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Subject Name: Cloud Computing (IT702

(B) RGPVNOTESIN
UNIT I

Syllabus: Introduction of Grid and Cloud computing, characteristics, components, business

and IT perspective, cloud services requirements, cloud models, Security in public model,
public verses private clouds, Cloud computing platforms: Amazon EC2,PIlatform as Service:
Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure, Utility Computing, Elastic Computing.

INTRODUCTION OF GRID AND CLOUD COMPUTING

Grid computing is made up of applications used for computational computer problems that are connected
in a parallel networking environment. It connects each PC and combines information form one
application that is computation-intensive. Grids have a variety of resources based on diverse software and
hardware structures, computer languages, and frameworks, either in a network or by using open standards
with specific guidelines to achieve a common goal.

Database

Super
Compurter

Grid
Computing

Laptoo PCS

Figure 1.1: Grid computing

Grid operations are generally classified into two categories:
1. Data Grid: A system that handles large distributed data sets used for data management and
controlled user sharing. It creates virtual environments that support dispersed and organized
research. The Southern California Earthquake Center is an example of a data grid; it uses a middle
software system that creates a digital library, a dispersed file system and continuing archive.
2. CPU Scavenging Grids: Acycle-scavenging system that moves projects from one PC to another as
needed. Afamiliar CPU scavenging grid is the search for extraterrestrial intelligence computation,
which includes more than three million computers.

Cloud computing is the use of various services, such as software development platforms, servers, storage
and software, over the internet, often referred to as the "cloud."
In general, there are three cloud computing characteristics that are common among all cloud-computing
vendors:
1. The back-end of the application (especially hardware) is completely managed by a cloud vendor.
2. Auser only pays for services used (memory, processing time and bandwidth, etc.).
Services are scalable
Many cloud computing advancements are closely related to virtualization. The ability to pay on demand
and scale quickly is largely a result of cloud computing vendors being able to pool resources that may be
divided among multiple clients. It is common to categorize cloud computing services as infrastructure as a
service (laaS), platform as a service (PaaS) or software as a service (SaaS).

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Resource Pooling1 06 Automatic System

RORVNOTES.N
On-Demand Economical
Self-Service

Easy Maintenance 03 Features of Security

Cloud Computing
Large Network 04 09 Pay As You Go
Access

Availability Measured service

Figure 1.2: Characteristics of Cloud computing

CHARACTERISTICS
Following are the characteristics of Cloud Computing:
1. Resources Pooling: It means that the Cloud provider pulled the computing resources to provide services
to multiple customers with the help of a multi-tenant model. There are different physical and virtual
resources assigned and reassigned which depends on the demand of the customer. The customer generally
has no control or information over the location of the provided resources but is able to specify location at a
higher level of abstraction

2. On-Demand Self-Service: t is one of the important and valuable features of Cloud Computing as the user
can continuously monitor the server uptime, capabilities, and allotted network storage. With this feature,
the user can also monitor the computing capabilities.

3. Easy Maintenance: The servers are easily maintained and the downtime is very low and even in some
cases, there is no downtime. Cloud Computing comes up with an update every time by gradually making it
better. The updates are more compatible with the devices and perform faster than older ones along with
the bugs which are fixed.

4. Large Network Access: The user can access the data of the cloud or upload the data to the cloud from
anywhere just with the help of a device and an internet connection. These capabilities are available all over
the network and accessed with the help of internet.

5. Availability: The capabilities of the Cloud can be modified as per the use and can be extended a lot. It
analyzes the storage usage and allows the user to buy extra Cloud storage if needed for a very small
amount.

6. Automatic System: Cloud computing automatically analyzes the data needed and supports a metering
capability at some level of services. We can monitor, control, and report the usage. It will provide
transparency for the host as well as the customer.

7. Economical: It is the one-time investment as the company (host) has to buy the storage and a small part
of it can be provided to the many companies which save the host from monthly or yearly costs. Only the
amount which is spent is on the basic maintenance and a few more expenses which are very less.

8. Security: Cloud Security, is one of the best features of cloud computing. It creates a snapshot of the data
stored so that the data may not get lost even if one of the servers gets damaged. The data is stored within

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DGDUNOLRSIN
the storage devices, which cannot be hacked and utilized by any other person. The storage service is quick
and reliable.

9. Pay as you go: In cloud computing, the user has to pay only for the service or the space they have
utilized. There is no hidden or extra charge which is to be paid. The service is economical and most of the
time some space is allotted for free.

10. Measured Service: Cloud computing resources used to monitor and the company uses it for recording.
This resource utilization is analyzed by supporting charge-per-use capabilities. This means that the
resource usages which can be either virtual server instances that are running in the cloud are getting
monitored measured and reported by the service provider. The model pay as you go is variable based on
actual consumption of the manufacturing organization.
COMPONENTS
The basic components of cloud computing are divided into 3 (three) parts, namely clients, data-center, and
distributed servers. The three basic components have specific goals and roles in running cloud computing
operations.

Iaternet

Clieat Cumputers
Distributed Servers
Data Ceatres
Figure 1.3: Components of Cloud computing
The three components can be described as follows:

1. Clients on cloud computing architecture are said to be the exact same things that are plain, old,
everyday local area networks (LANS). They are, typically, the computers that just sit on your desk.
But they might also be laptops, tablet computers, mobile phones, or PDAs - all big drivers for cloud
computing because of their mobility. Clients are interacting with to manage their information on
the cloud.
2. Data-center is collection of servers where the application to which you subscribe is housed. It could
be a large room in the basement of your building full of servers on the other side of the world that
you access via the Internet. A growing trend in the IT world is virtualizing servers. That is, software
can be installed allowing multiple instances of virtual servers to be used. In this way, you can have
half a dozen virtual servers running on one physical server.
3. Distributed Servers is a server placement in a different location. But the servers don't have to be
housed in the same location. Often, servers are in geographically disparate locations. But to you,
the cloud subscribers, these servers act as if they're humming away right next to each other.
Another component of cloud computing is Cloud Applications cloud computing in terms of software
architecture. So that the user does not need to install and run applications using a computer. Cloud

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Platform is a service in the form of a computing
software. Usually have certain business platform that contains hardware
applications infrastructure and
application infrastructure. Cloud Storage and use services PaaS as its
involves business
Cloud Infrastructure is the delivery of processes delivering data
computing infrastructure as a service storage as a service.
BUSINESS AND IT PERSPECTIVE
Cloud Computing becoming the trend
cloud model to work. The main and the new way to do business,
factor in favour of cloud computing is organizations are opting for the
and applications. Added to that, the the reduced cost of infrastructure
lower or
aspect promoting the acceptance of cloud no costs for support and maintenance is another important
There are some business drivers which computing.
dependent on the business goals and promote the acceptance and adoption of cloud. These are directly
fact called the benefits of the Cloud customers. The key business drivers for the adoption of cloud are
model itself. in
The first factor driving businesses to
opt the cloud model is the reduced IT
Once on cloud, the business continuity is costs itself.
to natural disasters, your data is assured. Even if your system crashes or you
safe on the cloud. You can use the lose data due
not impacted. backup so that your business is
As your applications and
software are on the
upgrades. These are seamless and taken care bycloud, you need not worry about the updates and
The performance and scalability of the the cloud vendor.
applications on the cloud are commendable.
When you are deciding whether or not to
analyze the situation is by creating a adopt the cloud model for your business,
Business the best approach to
collecting data, do comparative analysis, create Use Case for the Cloud Model. For this, you would require
reports, and understand the technical details
involved.
Understand the business requirement- Talk to all
team heads, get a clearer picture of the customer facing and non-customer facing
the
between the business requirement and business requirement and draw out the direct relation
business aspects involved.
Cost study - Create a comparative
analysis report to understand the cost
services of the cloud compared to having involved in using the
Taking expert advice and professional infrastructure and services in-house.
help-Have sessions with Cloud advocates to
principles and technicalities of having your
business on the cloud. understand the
" Study other relevant
business use cases - Study the business cases
are on cloud as well as not on cloud. of other similar businesses, who
Data security- Have professionals
involved, if migrating to the cloud. deployed to do a detailed study on the data security factors
" Migration effort- Create a
detailed report of the
migration to cloud, if the business was already manual as well as automatic requirements for the
Choosing the right model - Understand the running with another vendor or in-house.
options of the different cloud
chooses the model rightly suiting your deployment models and
requirements.
CLOUD SERVICES REQUIREMENTS
1. Availability - with loss less
Customers want their IT services disaster recovery
be up and
This implies that the service provider available at all times. But in reality, computers sometimes fail.
mechanism - where in the service should have implemented a reliable
provider can move the customer from disaster recovery (DR)
seamlessly and the customer does not even have to know about it.
one data center to another
As a cloud service provider, there will
be enormous pressure to
IT infrastructure. The traditional minimise costs by optimally utilizing all the
Active-Passive
service providers will have to create an DR strategy is very expensive
and
data center will be active at all Active-Active disaster recovery mechanismcost inefficient. Instead,
- where more than one
times and ensures that the data
customer from either of the data centres and services can be accessed by the
seamlessly.
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2. Portability of Data & Applications

Customers hate to be locked into a service or a platform.
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Ideally a cloud offering must be able to allow
customers to move out their data & applications from one service
can switch from one telephone service provider to provider to another - just like customers
another.
As applications are being written on standard platforms
- Java, PHP,
move the customer owned applications from one service provider to Python, etc. It should be possible to
another. Customers should also take
care to use only the open standards and tools, and avoid
vendor specific
offers several tools/applications/utilities which are valuable - but it also tools. Azure or Google services
creates a
customer who uses these vendors specific tools cannot migrate to another customer lockin - as the
service provider without
rewriting the applications.
To illustrate this, today in India, customers can move from one cell phone
service provider to another
without changing their handsets, but in US, if one were to move from AT&T to Verizon, one needs to pay
for the handset - which forms a customer lock in instrument.
With public cloud services, customers should be able to move their data & applications from one cloud to
another - without disrupting the end user's IT services. This movement should be transparent to the end
user.

3. Data Security
Security is the key concern for all customers - since the applications and the data is residing in the public
cloud; it is the responsibility of the service provider for providing adequate security. In my opinion security
for customer data/applications becomes a key differentiator when it comes to selecting the cloud service
provider. When it comes to IT security, customers tend to view the cloud service providers like they view
banks. The service provider is totally responsible for user security, but there are certain responsibilities
that the customer also needs to take.
The service provider must a robust Information Security Risk Management process - which is well
understood by the customer, and customer must clearly know his responsibilities as well. As there are
several types of cloud offerings (Saas, Paas, laas etc), there will be different sets of responsibility for the
customer and the service provider depending on the cloud service offering.
When it conmes to security, the cloud service providers offer better security than what the customer's own
data center security. This is a kin to banks - where banks can offer far greater security than any individual
or company. The security in cloud is much higher due to: Centralized monitoring, enhanced incidence
detection/forensics, logging of all activity, greater security/venerability testing, centralized authentication
testing (aka password protection), secure builds & testing patches before deployment and lastly better
security software/systems.

4. Manageability be under the control of the

Managing the cloud infrastructure from the customer perspective must
be able to create new accounts, must be able to
customer admin. Customers of Cloud services must
the user account monitoring- monitoring for end user usage, SLA
provision various services, do all performance and
see the availability,
breaches, data usage monitoring etc. The end users would like to
configuration/provisioning data for the set of infrastructure they are using in the cloud.
tools for Availability management, performance
Cloud service provider will have various management management of applications and infrastructure
management, configuration management and
security
how the entire infrastructure is being managed
and network). Customers want to know
(storage, servers, on any
management information be shared with them, and alert the customer
and if possible can that to take corrective actions
as it happens. This allows customer
outage, slow service, or breach of SLA
another cloud or enable their contingency plans.
either move the applications to help improve utilization
and resource management information will
Sharing the application performance customers. This will result in improving ROI for the customers and
by
and consequently optimize usage services.
customers to adapt cloud have a unified
encourage
services from multiple vendors,
it will become a necessity to
As customers buy cloud

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management system to manage all the cloud services
must embrace an XML based they have. This implies that cloud
reporting formats to provide management
customers then can build their own
DCDUNOTES IN
service providers
management dashboards. information to customers and
5. Elasticity
Customer on Cloud computing have a dynamic
amount of computing resources available computing loads. At times of high load, they need
to them on demand, and when the greater
computing resources are released back to the cloud work loads are low, the
them for what they have actualy used pool. Customer expects the service
in the process. provider to charge
Customners also want a self service on-demand resource provisioning capability from the service
This feature enables users to directly obtain
services
and tailoring its software, configurations, and from clouds, such as spawning the creation provider.
of a server
administrator. This eliminates the need for security policies, without interacting with a human system
more time-consuming, labour-intensive, human
procurement processes familiar to many in IT. driven
6. Federated System
There are several reasons as to why customers will need a
buy services from several cloud service providers for Federated cloud system. Customers may have to
various services - email from Google, online sales
transaction services from Amazon and ERP from another
vendor etc. In such cases customer want their
cloud applications to interact with other services from several
services.
vendors to provide a seamless end to end IT

CLOUD MODELS
Cloud models come in three types: SaaS (Software as a Service), laas
(Platform as a Service). Each of the cloud models has their own set of(Infrastructure as a Service) and PaaS
benefits that could serve the needs
of various businesses.

Saas Software as a Service

Paas Platform as a Service

laas Infrastructure as a Service

Figure 1.4: Cloud Models

Saas
SaaS or Software as a Service is a model that gives quick access to cloud-based web applications. The
vendor controls the entire computing stack, which you can access usinga web browser. These applications
run on the cloud and you can use them by a paid licensed subscription or for free with limited access.
SaaS does not require any installations or downloads in your existing computing infrastructure. This
eliminates the need for instaling applications on each of your computers with the maintenance and
support taken over by the vendor. Some known example of SaaS indudes Google GSuite, Microsoft Office
365, and Dropbox etc.
laas
laaS or Infrastructure as a Service is basically a virtual provision of computing resources over the cloud. An
laaS cloud provider can give you the entire range of computing infrastructures such as storage, servers,

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networking hardware alongside maintenance and support.
Businesses can opt for computing resources of their requirement without the need
RGPVNOTESIN
to install hardware on
Google Compute Engine are some of the
their premises. Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and
leading laaS cloud service providers.

Paas
Platform as a Service or PaaS is essentially a cloud base where you can develop, test and organize the
different applications for your business. Implementing PaaS simplifies the process of enterprise software
development. The virtual runtime environment provided by Paas gives a favourable space for developing
and testing applications.
The entire resources offered in the form of servers, storage and networking are manageable either by the
company or a platform provider. Google App Engine and AWS Elastic Beanstalk are two typical examples of
PaaS. PaaS is also subscription based that gives you flexible pricing options depending on your business
requirements.

SECURITY IN PUBLIC MODEL

Opting for a public model means that you're enlisting a third party provider to deliver a set of services over
the internet. These services can range from processing power to storage capacity. Now, contrary to how it
may seem, a public cloud doesn't lack major security precautions. Over the years, public cloud providers
have adapted and improved upon their security measures, enabling them to manage attacks that have only
grown in terms of sophistication.
There are limitations to the level of security available.
1. ldentification and allowance: In a cloud, there is a risk that the data can access by the unauthorized
user as it can access from anywhere it is a need to establish it with certainty the identity ofa user. A
strong authentication and authorization should be a critical concern.
2. Management interface vulnerability: The cloud can access from anywhere and thus it leads to an
increment in the risk. As there is a large number of users who are accessing the cloud the risk is
quite high. So, interfaces which use to manage the public cloud resources should secure as their
combination with remote access and web browser vulnerabilities.
3. Management of security incidents: The customer should inform with the delay which causes due to
any detection reporting and subsequent management of security incidents. So there should be a
proper management and the customer should be familiar with the fact.
4. Security of application: The applications on the cloud protect with a great security solution which
based on physical and virtual resources. The level of security is high and the same level of security
must provide to workloads which deploy in cloud services. There should centralize management
across distributed workload instances
5. Securing the data: The personal data of the customer should secure as t is one of the important
parts. Unavailability of the data can cause a major issue for both the customer and the provider.
This problem can rapidly grow in case of multiple data transfer which will result in a lack of
ownership transparency and will lead to a great loss.
PUBLIC VERSES PRIVATE CLOUDS
Private clouds are owned and operated by a single organization. In a private cloud environment, the
hardware, the software, and the related infrastructure is either located at the data-centre of the
organization or is provided by a service provider. Private cloud is thus, not provided as a service.
Public cloud is a service offered by a third-party provider over the internet. Thus, offering higher
penetration in comparison to private cloud. ldeally used by small and mid-sized companies, the public
cloud offers ease operation as the maintenance and set up is borne by the provider. On the other hand,
the private clouds which are servers owned and operated by a single organization, are ideally used by
organisations dealing with sensitive data, one where a data breach is not an option. Private clouds are
thus, comparatively expensive.

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 RGPVNDIESIN
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Pay-as-you-go: User will be charged by the hour, and you

RCDUNATSIN
have to pay only for what you have used.
normally, and on Mondays It scales down to 50 servers.
Acompany, XYZ might be using 100 servers
fee for the usage of 100 servers.
So, it only has to pay for 50 servers those days, not the usual
with 61 availability zones (AZs)
Increased Reliability: AWS is spread across 20 worldwide regionsincrease the load speed of your
which helps your business when it is expanding. Also, this will
application around the world. User can always store multiple
copies of your application in multiple
will not fail completely.
AZs so that when one data center fails or loses data, the application
a single high-configuration
Elasticity: Instead of 10 low-configuration machines, you could rent is the feature from
OS of your preferred choice for your application. Elasticity
machine with an
which Elastic Compute Cloud got its name.

MICROSOFT AZURE
PLATFORM AS SERVICE: GOOGLE APP ENGINE,
Google App Engine
digital publishing assets as well as analytics and
Google App Engine can be used for content distribution of Engine in
Google App
authentication services fora wide array of platforms. The whole organization uses
virtualizing services and abstracting
some capacity or another. The business problems it addresses are else one have to do to set up
configuration, load balancing, software updates and everything
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the infrastructure on a classic web server stack.

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Figure 1.6: Basic architecture of Google App Engine

Pros of Google App Engine

1. Quick to develop, quickly to deploy. You can be up and running on Google App Engine in no time.
2. Flexible. We use Java for some services and Node.js for others.
3. Great security features. We have been consistently impressed with the security and authentication
features of Google App Engine.

Cons of Google App Engine

1. Documentation does not always keep up with the latest changes to the service. Google App Engine
has undergone a lot of changes these past couple of years. At times, we were surprised to find out
that something we didn't think was possible was, or, conversely, something that was supposed to
work fine which had been deprecated. We also ended up using some undocumented features and
weren't sure whether they would keep working or not.
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DCDUNATS N
2. Price. Google App Engine isn't cheap. But, you get what you pay for. Rock solid service, great tools,
at a hefty price.
3. Difficult to tell how to optimize costs. We racked up the expenses and it is stilla mystery where all
the costs are being incurred.
4. Some intimidating or arcane aspects of configuration. Most of it was a breeze but every now and
then something would be pretty far out and require a few of us developers putting our heads
together to figure it out.
5. Sometimes required reading source code to figure out how to do something. Not a ton of examples
of how to do various things, nor Stack Overflow posts, at least in the beginning.

Microsoft Azure
Microsoft Azure is used by departments to manage larger data sets across entities. The software addresses
the need for multiple users to have access to multiple different data sets simultaneously. The software
makes this relatively easy by making Microsoft Azure similar to the user-friendliness of other Microsoft
products. Users point their analytical tools at Azure for data visualization and analytics. Some analytics is
also done in Azure itself.

Wib Role a r c s Wsr R l trstanc

sQL

Figure 1.7: Reference architecture of MS Azure

Pros of Microsoft Azure

1. Perhaps the biggest advantage of Microsoft Azure is its ease of integration with other Microsoft
products. If you're used to using Excel, Access, SQL Server, and other Microsoft products, Azure will
fit in nicely.
2. Azure does a good job at pointing the user into user-friendly methods for data capture and analysis.
In fact, Azure does the best job at this compared to competing tools.
3. Microsoft Azure has recently made strides in implementing advanced analytics, such as machine
learning. Their advances are great and integrate nicely with the tool.

Cons of Microsoft Azure

1. Microsoft Azure's movement into machine learning and other advanced analytics are somewhat
behind the curve. Other tools that have been doing this for a long time have set up easier user
interfaces.
2. Azure seems to run slower than other big data housing tools. Ithink this might be because of
Microsoft's attempt to make Azure more user-friendly.
3. Azure could improve its product by making it even more like Microsoft Excel.

UTILITY COMPUTING
Utility computing is a service provisioning model in which a service provider makes computing resources

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RCOUNOT IN
and infrastructure management available to the customer as needed, and charges them for specific usage
rather than a flat rate. Like other types of on-demand computing (such as grid computing), the utility
model seeks to maximize the efficient use of resources and/or minimize associated costs.

The word utility is used to make an analogy to other services, such as electrical power, that seek to meet
fluctuating Customer needs, and charge for the resources based on usage rather than on a flat-rate basis.
This approach, sometimes known as pay-per-use or metered services is becoming increasingly common in
enterprise computing and is sometimes used for the consumer market as well, for Internet service, Web
site access, file sharing, and other applications.

Multitasking
Multiplexing

Mult-tenancy

Utlity Cornputing
Figure 1.8: Utility computing
Another version of utility computing is carried out within
enterprise centralizes its computing resources to an enterprise. In a shared pool utility model, an
serve a larger number of users without
redundancy. unnecessary

Properties of utility computing

These following are five characteristics of
utility
1. Scalability: The utility computing must computing.
be ensured that under all conditions
are available. Increasing the demand for a service may, its quality (e.g.,
sufficient IT resources
suffer. response time) does not
2. Demand pricing: So far,
companies have to buy his own hardware and
computing power. This IT infrastructure must software when they need
be paid in advance of the rule,
intensity with which the company regardless of the
example, the fact that the lease rateuses them later. Technology vendors to
for their servers depends on achieve this link, for
customer. If it can be measured in a company how many CPUs has enabled the
sections in fact, may be the IT costs in as much computing power to
claim the individual
internal
departments. Other forms of connection with the use ofcost directly attributable to the individual
3. Standardized Utility IT costs are possible.
Computing
a catalogue of standardized Services: The utility computing service
services. These may have differentprovider offers its customers
(Agreement on the quality and the price of an IT) services. The service level agreements
underlying technologies such as the server customer has no influence on the
4. Utility Computing and platform.
Virtualization:
machines can be used virtualization To share the web and other resources in
technologies. the shared pool of
instead of the physical resources This will divide the network
into logical resource
servers or storage of any but a free available. An application is assigned no specific
server runtime or memory from
the pool.
pre-determined
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5. Automation: Repetitive management tasks such as setting up a new server or the installation of
DCDUNATES IN
updates can be automated. Moreover, automatically allocate resources to services and the
management of IT services to be optimized, with service level agreements and operating costs of IT
resources must be considered.

Advantages of Utility Computing

Utility computing reduces the cost of IT, given that existing resources can be used more effectively.
Moreover, the costs are transparent and the various departments of a company can be directly assigned.
In the IT departments will be fewer people needed for operational activities.
The companies achieve greater flexibility, because their IT resources more quickly and easily adapt to
fluctuating demand. Overall, it is easier to manage the entire IT structure, as there will no longer be made
for each application, which is a benefit for specific IT infrastructure.
ELASTIC cOMPUTING
Elastic computing is the ability to quickly expand or decrease computer processing, memory and storage
resources to meet changing demands without worrying about capacity planning and engineering for peak
usage.
Elastic computing is a concept in cloud computing in which computing resources can be scaled up and
down easily by the cloud service provider. Elastic computing is the ability of a cloud service provider to
provision flexible computing power when and wherever required. The elasticity of these resources can be
in terms of processing power, storage, bandwidth, etc.
Elastic Management Launch and terminate resources
Monitor
demand

Cloud Provider coud Provider

Compute Compute
Compute Resources Resources Resources

Demand

Storage Storage
Storage Resources Resources Resources

Elastic Environment

Physical resources Cloud resources

Figure 1.9: Elastic computing model

Cloud computing is about provisioning on-demand computing resources with the simplicity of a mouse
click. The amount of resources which can be sourced through cloud computing incorporates almost all the
facets of computing from raw processing power to massive storage space.

Besides providing these services on demand basis, the resources are elastic in nature, i.e. they can be easily
disrupting the
scaled depending upon the underlying resource requirements on run time without even
manually, but for
operations and this ability is known as elastic computing. On a small scale this is done
setup a
larger installations, the scaling is automatic. For example, a larger provider of online video could
system so that the number of web-servers online scaled during peak viewing hours.

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