CIVIL ENGINEERING ENHANCEMENT COURSE 1 BY: ENGR. AML CIVIL ENGINEERING ENHANCEMENT COURSE 1 BY: ENGR.

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Module 5 – VECTORS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Direction Vectors

This module is designed to provide you with a solid foundation in vectors. A direction vector is a vector that points in a specific direction. It is often used
Through engaging explanations and practical examples, you'll gain a deep to represent the orientation of a line, plane, or other geometric object.
understanding of these mathematical concepts and their applications in engineering.
Problem 2: Given the three points in a 3D space, P (2, -1, 3), Q (1, 2, 4) and R (3, 1,
Topics included in this module are the following: 1).
 Vectors, Direction Vectors 1. Determine the vector 𝑷𝑸⃑.
 Unit Vectors and Direction Cosines 2. Determine the vector 𝑷𝑹⃑.
 Sum and Difference of Vectors
 Vector Multiplication Problem 3: Define a vector whose coordinate of Head is (1, 4, -7) and tail (-3, -7, 10),
 Application of Vectors if the vector defined by these coordinates is transferred to another location such that
its tail is on point (1, 2, -5) determine the coordinate of the head.
VECTORS A. (5, -13, -22) B. (5, 13, -22) C. (-5, 13, 22) D. (-22, 13, 5)

A vector is a mathematical quantity that has both magnitude (size) and Problem 4: If A (x, y, z) and B (2y, x, 6) and the vector 𝑨𝑩⃑ is < 1 -1 5 >
direction. It's often represented by an arrow, where the length of the arrow indicates
the magnitude and the direction of the arrow shows the orientation. 1. Which of the following gives the value of x.
A. 2 B. 4 C. 1 D. -1

2. Which of the following gives the value of y

A. 0 B. -8 C. 2 D. 1

UNIT VECTOR

A unit vector is a vector with a magnitude of 1. It is often used to represent a

direction without specifying a particular magnitude.

Vector A:
𝑨⃑ = 𝑨𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑨𝒚 𝒋 + 𝑨𝒛 𝒌

𝑨⃑ = 〈𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 〉
Magnitude:
𝑨⃑ = (𝑨𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝑨𝒚 )𝟐 + (𝑨𝒛 )𝟐

Problem 1: Determine the magnitude of the following vectors. 𝝀⃑ = 〈𝝀𝒙 𝝀𝒚 𝝀𝒛 〉

1. 𝐴 = 8𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 2𝑘
2. 𝐵 = 2𝑗 + 6𝑘 𝑨⃑ 〈𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 〉 𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛
𝝀𝑨⃑ = = =〈 〉
3. 𝐶 = 〈3 − 2 4〉 𝑨⃑ 𝑨⃑ 𝑨⃑ 𝑨⃑
(𝑨𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝑨𝒚 )𝟐 + (𝑨𝒛 )𝟐

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Problem 9: Determine the angles that vector 8𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 2𝑘 makes with the positive
𝝀⃑ = (𝝀𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝝀𝒚 )𝟐 + (𝝀𝒛 )𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕
axes.
Problem 5: Determine the unit vectors of the following:
1. 𝐴 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 Problem 10: Determine the angle that vector 𝑨⃑ = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟏𝒌 makes with the
2. 𝐵 = 2𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 𝑘 positive z-axis
3. 𝐶 = 〈2 7 1〉 A. 141.7° B. 38.3° C. 54.0° D. 101.3°

Problem 6: If A = 5i - 2j + 8k and B = xi - 4j + zk. Determine x and z component of Problem 11: Determine the angle that vector 𝑨⃑ = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟏𝒌 makes with the
B, if unit vector of A is equal to unit vector of B. negative x-axis
A. 0 & 16 B. -10 & -16 C. 100 & 256 D. 10 & 16 A. 141.7° B. 38.3° C. 54.0° D. 101.3°

Problem 7: Determine a vector whose magnitude is 20 and with the same direction SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF VECTORS
with vector A = 5i - 2j + 8k.

Problem 8: Determine the unit vector of the resultant of 𝑨⃑ = 𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟗𝒌 and 𝑩⃑ =

𝟐𝒊 + 𝟖𝒋 − 𝟖𝒌
a. < 0.112 0.234 -0.56 > c. < 0.147 0.537 -0.83 >
b. < 0.223 0.456 -0.98 > d. < 0.987 0.234 0.566 >

DIRECTION COSINE

- are the cosines of the angles between a vector and the coordinate axes. They
are used to describe the direction of a vector in a three-dimensional space. Let:
𝑨⃑ = 〈𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 〉
𝑩⃑ = 〈𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛 〉
For 𝑨⃑ + 𝑩⃑ :

𝑨⃑ + 𝑩⃑ = (𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙 )𝒊 + 𝑨𝒚 + 𝑩𝒚 𝒋 + (𝑨𝒛 + 𝑩𝒛 )𝒌

For 𝑨⃑ − 𝑩⃑ :
𝑨⃑ − 𝑩⃑ = (𝑨𝒙 − 𝑩𝒙 )𝒊 + 𝑨𝒚 − 𝑩𝒚 𝒋 + (𝑨𝒛 − 𝑩𝒛 )𝒌

Problem 12: Let 𝐴 = 4𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 7𝑘 and 𝐵 = 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 5𝑘 determine the following.

1. A + B
2. A – B

Problem 13: If A = 2i + 4j - 8k, B = i + 9j - 4 k and C = 5i - 7j + 3k,

1. Determine the Resultant of vectors A, B and C.
2. Determine the Magnitude of the resultant

𝝀⃑ = 〈𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒛 〉 SITUATION: Given vectors 𝑨⃑ = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 − 𝟗𝒌 , 𝑩⃑ = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 and 𝑪⃑ = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 +

𝒛𝒌 and their resultant is 𝑹⃑ = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 − 𝟖𝒌
𝜽𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏 (𝝀𝒙 )
Problem 14: Determine the value of x
𝜽𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏
𝝀𝒚 a. 0 b. 1 c. -1 d. 2

𝜽𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏 (𝝀𝒛 ) Problem 15: Determine the magnitude of vector 𝑪⃑

a. √5 b. √3 c. √6 d. √2
Where:
𝜽𝒙 , 𝜽𝒚 , 𝜽𝒛 – are angles measured from the positive axes to the direction of the
vector.

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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION SITUATION (16-18): Let 𝐴 = 4𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 7𝑘 and 𝐵 = 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 5𝑘 determine the

following.
Let: Problem 16: 𝑨⃑ ∙ 𝑩⃑
𝑨⃑ = 〈𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 〉
𝑩⃑ = 〈𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛 〉 Problem 17: 𝑨⃑ × 𝑩⃑

A. Dot (Scalar) Product: Problem 18: The angle between vector A and vector B.

𝑨⃑ ∙ 𝑩⃑ = (𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙 ) + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚 + (𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒛 ) Problem 19: What is the angle between the two vectors A and B if A = 4i + 12j + 6 k
and B = 24i - 8j + 6k?
A. 94.56° B. 78.33° C. 84.32° D. 44.56°

Problem 20: If A = 〈𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 〉 and its absolute value is 5√651. Determine the value
of x.
a. 1 b. 5 c. 2 d. 4

Problem 21: Find the value of c so that vectors < 2c c -1 > and 2i + 4j + 5k are
perpendicular.
a. 0.265 b. 0.526 c. 0.605 d. 0.625
Also,
APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR
𝑨⃑ ∙ 𝑩⃑ = 𝑨⃑ 𝑩⃑ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
Where: Problem 22: What is the perpendicular distance of the line AB that passes from A (1,
𝑨⃑ − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴 4, -5) to B (1, -4, 9) from the origin?
𝑩⃑ − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐵 A. 3.505 B. 1.409 C. 2.271 D. 1.612
𝜽 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐵
Problem 23: Find the distance of the origin from the plane 2x - 8y + 7z + 9 = 0.
B. Cross (Vector) Product: a. 0.832 b. 0.788 c. 0.898 d. 0.988

𝒊 𝒋 𝒌 Problem 24: Find the value of c so that vectors 2i + 4j + 5k and 2ci + cj – k are
𝑨⃑ × 𝑩⃑ = 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 perpendicular.
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 A. 0.265 B. 0.526 C. 0.605 D. 0.625

Problem 25: Determine the z component of the force, if the magnitude of the force is
𝑨⃑ × 𝑩⃑ = + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒛 − 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒚 𝒊 − (𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒛 − 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒙 )𝒋 + 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒚 − 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒙 𝒌 3000 KN and passes through the origin to the point (3, 7, 8)
a. 814.82 KN c. 2172.86 KN
b. 1901.25 KN d. 1236.78 KN

SITUATION (26-27): The coordinates of triangle in space are as follows: A (-2, 3, 1),
B (-3, 2, -2) and C (1, 4, -1).

Problem 26: Determine the interior angles of the triangle.

Problem 27: Determine the area of the triangle.

SITUATION (28-29): The plane is passing through the points A(-1,2,3), B(-9,8,-1)
and C(2,7,10).

Also, Problem 28: Determine the equation of the plane.

𝑨⃑ × 𝑩⃑ = 𝑨⃑ 𝑩⃑ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 a. 22x + 18y - 14z + 74 = 0 c. 31x + 22y -29z + 74 = 0
b. x + 22y - 2z + 70 = 0 d. 11x + 22y - 99z + 77 = 0
Where:
Problem 29: Determine the area of the triangle ABC.
𝑨⃑ × 𝑩⃑ − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐵.
a. 47.81 b. 66.78 c. 23.56 d. 88.98

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Problem 30: Find the area of the parallelogram if two sides are represented by vector Problem 41: What is the perpendicular distance of the line AB that passes from A
〈1 2 7〉 and 〈5 7 9〉. (3,4,5) to B (4, -4, 7) from the point C (6, 1, -7)?
A. 8.3 B. 11.2 C. 9.8 D. 12.72
Problem 31: Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose edges are represented by A
= 2i – 3j + 4k, B = i + 2j – k and C = 3i – j + 2k? Problem 42: Find the direction cosine of the vector that is perpendicular to the plane
defined by A = 3i + j – k and B = 2i + 2j – k.
Problem 32: If 𝐴 = 4𝑖 − 9𝑗 − 8𝑘 and 𝐵 = 〈𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 〉. If their dot product is zero, A. 0.31i + 0.32j – 0.5k C. 0.24i + 0.24j + 0.94k
determine the value of x. B. 0.71i - 0.24j + 0.94k D. 0.12i + 0.12 j + 0.94k

Problem 33: Resolve into component if a force of 1000 KN passes through point A Problem 43: A tetrahedron is formed by the vertices A (2,5,-3), B(1,2,4), C(0,0,0) and
(2,1,9) to B (7,9,12). by fourth vertex D, which is located at positive y-axis. The volume of the tetrahedron
is 44/3 cubic units. What is the coordinate of the fourth vertex?
Problem 34: A concurrent force system in space is composed of 3 forces described as a. (0,5,0) b. (0,6,0) c. (0,7,0) d. (0,8,0)
follows. A = 100 kN acts through origin and (3, 4, 2). B = 60 kN and acts through the
origin and (4, 1, -2). C = 80 kN and acts trough the origin and (2, -3, 3). Problem 44: Determine the total surface area that the tetrahedron formed by
𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚+𝟔𝒛−𝟐𝟒=𝟎, with the first octant.
1. What is the resultant force? a. 128 b. 432 c. 288 d. 144
2. What are the xyz-components of the resultant force?
Problem 45: Suppose F has a magnitude of 6 lb and π/6 is the radian measure of the
Problem 35: The resultant of the concurrent forces has a magnitude of 1000 kN and angle given its direction. Find the work done by F in moving an object along a straight
acts through the origin and the points (2,3,4). What is the z component of the resultant line from the origin to the point ( 7,1), where distance is measured in feet.
force? a. 45.2 ft lb b. 34.45 ft lb c. 39.37 ft lb d. 33.34 ft lb
A. 748.27 kN B. 742.78 kN C. 811.22 kN D. 911.22 kN
Problem 46: A constant force of 9 N passes through the point (3, -4) and (10, -2).
Problem 36: A force F = 1000 KN passes through the point (1, 2, 5) to (7, 8, 10). What is the work done by a force in moving the object from the origin to (-4, -2).
Determine the magnitude of the moment of the force about the origin. Distance is measured in meters.
A. 3307.29 B. 3037.92 C. 2330.79 D. 2313.90 a. 45.56 Nm b. 71.23 Nm c. 32.44 Nm d. 39.6 Nm

Problem 37: A force F=1500 KN passes through the point (1, 1, 1) to (5, 5, 5). Problem 47: Three concurrent forces P, Q and F have a resultant of 5 N directed
Determine the components of moment about point (-1, -1, -1) forward and up to the right at θx = 60 deg , θy = 60 deg and θz = 450 . P = 20 lb and
A. < 9 7 4 > B. < 0 0 0 > C. < 4 6 9 > D. < 1 6 7 > passes through the origin and the point ( 2, 1,4). Q = 20 lb and passes through the
origin and the point ( 5,2,3). Determine the magnitude of the 3rd force.
Problem 38: A force F represents a force that has a magnitude of 9 lb and 2π/3 is the a. 33.7 lb b. 43.3 lb c. 67.2 lb d. 23.4 lb
radian measure of its direction angle. Find the work done by the force in moving the
object from the origin to the point ( -4, -2). Distance is in ft. Problem 48: A force of P is directed from point A (4,1,4) toward a point B ( -3, 4, -
A. 2.41 B. 3.41 C. 6.71 D. 3.56 1). If it causes a moment of Mz = 1900 lb-ft, determine the moment of P about the X
axis.
Problem 39: Two particles represented by the vectors F1 = 3i – 5j + 7k and F2 = 3i + a. 1400 b. 1500 c. 1700 d. 2100
2j – 7k act on a particle and causes it to move along the line from the point A (2, 4, 1)
to the point B (5, 3, -8). Find the work done. F is in Newton and distance is in meters. Problem 49: A force of 300 N passes through (1,2, -4) to (4, 8, -1). What is the moment
A. 34 Nm B. 14 Nm C. 21 Nm D. 24 Nm of the force about the x axis?
a. 1211.4 Nm b. 3112.22 Nm c. 411.5 Nm d.1224.7 N m
Problem 40: Determine the angle 𝜃 between the force vector F and the positive z –
axis, if the values of 𝜃 and 𝜃 are 50° and 60° respectively. Problem 50: Determine the unit vector of < 8 -2 -9 >.
A. <0.114 -0.0.24 0.421> C. <0.645 -0.164 -0.734>
B. <0.601 -0.245 0.754> D. <0.655 -0.164 -0.737>

Problem 51: Determine the z component of the force, if the magnitude of the force is
3000 KN and passes through the origin to the point (3, 7, 8)
a. 814.82 KN c. 2172.86 KN
b. 1901.25 KN d. 1236.78 KN

Problem 52: What is the angle between zero-based vectors:

V1 = < -3 1 > and V2 = < 23 2>
A. 54.52° B. 52.54° C. 42.25° D. 24.52° A. 0° B. 60° C. 80° D. 120°

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