 2024]
𝑛
a) 𝑖=1∪ 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐴 d) 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ≠ ∅, 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
b) 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑗 ⟹ 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐴𝑗
c) All elements of Ai are related to each other, for all i.
2. Let 𝐴 = {3, 5} then the number of reflexive relations on A is [BOARD 2023]
a) 2 b) 4 c) 0 d) 8
3. Let R be a relation in the set N given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 = 𝑏 − 2, 𝑏 > 6}. Then
[BOARD 2023]
a) (8, 7) ∈ 𝑅 b) (6, 8) ∈ 𝑅 c) (3, 8) ∈ 𝑅 d) (2, 4) ∈ 𝑅
4. A relation R defined on set 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 and 0 ≤ x ≤ 10} as 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 = 𝑦} is
given to be an equivalence relation. The number of equivalence classes is
[BOARD 2024]
a) 1 b) 2 c) 10 d) 11
5. A relation R defined on a set of human beings as
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 is 5 cm shorter than y} is [BOARD 2024]
a) reflexive only d) symmetric and transitive
b) reflexive and transitive
c) neither transitive, nor symmetric, nor reflexive
6. Let 𝑓: 𝑅+ → [−5, ∞) be defined as 𝑓 (𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 5, where 𝑅+ is the set of all
non-negative real numbers. Then [BOARD 2024]
a) one-one c) onto
b) bijective d) neither one-one nor onto
7. Let Z denote the set of integers, then function 𝑓: 𝑍 → 𝑍 defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 1 is
[BOARD 2024]
a) both one-one and onto c) onto but not one-one
b) one-one but not onto d) neither one-one nor onto

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 8. A function 𝑓: 𝑅+ → 𝑅 (where 𝑅+ is the set of all non-negative real numbers)
defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 3 is [BOARD 2024]
a) one-one but not onto c) both one-one and onto
b) onto but not one-one d) neither one-one nor onto
9. Let 𝑅+ denote the set of all non-negative real numbers. Then the function
𝑓: 𝑅+ ⟶ 𝑅+ defined as 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 is [BOARD 2024]
a) one-one but not onto c) both one-one and onto
b) onto but not one-one d) neither one-one nor onto
10. For real x, let 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 1 then f is [BOARD 2025]
a) one-one but not onto c) one-one and onto
b) onto but not one-one d) neither one-one nor onto
11. A function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined as 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 is [BOARD 2024]
a) injective but not surjective c) both injective and surjective
b) surjective but not injective d) neither injective nor surjective
𝑛
, if n is even
12. If 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑊 is defined as 𝑓(𝑛) = {2 then f is [BOARD 2025]
0, if n is odd
a) injective only c) bijective
b) surjective only d) neither surjective nor injective
13. A function 𝑓: 𝑅 ⟶ 𝐴 defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 is onto, if A is [BOARD 2024]
a) (−∞, ∞) b) (1, ∞) c) [1, ∞) d) [−1, ∞)

Options for Assertion and Reasoning Questions:

a) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are true and reason(R) is the correct
explanation of assertion(A)
b) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are true but reason(R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion(A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true
14. Assertion (A): Let Z be the set of integers. A function 𝑓: 𝑍 → 𝑍 defined as 𝑓(𝑥) =
3𝑥 − 5, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 is a bijective. [BOARD 2025]
Reason (R): A function is bijective if it is both surjective and injective.

15. Assertion (A): The relation 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 + 𝑦 is a prime number and 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁} is not a
reflexive relation. [BOARD 2024]

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 Reason (R): The number ‘2n’ is composite for all natural numbers n.

16. Assertion (A): Let 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1}. If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐴 be defined as 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 then

f is not an onto function. [BOARD 2025]
Reason (R): If 𝑦 = −1 ∈ 𝐴, then 𝑥 = ±√−1 ∉ 𝐴.
2 Marks:

1. Prove that the greatest integer function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ given by 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], is neither
one-one nor onto. [BOARD 2023]
𝑥−2
2. Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3 where 𝐴 = 𝑅 − {3} and 𝐵 = 𝑅 − {1}. Discuss

the bijectivity of the function. [BOARD 2025]

3. A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 defined as 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 is both one-one and onto. If
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4} then find the set B. [BOARD 2023]
4. Draw the graph of cos −1
𝑥 where 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 0]. Also, write its range. [BOARD 2023]
−1 1
5. Draw the graph of sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [ , ]. Also, write its range. [BOARD 2023]
√2 √2

3 Marks:

1. Let R be the relation defined over N, where N is set of natural numbers, defined
as "𝑚𝑅𝑛 if and only if m is a multiple of n, m, n ∈ N". find whether r is reflexive,
symmetric and transitive or not. [BOARD 2025]
2. A relation R on set 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is defined as 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): |𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 | < 8}. Check
whether the relation R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. [BOARD 2024]
3. Let R be a relation on set of real numbers ℝ defined as {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 − 𝑦 +

√3 is an irrational number, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}, verify r for reflexive, symmetry and transitive.

[BOARD 2025]
4. Let R be a relation defined on a set N of natural numbers such that 𝑅 =
{(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥𝑦 is a square of a natural number, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁}. Determine if the relation R is an
equivalence relation. [BOARD 2025]
5. A student wants to pair up natural numbers in such a way that they satisfy the
equation 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 41, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁. Find the domain and range of the relation. Check
if the relation thus formed is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, state
whether it is an equivalence relation or not. [BOARD 2025]
6. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 5, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is one-one and
onto. [BOARD 2025]

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 7. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁, where N is a set of natural numbers, given by
𝑛 − 1, if n is even
𝑓 (𝑛) = { } is a bijection. [BOARD 2025]
𝑛 + 1, if n is odd
8. Let 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3} and 𝐵 = {4, 5, 6}. A relation R from A to B is defined as 𝑅 =
{(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵}. [BOARD 2025]
(i) Write all elements of R.
(ii) Is R s function? Justify.
(iii) Determine domain and range of R.
9. Prove that 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁 defined as 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑁 is one-one but not onto.
[BOARD 2025]
10. A function f is defined from 𝑅 → 𝑅 as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 such that 𝑓 (1) = 1 and 𝑓(2) =
3. Find the function 𝑓(𝑥). Hence, check whether the function 𝑓(𝑥) is one-one
and onto or not. [BOARD 2024]
11. If 𝑓: 𝑅 + → 𝑅 is defined as 𝑓 (𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1), prove that f is a bijection,
where 𝑅 + is a set of all positive real numbers. [BOARD 2025]

5 Marks:

1. A relation R is defined on a set of real numbers ℝ as

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥. 𝑦 is an irrational number}. Check whether R is reflexive, symmetric
and transitive or not. [BOARD 2023]
2. Check whether the relation S in the set of real numbers R defined by 𝑆 =
{(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 − 𝑏 + √2 is an irrational number} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
[BOARD 2024]
3. Show that the relation S in set ℝ of real numbers defined by
𝑆 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏3 , 𝑎 ∈ ℝ, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ}
is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive. [BOARD 2023 & 2024]
4. Check whether the relation S in the set ℝ of real numbers defined by
𝑆 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏2 , 𝑎 ∈ ℝ, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ}
is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Also, determine all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 such that
(𝑥, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑆. [BOARD 2024]
5. Let R be the relation defined in the set 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} by
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): both a and b are either odd or even}
Show that R is an equivalence relation. Hence, find the elements of equivalence
class [1]. [BOARD 2023]

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 6. A relation R on set 𝐴 = {−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4} be defined as 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 +
𝑦 is an integer divisible by 2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Also, write
the equivalence class [2]. [BOARD 2024]
7. A relation R on set 𝐴 = {𝑥: − 10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍} is defined as 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): (𝑥 −
𝑦) is divisible by 5}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Also, write the
equivalence class [5]. [BOARD 2024]
8. Prove that the relation R in the set of integers Z defined as 𝑅=
{(𝑎, 𝑏): 2 divides (𝑎 + 𝑏)} is an equivalence relation. Also, find [3].
[BOARD 2024]
9. If N denotes the set of all natural numbers and R is the relation on 𝑁 × 𝑁
defined by (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) if 𝑎𝑑(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑑). Show that R is an equivalence
relation. [BOARD 2023]
10. A relation R is defined on 𝑁 × 𝑁 (where N is the set of natural numbers) as
(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) ⟺ 𝑎 − 𝑐 = 𝑏 − 𝑑. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
[BOARD 2024]
11. A relation R is defined on 𝑁 × 𝑁 (where N is set of natural numbers) as
𝑎 𝑏
(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) ⟺ = . Show that R is an equivalence relation. [BOARD 2024]
𝑐 𝑑

12. Let 𝐴 = 𝑅 − {5} and 𝐵 = 𝑅 − {1}. Consider the function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 defined by 𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝑥−3
. Show that f is one-one and onto. [BOARD 2024]
𝑥−5

13. Let 𝐴 = 𝑅 − {3} and 𝐵 = 𝑅 − {𝑎}. Find the value of ‘a’ such that the function 𝑓: 𝐴 →
𝑥−2
𝐵 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3 is onto. Also, check whether the given function is one-

one or not. [BOARD 2024]

14. A function 𝑓: [−4, 4] → [0, 4] is given by 𝑓 (𝑥) = √16 − 𝑥 2 . Show that f is an onto
function but not a one-one function. Further, find all possible values of ‘a’ for
which 𝑓 (𝑎 ) = √7. [BOARD 2023]
5𝑥−3
15. Show that a function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined as 𝑓 (𝑥) = 4
is both one-one and onto.

[BOARD 2023]
16. Prove that a function 𝑓: [0, ∞) → [−5, ∞) defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5 is both
one-one and onto. [BOARD 2023]
−1 1 𝑥
17. Check whether the function 𝑓: ℝ → [ 2 , 2] defined as 𝑓 (𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2 is one-one and

onto or not. [BOARD 2023]

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 4 4𝑥
18. Let 𝑓: ℝ − {− 3} → ℝ be a function defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥+4. Show that f is a one-one

function. Also, check whether f is an onto function or not. [BOARD 2023]

2𝑥
19. Show that a function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓 (𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2 is neither one-one nor onto.

Further, find set A so that the given function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝐴 becomes an onto function.
[BOARD 2024]
20. Show that a function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 is neither one-one nor
2

onto. Also, find all the values of x for which 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3. [BOARD 2024]

Case Based Questions:

1. Let A be the set of 30 students of class XII in a school. Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝑁, N is a set of
natural numbers such that function 𝑓(𝑥) = Roll Number of student x.
[BOARD 2025]
Based on the above information, answer for the following:
(i) Is f a bijective function? 1
(ii) Give reasons to support your answer to (i). 1
(iii) (a) Let R be a relation defined by the teacher to plan the seating
arrangement of students in pairs, where
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥, 𝑦 are Roll numbers of students such that 𝑦 = 3𝑥}.
List the elements of R. Is the relation R reflexive, symmetric and
transitive? Justify your answer. 2
(OR)
(b) Let R be a relation defined by
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥, 𝑦 are Roll numbers of students such that 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 }
List the elements of R. Is R a function? Justify your answer. 2
2. Students of a school are taken to a railway
museum to learn about railways heritage
and its history.
An exhibit in the museum depicted many
rails lines on the track near the railway
station. Let L be the set of all rail lines on
the railway track and R be the relation on L defined by 𝑅=
{(𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ): 𝑙1 is paralle to 𝑙2 }. [BOARD 2024]

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 Based on the above information, answer for the following questions:
(i) Find whether the relation R is symmetric or not. 1
(ii) Find whether the relation R is transitive or not. 1
(iii) (a) If one of the rail lines on the railway track is represented by the
equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2, then find the set of rail lines in R related to it. 2
(OR)
(b) Let S be the relation defined by 𝑆 = {(𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ): 𝑙1 is perpendicular to 𝑙2 }.
Check whether the relation S is symmetric and transitive. 2
3. A class room teacher is keen to assess the learning of her students the concept
of “relations” taught to them. She writes the following five relations each defined
on the set 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3}: [BOARD 2025]
𝑅1 = {(2, 3), (3, 2)}
𝑅2 = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 2)}
𝑅3 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1)}
𝑅4 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (3, 3), (2, 2)}
𝑅5 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (3, 3), (2, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
The students are asked to answer the following questions about the relations:
(i) Identify the relations which is reflexive, symmetric but not transitive. 1
(ii) Identify the relations which is reflexive, transitive but not symmetric. 1
(iii) (a) Identify the relations which are symmetric but neither reflexive nor
transitive. 2
(OR)
(b) What pairs should be added to the relation 𝑅2 to make it an
equivalence relation? 2
4. A school is organizing a debate competition with participants as speakers 𝑆 =
{𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝑆3 , 𝑆4 } and these are judged by judges 𝐽 = {𝐽1 , 𝐽2 , 𝐽3 }. Each speaker can be
assigned one judge. Let R be a relation from set S to J defined as
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): speaker x is judged by judge y, x ∈ S, y ∈ J}. [BOARD 2025]

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 Based on the above information, answer for the following:
(i) How many relations can be there from S to J? 1
(ii) A student identifies a function from S to J as
𝑓 = {(𝑆1 , 𝐽1 ), (𝑆2 , 𝐽2 ), (𝑆3 , 𝐽2 ), (𝑆4 , 𝐽3 )}. Check if it is bijective. 1
(iii) (a) How many one-one functions can be there from set S to set J? 2
(OR)
(b) Another student consider a relation 𝑅1 = {(𝑆1 , 𝑆2 ), (𝑆2 , 𝑆4 )} is set S. write
minimum order pairs to be included in 𝑅1 so that 𝑅1 is reflexive but not
symmetric. 2
5. An organization conducted bike race under two different categories – Boys and
Girls. There were 28 participants in all. Among all of them, finally three from
category 1 and two from category 2 were selected for the final race. Ravi forms
two sets B and G with these participants for his college project.
Let 𝐵 = {𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 } and 𝐺 = {𝑔1 , 𝑔2 } where B represents the set of Boys selected
and G the set of Girls selected for the final race.

Based on the above information, answer for the following questions:

(i) How many relations are possible from B to G? 1
(ii) Among all the possible relations from B to G, how many functions can be
formed from B to G? 1
(iii) (a) Let 𝑅: 𝐵 → 𝐵 be defined by 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): x and y are students of the same sex}.
Check if R is an equivalence relation. 2
(OR)
(b) A function 𝑓: 𝐵 → 𝐺 be defined by 𝑓 = {(𝑏1 , 𝑔1 ), (𝑏2 , 𝑔2 ), (𝑏3 , 𝑔1 )}. Check if
f is bijective. Justify your answer. 2

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