Class 11 Computer Science Notes – String Manipulation (Python)

SHORT NOTES (For Quick Revision)

1. **Definition of String:**
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed within single, double, or triple quotes
in Python.

2. **String Creation:**
Examples:
a = 'Hello'
b = "Python"
c = '''Welcome'''

3. **String Indexing:**
- Positive Indexing starts from 0
- Negative Indexing starts from -1
Example:
s = "Python" → s[0] = 'P', s[-1] = 'n'

4. **String Operators:**
- `+` → Concatenation
- `*` → Repetition
- `in` / `not in` → Membership testing
- Example: "Py" + "thon" = "Python"

5. **String Slicing:**
Syntax: string[start : end : step]
Example: s = "Python" → s[1:4] = 'yth'

6. **String Functions:**
len(), max(), min(), str(), sorted()

7. **String Methods:**
upper(), lower(), title(), capitalize(), count(), find(), replace(), isalpha(), isdigit(),
isspace()

8. **String Traversal:**
Traversing means accessing each character in the string, often using loops.
Example:
for ch in "Hello":
print(ch)
9. **Immutability of Strings:**
Strings cannot be modified after creation. Any change creates a new string.

DETAILED NOTES (With Examples and Explanations)

1. Introduction to Strings
A string is a collection of characters enclosed in quotes. It is one of the most
commonly used data types in Python.
Example:
s1 = 'Hello'
s2 = "Welcome"
s3 = '''Python Programming'''

2. String Indexing and Slicing

- Indexing allows access to individual characters.
Example: s = "Python"
s[0] = 'P', s[5] = 'n', s[-1] = 'n'
- Slicing extracts a portion of the string: s[start:end:step]
Example: s[1:4] → 'yth'

3. String Operators
| Operator | Description | Example | Result |
|-----------|--------------|----------|---------|
| + | Concatenation | 'Good' + 'Morning' | 'GoodMorning' |
| * | Repetition | 'Hi' * 3 | 'HiHiHi' |
| in | Membership | 'a' in 'data' | True |
| not in | Non-membership | 'z' not in 'data' | True |

4. String Functions
- len(string): returns length
- max(string): returns max ASCII character
- min(string): returns min ASCII character
- sorted(string): returns characters in sorted order

5. String Methods
| Method | Description | Example |
|---------|-------------|----------|
| upper() | Converts to uppercase | 'hello'.upper() → 'HELLO' |
| lower() | Converts to lowercase | 'HELLO'.lower() → 'hello' |
| title() | Capitalizes first letter of each word | 'hello world'.title() → 'Hello World' |
| count(x) | Counts occurrences of x | 'banana'.count('a') → 3 |
| find(x) | Returns index of first occurrence | 'data'.find('a') → 1 |
| replace(x, y) | Replaces substring | 'hello'.replace('h','H') → 'Hello' |
| isalpha() | True if all characters are alphabets | 'abc'.isalpha() → True |
| isdigit() | True if all are digits | '123'.isdigit() → True |
| isspace() | True if all are spaces | ' '.isspace() → True |

6. String Traversal
You can iterate through each character in a string using loops.
Example:
for I in "Python":
print(I)

7. Immutability of Strings
Strings are immutable — once created, their content cannot be changed.
Example:
s = "Hello"
s[0] = 'Y' # Error

8. Common String Programs

1. Program to count no. of vowels and consonants in a string
str1 = input("Enter a string: ")
vowels = 0
consonants = 0
vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
for ch in str1:
if [Link](): # Check if the character is a letter
if ch in vowel_set:
vowels += 1
else:
consonants += 1
print("Number of vowels:", vowels)
print("Number of consonants:", consonants)

2. Program to check palindrome

str1 = input("Enter a string: ")

# Convert to lowercase to make the check case-insensitive

str1 = [Link]()
# Reverse the string using slicing
rev_str = str1[::-1]
if str1 == rev_str:
print("The string is a palindrome.")
else:
print("The string is not a palindrome.")
3. Program to reverse a string without reverse function
str1 = input("Enter a string: ")
rev = " "
for ch in str1:
rev = ch + rev # add each character at the beginning
print("Reversed string:", rev)