KATHRYN BARNARD - FATHER-CHILD INTERACTION MODEL

BIOGRAPHY

Kathryn E. Bernard was born on April 16, 1938, in Omaha, Nebraska. Nurse.
university graduate from the University of Nebraska in 1960. She began her
research in 1968 studying children and adults with intellectual disabilities
physicals. In the early 70s, he focused on activities for healthy children and later
expanded his studies to include in the model the assessment of growth and development
of the children. A series of investigations also began for ten years to
examine the effects of stimulation in premature children during the cycles of
dream.

THEORETICAL SOURCES

Barnard cites several nursing theorists such as: Florence Nightingale, Virginia
Henderson, Martha Rogers, Florence Blake (beliefs and values)
Barnard mentions the Neal Nursing Construct, which has four expressions of
Health and Disease: Knowledge, Sensation, Movement, and Affiliation.

USE OF EMPIRICAL TESTS

Barnard used the findings of many researchers, such as Brazelton,
Ainsworth and Bell, for the development of their model of interaction and adaptation
father-son.

Kathryn developed her own research, she started her research in 1968.
studying children and adults who are mentally and physically disabled.
In the early seventies, he studied the activities of the healthy child and more
afternoon expanded its study to include methods to assess growth and
child development.
In 1977, Barnard began to use methods to disseminate information about
newborns and toddlers to their parents. In 1983, he embarked on a
research with interventions in premature children and, in 1996, started
Some projects to evaluate the national program, Early Head Start.
Currently, Bernard studies mother-child relationships, and in his projects of
The research examines the role of nursing in relation to mothers and
high-risk children. (VELÁSQUEZ ARCHILA, 2011)
Barnard's research and NCAP include populations of: Babies
premature, twins, immature children, babies with developmental problems
Babies with HIV.
 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

The Father-Son interaction model comes from psychology and development.

human, focuses especially on the
mother-child interaction with the environment. It is based
in the empirical data accumulated through
scales developed to quantify the
nutrition, education and the environment during
the first three years of life, allowing the
development of conceptual definitions and
operational. (Cisneros, 2002)
The main point of Barnard's work was
develop the valuation instruments for
evaluate health, growth, and development
The child was simultaneously considered both the father and the son as a system of interaction.

According to Kathryn, individual characteristics are modified to meet the needs.

system needs.
The interaction between a father and a son is represented in Barnard's model of
the following way:

The break in the arrow (//) represents an interference, an interruption in the

adaptation process that causes the interaction to break.
Interference can originate from the caregiver, the child, or the environment.
Barnard has defined the terms of the diagram as follows:

Clarity of the child's signals: To participate in a synchronous relationship,

the baby or the child must send signals to their caregiver; indicating their desires to
to commit or to disengage from the interaction. Ambiguous signals or
Confusing signals sent by a baby can disrupt adaptive capacities.
of the caregiver.

NOTE: In this process, the aim is for the caregiver to know the attitudes and
signals that your child gives them so that they start to know and interact better. From this
It is desired that there be a perspective in growth and development controls.
strong interaction between father and son in order to achieve an evaluation of development.

Child's response to their caregiver: The child's ability to respond to

the caregiver's attempts to communicate and interact. The child responds to
caregiver stopping crying, vocalizing or smiling. These behaviors reinforce
the attitudes of the caregiver during an interaction.
Caregiver sensitivity to alleviate the child's discomfort:
The caregiver's ability to calm an distressed child. That ability
it involves the caregiver's recognition of signs of distress, the choice
of an appropriate signal and the ability to realize and respond.

NOTE: In these two stages, the aim is for the caregiver to recognize the signals.
of motor, adaptive, language, and social skills that the child manifests, in order to carry out
an appropriate action and the ability to become aware and respond, integrating into
caregiver during their assessment process in growth and development monitoring.
 Caregiver activities to promote social and emotional growth:
It is necessary to promote control of growth and development.
affective domain between father and son. Teaching the caregiver to offer a
pleasant environment using voice, tone, touch, and movement. This with
the aim of promoting control with communication and interaction between parent and child towards
better valuation process.

Parental activities to promote cognitive growth: The type

of learning experience that the caregiver makes possible for the child. The
verbalization of the caregiver, encouraging the child to respond by allowing the
exploration are some examples of how it can be promoted
cognitive growth.

NOTE: At this stage, the main focus is on the learning experience that the caregiver has.
possible for the child. The really important thing is that during the growth control and
development trains the caregiver in safety and protection, nutrition, habits of
hygiene, recreation, and affection that are healthy lifestyle choices for needs
básicas.

MAIN ASSUMPTIONS

Nursing: Barnard defined nursing as "a process by which the

the patient is helped to maintain and promote their independence." This process can
being educational, therapeutic, or restorative, involves facilitating change in the
environment.

Persona: When Barnard describes a person, he talks about the ability to participate.
in an interaction where both parties of the duo contribute qualities, skills and
responses that affect interaction. This term includes babies, children, and
the adults.

Health: Health is a dynamic state of being in which the potential for development and the
the behavioral potential of an individual is carried out to the greatest possible extent.

Environment: Includes all the experiences the child encounters: people,

objects, places, sounds, visual and tactile sensations. The environment includes: resources
social and financial, other people and an adaptation of the home and the community, thus
like all the qualities that also affect the caregiver.

Kathryn E. Barnard's model is based on three concepts or

main elements, which are defined as follows:
1. Child: To describe the child, Kathryn E. Barnard defines the characteristics of the
newborn behavior and these are patterns of sleep and feeding,
physical appearance, temperament, and ability to adapt to the mother/caregiver and to
environment.

2. Mother: Refers to the biological mother of

child, or to the person who takes care of him, in addition to
its most important characteristics among the
which it include the conditions
mother's psychosocial factors, the expectations and
concerns regarding the child, his
own health, the magnitude of the change that
experiments in their life, their style of
maternity and its ability to adapt.

3. Environment: This includes both the child's and the mother's. It encompasses aspects
the physical environment of the family and experiences that the child encounters, these
they can be: people, objects, places, sounds, visual and tactile sensations,
social and financial resources, the father's involvement, the level of agreement among the
parents regarding the education of the child and an adaptation to the home and the community.

Kathryn E. Barnard believes that the mother/caregiver-child system is influenced by the

characteristics of each of the members. These characteristics are
they modify to meet the needs of the system through behavior
adaptive. The interaction between the mother or caregiver and the child is described in
the Barnard model through five signals and activities:
1. The clarity of the infant in signaling.
2. The infant's reactivity to the parents.
3. The sensitivity of parents to the signals of the infant.
[Link] capacity of the parents to identify y relieve the
discomfort of the infant.
5. The activities social emotional y cognitive
development stimulants deployed by the parents.

The interaction model for assessing child health by Bernard is based on 10

Theoretical affirmations:

1. Assessment of the child, the ultimate goal is to identify the problems

before they develop and when the effectiveness of the intervention is at its maximum.
2. The environmental factors, as they have been classified in the process of
mother-child interaction is important to determine the outcomes on
the health of the child.
3. The interaction between the baby and the caregiver provides information that
reflects the nature of the child's current environment.
The caregiver behaves according to a basic style of conduct and with a
skill level that constitutes enduring characteristics; the ability
 the adaptative behaviors of this person are influenced by the baby's responses and by
the support they receive from their environment.
5. In the adaptive interaction between mothers and children, a process occurs
mutual modification in which the behavior of the parents influences that of the baby or
child, and vice versa.
The adaptive process is easier to modify than the basic characteristics.
of the child or of the mother; therefore, nursing interventions must
to focus more on fostering the mother's sensitivity and her ability to
responses to the signals transmitted by the child, trying to change their
style or characteristics
7. An important quality of promoting a child's learning consists of
allow behaviors arising from the child's initiatives and reinforce their attempts
undertaken in this sense.
An important function of the nursing role is to support the
person who takes care of the child during the first year of their life.
9. Interactive evaluation is important in any global model of
child health care.
10. The assessment of the child's environment is important in any model of
assessment of child health. (Marriner Tomey & Raile Alligood)

This theory helps us to underpin our

research topic that deals with
the perception of mothers about the
exclusive breastfeeding, having a
close relationship between child, mother/caregiver
and the environment besides how this interaction
it influences the growth and development of the child.

As researchers, we believe that this

the model is complemented by the theoretical framework
from our research and broadens the scope of nursing by including acts as
important as the mother/caregiver-child bond in addition to helping to understand the
importance of family and the environment.
An important aspect of Barnard's model is that the nurse is part of the
the environment provides mainly support for the mother's sensitivity and response to
the signs of your child, instead of trying to change their characteristics and style of
maternal care, hence the importance of this theory as part of our topic
of study.

This model helps us to anticipate and identify priority problems.

environmental factors in the mother/caregiver-child connection, the interaction between the child
and the person who takes care of it, as the adaptive capabilities of the mother are seen
influenced by the child's responses and by the support they receive from their environment, therefore,
the nursing interventions that we can provide will promote the sensitivity of the
mother and the sensitivity of the child.

Finally, the model expands the scope of nursing by including actions such as
important such as the mother-child bond and maternal care, this in the field of
Nursing helps to understand the importance of family.
ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING COMMUNITY

Professional Practice

More than 20,000 nurses have used the standard assessment tests for
more than 30 years.
The interaction scales detect and plan individual interactions.
with families and have been used in most health centers of
United States and other foreign countries.
The 85% confidence in the teaching of assessment instruments and
this has been used in numerous research studies worldwide.

Subsequent Developments

Intermediary nursing theory directed at the caregiver-child relationship.

In Theory, the caregiver is the main concept and the other individuals are
included in the environment.

Generality of the model

Original work: Interactions between the caregiver and the child during the first 12
months of their life.
Changes: The evaluation period for the child was extended to 36 months.
Current situation: Nurses can generalize caregiver-child interactions
during the first 3 months of life.

Applications of the Model

It also applies to professionals from other areas: Psychologists, Psychiatrists,

Social Workers, Nutritionists, among others.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Father-Son Interaction Model. [Link]. [Link], 10
2012. Web. 10 2012. <[Link]
ón-Father-Son/[Link]>.

Kathryn Barnard. [Link]. [Link], 08 2010. Web. 08

2010. <[Link]